Appendix C

Biographical Sketches of Workshop Presenters

Ben Adeiza Adinoyi, M.B.B.S., M.P.H., is a public health physician with close to 20 years of experience in designing and executing a broad range of health program in African countries. Dr. Adinoyi practiced clinical medicine across various health institutions both in and outside of Nigeria, including the Nigerian Armed Forces Reference Hospital, the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, the Kogi State University Teaching Hospital, and the Atacora Donga Regional Hospital in Benin Republic. He has focused primarily on public health at the international level for the past 13 years. He is the head of the Africa Regional Health and Care Unit at the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Dr. Adinoyi earned an M.B.B.S. from Ahmadu Bello University in Nigeria, an M.P.H. from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, an M.A. in leading innovation and change from York St. John University, and an M.A. in health research from Lancaster University. He is also a certified Balanced Score Card strategist via The George Washington University. He is undertaking doctoral research with a focus on barriers and facilitators of telemedicine adoption in sub-Saharan Africa.

Celia Alpuche Aranda, M.D., Ph.D., is a physician specializing in pediatric infectious diseases. She has an M.A. and a Ph.D. in medical sciences–microbiology from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) School of Medicine and was a postdoctoral fellow at the Infectious Diseases Unit of the Massachusetts General Hospital–Harvard Medical School (1990–1994). She worked at the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, as an infectious disease attending physician and the

chief of the department of the Enteropathogens Laboratory (1995–1997). She was the coordinator of the Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology of the Experimental Medicine Department—UNAM (1997–2006). She became the director of the Institute for Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference of the Ministry of Health of Mexico (2007–2012), where she joined the epidemiological surveillance Mexuci and was a key element in 2009 influenza pandemic response. Her main contribution as the director was reorganizing and improving the infrastructure and technology in support of diagnosis for epidemiological surveillance, including building the new, modern reference laboratory and developing molecular technology in the entire network of Mexican public health laboratories. She is the director of the Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública Center for Infectious Diseases Research (2013–present). She participates in technical-consultant and advisory groups at the national and international levels (Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization, United Nations, etc.) in the areas of antimicrobial resistance, vaccine-preventable and emerging diseases, and alleged use of biological weapons, among others. She was the thesis director for undergraduate, M.A., and Ph.D. students. She has published more than 100 peer-reviewed manuscripts. Her research field is on bacterial pathogenesis, epidemiology and molecular bases of antimicrobial resistance, new diagnostic techniques, and dynamics of transmission of vaccine-preventable and emerging diseases, such as influenza, dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika, and she is helping the Ministry of Health in the response to COVID-19 (diagnostics and vaccines).

Phyllis Arthur, M.B.A., is the vice president for infectious diseases and diagnostics policy at the Biotechnology Innovation Organization (BIO), where she is responsible for working with member companies in vaccines, antimicrobial resistance, molecular diagnostics, and biodefense on policy, legislative and regulatory issues. Ms. Arthur joined BIO in July 2009 as the director of health care regulatory affairs. Previously, she worked in numerous marketing and sales positions for Merck & Co., Inc., in the vaccine division. Over her 16-year career at Merck, Ms. Arthur launched several exciting new vaccines in the United States and internationally, including the first human papillomavirus vaccine, Gardasil. During her years in marketing, she worked closely with clinical and academic thought leaders in infectious diseases, oncology, and public health. In addition, Ms. Arthur also led a large vaccine sales organization of more than 75 representatives and managers covering 14 states.

Phionah Atuhebwe, M.P.H., M.B.B.S., is an experienced vaccinologist and immunization expert and a sexual and reproductive health specialist with a demonstrated history of international project management in the public

health sector. She is the new vaccines introduction medical officer at the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Africa in Brazzaville, Congo. She coordinates WHO’s work in the African Region to introduce new vaccines and increase uptake of underused vaccines and chairs the vaccines pillar for its COVID-19 pandemic response Incident Management Support Team in the region. She previously worked with PATH supporting new vaccine introductions in Africa and South East Asia. She holds a B.A. in medicine and surgery from Mbarara University, Uganda, an M.A. in international public health from the University of Leeds, United Kingdom, postgraduate training in vaccinology from the University of Cape Town, South Africa, and training in project leadership and management from Cornell University.

Priya Bahri, Ph.D., at the European Medicines Agency (EMA) since 1996, is now EMA’s lead for pharmacovigilance guidelines and research into risk communication, stakeholder engagement for pharmacovigilance, and implementation of risk minimization in health care. In that role, she collaborates closely with patient, health care professional, academic, and industry organizations and the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) working groups. She was topic lead for the CIOMS Guide on Vaccine Safety Communication and the co-lead of the communication recommendations of the IMI-ADVANCE project on vaccine safety surveillance. She is externally active in the learned societies International Society of Pharmacovigilance and International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering and as an affiliate researcher at the Utrecht WHO Collaborating Centre for Pharmaceutical Policy and Regulation. She is the editor of the 2020 Springer textbook Communicating About Risks and Safe Use of Medicines—Real Life and Applied Research.

