Technical Feasibility of a Wheelchair Securement Concept for Airline Travel: A Preliminary Assessment (2021)

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25 This chapter provides terminology, context, and other background infor- mation that are essential for identifying and examining technical issues associated with the use of wheelchairs as seats on passenger airplanes. The first half of the chapter focuses on the types, features, and performance characteristics of wheelchairs commonly used in the United States as well as the kinds of systems currently available to secure wheelchairs and safely restrain their occupants when traveling by car, van, transit bus, and other surface modes. The organizations responsible for establishing safety and quality assurance standards for wheelchairs and their transportation se- curement systems are then discussed, including standards pertinent to the committee’s technical assessments in subsequent chapters. The second half of the chapter focuses on passenger airplanes, their inte- riors and seating systems, and how airlines currently provide transportation service to ambulatory and nonambulatory people. Information on the airline industry, including passenger traffic and fleet data, is from 2019, prior to the disruptions of the pandemic. It is not possible to know how the airline indus- try will rebound over the next several years and adapt to the post-pandemic environment; however, the committee assumes that 2019 is a better indicator of the future than 2020 and early 2021, when this report was developed. WHEELCHAIR CHARACTERISTICS AND USE AS SEATS IN TRANSPORTATION Wheelchairs are varied in their designs, features, and functionality because the people who use them have different mobility requirements and physical 2 Background

26 WHEELCHAIR SECUREMENT CONCEPT FOR AIRLINE TRAVEL and medical needs. At the same time, wheelchairs share certain design and operational characteristics, partly as a result of standards to ensure their use in a range of facilities, general durability and safety, and safe perfor- mance when used specifically as a seat in transportation. This section begins with an overview of the different types of wheelchairs, including power and manual wheelchairs, and the mobility and medical functions that they provide to wheelchair users. Statistics are then presented on the sizes of wheelchairs, including physical dimensions, which are influenced by U.S. standards for clearance and clear space. Maneuvering capabilities of manual and power wheelchairs are also described, including basic movements required for access and mobility as included in U.S. standards for clearance and clear space. Wheelchair industry standards that ensure the durability and safety of wheelchairs for everyday use are presented, followed by a description of the types of and standards for wheelchair securement systems used in motor vehicles to safely transport people seated in their wheelchairs. Basic Types, Features, and Functions of Wheelchairs This section reviews the different types of wheelchairs in use, including power and manual wheelchairs; their basic mobility and medical functions; and how those functions can differ by wheelchair type. While the focus is on wheelchairs used by adults, pediatric wheelchairs are commonly used as seats during transportation. They are smaller and lighter than wheelchairs for adults but they can be equipped with many of the same features discussed for adult devices. Specialized wheelchairs such as beach wheelchairs and all- terrain wheelchairs are not discussed because they are not commonly used as seats in transportation. Mobility scooters also are not discussed because they do not meet industry standards for use of wheelchairs in transportation vehicles, and the people who use scooters are able to walk short distances, such as to their airplane seats, and do not likely have medical conditions that make it impossible to transfer to or sit in an airplane seat. Power Wheelchairs Power wheelchairs are used by people with significant disabilities and limited mobility, people with conditions that cause muscle weakness, and people who experience fatigue using manual wheelchairs. While some us- ers of power wheelchairs may be ambulatory for short distances (and thus can potentially walk to their assigned seat on an airplane with minimal or no assistance), many are nonambulatory and unable to walk any distance. The main subsystems of power wheelchairs include (1) a power base with a drivetrain and suspension system, (2) seating and power position- ing so that the occupant can change positions in the chair and perform

BACKGROUND 27 tasks such as reaching for objects, and (3) a control system for the user to operate the power and seating positioning. As with a car, the different drivetrain arrangements determine the ways in which the wheelchair moves and maneuvers. Power wheelchairs may have center- (or mid-) wheel drive, rear-wheel drive, or front-wheel drive configurations. Many power wheelchairs have position change features such as recline, tilt, leg elevation, and seat elevation. These features can support the user’s physiological functions including respiration, digestion, and circulation. Posi- tion changes also provide pressure relief to prevent tissue trauma. The recline function moves the back of the wheelchair independent of the rest of the chair. The tilt function tips back the entire wheelchair seating system frame (without changing the seat to back angle) in order to shift body weight for posture control and for pressure relief on joints. The leg elevation function moves the leg support in increments between a bent and straight position. While tilt, recline, and leg elevation are the most commonly used wheelchair functions for medical reasons, some power wheelchairs have seat elevation functions that enable sitting at a higher level for temporary expanded reach and to improve sightlines. Some elevation functions can enable a person to move from a seated to a standing position to interact with other people at eye level and can promote blood circulation, kidney function, or muscle tone. Figure 2-1 shows examples of a basic power wheelchair and a larger power wheelchair equipped with the aforementioned powered seating func- tions typically used by people who have significant disabilities. Figure 2-2 illustrates the various powered seating functions. FIGURE 2-1 Examples of (a) a basic power wheelchair, which generally has no seat functions and may be used by people who can sometimes stand and walk short distances; and (b) a power wheelchair equipped with powered seating functions for people with significant disabilities. SOURCE: Sunrise Medical. (a) (b)

28 WHEELCHAIR SECUREMENT CONCEPT FOR AIRLINE TRAVEL (a) (c) (b) (d) FIGURE 2-2 Illustrations of power wheelchair seating functions, including (a) back support recline, (b) tilt seating, (c) leg elevation, and (d) seat elevation. SOURCE: Human Engineering Research Laboratories, University of Pittsburgh. While some people with significant disabilities are not able to control the movement and positioning of their wheelchair, most users can maneuver independently or with limited assistance for some circumstances. A typical method of controlling the direction and speed of a power wheelchair is by a joystick usually mounted at the end of an armrest or on a bar that swings in front of the user. Some wheelchairs equipped for people with limited mobility have a tube for blowing out or taking in air to control the chair’s movements. Rechargeable batteries mounted under the wheelchair seat provide power to electric motors for propelling the wheelchair. Most power wheel- chairs use sealed batteries.

BACKGROUND 29 Manual Wheelchairs Many users of manual wheelchairs are nonambulatory and cannot walk any distance, while others are ambulatory at least for short distances. As shown in Figure 2-3, manual wheelchairs may have either a folding frame or a rigid frame. Manual wheelchairs are moved by pushing down or pulling back the wheelchair’s push rims. While some people are not physically able to propel the wheelchair, many people can maneuver with minimal assistance. Like power wheelchairs, manual wheelchairs may be equipped with seating systems that enable pressure relief and have tilt and recline mechanisms to accommodate the occupant’s medical and physical needs. FIGURE 2-3 Three main types of manual wheelchairs: (a) manual folding, (b) lightweight manual non-folding, and (c) manual with tilt seating. SOURCE: Sunrise Medical. (c) (a) (b)

30 WHEELCHAIR SECUREMENT CONCEPT FOR AIRLINE TRAVEL Overview of Wheelchair Design Guidelines and Standards Most personal wheelchairs are paid for by private insurers and the federal government through programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Centers for Medicare & Med- icaid Services (CMS) issues guidance for government reimbursement that is also followed by most private insurers.1 The guidance, therefore, has a large influence on wheelchair dimensions, capabilities, and performance characteristics. CMS Pricing, Data Analysis and Coding (PDAC) guidelines assign wheelchairs to groups according to their type and dimension ranges. The guidelines are followed by wheelchair designers and manufacturers as well as by laboratories that test for compliance. In addition, wheelchairs are designed and constructed according to voluntary industry standards issued by the Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America (RESNA). RESNA is a not-for-profit professional association dedicated to promoting the health and well-being of people with disabilities through access to technology.2 Its standards consist of multiple volumes that cover methods for testing all wheelchairs (WC-1 and WC-2 [specific to power wheelchairs]) for capabili- ties such as stability, braking, strength, durability, and fire resistance. These standards also define methods for measuring the weight and dimensions of wheelchairs and the space required for maneuvering. The standards specific to power wheelchairs (WC-2) cover batteries and chargers. Significant for the purposes of this study, RESNA issues a series of standards (WC-4) for the safe securement and crash performance of wheelchairs when used as seats in transportation. Also important to the design and performance of wheelchairs are the 2010 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Standards for Accessible Design,3 which include guidelines issued by the U.S. Access Board for the provision of clearance and clear space to accommodate a wide range of wheelchairs. These guidelines, contained in the U.S. Access Board’s 2004 ADA Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG), were developed based on 1 Medicare Part B (Medical Insurance) provides coverage of power wheelchairs only when prescribed by a doctor as being medically necessary. Part B does not provide coverage for a second wheelchair, such as wheelchairs designed for specialized use (described earlier). Per- sonal wheelchairs may be made specifically for indoor use, or they may be designed for use indoors and outdoors. To prevent damage to their indoor wheelchairs, owners must purchase added safety features to make the wheelchairs more transportable. 2 RESNA is accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), which has an Assistive Technology Standards Board that oversees RESNA standards. ANSI is a member of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO); RESNA wheelchair standards aim to be as equivalent as possible to ISO wheelchair standards. 3 See U.S. Department of Justice. 2010. 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design. https:// www.ada.gov/regs2010/2010ADAStandards/2010ADAStandards_prt.pdf.

