A
Topics with “I Statements” from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
This appendix contains a summary table (see Table A-1) of all topics addressed by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) that include an “I statement” for at least one recommendation regarding the topic. Some topics have only one grade (e.g., screening for hearing loss in older adults), while some have multiple “I statements” along with letter grade recommendations for different aspects of a preventive service (e.g., screening for breast cancer), and still others have a letter grade for one group and an “I statement” for another group (e.g., screening for unhealthy drug use).
TABLE A-1 Topics with “I Statements” from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
| Topic Name | Year | Grade | Specific Recommendation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chlamydia and Gonorrhea: Screening1 | 2021 | B | The USPSTF recommends screening for chlamydia in sexually active women age 24 years and younger and in older women who are at increased risk for infection. |
| B | The USPSTF recommends screening for gonorrhea in sexually active women age 24 years and younger and in older women who are at increased risk for infection. | ||
| I | The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea in men. | ||
| Gestational Diabetes: Screening2 | 2021 | B | Asymptomatic pregnant persons at 24 weeks of gestation or after |
| I | Asymptomatic pregnant persons before 24 weeks of gestation | ||
| Vitamin D Deficiency in Adults: Screening3 | 2021 | I | |
| Hearing Loss in Older Adults: Screening4 | 2021 | I |
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| Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Persons: Interventions5 | 2021 | A | The USPSTF recommends that clinicians ask all adults about tobacco use, advise them to stop using tobacco, and provide behavioral interventions and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved pharmacotherapy for cessation to nonpregnant adults who use tobacco. |
| A | The USPSTF recommends that clinicians ask all pregnant persons about tobacco use, advise them to stop using tobacco, and provide behavioral interventions for cessation to pregnant persons who use tobacco. | ||
| I | The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of pharmacotherapy interventions for tobacco cessation in pregnant persons. | ||
| I | The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) for tobacco cessation in adults, including pregnant persons. The USPSTF recommends that clinicians direct patients who use tobacco to other tobacco cessation interventions with proven effectiveness and established safety. See the Practice Considerations section for more information on recommended behavioral interventions and pharmacotherapy and for suggestions for practice regarding the I statements. | ||
| High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: Screening6 | 2020 | I | |
| Unhealthy Drug Use: Screening7 | 2020 | B | Adults aged 18 and older |
| I | Adolescents | ||
| Illicit Drug Use in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: Primary Care–Based Interventions8 | 2020 | I |
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| Tobacco Use in Children and Adolescents: Primary Care Interventions9 | 2020 | B | School-aged children and adolescents who have not started to use tobacco |
| I | School-aged children and adolescents who use tobacco | ||
| Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnant Persons to Prevent Preterm Delivery: Screening10 | 2020 | D | Pregnant persons not at increased risk for preterm delivery |
| I | Pregnant persons at increased risk for preterm delivery | ||
| Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: Screening11 | 2020 | I | |
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Screening12 | 2019 | B | The USPSTF recommends 1-time screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) with ultrasonography in men aged 65 to 75 years who have ever smoked. |
| C | The USPSTF recommends that clinicians selectively offer screening for AAA with ultrasonography in men aged 65–75 years who have never smoked rather than routinely screening all men in this group. Evidence indicates that the net benefit of screening all men in this group is small. In determining whether this service is appropriate in individual cases, patients and clinicians should consider the balance of benefits and harms on the basis of evidence relevant to the patient’s medical history, family history, other risk factors, and personal values. | ||
| D | The USPSTF recommends against routine screening for AAA with ultrasonography in women who have never smoked and have no family history of AAA. | ||
| I | The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for AAA with ultrasonography in women aged 65–75 years who have ever smoked or have a family history of AAA. |
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| Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children and Pregnant Women: Screening13 | 2019 | I | The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for elevated blood lead levels in asymptomatic pregnant persons. |
| I | The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for elevated blood lead levels in asymptomatic children. | ||
| Child Maltreatment: Interventions14 | 2018 | I | |
| Unhealthy Alcohol Use in Adolescents and Adults: Screening and Behavioral Counseling Interventions15 | 2018 | B | Adults 18 years or older, including pregnant women |
| I | Adolescents aged 12–17 years | ||
| Intimate Partner Violence, Elder Abuse, and Abuse of Vulnerable Adults: Screening16 | 2018 | B | Women of reproductive age |
| I | Older or vulnerable adults | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation: Screening with Electrocardiography17 | 2018 | I | |
| Peripheral Artery Disease and Cardiovascular Disease: Screening and Risk Assessment with the Ankle-Brachial Index18 | 2018 | I | |
| Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Assessment with Nontraditional Risk Factors19 | 2018 | I |
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| Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: Screening20 | 2018 | B | Women 65 years and older |
| B | Postmenopausal women younger than 65 years at increased risk of osteoporosis | ||
| I | Men | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Screening with Electrocardiography21 | 2018 | D | Adults at low risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events |
| I | Adults at intermediate or high risk of CVD events | ||
| Vitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: Preventive Medication22 | 2018 | D | The USPSTF recommends against daily supplementation with 400 IU or less of vitamin D and 1,000 mg or less of calcium for the primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling, postmenopausal women. |
| I | The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of the benefits and harms of vitamin D and calcium supplementation, alone or combined, for the primary prevention of fractures in men and premenopausal women. | ||