Ran D. Balicer, M.D., Ph.D., M.P.H., serves as the chief innovation officer for Clalit—Israel’s largest health care organization. He is also the founding director of the Clalit Research Institute, the World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre on Non-Communicable Diseases Research, Prevention, and Control. In these roles, he is responsible for strategic planning, development, and implementation of novel organization-wide interventions, and innovative technology and data-driven tools for improving health care quality, reducing disparities, and increasing care effectiveness. In 2020, Dr. Balicer was appointed the chair of Israel’s National Experts Panel on COVID-19 and serves as a senior advisor to the Israeli government and the prime minister’s office on the pandemic response. Dr. Balicer is a full professor and a track director of the M.P.H. program at the Ben-Gurion University School of Public Health, Israel, and has chaired the Israeli Society for Quality in Healthcare since 2013. Dr. Balicer is the commissioner for

the Lancet and Financial Times Healthy Futures 2030 International Commission aimed at harnessing innovation globally to improve the health and well-being of young people. He also serves in senior advisory groups to the WHO Regional Office for Europe and is involved in projects focusing on chronic diseases monitoring, prevention, and control; use of big data; and artificial intelligence in health care provision and care integration.

Paula Barbosa, Ph.D., M.Sc., joined the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations (IFPMA) in October 2016 as the vaccines policy manager and is responsible for the IFPMA Influenza Vaccine Supply International Task Force and vaccine regulatory and programmatic policy, norms, and standards. She holds an M.Sc. in global health policy from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and a Pharm.D. in pharmaceutical sciences from the University of Porto, Portugal. Prior to IFPMA, she worked for GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines in different global marketing and commercial roles and in its Rare Diseases Business Unit in a market access function covering the Latin American region.

Maria Elena Bottazzi, Ph.D., is the associate dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine, a professor of pediatrics, and the co-director of the Texas Children’s Center for Vaccine Development at the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas. She is an internationally recognized vaccine scientist and global health advocate with more than two decades of contributions in science, biotechnology, and vaccine development tackling neglected and emerging infectious diseases. As a global thought leader, she has received national and international highly regarded awards, written more than 180 scientific papers, and participated in more than 250 conferences worldwide. In 2020, Forbes selected her as one of 100 Most Powerful Women in Central America. Dr. Bottazzi is a member of the National Academy of Science of Honduras and a National Academy of Medicine Emerging Leader in Health and Medicine Scholar. She serves as the co-chair of the Vaccines and Therapeutics Taskforce of the Lancet Commission on COVID-19. Dr. Bottazzi obtained her B.S. in microbiology and clinical chemistry from the National Autonomous University of Honduras and a Ph.D. in molecular immunology and experimental pathology from the University of Florida. Her postdoctoral training in cellular biology was completed at the University of Miami and the University of Pennsylvania.

Gian Luca Burci, Ph.D., is an adjunct professor of international law at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, since 2012. Since 2016, Dr. Burci has been a visiting professor and a senior scholar at the O’Neill Institute on National and Global Health Law at the Georgetown University School of Law. Dr. Burci served in the World Health

Organization (WHO) Legal Office from 1998 to 2016 and its legal counsel from 2005 to 2016. He worked in the Department of International Cooperation of the International Atomic Energy Agency (1998–1999) and the Office of the Legal Counsel of the United Nations (UN), where he was designated focal point for UN economic sanctions (1989–1998). During his service in WHO, he was involved in revising and implementing the the International Health Regulations, WHO’s response to the 2009–2010 H1N1 influenza pandemic and 2014–2016 Ebola outbreak, and institutional aspects of WHO reform. Dr. Burci holds a postgraduate law degree from the University of Genova, Italy. His areas of expertise are public international law, the law and practice of international organizations, and global health governance and law. He is the co-editor of the leading book on global health law.

Dennis Carroll, Ph.D., has more than 30 years of leadership experience in global health and development. Until recently, he served as the director of the U.S. Agency for International Development’s Emerging Threats Division, where he was responsible for providing strategic and operational leadership for the programs addressing new and emerging disease threats. He provided overall strategic leadership for the agency’s response to the West Africa Ebola epidemic. He is a senior advisor on global health security at the University Research Co. and the chair of the leadership board of the Global Virome Project, an international partnership to build the systems and capacities to detect and characterize future viral threats while they are still circulating in wildlife—enabling the world to better prepare before they spill over into humans.