BACKGROUND 31 assumptions about common wheelchair width and length dimensions. Two key assumptions are that the overall width of a wheelchair will not exceed 30 in. and the overall length will not exceed 48 in.4 Wheelchair manufac- turers will, in turn, design wheelchairs that do not exceed these ADAAG dimensions, given the importance of wheelchairs being able to maneuver through the clearances and clear spaces established in the guidelines and followed by building designers and architects to ensure ADA compliance. Moreover, the PDAC guidelines require that wheelchairs eligible for Medi- care and Medicaid reimbursement can perform within the clearances and clear spaces established in ADAAG. Common Wheelchair Sizes and Maneuvering Capabilities As noted above, test methods for measuring wheelchair sizes and maneuver- ing capabilities are specified by RESNA in WC-1, specifically in Section 5: Determination of Dimensions, Mass and Maneuvering Space. The standard establishes tests for measuring a wheelchair’s • Overall length—distance between the most forward and most rear- ward points of the wheelchair; • Overall width—distance between the most lateral points; • Total mass—overall mass with all accessories; • Pivot width—distance required to turn the wheelchair 180 degrees; and • Angled corridor width—corridor width required to enter a right- angle turn traveling forward and then to exit in reverse. The RESNA standards are used by testing laboratories to evaluate wheelchair models in the marketplace and provide data to insurers and the government in accordance with PDAC. Information on the size, weight, and maneuvering capabilities of per- sonal wheelchairs in the general population is important for the purposes of this study because of the need to assess airplane interior space and struc- tural capacity to accommodate a range of personal wheelchairs in the cabin. Data from measurements of 193 models of power wheelchairs,5 which were provided to the committee by testing laboratories and that are contained in 4 While this report uses these ADAAG dimensions for reference, further analyses would consider the extent to which these dimensions account for the clearance needs of all people when using their wheelchairs with regard to issues such as toe positioning beyond foot support surface or postural positioning that a wheelchair user may require. 5 Testing data were obtained from Beneficial Designs, Inc., and Ammer Consulting, LLC; these data did not include scooters for the reasons mentioned earlier.

32 WHEELCHAIR SECUREMENT CONCEPT FOR AIRLINE TRAVEL the addendum to this chapter, reveal the following about power wheelchair weights and sizes: • The maximum weight of a power wheelchair model is 470 lb and the median6 is 300 lb. The maximum weight of an occupied power wheelchair is 895 lb, based on rated occupant weight. These values are based on records from 180 wheelchair models tested, as records for 13 models do not contain complete information on weight. • The maximum width (at the widest point, normally at arm sup- ports) of a power wheelchair model is 32.5 in. and the median is 25.5 in. Only 7 models of the 193 tested (<4 percent) exceeded the 30-in. width dimension used by ADAAG for clearance and clear space guidance. • The maximum length of a power wheelchair model is 51.5 in. and the median is 44.9 in. Only 5 of the 193 tested models (<3 percent) exceeded the 48-in. length dimension used by ADAAG for clear- ance and clear space guidance. • The maximum wheelbase width of a power wheelchair (below the armrests) is 28.5 in. and the median is 24.1 in. These measurements were available for 131 of the 193 models tested. Of those 131 mod- els, only 5 (<4 percent) have a wheelbase width in excess of 26 in.7,8 • The testing data also reveal information about wheelchair maneu- vering capabilities. Pivot width, as noted above, is the distance required to turn the wheelchair 180 degrees. One way to think about pivot distance is that it is the length of the side of a square in which a circle is inscribed, with the circle representing the wheel- chair turning around while centered. The maximum pivot distance for 185 wheelchairs with test data is 62 in. and the median is 48.3 in. Only 1 percent of models exceed 60 in. • Measurements of angle corridor distance—that is, the corridor width required for the wheelchair to make a right-angle turn—in- dicate that the maximum is 41 in. and the median is 32 in. Of the 185 models with test data, 83 percent require an angle corridor distance of 36 in. or less, and 95 percent require a distance of 38 in. or less. 6 Information about the number of people who use each kind of chair is not available for reporting the weighted median. 7 Other technical literature supports that the majority of wheelchair bases are 26 in. or less. See Steinfeld, E., V. Paquet, C. D’Souza, C. Joseph, and J. Maisel. 2010. Anthropometry of Wheeled Mobility Project: Final Report. Buffalo, NY: Center for Inclusive Design and Environmental Access. 8 The testing that is required in RESNA standards includes the camber on a wheelchair, which is the angle that the wheel is placed on the chair for performance and stability.

BACKGROUND 33 Transportation Safety Standards for Wheelchairs and Securement Systems Wheelchairs function as assistive devices to meet the everyday needs of people who are nonambulatory. In addition to providing mobility, the wheelchair benefits the user’s physical health and quality of life by helping to reduce common problems such as pressure sores and improving respiration and digestion. Therefore, it can be important, indeed essential, for many people who are nonambulatory to remain seated in their personal wheelchairs when traveling by motor vehicle. Motor vehicle transportation, however, presents safety challenges for occupants of wheelchairs, and it has thus become the subject of increasing attention by standards organizations such as RESNA and by the manufacturers of wheelchairs and other assistive technologies. Before the mid-1970s, the securement of wheelchairs in motor vehicles was accomplished through ad hoc means, mostly with the same methods used to secure cargo in transport.9 Webbing-based cargo straps, ropes, and bungee cords were common, hooking to or threading through the wheel- chair frame to secure it during travel when unoccupied in the cargo area or occupied in the vehicle passenger space. The orientation of the wheelchair relative to the vehicle was not specified, and thus securing the wheelchair in an unstable side-facing position was common. With the passage of legis- lation to promote the accommodation of people with disabilities in trans- portation, culminating later in the enactment of the ADA, more wheelchair users were traveling in motor vehicles, and more attention was being paid to securing wheelchairs and providing protection for occupants closer to that afforded passengers using conventional seats in motor vehicles. The first marketed wheelchair securement systems were aimed primar- ily at limiting movement of the wheelchairs during typical driving maneu- vers. These early systems took a variety of forms, including pin devices that threaded through the wheels, floor-mounted clamps that put downward pressure on the horizontal portions of the wheelchair frame, and various strapping designs to attach the wheelchair to the vehicle floor. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, research revealed that systems having four or more straps to attach the structural frame of the wheelchair to hard points in the vehicle floor were most likely to be effective in crash scenarios. Re- search also focused on the development of crashworthy seat belt restraints for people seated in wheelchairs when riding in motor vehicles. During the 1970s and 1980s, several commercial products were introduced with four-point strap designs, as shown in Figure 2-4, which evolved into the industry norm for use in motor vehicles that must accommodate many different types of wheelchairs. At about the same time, companies began 9 In 1975, AMF-Bruns crash tested the first four-point, strap-type tiedown at Technische Universität Berlin. In 1977, Volkswagen tested a four-point, strap-type system to a high-g (20-g) crash pulse.

34 WHEELCHAIR SECUREMENT CONCEPT FOR AIRLINE TRAVEL modifying personal vehicles, typically vans and minivans, for the transport of nonambulatory passengers and for people to drive while seated in their wheelchairs. Now common today, the modified vehicles are often equipped with docking securement systems that are installed and tuned to secure to a particular wheelchair, a floor that has been lowered by at least 10 in. to create more headspace for a person seated in the wheelchair, and other specialized technology to facilitate vehicle operation and ingress and egress. By the 1980s, it was becoming clear that standards were needed to ad- dress the safe design and performance of wheelchair tiedown and occupant restraint systems (WTORS) and wheelchairs when used as seats in motor vehicles.10 In the United States, these efforts began under the auspices of the Society of Automotive Engineers’ (SAE’s) Adaptive Devices Subcommit- tee, whose initial efforts conducted in conjunction with similar efforts of the International Organization for Standardization focused on developing standardized testing and evaluation criteria for WTORS that would offer a comparable level of occupant restraint and crash protection to that afforded occupants using the manufacturer-installed seat and belt restraint system in automobiles. In the United States, the work culminated in the 1999 pub- lication of SAE Recommended Practice J2249, Wheelchair Tiedowns and Occupant Restraint Systems for Use in Motor Vehicles. As SAE J2249 was nearing completion in the mid-1990s, it was recognized that the vehicle seat is a critical part of an effective occupant restraint system, and that securing the wide variation in designs of manual and power wheelchairs presented 10 The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has chosen not to address wheel- chair transportation safety in passenger motor vehicles, other than adding a reference to static pull testing of wheelchair tiedown straps in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 222, a standard that regulates school buses. FIGURE 2-4 Four-point, strap-type wheelchair tiedown and three-point belt oc- cupant restraint system. SOURCE: University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.