| I | The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of the benefits and harms of daily supplementation with doses greater than 400 IU of vitamin D and greater than 1000 mg of calcium for the primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling, postmenopausal women. | ||
| Skin Cancer Prevention: Behavioral Counseling23 | 2018 | B | Young adults, adolescents, children, and parents of young children |
| C | Adults older than 24 years with fair skin types | ||
| I | Adults | ||
| Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Screening24 | 2018 | I |
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| Vision in Children Ages 6 Months to 5 Years: Screening25 | 2017 | B | Children aged 3–5 years |
| I | Children younger than 3 years | ||
| Celiac Disease: Screening26 | 2017 | I | |
| Gynecological Conditions: Periodic Screening with the Pelvic Examination27 | 2017 | I | |
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults: Screening28 | 2017 | I | |
| Statin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: Preventive Medication29 | 2016 | B | Adults aged 40 to 75 years with no history of CVD, 1 or more CVD risk factors, and a calculated 10-year CVD event risk of 10% or greater |
| C | Adults aged 40 to 75 years with no history of CVD, 1 or more CVD risk factors, and a calculated 10-year CVD event risk of 7.5% to 10% | ||
| I | Adults 76 years and older with no history of CVD | ||
| Lipid Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Screening30 | 2016 | I | |
| Skin Cancer: Screening31 | 2016 | I | |
| Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: Preventive Medication32 | 2016 | B | Adults aged 50–59 years with a 10% or greater 10-year CVD risk |
| C | Adults aged 60–69 years with a 10% or greater 10-year CVD risk | ||
| I | Adults younger than 50 years | ||
| I | Adults aged 70 or older |
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| Impaired Visual Acuity in Older Adults: Screening33 | 2016 | I | |
| Autism Spectrum Disorder in Young Children: Screening34 | 2016 | I | |
| Depression in Children and Adolescents: Screening35 | 2016 | B | Adolescents aged 12–18 years |
| 2016 | I | Children aged 11 years or younger | |
| Breast Cancer: Screening36 | 2016 | B | Women aged 50–74 years |
| C | Women aged 40–49 years | ||
| I | All women | ||
| I | Women with dense breasts | ||
| I | Women aged 75 years or older | ||
| Iron Deficiency Anemia in Young Children: Screening37 | 2015 | I | |
| Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnant Women: Screening and Supplementation38 | 2015 | I | |
| Speech and Language Delay and Disorders in Children Age 5 and Younger: Screening39 | 2015 | I | |
| Thyroid Dysfunction: Screening40 | 2015 | I | |
| Suicide Risk in Adolescents, Adults, and Older Adults: Screening41 | 2014 | I |
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| Dental Caries in Children from Birth Through Age 5 Years: Screening42 | 2014 | B | Children from Birth Through Age 5 Years: The USPSTF recommends that primary care clinicians prescribe oral fluoride supplementation starting at age 6 months for children whose water supply is deficient in fluoride. |
| B | Children from Birth Through Age 5 Years: The USPSTF recommends that primary care clinicians apply fluoride varnish to the primary teeth of all infants and children starting at the age of primary tooth eruption. | ||
| I | Children from Birth Through Age 5 Years: The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of routine screening examinations for dental caries performed by primary care clinicians in children from birth to age 5 years. | ||
| Vitamin Supplementation to Prevent Cancer and CVD: Preventive Medication43 | 2014 | D | The USPSTF recommends against the use of ß-carotene or vitamin E supplements for the prevention of cardiovascular disease or cancer. |
| I | The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of the use of multivitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease or cancer. | ||
| I | The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of the use of single- or paired-nutrient supplements (except ß-carotene and vitamin E) for the prevention of cardiovascular disease or cancer. | ||
| Oral Cancer: Screening44 | 2013 | I | |
| Glaucoma: Screening45 | 2013 | I | |
| Bladder Cancer in Adults: Screening46 | 2011 | I |
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REFERENCES
USPSTF (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force). 2011. Bladder cancer in adults: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/bladder-cancer-in-adults-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2013a. Glaucoma: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/glaucoma-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2013b. Oral cancer: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/oral-cancer-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2014a. Dental caries in children from birth through age 5 years: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/dental-caries-in-children-from-birth-through-age-5-years-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2014b. Suicide risk in adolescents, adults and older adults: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/suicide-risk-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2014c. Vitamin supplementation to prevent cancer and CVD: Preventive medication. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/vitamin-supplementation-to-prevent-cancer-and-cvd-counseling (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2015a. Iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women: Screening and supplementation. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/iron-deficiency-anemia-in-pregnant-women-screening-and-supplementation (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2015b. Iron deficiency anemia in young children: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/iron-deficiency-anemia-in-young-children-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2015c. Speech and language delay and disorders in children age 5 and younger: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/speech-and-language-delay-and-disorders-in-children-age-5-and-younger-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2015d. Thyroid dysfunction: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/thyroid-dysfunction-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2016a. Aspirin use to prevent cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer: Preventive medication. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/aspirin-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-and-cancer (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2016b. Autism spectrum disorder in young children: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/autism-spectrum-disorder-in-young-children-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2016c. Breast cancer: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2016d. Depression in children and adolescents: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/depression-in-children-and-adolescents-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2016e. Impaired visual activity in older adults: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/impaired-visual-acuity-in-older-adults-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2016f. Lipid disorders in children and adolescents: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lipid-disorders-in-children-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2016g. Skin cancer: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/skin-cancer-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2016h. Statin use for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults: Preventive medication. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/statin-use-in-adults-preventive-medication (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2017a. Celiac disease: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/celiac-disease-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2017b. Gynecological conditions: Periodic screening with the pelvic examination. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/gynecological-conditions-screening-with-the-pelvic-examination (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2017c. Obstructive sleep apnea in adults: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-adults-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2017d. Vision in children ages 6 months to 5 years: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservices-taskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/vision-in-children-ages-6-months-to-5-years-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2018a. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/adolescent-idiopathic-scoliosis-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2018b. Atrial fibrillation: Screening with electrocardiography. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/atrial-fibrillation-screening-with-electrocardiography (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2018c. Cardiovascular disease risk: Screening with electrocardiography. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/cardiovascular-disease-risk-screening-with-electrocardiography (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2018d. Cardiovascular disease: Risk assessment with nontraditional risk factors. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/cardiovascular-disease-screening-using-nontraditional-risk-assessment (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2018e. Child maltreatment: Interventions. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/child-maltreatment-primary-care-interventions (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2018f. Intimate partner violence, elder abuse, and abuse of vulnerable adults: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/intimate-partner-violence-and-abuse-of-elderly-and-vulnerable-adults-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2018g. Osteoporosis to prevent fractures: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/osteoporosis-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2018h. Peripheral artery disease and cardiovascular disease: Screening and risk assessment with the ankle-brachial index. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/peripheral-artery-disease-in-adults-screening-with-the-ankle-brachial-index (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2018i. Skin cancer prevention: Behavioral counseling. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/skin-cancer-counseling (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2018j. Unhealthy alcohol use in adolescents and adults: Screening and behavioral counseling interventions. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/unhealthy-alcohol-use-in-adolescents-and-adults-screening-and-behavioral-counseling-interventions (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2018k. Vitamin D, calcium, or combined supplementation for the primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling adults: Preventive medication. https://www.uspreventiveservices-taskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/vitamin-d-calcium-or-combined-supplementation-for-the-primary-prevention-of-fractures-in-adults-preventive-medication (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2019a. Abdominal aortic aneurysm: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2019b. Elevated blood lead levels in children and pregnant women: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/elevated-blood-lead-levels-in-childhood-and-pregnancy-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2020a. Bacterial vaginosis in pregnant persons to prevent preterm delivery: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/bacterial-vaginosis-in-pregnancy-to-prevent-preterm-delivery-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2020b. Cognitive impairment in older adults: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/cognitive-impairment-in-older-adults-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2020c. High blood pressure in children and adolescents: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/blood-pressure-in-children-and-adolescents-hypertension-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2020d. Illicit drug use in children, adolescents, and young adults: Primary care-based interventions. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/drug-use-illicit-primary-care-interventions-for-children-and-adolescents (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2020e. Tobacco use in children and adolescents: Primary care interventions. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/tobacco-and-nicotine-use-prevention-in-children-and-adolescents-primary-care-interventions (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2020f. Unhealthy drug use: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/drug-use-illicit-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2021a. Chlamydia and gonorrhea: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/chlamydia-and-gonorrhea-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2021b. Gestational diabetes: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/gestational-diabetes-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2021c. Hearing loss in older adults: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/hearing-loss-in-older-adults-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2021d. Tobacco smoking cessation in adults, including pregnant persons: Interventions. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/tobacco-use-in-adults-and-pregnant-women-counseling-and-interventions (accessed August 17, 2021).
USPSTF. 2021e. Vitamin D deficiency in adults: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/vitamin-d-deficiency-screening (accessed August 17, 2021).