Sergio Cecchini, M.Sc., is working for the World Health Organization as the infodemic management officer and the coordinator of the Africa Infodemic Response Alliance. Mr. Cecchini has 20 years of experience in the international humanitarian aid sector, covering several managerial communication positions at headquarters and field level for Médecins Sans Frontières. He developed an intensive experience in crisis communication covering post-disaster, conflict, and outbreak emergency responses and developing multi-stakeholder communication and engagement strategies to raise organizations’ public profiles and support advocacy and operational plans. Mr. Cecchini has an M.Sc. in communication science and an ongoing M.A. in global security and strategy at the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London. He has lectured at the Communication and Social Research Department of the University of Rome and Sant’Anna School in Advanced Studies International Training Program for Conflict Management.

Benjamin Cowling, Ph.D., is a professor and the head of the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics in the School of Public Health at The Uni-

versity of Hong Kong and the co-director of the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control. He researches the epidemiology of influenza and other respiratory viruses, with a focus on transmission dynamics and the effectiveness of control measures, including vaccination. Since early 2020, he has researched the epidemiology and control of COVID-19, including highly cited publications in the New England Journal of Medicine, Science, and Nature Medicine. He has authored more than 450 peer-reviewed journal publications. He is the editor in chief of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses and an associate editor of Emerging Infectious Diseases. His work is supported by a number of major grants from funding bodies in Hong Kong and the United States.

Rodrigo Cruz, Ph.D., graduated with a degree in civil and environmental engineering from the University of Brasília (2005) and law from the Centro Universitário de Brasília (2007). He holds an M.A. (2008) and a Ph.D. (2013) in transport engineering from the University of Brasília. He served as the project manager at the Department of Planning and Studies of the Civil Aviation Secretariat of the Presidency of the Republic, had a career in the public sector as an infrastructure analyst, and was the deputy executive secretary of the Ministry of Infrastructure, where he coordinated the operation to bring 960 tons of masks, tests, and supplies from China at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic on 44 flights made in April 2020. He was appointed the executive secretary of the Ministry of Health in March 2021.

Peter Daszak, Ph.D., is the president and the chief executive officer of EcoHealth Alliance. His research uses epidemiology and mathematical modeling coupled with field and laboratory analyses to understand infectious disease emergence, especially wildlife-origin viruses. He has worked on the severe acute respiratory syndrome, Nipah and Hendra, Ebola, and avian influenza viruses; his earlier work was on wildlife diseases, including discovering a fungal pathogen, chytridiomycosis, causing global amphibian population declines and extinctions. His policy interests are in global health, infectious disease surveillance, emerging diseases, biodefense, public health, conservation medicine, One Health, EcoHealth, and Planetary Health. He has a keen interest in gain-of-function issues, pandemic prediction and prevention, and infectious disease threats to low- and middle-income countries.

Carolyn Finkle, M.Sc., has more than 35 years of scientific and industry experience, including 29 years in management of drug and biologic development, regulatory affairs, quality, pharmacovigilance, clinical development, manufacturing, and commercialization for companies in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. Her positions include the chief operating officer of Medicago; the vice president of regulatory affairs at Karyopharm;

the head of commercial at Kinapse; the senior vice president of regulatory affairs at inVentiv Health; the vice president of global regulatory affairs at Catalent Pharma Solutions; the senior director of international regulatory affairs at MedImmune; the vice president of global product development strategy and North America consulting at PAREXEL International; the vice president of regulatory affairs at Celsion; the vice president of preclinical development at TherImmune Research; the vice president of drug development at GeminX Biotechnologies; the director of preclinical development at ConjuChem; and the manager of preclinical development at BioChem Pharma. Ms. Finkle holds an M.Sc. in chemistry from the University of Toronto, Canada, and a B.Sc. in chemistry from the University of Ottawa, Canada. She has worked in academic research at Stanford University, Toronto General Hospital, and Chiba University, Japan, prior to her industry managerial appointments. She is an adjunct professor at Georgetown University, lecturing in the M.A. program in clinical and translational research, and the course co-director for the Pharmaceutical Education and Research Institute, as well as the Stanford University and University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), Center for Excellence in Regulatory Sciences, and a previous contributor to the UCSF American Course of Drug Development and Regulatory Sciences. She has co-authored 1 book chapter on First-in-Man global regulatory requirements and more than 18 abstracts and 14 papers for industry associations and scientific publications. She has received numerous awards and scholarships.