BACKGROUND 35 a safety assurance challenge.11 As a result, work began in the mid-1990s to develop the first standards to address safety issues and features to make wheelchairs more securable and crashworthy when used as seats in mo- tor vehicles. RESNA had already established a Standards Committee on Wheelchairs, and therefore it created a Subcommittee on Wheelchairs and Transportation. The result was the publication in 2000 of Section 19 of American National Standards Institute/RESNA Wheelchair Standards/Vol- ume 1, Wheelchairs for Use as Seats in Motor Vehicles. When it came time to upgrade the SAE J2249 standard for WTORS, RESNA assumed this responsibility so that all wheelchair transportation safety standards were developed by one standards body. Today, RESNA Volume 4 (WC-4), Wheelchairs and Transportation, which was last up- dated in 2017, contains four sections addressing aspects of wheelchair transportation safety: • Section 10 (WC10) on wheelchair containment and occupant reten- tion systems for use in large accessible transit vehicles,12 • Section 18 (WC18) on WTORS, • Section 19 (WC19) on wheelchairs used as seats in motor vehicles, and • Section 20 (WC20) on wheelchair seating systems for use in motor vehicles.13 The WC18 and WC19 standards and testing procedures are discussed in detail in Chapter 3 as part of the safety assessments conducted because the standards establish criteria for crash performance of WTORS and wheelchairs. Importantly, these standards were developed with recognition that assistive technologies will change. For instance, a critical design speci- fication of the WC19 standard is for the wheelchair to have four specific securement points for attaching the end fittings of tiedown strap assemblies to enable easy and effective securement of the wheelchair, as shown in Fig- ure 2-5. There are other means of securing wheelchairs in motor vehicles that are compliant with WC18, such as auto-docking securement systems 11 See University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. n.d. “Wheelchair Trans- portation Safety Standards.” http://wc-transportation-safety.umtri.umich.edu/wts-standards. 12 In recognition that the likelihood of a moderate-to-severe crash is low in a large acces- sible urban transit vehicle, the WC10 standard, which applies to wheelchair passenger spaces intended for use by rear-facing, wheelchair-seated occupants, is meant to provide a level of safety during travel for passengers seated in wheelchairs that is equivalent to passengers in transit vehicle seats or who are standing using handholds. 13 Because wheelchair seating systems are often provided as aftermarket products, WC20 establishes design and performance requirements and related test methods to evaluate seating systems relative to their use as seats in motor vehicles independent of their installation on production wheelchair frames.

36 WHEELCHAIR SECUREMENT CONCEPT FOR AIRLINE TRAVEL that can be secured by the wheelchair user. However, the four-point secure- ment brackets that WC19 requires are highly relevant for the purposes of this study because they are required for all wheelchairs to be compliant with WC19. In this regard, the four securement points on WC19-compliant wheelchairs could provide a commonly implemented interface for the de- velopment of securement systems for airplanes, thereby addressing one potential technical challenge for this concept. It is beyond the scope of this study, however, to define the appropriate securement method.14 Other Wheelchair Standards for Strength, Durability, and General Safety For wheelchairs to comply with RESNA’s WC19 transportation safety standards for crash performance, they must also comply with various other RESNA standards, including those noted above. For instance, to comply 14 This report assumes the use of “brackets” installed by the wheelchair manufacturer for wheelchair securement. Post-production or aftermarket versions, commonly referred to as “loops,” are typically not provided by a wheelchair manufacturer, although a manufacturer may weld or bolt these to the frame if requested by the wheelchair user when ordering the wheelchair. Loops are usually purchased by the wheelchair user after the wheelchair purchase for easier use of public transportation. Loops are often not crash tested and they can be at- tached improperly, such as to a weak element of the wheelchair. FIGURE 2-5 Power wheelchair with four securement points (red) required by WC19 for a four-point WTORS. SOURCE: University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.

BACKGROUND 37 with WC-1 Section 8 (WC8), the wheelchair model must demonstrate the strength to withstand static loads applied to various components such as foot supports, caster wheels, backrest, seat, armrest, and hand rims. The standards call for a rolling drum test, whereby loads are imparted in three directions during 200,000 revolutions of the wheelchair’s primary drive wheels. The wheelchair model must also undergo a drop test loaded with a test dummy at maximum user weight.15 In this test, the wheelchair is dropped repeatedly from a vertical distance of 2 in., applying approxi- mately 2 g (acceleration of gravity) of vertical acceleration to the wheelchair for 6,667 cycles.16 Static stability of wheelchairs when traversing surfaces with slopes and cross-slopes must also be demonstrated according to this set of standards as well as those specific to power wheelchairs (WC-2). As will be addressed in more detail in Chapter 3, all WC19-compliant wheelchairs must meet the WC-1 Section 16 (WC16) standard for resis- tance to flammability by a wheelchair’s upholstered surfaces. Additionally, WC-2 Section 25 (WC25) contains performance and test criteria for wheel- chair batteries, including labeling standards. OVERVIEW OF PASSENGER AIRPLANES, THEIR SEATS AND INTERIORS, AND THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY Most air transportation service is on scheduled airlines, which serve thou- sands of city-pair markets in the United States alone. Airplanes in scheduled airline service are the focus of this report because a central aim of an in-cabin wheelchair securement system would be to provide people who are nonam- bulatory and have significant disabilities with access to regular air transporta- tion service close to that afforded to people who are ambulatory. The types and number of airplanes in scheduled airline service are therefore reviewed, including their interior features and seating configurations. Airplane opera- tions in scheduled service are then discussed, including airplane use for dif- ferent types of flight offerings and in networks that serve a range of airports with different capabilities to accommodate people who use wheelchairs. Passenger Airplanes in Airline Service In 2019, U.S. airlines, consisting of mainline and regional carriers, oper- ated approximately 6,400 airplanes (see Chapter 4). Mainline carriers (e.g., 15 The 220-lb dummy, which is approximately equal to the mass of a 90th percentile human male, is used most often. 16 See VanSickle, D.P., R.A. Cooper, and M.L. Boninger. 2000. “Road Loads Acting on Manual Wheelchairs.” IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering 8, no. 2: 371–384. Vertical acceleration of approximately 2 g was derived from this article by dividing the mean of the sum of the forces on each wheel in Newtons by the mean of the mass of the wheelchair and test dummy.

38 WHEELCHAIR SECUREMENT CONCEPT FOR AIRLINE TRAVEL United, Delta, Southwest, American) provide service primarily using air- planes with 90 or more seats, while regional carriers (e.g., Mesa, Republic, Skywest, and others often affiliated with mainline carriers) provide service in smaller airplanes. The vast majority of the airplanes in the U.S. airline fleet are jets. The three major classes of jet airplanes are narrow-body (sin- gle-aisle), wide-body (twin-aisle), and smaller regional jets (RJs) that carry less than 100 passengers. While small turboprop airplanes are still used in some small markets, they have become increasingly less common for airline service and are not considered any further in this report. The narrow-body jet is by far the most common airplane in airline service. Narrow-body jets comprise more than two-thirds of the U.S. air- line fleet, and their share is even higher among airplanes used in domestic service. Narrow-body jets, which have capacities in the range of 90 to 250 seats, are suited for service on medium-distance routes with moderate to high passenger traffic densities. Accordingly, they have become the work- horses of the airline fleet, accounting for most airline departures (about 60 percent) and a large majority of passenger enplanements (about 75 percent) (see Figures 2-6 and 2-7). Wide-body jets, which have capacities of 250 or more seats, are used mainly in international service and on a few high-traffic, long-distance, domestic routes, while smaller RJs serve mostly short-haul markets with low to moderate passenger traffic. Any implemen- tation of a wheelchair securement system that does not have applicability on narrow-body airplanes (e.g., by focusing exclusively on the more spa- cious wide-body jets) would provide users of these systems with relatively few flight offerings for travel to and from the highest-demand cities within the continental United States. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Narrow-body Jets Regional Jets Wide-body Jets International Domestic FIGURE 2-6 Mix of scheduled passenger aircraft departures by U.S. airlines, July– December 2019. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, T100 data, scheduled passenger service in U.S. airlines.

BACKGROUND 39 Table 2-1 shows the major airplane models that accounted for pas- senger enplanements and departures by U.S. airlines during the second half of 2019. It merits noting that just two narrow-body jet airplane families— the Boeing 737 and the Airbus A320 (including A381, A319, A320, and A321)—accounted for a majority of all passenger enplanements. Airplane Seating Configurations and Interiors Having a single aisle and a cabin interior width of 12 to 13 ft, the typi- cal seating configuration for a narrow-body airplane is six-abreast, with each row containing two triple-place seat assemblies (one on each side of the aisle). First class areas of the cabin, usually located at the front of the cabin, will normally have four-abreast seating, with each row containing a twin-place seat assembly (one on each side of the aisle). In contrast, a wide-body airplane, which can have a cabin width greater than 16 ft, will usually have at least seven- or eight-abreast seating depending on the cabin class. RJs, which have cabin interior widths of about 8 to 10 ft, will usually be configured for four-abreast seating. In the case of a narrow-body airplane with a 12- to 13-ft-wide cabin interior, each triple-place seat assembly will typically require about 60 in. of width, allowing for an aisle width of no more than 25 in. (see Figure 2-8). These seat assemblies are usually attached to two seat tracks that run lengthwise (fore-aft) along the cabin floor and are anchored to cross beams that run widthwise under the cabin floor. However, individual airplane seat- ing configurations can differ widely even within the same airplane model. FIGURE 2-7 Mix of scheduled passenger enplanements by U.S. airlines, July– December 2019. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, T100 data, scheduled passenger service in U.S. airlines. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Narrow-body Jets Regional Jets Wide-body Jets International Domestic