Keiji Fukuda, M.D., M.P.H., is the director and a clinical professor at The University of Hong Kong School of Public Health. He worked at the World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva as the assistant director general for health security, the special advisor to the director general for pandemic influenza and for antimicrobial resistance, and the director of the Global Influenza Program. Before that, he worked at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S. CDC) as the epidemiology chief of the Influenza Branch. At U.S. CDC, he led the first field teams that investigated the emergence of influenza H5N1 in Hong Kong in 1997 and worked under WHO in China on the emergence and control of the severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2003. He oversaw U.S. CDC’s national influenza disease surveillance and contributed to U.S. influenza vaccination guidelines and pandemic preparedness. At WHO, he was responsible for the global response to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, implementation of the International Health Regulations and the global influenza surveillance network, and the influenza vaccine strain selection process. He led several field missions on the Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome in Saudi Arabia and Korea, Ebola in West Africa in 2014, and H5N1 in Egypt and was WHO’s technical lead on negotiations related to the Pandemic Influenza

Preparedness Framework, the Global Health Security Agenda, and antimicrobial resistance. He advises the Hong Kong government on its COVID-19 response and vaccine-related matters. He was a member of the National Academies’ Forum on Microbial Threats. He received his B.A. from Oberlin College (1978), M.D. from The University of Vermont (1984), M.P.H. from the University of California, Berkeley (1989), and Epidemic Intelligence Service training at U.S. CDC.

Patricia García, M.D., Ph.D., M.P.H., is a professor at the School of Public Health at Cayetano Heredia University (UPCH) in Lima, Peru, and a member of the National Academy of Medicine (NAM). She was the minister of health of Peru, the dean of the School of Public Health at UPCH, and the chief of the Peruvian National Institute of Health. She is recognized as a leader in global health. She is an affiliate professor with the Department of Global Health at the University of Washington and the School of Public Health at Tulane University. She is actively involved in research and training in global health, reproductive health, sexually transmitted infection/ HIV, human papillomavirus, and medical informatics and has expertise in public health interventions, infectious diseases, and implementation science. Dr. García is a member of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations advisory board and of the international committee, coordinated by the NAM. During the pandemic, she is leading clinical trials in Peru for SOLIDARITY, convalescent plasma, and ivermectin and has been chairing the advising governmental committee on innovations to fight the pandemic. She is active with the media, providing public information about COVID-19 and other health information.

Denise Gray-Felder, M.A., is the founding president and the chief executive officer of the Communication for Social Change Consortium, a nonprofit organization working globally to equip people in marginalized communities, using participatory methods at the grassroots level to bring about the social change they define and need. She has held progressively more responsible communication positions during her more than 40-year career, including her current position since 2003, 4.5 years as the chief communication officer for Michigan Medicine, 9 years as a vice president of administration and the director of communication for The Rockefeller Foundation, 16 years in advancing public relations management positions at AT&T, the associate director of public relations for the United Way of Detroit, the scriptwriter for Criminal Justice Institute-Detroit, the promotion coordinator for WKBD-TV Detroit, the editor and the publisher of community publications, a radio and television scriptwriter, and a reporter for Lansing State Journal (daily newspaper). Her research interests include community dialogue as a change agent; participatory communication, monitoring, and

evaluation; storytelling to impact community values, attitudes, and beliefs; vaccine hesitancy/influencing anti-vax communities; HIV/AIDS communication; community radio; communication for development; health communication; and communication for social and community-level change. She has also worked with UNICEF in four northern Nigeria states on polio vaccination, the World Health Organization on tuberculosis, the West African Health Organization on neglected tropical diseases in the Sahel, WaterAid to address clean water communication in four West African countries, the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative to create initial communication plans for AIDS vaccines, and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) on African Shared Values (with the African Union), community radio, and sanitation. Ms. Gray-Felder has also spent years working with Public Health Schools Without Walls, girls’ education in Africa, agricultural sciences in Africa and Asia, and Green Revolution for Africa. She is a board member of the Millbank Foundation and a former appointee of the M.L. King Commission for New Jersey. Her honors include the Spirit of Detroit Award and other recognitions for community service.

Sherine Guirguis, M.Sc., M.A., is Common Thread’s co-founder, director, and lead strategist. She looks for the people behind the data. She has been creating powerful narratives with data for more than 20 years, from leading large-scale behavior change strategies to respond to the Indian Ocean tsunami, ridding the world of polio, and helping to end West Africa’s Ebola outbreak. For the past year, she has been helping countries across the world understand COVID-19 perceptions and design behavioral strategies to mitigate further outbreaks. Working with thousands of local women in India to eliminate polio sparked her passion for understanding gender dynamics in public health. Before Common Thread, she held senior behavior change positions with UNICEF at country and headquarters locations. She is widely published in the realm of public health and social and behavior change. She has an M.Sc. in public health from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and an M.A. in international development and economics from Johns Hopkins University. She is a guest lecturer at the New York University School of Global Public Health and sits on a number of technical advisory groups, including for the Global Polio Eradication Initiative and PATH.

Rob Handfield, Ph.D., is the Bank of America University Distinguished Professor of Supply Chain Management at North Carolina State University and the director of the Supply Chain Resource Cooperative. Dr. Handfield is considered a thought leader in the field of supply chain management. He is an industry expert in the field of strategic sourcing, supply market intelligence, and supplier development. He has spoken on these subjects across the globe, including in China, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Latin America, India,

Europe, Korea, Japan, Canada, in multiple presentations and webinars. Dr. Handfield has published more than 120 peer-reviewed journal articles and is regularly quoted in global news media, such as The Wall Street Journal, Bloomberg, NPR, Financial Times, San Francisco Chronicle, and CNN. He recently published articles on the shortage of personal protective equipment in Harvard Business Review and Milbank Quarterly Journal.