40 WHEELCHAIR SECUREMENT CONCEPT FOR AIRLINE TRAVEL For instance, some airlines only configure their airplanes for economy class seating, while others reserve areas for first class and business class seating, usually at the front of the cabin. Wide-body airplanes operating in overseas markets have the greatest variability in seating types and configurations in order to provide space, comfort, and privacy, especially for passengers paying premium fares. They may include, for instance, reclining seat pods and seat ottomans in enclosed suites. When such installations do not align with existing floor seat tracks, airlines may use various devices for distributing the load across the floor structure, such as the aluminum pallet shown in Figure 2-9. These lightweight pallets overlay and attach to the seat tracks at multiple points and the seat assembly is then anchored to them. While the pallets create a slight rise from the aisle, on the order of 1 in., the sharpness of the rise is tempered by the overlay of carpeting and padding. TABLE 2-1 Share of Scheduled Passenger Enplanements and Departures by U.S. Airlines, July–December 2019 by Airplane Model Airplane Model Body Type Percent Share of Enplanements Percent Share of Departures Boeing 737-800 NB 16.2 12.4 Boeing 737-700/700LR/Max 7 NB 13.7 12.8 Airbus A320-100/200 NB 10.2 8.1 Airbus A321 NB 9.7 6.3 Boeing 737-900ER NB 7.4 5.1 Airbus A319 NB 6.1 5.8 Embraer ER-J-175 RJ 5.6 9.9 Canadair CRJ 900 RJ 3.4 5.9 Boeing 757-200 NB 3.2 2.1 Canadair RJ-200 ER/RJ-440 RJ 2.5 6.8 Canadair RJ-700 RJ 2.2 4.4 Boeing 717-200 NB 2.2 2.5 Embraer 145 RJ 2.2 5.8 Subtotal 84.6 87.9 All Other 15.4 12.1 NOTE: NB = narrow body; RJ = regional jet. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, T100 data.

BACKGROUND 41 FIGURE 2-8 Cross-section of narrow-body cabin interior with six-abreast seating. NOTES: Dimension ranges for numbered areas in the figure are illustrative and ap- ply only to common economy cabin configurations for a narrow body: 1: Typical seat assembly width: 56.5 to 60 in. 2: Lower aisle width: 15 to 18 in. from the floor up to 25 in. above the floor 3: Upper aisle width: 20 to 25 in. from 25 in. above the floor 4: Height beneath overhead bin: 62.2 in. (Boeing) and 63.1 in. (Airbus) from the lower surface of the standard overhead bin to the floor SOURCES: Notes 1 and 3: Boeing. 2005. Boeing 737 Ground Handling Manual, pp. 66–67. Notes 2 and 4: Federal Aviation Regulation 14 CFR 25.815. While seats occupy most of the floor space in an airplane cabin, other major features that take up space are lavatories, galleys, bulkheads, and closets. They are referred to as “monuments” by cabin interior designers and furnishing manufacturers. The size and location of some monuments, especially lavatories and galleys, may be dictated by the availability of needed structure and systems (e.g., plumbing, electrical); hence, they are frequently located in certain installation zones, usually at the very front and rear of the passenger cabin. During the course of a typical airplane’s service life, which is usually several decades, its seating and monuments may be removed, relocated, and reconfigured multiple times to align with changes in an airline’s business model, to meet new safety requirements, and to refresh aging and worn equipment.

42 WHEELCHAIR SECUREMENT CONCEPT FOR AIRLINE TRAVEL FIGURE 2-9 Aluminum pallet for distributing load across airplane floor structure. SOURCE: European Patent Application.17 Airplane Operations in Airline Service One reason that narrow-body jets are predominant in the airline fleet—and indeed dominant in markets having the most passenger traffic—is that most airlines operate their fleets in hub-and-spoke networks suited to the capacity and range of this airline class. Major airports in centrally located cities such as Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas/Fort Worth, and Denver account for a disproportionate share of airline departures and enplanements because they are operated as “hubs” for connecting service to and from scores of “spoke” airports. By operating hub-and-spoke networks, airlines are able to offer more frequent flights between city pairs than what is economically possible with direct service. Two passengers originating from the same airport but headed to different destinations can share the same flight to the hub and then transfer to flights going to their final destinations accompa- nied by passengers connecting from other origin cities. Because of hub-and-spoke service, many airline trips require connec- tions to complete the itinerary, particularly for travel between distant cities and smaller cities. Indeed, in states that lack a large hub airport, most air- line trips require a hub transfer. As shown in Table 2-2, 29 percent of airline 17 EP 3 608 227, Figure 9, p. 15. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/db/e0/39/92ce 801b96fef6/EP3608227A1.pdf.

BACKGROUND 43 passenger trips made during the second half of 2019 involved connections; however, for passengers originating from some states (that are mostly rural) without a major hub airport, connecting service was the norm, required for more than two-thirds of trips. The reality of how airline service is struc- tured is important for considering the potential operational requirements of in-cabin wheelchair securement systems. Because connecting service is required for a large share of airline itineraries, this suggests that in-cabin wheelchair securement systems would need to be installed on a significant number of airplanes to ensure ample flight offerings. Passenger Boarding and Deplaning at Airports Scheduled airlines operate at more than 300 airports in the United States, but the busiest 60 of these airports account for more than 85 percent of passenger enplanements.18 These 60 airports have a full complement of passenger infrastructure and services, including ground transportation and convenient access from the concourse to airplanes. Passengers are gener- ally enplaned and deplaned at the gate using a boarding bridge, which is a 18 FAA. “Commercial Service Airports (Rank Order) Based on Calendar Year 2019 (is- sued 9/26/2020).” https://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/ passenger. TABLE 2-2 Percent Share of Passengers Using Nonstop and Connecting Service by State of Trip Origin, Showing States with Highest and Lowest Shares Percent Share of Nonstop Passengers Percent Share of Connecting Passengers All States 71 29 Illinois 87 13 New Jersey 86 14 Colorado 84 16 Georgia 83 17 Massachusetts 81 19 Arkansas 31 69 Kansas 29 71 Alabama 28 72 Mississippi 17 83 Wyoming 16 84 SOURCE: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Airline Origin and Destination Survey DB1BTicket.

44 WHEELCHAIR SECUREMENT CONCEPT FOR AIRLINE TRAVEL movable enclosure that is secure and environmentally controlled. Bridges usually interface with the airplane at the left-side door, usually forward of the wings.19 Yet, even in some of the country’s largest airports, bridge boarding systems may not be available at all gates, particularly for smaller RJs. Many bridges are not able to reach a RJ or they cannot be safely used because the stairs or other equipment on the airplane’s exterior can be damaged when the bridge is extended. In these cases, the airplane may be ground loaded, which entails passengers accessing the aircraft at tarmac level and using stairs built into the aircraft or a mobile stairway positioned at the boarding door. Aircraft-stair vehicles are also used to enplane and deplane passengers. These vehicles are equipped with stairs that can be raised or lowered to meet the sill of the airplane door.20 People who use wheelchairs and fly by transferring to airplane seats must be cognizant of the airplane boarding capabilities at the airports that they travel to and from. When a boarding bridge is not available to serve an airplane, airports use other devices such as switchback ramps or trucks with lifts. In some very limited circumstances, catering trucks or freight elevators may be used to provide level entry into the airplane for wheel- chair users. While the scope of this study excludes assessments of boarding and deplaning methods for people flying seated in their wheelchairs, the implementation of in-cabin wheelchair securement systems may need to be accompanied by investments and innovations in such wheelchair accessible boarding methods. 19 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2013. Apron Planning and Design Guidebook. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://www.nap.edu/ catalog/22460. 20 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2013. Apron Planning and Design Guidebook. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://www.nap.edu/ catalog/22460.

BACKGROUND 45 ADDENDUM Weight, Size, and Performance Measurements of Power Wheelchair Models Tested Since 2009 for Pricing, Data Analysis and Coding (PDAC) for Medi- care Eligibility Following Procedures of Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America (RESNA) WC-1, Section 5 NOTES: Weight is reported in pounds; size and performance measurements are reported in inches. Each wheelchair is identified by its K-Code as as- signed by PDAC for reimbursement through Medicare Part B. A full list of the PDAC K-Codes can be found at https://hcpcscodes.org/kcodes. SOURCES: Beneficial Designs, Inc., and Ammer Consulting, LLC. Definitions: Angled Corridor—minimum width of a corridor with a right-angled turn in which the wheelchair can be driven in both forward and rearward direc- tions (RESNA Section 5, Clause 8.15: Required width of angled corridor) Max User Weight—the maximum user mass allowed or specified by the manufacturer (RESNA Section 22, Clause 6.2: Determine the maximum user mass for testing) Overall Length—distance between the most forward and most rearward points of the wheelchair when it is ready for use, measured in a direction parallel to the forward direction of movement (RESNA Section 5, Clause 8.2: Full overall length) Overall Width—distance between the outermost side-to-side points of the wheelchair when fully opened and ready for use, measured in a direction perpendicular to the forward direction of movement (RESNA Section 5, Clause 8.3: Overall width) Pivot Width—minimum corridor width required for the occupied wheel- chair to turn through 180 degrees where backward movements of the wheelchair may not be used (RESNA Section 5, Clause 8.11: Pivot width) Product Weight—mass of the wheelchair when ready for use but unoccu- pied (RESNA Section 5, Clause 8.9: Total mass) Wheelbase Width (outside tread width)—distance between outermost points of wheel treads