Rasmus Bech Hansen, M.P.A., is the co-founder and the chief executive officer of Airfinity, one of the world’s leading providers of real-time predictive vaccine intelligence. He has been quoted in The Lancet and Nature, and leading news organizations, such as the Financial Times, Bloomberg, and The Washington Post, rely on Airfinity’s predictions. Airfinity was among the first to highlight the global divergence in vaccination supply, funding, and development. He is a board member of the newspaper group Information.dk. Mr. Hansen holds an M.P.A. from Harvard University and received the Crown Prince Frederic award for excellent scholarship.

Nagwa Hasanin, Ph.D., serves as the senior advisor of Health for UNICEF’s supply division, where she links programmatic and supply preparedness efforts for a range of disease-epidemiological scenarios and emergencies to best position UNICEF to respond to emerging health threats with existing supply tools and state-of-the-art product innovations by supporting research and development efforts. Dr. Hasanin is an immunologist and a molecular biologist; her specialization and Ph.D. were awarded in 1994 from Cairo University, Egypt, in collaboration with the State University of New York at Buffalo, and the USAID Schistosomiasis Research Project in Cairo. She also held a postdoctoral fellowship in cancer immunology at Henri Mondor University Hospital in Paris from 1996 to 1999 and worked in diverse settings (ministry of health, private sector, and United Nations) supporting vaccine research and immunization program and health emergencies.

Richard Hatchett, M.D., is the chief executive officer of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, a partnership of public, private, philanthropic, and civil organizations that supports developing vaccines against high-priority public health threats and technology platforms to allow rapidly creating vaccines against emerging infectious diseases, such as COVID-19. Dr. Hatchett was previously the acting director of the U.S. Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority and the director of medical preparedness policy on the Homeland and National Security Councils under Presidents Bush and Obama, respectively. He received his M.D. from Vanderbilt University and completed clinical training in internal medicine and medical oncology at Cornell University and Duke University.

Youngmee Jee, M.D., Ph.D., is the chief executive officer of the Institut Pasteur Korea and also the special representative for health diplomacy of the Korea Foundation. Dr. Jee has broad experience in collaborating with the World Health Organization (WHO) and international public health partners. From 2014 to 2019, she served as the director general of the Center for Infectious Disease Research of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and led various international activities, including the WHO–Korea Joint Mission on the Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome outbreak in 2015 and the WHO International Health Regulations Joint External Evaluation on national public health emergency response capacity in 2017. She received a Presidential Medal of Distinguished Service in 2017. She also served as a member of the board of trustees of the International Vaccine Institute (2016–2019) and the president of the Korean Society of Infectious Diseases (2017–2019). From August 2007 to October 2014, Dr. Jee was the regional laboratory coordinator in the Expanded Program on Immunization of the WHO Western Pacific Region, coordinating extensive collaborations between public health laboratories and providing technical assistance to the poliomyelitis, measles/ rubella, and Japanese encephalitis network laboratories in the region with a view to ensuring a high-quality laboratory performance. Dr. Jee served as the chairperson of the National Poliomyelitis Certification Committee in Korea from 2016 to 2020. She also led the task force for the Forum on Infectious Disease Research and Development, a coalition organization among the government, academic societies, universities, and industries in Korea, from 2014 to 2019. Dr. Jee served as a member of the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts for Immunization (SAGE) during 2017–2020. She is a member of the SAGE measles and rubella working group, the hepatitis B expert resource panel in the WHO Western Pacific Region, and the WHO R&D Blueprint Scientific Advisory Group since 2015 and the National Immunization Technical Advisory Group since 2017. Dr. Jee received her M.D. from the College of Medicine at Seoul National University, a diploma in medical microbiology from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, and her Ph.D. from the University of London.

Mark Jit, Ph.D., M.P.H., is a professor of vaccine epidemiology at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and a visiting professor at the School of Public Health at The University of Hong Kong. His research group focuses on epidemiological and economic modeling of vaccines to support evidence-based public health decision making.

David Kaslow, M.D., serves as PATH’s chief scientific officer, heading its Drug Innovation and Access Initiative and Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, where he leads the work to advance immunization equity and vaccination coverage to reduce vaccine-preventable diseases through

increasing and improving affordability, availability, acceptability, and sustainability of essential existing and new vaccines for routine immunization and pandemic/epidemic preparedness and response, particularly for those in the lowest-resource areas. His more than 35 years of experience in product development and introduction include serving in the U.S. government (Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases), biotech (Vical), multinational pharma (Merck Research Laboratories), and nonprofit (PATH) sectors. Dr. Kaslow is also on a number of advisory committees, including the World Health Organization’s Product Development of Vaccines Advisory Committee. He received a B.S. in biochemistry from the University of California, Davis, and an M.D. from the University of California, San Francisco.

Charu Kaushic, Ph.D., is the scientific director of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)—Institute of Infection and Immunity since July 1, 2018. Dr. Kaushic is also a tenured full professor in the Department of Medicine in McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. In her role as the scientific director for CIHR-III, Dr. Kaushic is responsible for decisions for strategic investments in the area of infection and immunity, nationally and internationally. She also represents CIHR and the government of Canada at various national and international forums related to infectious diseases. In this capacity, she serves as a chair of GloPID-R, a global consortium of funders in pandemic preparedness and emergency response research. She also represents Canada on the Joint Programming Initiative on Antimicrobial Resistance Management Board. During the pandemic, she has been closely involved in shaping CIHR’s research response and is serving on Canada’s COVID-19 National Immunity Task Force. Dr. Kaushic has a Ph.D. in immunology and did her postdoctoral training in mucosal immunology. Since her faculty appointment at McMaster in 2002, she has extensively taught and trained in immunology and built an interdisciplinary research program in women’s reproductive health, specifically basic, clinical, and translational research examining susceptibility and immune responses to sexually transmitted viruses, HIV-1 and HSV-2. Prior to joining CIHR, Dr. Kaushic’s research program was funded by CIHR, the Canadian Foundation for Innovation, the Canadian Foundation for AIDS Research, and the Ontario HIV Treatment Network (OHTN). She has received numerous national and international awards, including a Rockefeller postdoctoral fellowship, CIHR New Investigator Award, OHTN Research Scholar award, OHTN Research Chair award, and the 2017 American Journal of Reproductive Immunology Research Excellence Award.

Michael Kremer, Ph.D., is a professor at the University of Chicago in the Kenneth C. Griffin Department of Economics. He was the Gates Profes-

sor of Developing Societies in the Department of Economics at Harvard University. He was named a Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum. His recent research examines education and health in developing countries, immigration, and globalization. Dr. Kremer is the recipient of the 2019 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, awarded jointly with Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo “for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty.”

Heidi Larson, Ph.D., is an anthropologist and the director of the Vaccine Confidence Project; a professor of anthropology, risk, and decision science in the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; a clinical professor at the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington, Seattle; and a guest professor at the University of Antwerp, Belgium, and National University of Singapore. Dr. Larson headed Global Immunization Communication at UNICEF, chaired Gavi’s Advocacy Task Force, and served on the World Health Organization’s SAGE Working Group on vaccine hesitancy. Dr. Larson’s research focuses on the analysis of social and political factors that can affect the uptake of health interventions. Her particular interest is risk and rumor management from clinical trials to delivery—and building public trust. She is the author of Stuck: How Vaccine Rumors Start—and Why They Don’t Go Away (2020).

Marie Mazur, Pharm.D., appointed in 2020, Dr. Mazur provides leadership on the development and execution of Ready2Respond’s goals and actions, while optimizing cross-sector partnerships to ensure cost-effective implementation of identified initiatives. She brings more than 20 years of experience in the vaccine industry. Prior to Ready2Respond, she headed up the global Pandemic Response Solutions unit for Seqirus, a CSL Company. In 2018–2019, she was the co-chair of the Bio-Defense Policy Advisory Committee at the Biotechnology Innovation Organization. She is a member of the Strategic Advisory Group of the Partnership for Influenza Vaccine Introduction, a program of the Task Force for Global Health. She received her Ph.D. in pharmacy and her M.A. in regulatory affairs from Paris University in France. She is also a graduate of the INSEAD Business School.

Mark McKinlay, Ph.D., is the director for the Center for Vaccine Equity (CVE) based at the Task Force for Global Health. CVE programs include the Polio Eradication Surge Capacity Support team, the Polio Antivirals Initiative, the Partnership for Influenza Vaccine Introduction, the Global Funders Consortium for Universal Influenza Vaccine Development, the COVID-19 Vaccine Introduction Program, the Coalition for Global Hepatitis Elimination, the Brighton Collaboration, the Safety Platform for Emergency

Vaccines, and Voices for Vaccines. Prior to the task force, Dr. McKinlay was a member of the Poliovirus Antivirals Initiative steering team since its founding in 2008 and also the co-founder, the chief scientific officer, and the senior vice president for research and development (R&D) of TetraLogic Pharmaceuticals (based in Malvern, Pennsylvania; 2004–2012). At TetraLogic, he led the team that discovered and developed a novel, best-in-class drug targeting inhibitors of apoptotic proteins to treat cancer (licensed to Medivir). From 1994 to 2004, Dr. McKinlay co-founded ViroPharma Incorporated (acquired in 2014 by Shire) and served as the vice president of R&D, where he led the development of an antipicornavirus agent that was the first to demonstrate that an antiviral can affect the duration and severity of the rhinovirus common cold. From 1980 to 1994, he served in varying roles, including the senior director of virology and oncopharmacology in the research group at Sterling Drug (acquired by Sanofi), where he discovered a novel class of antipicornavirus agents, advanced three of them into clinical trials, and demonstrated that oral delivery of an antipicornavirus agent was effective against polio in mice. Dr. McKinlay received his undergraduate degree from Union College in Schenectady, New York, and his M.A. and Ph.D. from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York, and he completed a postdoctoral research fellowship in molecular virology in the Division of Biophysics at the Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health.