46 WHEELCHAIR SECUREMENT CONCEPT FOR AIRLINE TRAVEL Model PDAC K-Code Max User Weight (lb) Product Weight (lb) Combined Weight (lb) Overall Length (in.) Overall Width (in.) Pivot Width (in.) Angled Corridor (in.) Wheelbase Width (in.) 1 K0816 300 136.0 436.0 40.0 27.0 46.0 33.0 2 K0816 300 148.0 448.0 40.0 24.0 52.0 33.0 24.0 3 K0820 450 127.0 577.0 33.0 25.0 52.0 30.0 23.0 4 K0820 200 150.6 350.6 28.5 23.5 48.0 29.0 23.0 5 K0821 300 150.3 450.3 40.0 24.8 50.0 32.0 24.0 6 K0821 300 126.5 426.5 35.5 24.5 57.0 30.0 22.0 7 K0821 250 121.0 371.0 38.4 24.0 40.0 30.0 8 K0822 300 237.1 537.1 44.5 27.8 52.0 34.0 23.8 9 K0822 300 169.2 469.2 40.8 27.5 49.0 34.0 23.0 10 K0822 300 210.7 510.7 43.5 27.3 50.0 33.0 23.0 11 K0822 300 292.0 592.0 43.0 26.8 45.0 32.0 24.0 12 K0822 300 300.0 42.0 26.0 41.0 30.0 24.0 13 K0822 300 160.0 460.0 47.4 25.4 48.0 36.0 14 K0822 300 130.0 430.0 48.0 25.3 50.0 36.0 15 K0822 300 187.0 487.0 42.5 25.0 50.0 30.0 24.0 16 K0822 300 278.5 578.5 44.5 24.5 47.0 32.0 24.0 17 K0822 300 176.5 476.5 39.5 24.5 44.0 30.0 23.0 18 K0822 200 151.1 351.1 28.5 23.5 48.0 29.0 23.0 19 K0823 300 171.1 471.1 39.3 30.0 40.0 30.0 25.5 20 K0823 300 284.0 584.0 42.5 26.8 44.0 31.0 24.0 21 K0823 300 239.8 539.8 44.5 26.0 52.0 34.0 23.8 22 K0823 300 146.5 446.5 41.5 25.0 56.0 30.0 23.5 23 K0823 300 219.0 519.0 44.8 24.9 43.3 29.0 24 K0823 300 171.0 471.0 39.8 24.8 40.9 29.1 25 K0823 300 208.2 508.2 44.0 24.8 48.0 32.0 23.0 26 K0823 300 171.0 471.0 43.5 24.6 47.0 31.0 27 K0823 300 284.0 584.0 44.5 24.5 47.0 32.0 24.0 28 K0823 300 164.0 464.0 40.8 24.5 50.0 31.0 23.0 29 K0823 300 175.0 475.0 49.6 24.5 51.2 31.9 30 K0823 300 188.5 488.5 42.0 24.0 45.0 30.0 23.5

BACKGROUND 47 Model PDAC K-Code Max User Weight (lb) Product Weight (lb) Combined Weight (lb) Overall Length (in.) Overall Width (in.) Pivot Width (in.) Angled Corridor (in.) Wheelbase Width (in.) 1 K0816 300 136.0 436.0 40.0 27.0 46.0 33.0 2 K0816 300 148.0 448.0 40.0 24.0 52.0 33.0 24.0 3 K0820 450 127.0 577.0 33.0 25.0 52.0 30.0 23.0 4 K0820 200 150.6 350.6 28.5 23.5 48.0 29.0 23.0 5 K0821 300 150.3 450.3 40.0 24.8 50.0 32.0 24.0 6 K0821 300 126.5 426.5 35.5 24.5 57.0 30.0 22.0 7 K0821 250 121.0 371.0 38.4 24.0 40.0 30.0 8 K0822 300 237.1 537.1 44.5 27.8 52.0 34.0 23.8 9 K0822 300 169.2 469.2 40.8 27.5 49.0 34.0 23.0 10 K0822 300 210.7 510.7 43.5 27.3 50.0 33.0 23.0 11 K0822 300 292.0 592.0 43.0 26.8 45.0 32.0 24.0 12 K0822 300 300.0 42.0 26.0 41.0 30.0 24.0 13 K0822 300 160.0 460.0 47.4 25.4 48.0 36.0 14 K0822 300 130.0 430.0 48.0 25.3 50.0 36.0 15 K0822 300 187.0 487.0 42.5 25.0 50.0 30.0 24.0 16 K0822 300 278.5 578.5 44.5 24.5 47.0 32.0 24.0 17 K0822 300 176.5 476.5 39.5 24.5 44.0 30.0 23.0 18 K0822 200 151.1 351.1 28.5 23.5 48.0 29.0 23.0 19 K0823 300 171.1 471.1 39.3 30.0 40.0 30.0 25.5 20 K0823 300 284.0 584.0 42.5 26.8 44.0 31.0 24.0 21 K0823 300 239.8 539.8 44.5 26.0 52.0 34.0 23.8 22 K0823 300 146.5 446.5 41.5 25.0 56.0 30.0 23.5 23 K0823 300 219.0 519.0 44.8 24.9 43.3 29.0 24 K0823 300 171.0 471.0 39.8 24.8 40.9 29.1 25 K0823 300 208.2 508.2 44.0 24.8 48.0 32.0 23.0 26 K0823 300 171.0 471.0 43.5 24.6 47.0 31.0 27 K0823 300 284.0 584.0 44.5 24.5 47.0 32.0 24.0 28 K0823 300 164.0 464.0 40.8 24.5 50.0 31.0 23.0 29 K0823 300 175.0 475.0 49.6 24.5 51.2 31.9 30 K0823 300 188.5 488.5 42.0 24.0 45.0 30.0 23.5 continued

48 WHEELCHAIR SECUREMENT CONCEPT FOR AIRLINE TRAVEL Model PDAC K-Code Max User Weight (lb) Product Weight (lb) Combined Weight (lb) Overall Length (in.) Overall Width (in.) Pivot Width (in.) Angled Corridor (in.) Wheelbase Width (in.) 31 K0823 250 121.0 371.0 38.4 24.0 40.0 30.0 32 K0823 300 159.0 459.0 38.5 23.6 43.0 33.1 33 K0823 300 172.0 472.0 40.0 23.0 42.0 30.0 34 K0824 450 243.1 693.1 48.0 30.0 52.0 36.0 28.5 35 K0824 430 175.5 605.5 50.8 30.0 52.5 41.0 36 K0824 450 251.0 701.0 46.3 27.3 57.0 33.0 27.3 37 K0824 400 217.5 617.5 44.5 26.5 45.0 32.0 38 K0825 450 224.0 674.0 48.0 30.0 58.0 38.0 39 K0825 350 141.0 491.0 41.0 25.5 62.0 32.0 23.5 40 K0825 450 247.5 697.5 43.7 24.6 45.0 32.0 41 K0825 450 233.5 683.5 43.7 24.5 43.0 32.0 42 K0827 470 216.9 686.9 47.0 27.3 46.0 34.0 26.0 43 K0835 300 300.0 47.2 28.3 44 K0835 300 300.0 47.2 28.3 45 K0835 300 300.0 47.2 27.0 46 K0835 300 384.5 684.5 45.5 25.3 51.0 31.0 24.0 47 K0835 300 338.0 638.0 46.5 24.0 50.0 32.0 24.0 48 K0835 300 300.2 600.2 46.3 24.0 56.0 32.0 23.8 49 K0837 450 272.5 722.5 45.5 28.5 51.0 32.0 27.5 50 K0837 450 297.0 747.0 46.5 28.0 58.0 33.0 27.0 51 K0841 300 300.0 47.2 28.3 52 K0841 300 300.0 47.2 28.3 53 K0848 300 368.0 668.0 45.2 29.1 48.2 33.9 24.1 54 K0848 300 352.0 652.0 45.0 29.0 61.0 36.0 24.5 55 K0848 300 310.5 610.5 44.5 29.0 48.0 32.0 24.5 56 K0848 300 318.0 618.0 44.9 28.9 45.0 33.9 57 K0848 300 309.5 609.5 43.8 28.8 46.0 32.9 24.0 58 K0848 300 432.0 732.0 45.3 28.3 55.0 38.5 25.2 59 K0848 300 433.0 733.0 47.2 27.3 54.5 37.0 25.4 60 K0848 300 272.0 572.0 46.0 27.0 50.0 32.0 25.0