Tapiwa Mukwashi, M.Sc., is the supply chain director at VillageReach. With 15 years of private-sector and international development experience across sub-Saharan Africa, he plays a central role in guiding the organization’s programs in strengthening, cost benchmarking, and integrating supply chains that provide health products to community health workers.

John Nkengasong, Ph.D., M.Sc., serves as the director of the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, a specialized technical institution of the African Union. In early 2020, he was appointed as one of the World Health Organization’s Director General’s Special Envoys on COVID-19 Preparedness and Response. In addition, Dr. Nkengasong was most recently awarded the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s 2020 Global Goalkeeper Award for his contributions to the continental response in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa. He served as the acting deputy principal director of the Center for Global Health and the chief of the International Laboratory Branch, Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S. CDC). Dr. Nkengasong holds an M.A. in tropical biomedical science from the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Antwerp, Belgium, and a Ph.D. in medical sciences (virology) from the University of Brussels, Belgium. Dr. Nkengasong has received

numerous awards for his work, including the Sheppard Award and the William Watson Medal of Excellence, the highest recognition of the U.S. CDC. He is also a recipient of the Knight of Honor Medal by the Government of Cote d’Ivoire and was knighted in 2017 as the Officer of the Loin by the President of Senegal, H. E. Macky Sall, and in November 2018 by the government of Cameroon for his significant contributions to public health. He is an adjunct professor at the Emory University School of Public Health. He serves on several international advisory boards, including the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations and the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative. He has authored more than 250 peer-reviewed articles in international journals and published several book chapters.

Glen J. Nowak, Ph.D., M.A., is a professor of advertising and public relations at the University of Georgia Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication and the director of the college’s Center for Health and Risk Communication. He is actively involved in health communication research and training related to infectious and vaccine-preventable diseases, crisis and risk communication, and vaccine hesitancy and acceptance, including for influenza and COVID-19. Prior to rejoining the University of Georgia faculty in January 2013, Dr. Nowak spent 14 years at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, including 6 years as the communications director for the National Immunization Program and 6 years as the agency’s director of media relations, including during the 2009 H1N1A pandemic. Dr. Nowak is an author or co-author of more than 50 peer-reviewed journal articles and 7 book chapters. He received his B.Sc. in 1982 from the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, with majors in economics and mass communications and an M.A. in journalism (1987) and a Ph.D. in the field of mass communications (1990) from the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

Tolbert Nyenswah, LL.B., M.P.H., is a senior research associate with the Department of International Health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. He is an internationally recognized legal scholar and a global public health expert. Prior to Johns Hopkins University, he was the deputy minister of health of Liberia, the chief executive officer of the national public health institute, and the assistant minister of health of the Republic of Liberia, during the administration of President Ellen Johns Sirleaf, appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate three times. He specializes in high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries, health policies and systems, and public health emergencies preparedness and response, advising on incident management system functionalities. He has been engaged with several public health emergencies, including as the incident manager of the 2014–2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa, Lassa Fever, Zika, meningitis, and COVID-19. Some of his major contributions

to the COVID-19 response include developing a contact tracing course that has more than 15 million viewers, including 1.1 million enrolled and certified. He has been interviewed by multiple African, North American, Asian, European, and South American media outlets, including The Washington Post, The Hill, Bloomberg, USA Today, NPR Radio, BBC, Business Insider, VOA News, World Economic Forum, Philadelphia Inquirer, VOA Africa, The New Yorker, STAT, and Politico. He has attended and presented as an expert panelist on National Academies seminars. He is also a member of the Global Health Index International panel of experts, which assesses the overall health security capacities of nations based on a multitude of health indicators. He has received numerous awards, notably the Bloomberg Hopkins Emerging Leader, Outstanding Recent Graduate from the Johns Hopkins University Alumni Association, TIME Magazine Persons of the Year for Ebola Fighters in West Africa, the Medal of Excellence for Public Health Services, the Medal from the Surgeon General of the United States, and the highest Liberian civilian award for leading the Ebola crisis.