BACKGROUND 49 Model PDAC K-Code Max User Weight (lb) Product Weight (lb) Combined Weight (lb) Overall Length (in.) Overall Width (in.) Pivot Width (in.) Angled Corridor (in.) Wheelbase Width (in.) 31 K0823 250 121.0 371.0 38.4 24.0 40.0 30.0 32 K0823 300 159.0 459.0 38.5 23.6 43.0 33.1 33 K0823 300 172.0 472.0 40.0 23.0 42.0 30.0 34 K0824 450 243.1 693.1 48.0 30.0 52.0 36.0 28.5 35 K0824 430 175.5 605.5 50.8 30.0 52.5 41.0 36 K0824 450 251.0 701.0 46.3 27.3 57.0 33.0 27.3 37 K0824 400 217.5 617.5 44.5 26.5 45.0 32.0 38 K0825 450 224.0 674.0 48.0 30.0 58.0 38.0 39 K0825 350 141.0 491.0 41.0 25.5 62.0 32.0 23.5 40 K0825 450 247.5 697.5 43.7 24.6 45.0 32.0 41 K0825 450 233.5 683.5 43.7 24.5 43.0 32.0 42 K0827 470 216.9 686.9 47.0 27.3 46.0 34.0 26.0 43 K0835 300 300.0 47.2 28.3 44 K0835 300 300.0 47.2 28.3 45 K0835 300 300.0 47.2 27.0 46 K0835 300 384.5 684.5 45.5 25.3 51.0 31.0 24.0 47 K0835 300 338.0 638.0 46.5 24.0 50.0 32.0 24.0 48 K0835 300 300.2 600.2 46.3 24.0 56.0 32.0 23.8 49 K0837 450 272.5 722.5 45.5 28.5 51.0 32.0 27.5 50 K0837 450 297.0 747.0 46.5 28.0 58.0 33.0 27.0 51 K0841 300 300.0 47.2 28.3 52 K0841 300 300.0 47.2 28.3 53 K0848 300 368.0 668.0 45.2 29.1 48.2 33.9 24.1 54 K0848 300 352.0 652.0 45.0 29.0 61.0 36.0 24.5 55 K0848 300 310.5 610.5 44.5 29.0 48.0 32.0 24.5 56 K0848 300 318.0 618.0 44.9 28.9 45.0 33.9 57 K0848 300 309.5 609.5 43.8 28.8 46.0 32.9 24.0 58 K0848 300 432.0 732.0 45.3 28.3 55.0 38.5 25.2 59 K0848 300 433.0 733.0 47.2 27.3 54.5 37.0 25.4 60 K0848 300 272.0 572.0 46.0 27.0 50.0 32.0 25.0 continued

50 WHEELCHAIR SECUREMENT CONCEPT FOR AIRLINE TRAVEL Model PDAC K-Code Max User Weight (lb) Product Weight (lb) Combined Weight (lb) Overall Length (in.) Overall Width (in.) Pivot Width (in.) Angled Corridor (in.) Wheelbase Width (in.) 61 K0848 300 365.0 665.0 46.9 26.8 47.4 34.1 24.1 62 K0848 300 405.0 705.0 46.2 26.3 48.4 31.5 25.0 63 K0848 300 325.0 625.0 45.5 26.0 50.0 32.0 20.0 64 K0848 300 277.0 577.0 41.5 26.0 42.0 31.0 24.0 65 K0848 300 266.5 566.5 45.8 25.5 48.0 32.0 25.0 66 K0848 300 308.0 608.0 45.7 25.4 45.9 30.1 67 K0848 300 298.0 598.0 41.7 25.0 43.9 30.1 22.5 68 K0848 300 274.5 574.5 45.0 24.8 48.0 31.0 24.0 69 K0848 300 336.0 636.0 42.5 24.5 48.0 30.0 24.0 70 K0848 300 312.8 612.8 46.5 24.5 54.0 32.0 24.0 71 K0848 300 350.9 650.9 45.0 24.3 48.0 31.0 24.0 72 K0848 220 260.0 480.0 41.6 23.7 45.1 31.4 21.8 73 K0848 220 255.0 475.0 44.3 23.7 45.7 36.3 21.8 74 K0848 220 283.0 503.0 40.3 23.4 41.7 32.2 21.8 75 K0849 300 301.5 601.5 44.5 29.0 48.0 32.0 24.5 76 K0849 300 405.0 705.0 45.5 27.6 48.1 31.3 25.0 77 K0849 300 294.0 594.0 41.0 27.5 43.0 32.0 20.0 78 K0849 300 386.0 686.0 44.3 26.4 54.5 35.5 25.4 79 K0849 300 273.5 573.5 41.5 26.0 42.0 31.0 24.0 80 K0849 300 272.7 572.7 43.0 25.5 44.0 30.0 24.5 81 K0849 300 270.0 570.0 45.5 25.5 48.0 32.0 25.0 82 K0849 300 275.0 575.0 44.5 25.3 49.0 32.0 24.0 83 K0849 300 275.0 575.0 44.3 25.3 46.0 31.0 24.0 84 K0849 300 290.0 590.0 41.7 25.0 41.0 31.0 22.5 85 K0849 300 277.7 577.7 43.5 25.0 44.0 32.0 24.0 86 K0849 300 230.0 530.0 46.7 24.8 44.7 30.5 87 K0849 300 317.5 617.5 43.3 24.3 56.0 32.0 24.0 88 K0849 300 250.0 550.0 44.7 24.2 44.5 28.0 89 K0850 450 339.5 789.5 47.8 31.8 56.0 36.0 26.0 90 K0850 400 421.0 821.0 45.3 28.3 55.5 39.0 25.2

BACKGROUND 51 Model PDAC K-Code Max User Weight (lb) Product Weight (lb) Combined Weight (lb) Overall Length (in.) Overall Width (in.) Pivot Width (in.) Angled Corridor (in.) Wheelbase Width (in.) 61 K0848 300 365.0 665.0 46.9 26.8 47.4 34.1 24.1 62 K0848 300 405.0 705.0 46.2 26.3 48.4 31.5 25.0 63 K0848 300 325.0 625.0 45.5 26.0 50.0 32.0 20.0 64 K0848 300 277.0 577.0 41.5 26.0 42.0 31.0 24.0 65 K0848 300 266.5 566.5 45.8 25.5 48.0 32.0 25.0 66 K0848 300 308.0 608.0 45.7 25.4 45.9 30.1 67 K0848 300 298.0 598.0 41.7 25.0 43.9 30.1 22.5 68 K0848 300 274.5 574.5 45.0 24.8 48.0 31.0 24.0 69 K0848 300 336.0 636.0 42.5 24.5 48.0 30.0 24.0 70 K0848 300 312.8 612.8 46.5 24.5 54.0 32.0 24.0 71 K0848 300 350.9 650.9 45.0 24.3 48.0 31.0 24.0 72 K0848 220 260.0 480.0 41.6 23.7 45.1 31.4 21.8 73 K0848 220 255.0 475.0 44.3 23.7 45.7 36.3 21.8 74 K0848 220 283.0 503.0 40.3 23.4 41.7 32.2 21.8 75 K0849 300 301.5 601.5 44.5 29.0 48.0 32.0 24.5 76 K0849 300 405.0 705.0 45.5 27.6 48.1 31.3 25.0 77 K0849 300 294.0 594.0 41.0 27.5 43.0 32.0 20.0 78 K0849 300 386.0 686.0 44.3 26.4 54.5 35.5 25.4 79 K0849 300 273.5 573.5 41.5 26.0 42.0 31.0 24.0 80 K0849 300 272.7 572.7 43.0 25.5 44.0 30.0 24.5 81 K0849 300 270.0 570.0 45.5 25.5 48.0 32.0 25.0 82 K0849 300 275.0 575.0 44.5 25.3 49.0 32.0 24.0 83 K0849 300 275.0 575.0 44.3 25.3 46.0 31.0 24.0 84 K0849 300 290.0 590.0 41.7 25.0 41.0 31.0 22.5 85 K0849 300 277.7 577.7 43.5 25.0 44.0 32.0 24.0 86 K0849 300 230.0 530.0 46.7 24.8 44.7 30.5 87 K0849 300 317.5 617.5 43.3 24.3 56.0 32.0 24.0 88 K0849 300 250.0 550.0 44.7 24.2 44.5 28.0 89 K0850 450 339.5 789.5 47.8 31.8 56.0 36.0 26.0 90 K0850 400 421.0 821.0 45.3 28.3 55.5 39.0 25.2 continued

52 WHEELCHAIR SECUREMENT CONCEPT FOR AIRLINE TRAVEL Model PDAC K-Code Max User Weight (lb) Product Weight (lb) Combined Weight (lb) Overall Length (in.) Overall Width (in.) Pivot Width (in.) Angled Corridor (in.) Wheelbase Width (in.) 91 K0850 450 271.5 721.5 46.0 28.3 48.0 33.0 25.3 92 K0850 350 433.0 783.0 47.2 27.3 54.5 37.0 25.4 93 K0850 350 405.0 755.0 46.2 26.3 48.4 31.5 25.0 94 K0850 450 275.0 725.0 46.5 25.3 45.0 32.0 24.0 95 K0850 400 307.5 707.5 44.5 25.2 50.0 33.9 96 K0850 400 400.0 44.5 25.2 50.0 33.9 97 K0851 450 331.0 781.0 45.0 30.8 46.0 34.0 26.0 98 K0851 450 280.5 730.5 45.5 28.5 48.0 33.0 25.3 99 K0851 400 405.0 805.0 45.5 27.6 48.1 31.3 25.0 100 K0851 400 400.0 50.2 26.6 101 K0851 350 386.0 736.0 44.3 26.4 54.5 35.5 25.4 102 K0851 400 307.0 707.0 42.4 26.0 46.1 29.3 103 K0856 300 345.0 645.0 44.9 28.9 45.0 33.9 104 K0856 300 345.0 645.0 44.9 28.9 45.0 33.9 105 K0856 300 310.5 610.5 43.8 28.8 46.0 32.9 24.0 106 K0856 300 432.0 732.0 45.3 28.3 55.0 38.5 25.2 107 K0856 300 338.0 638.0 39.6 27.4 59.3 38.0 108 K0856 300 433.0 733.0 47.2 27.3 54.5 37.0 25.4 109 K0856 300 377.0 677.0 41.7 27.1 44.7 33.7 24.1 110 K0856 300 374.0 674.0 46.9 26.8 47.4 34.1 24.1 111 K0856 300 370.0 670.0 42.5 26.8 43.0 30.0 20.0 112 K0856 300 303.3 603.3 47.0 26.5 52.0 32.0 25.0 113 K0856 250 405.0 655.0 46.2 26.3 48.4 31.5 25.0 114 K0856 300 390.5 690.5 45.5 26.3 54.0 33.0 24.0 115 K0856 300 448.6 748.6 47.0 25.3 51.0 30.0 24.3 116 K0856 300 372.2 672.2 44.5 25.0 45.0 30.0 24.0 117 K0856 300 344.0 644.0 41.7 25.0 43.9 30.1 22.5 118 K0856 300 388.0 688.0 42.3 24.7 45.1 31.5 24.7 119 K0856 165 321.0 486.0 43.0 24.7 46.7 29.7 120 K0856 300 410.5 710.5 42.5 24.5 54.0 32.0 24.0

BACKGROUND 53 Model PDAC K-Code Max User Weight (lb) Product Weight (lb) Combined Weight (lb) Overall Length (in.) Overall Width (in.) Pivot Width (in.) Angled Corridor (in.) Wheelbase Width (in.) 91 K0850 450 271.5 721.5 46.0 28.3 48.0 33.0 25.3 92 K0850 350 433.0 783.0 47.2 27.3 54.5 37.0 25.4 93 K0850 350 405.0 755.0 46.2 26.3 48.4 31.5 25.0 94 K0850 450 275.0 725.0 46.5 25.3 45.0 32.0 24.0 95 K0850 400 307.5 707.5 44.5 25.2 50.0 33.9 96 K0850 400 400.0 44.5 25.2 50.0 33.9 97 K0851 450 331.0 781.0 45.0 30.8 46.0 34.0 26.0 98 K0851 450 280.5 730.5 45.5 28.5 48.0 33.0 25.3 99 K0851 400 405.0 805.0 45.5 27.6 48.1 31.3 25.0 100 K0851 400 400.0 50.2 26.6 101 K0851 350 386.0 736.0 44.3 26.4 54.5 35.5 25.4 102 K0851 400 307.0 707.0 42.4 26.0 46.1 29.3 103 K0856 300 345.0 645.0 44.9 28.9 45.0 33.9 104 K0856 300 345.0 645.0 44.9 28.9 45.0 33.9 105 K0856 300 310.5 610.5 43.8 28.8 46.0 32.9 24.0 106 K0856 300 432.0 732.0 45.3 28.3 55.0 38.5 25.2 107 K0856 300 338.0 638.0 39.6 27.4 59.3 38.0 108 K0856 300 433.0 733.0 47.2 27.3 54.5 37.0 25.4 109 K0856 300 377.0 677.0 41.7 27.1 44.7 33.7 24.1 110 K0856 300 374.0 674.0 46.9 26.8 47.4 34.1 24.1 111 K0856 300 370.0 670.0 42.5 26.8 43.0 30.0 20.0 112 K0856 300 303.3 603.3 47.0 26.5 52.0 32.0 25.0 113 K0856 250 405.0 655.0 46.2 26.3 48.4 31.5 25.0 114 K0856 300 390.5 690.5 45.5 26.3 54.0 33.0 24.0 115 K0856 300 448.6 748.6 47.0 25.3 51.0 30.0 24.3 116 K0856 300 372.2 672.2 44.5 25.0 45.0 30.0 24.0 117 K0856 300 344.0 644.0 41.7 25.0 43.9 30.1 22.5 118 K0856 300 388.0 688.0 42.3 24.7 45.1 31.5 24.7 119 K0856 165 321.0 486.0 43.0 24.7 46.7 29.7 120 K0856 300 410.5 710.5 42.5 24.5 54.0 32.0 24.0 continued

54 WHEELCHAIR SECUREMENT CONCEPT FOR AIRLINE TRAVEL Model PDAC K-Code Max User Weight (lb) Product Weight (lb) Combined Weight (lb) Overall Length (in.) Overall Width (in.) Pivot Width (in.) Angled Corridor (in.) Wheelbase Width (in.) 121 K0856 300 291.0 591.0 44.9 24.3 44.5 28.0 122 K0856 300 300.0 44.9 24.3 44.5 28.0 123 K0856 300 338.5 638.5 46.3 24.0 50.0 31.0 23.8 124 K0857 300 382.3 682.3 46.0 29.0 51.0 34.0 27.0 125 K0857 300 405.0 705.0 45.5 27.6 48.1 31.3 25.0 126 K0857 300 386.0 686.0 44.3 26.4 54.5 35.5 25.4 127 K0857 300 296.0 596.0 42.8 26.0 48.0 32.0 24.0 128 K0857 300 282.5 582.5 47.0 25.3 54.0 34.0 23.8 129 K0857 300 361.0 661.0 40.0 24.0 41.0 28.0 21.0 130 K0858 450 428.0 878.0 47.3 31.4 54.5 36.5 131 K0858 400 409.0 809.0 44.6 29.4 48.3 37.0 132 K0858 400 400.0 44.6 29.4 48.3 37.0 133 K0858 400 421.0 821.0 45.3 28.3 55.5 39.0 25.2 134 K0858 350 433.0 783.0 47.2 27.3 54.5 37.0 25.4 135 K0858 450 313.0 763.0 47.8 26.8 54.0 34.0 25.5 136 K0858 350 405.0 755.0 46.2 26.3 48.4 31.5 25.0 137 K0859 400 405.0 805.0 45.5 27.6 48.1 31.3 25.0 138 K0859 350 386.0 736.0 44.3 26.4 54.5 35.5 25.4 139 K0861 300 394.6 694.6 47.0 32.5 56.0 38.0 25.5 140 K0861 300 460.0 760.0 47.9 30.0 51.8 34.5 25.0 141 K0861 300 408.0 708.0 41.0 29.1 43.0 31.1 142 K0861 300 384.0 684.0 47.2 29.1 50.2 34.9 24.1 143 K0861 300 345.0 645.0 44.9 28.9 45.0 33.9 144 K0861 300 345.0 645.0 44.9 28.9 45.0 33.9 145 K0861 300 345.0 645.0 44.9 28.9 45.0 33.9 146 K0861 300 318.5 618.5 43.8 28.8 46.0 32.9 24.0 147 K0861 300 395.0 695.0 42.3 28.5 45.1 31.5 24.7 148 K0861 300 432.0 732.0 45.3 28.3 55.0 38.5 25.2 149 K0861 300 338.0 638.0 39.6 27.4 59.3 38.0 150 K0861 300 386.0 686.0 46.9 26.8 47.4 34.1 24.1

BACKGROUND 55 Model PDAC K-Code Max User Weight (lb) Product Weight (lb) Combined Weight (lb) Overall Length (in.) Overall Width (in.) Pivot Width (in.) Angled Corridor (in.) Wheelbase Width (in.) 121 K0856 300 291.0 591.0 44.9 24.3 44.5 28.0 122 K0856 300 300.0 44.9 24.3 44.5 28.0 123 K0856 300 338.5 638.5 46.3 24.0 50.0 31.0 23.8 124 K0857 300 382.3 682.3 46.0 29.0 51.0 34.0 27.0 125 K0857 300 405.0 705.0 45.5 27.6 48.1 31.3 25.0 126 K0857 300 386.0 686.0 44.3 26.4 54.5 35.5 25.4 127 K0857 300 296.0 596.0 42.8 26.0 48.0 32.0 24.0 128 K0857 300 282.5 582.5 47.0 25.3 54.0 34.0 23.8 129 K0857 300 361.0 661.0 40.0 24.0 41.0 28.0 21.0 130 K0858 450 428.0 878.0 47.3 31.4 54.5 36.5 131 K0858 400 409.0 809.0 44.6 29.4 48.3 37.0 132 K0858 400 400.0 44.6 29.4 48.3 37.0 133 K0858 400 421.0 821.0 45.3 28.3 55.5 39.0 25.2 134 K0858 350 433.0 783.0 47.2 27.3 54.5 37.0 25.4 135 K0858 450 313.0 763.0 47.8 26.8 54.0 34.0 25.5 136 K0858 350 405.0 755.0 46.2 26.3 48.4 31.5 25.0 137 K0859 400 405.0 805.0 45.5 27.6 48.1 31.3 25.0 138 K0859 350 386.0 736.0 44.3 26.4 54.5 35.5 25.4 139 K0861 300 394.6 694.6 47.0 32.5 56.0 38.0 25.5 140 K0861 300 460.0 760.0 47.9 30.0 51.8 34.5 25.0 141 K0861 300 408.0 708.0 41.0 29.1 43.0 31.1 142 K0861 300 384.0 684.0 47.2 29.1 50.2 34.9 24.1 143 K0861 300 345.0 645.0 44.9 28.9 45.0 33.9 144 K0861 300 345.0 645.0 44.9 28.9 45.0 33.9 145 K0861 300 345.0 645.0 44.9 28.9 45.0 33.9 146 K0861 300 318.5 618.5 43.8 28.8 46.0 32.9 24.0 147 K0861 300 395.0 695.0 42.3 28.5 45.1 31.5 24.7 148 K0861 300 432.0 732.0 45.3 28.3 55.0 38.5 25.2 149 K0861 300 338.0 638.0 39.6 27.4 59.3 38.0 150 K0861 300 386.0 686.0 46.9 26.8 47.4 34.1 24.1 continued

56 WHEELCHAIR SECUREMENT CONCEPT FOR AIRLINE TRAVEL Model PDAC K-Code Max User Weight (lb) Product Weight (lb) Combined Weight (lb) Overall Length (in.) Overall Width (in.) Pivot Width (in.) Angled Corridor (in.) Wheelbase Width (in.) 151 K0861 300 370.0 670.0 42.5 26.8 43.0 30.0 20.0 152 K0861 300 390.5 690.5 45.5 26.3 54.0 33.0 24.0 153 K0861 300 345.0 645.0 47.5 26.2 50.8 32.0 154 K0861 300 449.0 749.0 45.7 26.0 52.8 34.9 25.4 155 K0861 300 414.0 714.0 45.2 25.7 54.8 37.5 25.7 156 K0861 300 448.6 748.6 47.0 25.3 51.0 30.0 24.3 157 K0861 300 428.2 728.2 41.5 25.0 42.5 25.0 24.0 158 K0861 300 351.5 651.5 41.7 25.0 43.9 30.1 22.5 159 K0861 300 410.5 710.5 42.5 24.5 54.0 32.0 24.0 160 K0861 300 346.5 646.5 46.5 24.5 50.0 32.0 23.8 161 K0862 450 445.0 895.0 47.3 31.4 54.5 36.5 162 K0862 450 445.0 895.0 47.3 31.4 54.5 36.5 163 K0862 450 445.0 895.0 47.3 31.4 54.5 36.5 164 K0862 350 460.0 810.0 47.9 30.0 51.8 34.5 25.0 165 K0862 400 409.0 809.0 44.6 29.4 48.3 37.0 166 K0862 400 400.0 44.6 29.4 48.3 37.0 167 K0862 400 421.0 821.0 45.3 28.3 55.5 39.0 25.2 168 K0862 450 313.0 763.0 47.8 26.8 54.0 34.0 24.8 169 K0862 350 449.0 799.0 45.7 26.0 52.8 34.9 25.4 170 K0868 300 405.0 705.0 46.2 26.3 48.4 31.5 25.0 171 K0868 400 307.5 707.5 44.5 25.2 50.0 33.9 172 K0868 400 307.5 707.5 44.5 25.2 50.0 33.9 173 K0868 400 307.5 707.5 44.5 25.2 50.0 33.9 174 K0869 300 405.0 705.0 45.5 27.6 48.1 31.3 25.0 175 K0869 300 307.5 607.5 42.4 26.0 46.1 29.3 176 K0877 300 409.0 709.0 44.6 29.4 48.3 37.0 177 K0877 300 409.0 709.0 44.6 29.4 48.3 37.0 178 K0877 300 425.0 725.0 45.3 28.3 55.5 39.0 25.2 179 K0877 300 415.0 715.0 47.2 27.0 52.2 36.0 25.1 180 K0877 300 403.0 703.0 46.9 26.8 47.4 34.1 25.1

BACKGROUND 57 Model PDAC K-Code Max User Weight (lb) Product Weight (lb) Combined Weight (lb) Overall Length (in.) Overall Width (in.) Pivot Width (in.) Angled Corridor (in.) Wheelbase Width (in.) 151 K0861 300 370.0 670.0 42.5 26.8 43.0 30.0 20.0 152 K0861 300 390.5 690.5 45.5 26.3 54.0 33.0 24.0 153 K0861 300 345.0 645.0 47.5 26.2 50.8 32.0 154 K0861 300 449.0 749.0 45.7 26.0 52.8 34.9 25.4 155 K0861 300 414.0 714.0 45.2 25.7 54.8 37.5 25.7 156 K0861 300 448.6 748.6 47.0 25.3 51.0 30.0 24.3 157 K0861 300 428.2 728.2 41.5 25.0 42.5 25.0 24.0 158 K0861 300 351.5 651.5 41.7 25.0 43.9 30.1 22.5 159 K0861 300 410.5 710.5 42.5 24.5 54.0 32.0 24.0 160 K0861 300 346.5 646.5 46.5 24.5 50.0 32.0 23.8 161 K0862 450 445.0 895.0 47.3 31.4 54.5 36.5 162 K0862 450 445.0 895.0 47.3 31.4 54.5 36.5 163 K0862 450 445.0 895.0 47.3 31.4 54.5 36.5 164 K0862 350 460.0 810.0 47.9 30.0 51.8 34.5 25.0 165 K0862 400 409.0 809.0 44.6 29.4 48.3 37.0 166 K0862 400 400.0 44.6 29.4 48.3 37.0 167 K0862 400 421.0 821.0 45.3 28.3 55.5 39.0 25.2 168 K0862 450 313.0 763.0 47.8 26.8 54.0 34.0 24.8 169 K0862 350 449.0 799.0 45.7 26.0 52.8 34.9 25.4 170 K0868 300 405.0 705.0 46.2 26.3 48.4 31.5 25.0 171 K0868 400 307.5 707.5 44.5 25.2 50.0 33.9 172 K0868 400 307.5 707.5 44.5 25.2 50.0 33.9 173 K0868 400 307.5 707.5 44.5 25.2 50.0 33.9 174 K0869 300 405.0 705.0 45.5 27.6 48.1 31.3 25.0 175 K0869 300 307.5 607.5 42.4 26.0 46.1 29.3 176 K0877 300 409.0 709.0 44.6 29.4 48.3 37.0 177 K0877 300 409.0 709.0 44.6 29.4 48.3 37.0 178 K0877 300 425.0 725.0 45.3 28.3 55.5 39.0 25.2 179 K0877 300 415.0 715.0 47.2 27.0 52.2 36.0 25.1 180 K0877 300 403.0 703.0 46.9 26.8 47.4 34.1 25.1 continued

58 WHEELCHAIR SECUREMENT CONCEPT FOR AIRLINE TRAVEL Model PDAC K-Code Max User Weight (lb) Product Weight (lb) Combined Weight (lb) Overall Length (in.) Overall Width (in.) Pivot Width (in.) Angled Corridor (in.) Wheelbase Width (in.) 181 K0877 300 405.0 705.0 46.2 26.3 48.4 30.1 25.0 182 K0878 300 405.0 705.0 45.5 27.6 48.1 31.3 25.0 183 K0884 300 460.0 760.0 47.9 30.0 51.8 34.5 25.0 184 K0884 300 409.0 709.0 44.6 29.4 48.3 37.0 185 K0884 300 409.0 709.0 44.6 29.4 48.3 37.0 186 K0884 300 300.0 51.5 29.0 187 K0884 300 300.0 51.5 29.0 188 K0884 300 369.0 669.0 45.3 28.9 44.0 31.0 189 K0884 300 369.0 669.0 45.3 28.9 44.0 31.0 190 K0884 300 369.0 669.0 45.3 28.9 44.0 31.0 191 K0884 300 425.0 725.0 45.3 28.3 55.5 39.0 25.2 192 K0884 300 427.0 727.0 47.2 27.0 52.2 36.0 25.1 193 K0884 300 403.0 703.0 46.9 26.8 47.4 34.1 25.1

BACKGROUND 59 Model PDAC K-Code Max User Weight (lb) Product Weight (lb) Combined Weight (lb) Overall Length (in.) Overall Width (in.) Pivot Width (in.) Angled Corridor (in.) Wheelbase Width (in.) 181 K0877 300 405.0 705.0 46.2 26.3 48.4 30.1 25.0 182 K0878 300 405.0 705.0 45.5 27.6 48.1 31.3 25.0 183 K0884 300 460.0 760.0 47.9 30.0 51.8 34.5 25.0 184 K0884 300 409.0 709.0 44.6 29.4 48.3 37.0 185 K0884 300 409.0 709.0 44.6 29.4 48.3 37.0 186 K0884 300 300.0 51.5 29.0 187 K0884 300 300.0 51.5 29.0 188 K0884 300 369.0 669.0 45.3 28.9 44.0 31.0 189 K0884 300 369.0 669.0 45.3 28.9 44.0 31.0 190 K0884 300 369.0 669.0 45.3 28.9 44.0 31.0 191 K0884 300 425.0 725.0 45.3 28.3 55.5 39.0 25.2 192 K0884 300 427.0 727.0 47.2 27.0 52.2 36.0 25.1 193 K0884 300 403.0 703.0 46.9 26.8 47.4 34.1 25.1