Charles “Ok” Pannenborg, Ph.D., served as the World Bank’s chief health scientist/director until his retirement 10 years ago, after which he was a director at the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (WHO), the chairman of the Netherlands Commission on Global Health Research, on many boards in the field of global health (research and development, human resources for health, tropical diseases, biotech, etc.), and on the Lancet COVID-19 Commission Task Force for Global Governance. Prior to joining the World Bank in 1985, he worked for nongovernmental organizations, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, and WHO in several Asian and African countries, then joined the Netherlands Ministry of Health, where he directed strategic health policy. During the late 1990s and 2000s, he chaired the World Bank/International Monetary Fund Pandemic Committee. He served on many technical committees of the Netherlands Medical Research Council, more recently on the National Academies’ Committee on the Evaluation of Strengthening Human Resources for Health Capacity in the Republic of Rwanda Under the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), and continues to advise international agencies and governments in fields of global health, such as infectious diseases, research and innovation, health workforce systems, pharmaceuticals/vaccines and medical technology, and health financing and economics. Of Dr. Pannenborg’s many publications, A New International Health Order (1978) was among the earliest global health publications at the time.

Malik Peiris, D.Phil., is a professor of virology at The University of Hong Kong School of Public Health. He is a clinical and public health virologist with a particular interest in emerging virus disease at the animal–human

interface, including influenza and coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2). In 2003, he played a key role in discovering that a novel coronavirus was the cause of SARS, and then diagnosing and controlling the disease. He has more than 650 peer-reviewed research publications in international scientific journals. For his research contributions, he was elected a fellow of The Royal Society of London in 2006 and a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences in 2017. He was awarded the Officier de la Legion d’Honneur, France (2017), the Mahathir Science Award, Akademi Sains, Malaysia (2007), and Silver Bauhinia Star (S.B.S.), Hong Kong SAR (2008).

Daniel Rodríguez, M.Sc., is the director of the procurement and supply management team at the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the World Health Organization’s Regional Office for the Americas. He has more than 20 years of experience on international supply chain management, procurement, and logistics of essential health technologies for prevention, treatment and emergency response, such as vaccines, and essential medicines for communicable and noncommunicable diseases. He leads the team managing the procurement strategy and operations for PAHO’s Revolving Funds for Access to Vaccines and Strategic Fund for Essential Medicines. Leveraging economies of scale, both mechanisms facilitate access to vaccines and essential health supplies for national health programs in 42 countries and territories in the Americas. In the COVID-19 context, Mr. Rodríguez and his team manage the procurement and supply aspects, along with UNICEF, of the COVAX Facility, supporting more than 190 economies in the globe to access vaccines. He is a national of Costa Rica, is an industrial engineer, and holds an M.A. in business administration and in international logistics and supply chain management from the Georgia Institute of Technology.

Michael Ryan, M.D., has been at the forefront of managing acute risks to global health for nearly 25 years. He served as the assistant director general for emergency preparedness and response in the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) Health Emergencies Program from 2017 to 2019. Dr. Ryan joined WHO in 1996, with the newly established unit to respond to emerging and epidemic disease threats. He has worked in conflict-affected countries and led many responses to high-impact epidemics. He is a founding member of the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network, which has aided the response to hundreds of disease outbreaks around the world. He served as the coordinator of epidemic response (2000–2003), the operational coordinator of WHO’s response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak (2003), and WHO’s director of global alert and response (2005–2011). He was a senior advisor on polio eradication for

the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (2013–2017), deploying to countries in the Middle East. He completed medical training at the National University of Ireland, Galway, an M.A. in public health at University College Dublin, and specialist training in communicable disease control at the Health Protection Agency in London and the European Program for Intervention Epidemiology Training.

Amadou Sall, Ph.D., is the chief executive officer of Institut Pasteur de Dakar in Senegal, the chairman of the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network, and the director of the World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for arboviruses and viral hemorrhagic fever. Dr. Sall is a virologist with a Ph.D. in public health. He received his scientific education at Universities Paul Sabatier at Toulouse, Paris Orsay, and Pierre et Marie Curie, in France. He has also trained in several laboratories, including Institut Pasteur in Paris, France; Institute of Virology and Environmental Medicine in Oxford, United Kingdom; Center for Tropical Disease at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, New York. From 2002 to 2004, Dr. Sall worked in Cambodia as the head of the viral hepatitis laboratory at the Institut Pasteur Cambodia. From 2010 to 2011, he was a visiting research scientist at the Center for Infection and Immunity at the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, on pathogen discovery. His research focuses primarily on diagnostics, ecology, and evolution of arboviruses and viral hemorrhagic fevers. Dr. Sall has published more than 100 papers and book chapters and given more than 150 scientific communications at international meetings. Dr. Sall is a member of several WHO expert groups, including the Global Outbreak and Alert Response Network and the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization. He also worked as a consultant for the World Organisation for Animal Health.

Rodrigo Salvado, M.P.A., is the deputy director of development policy and finance for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. He contributes to the foundation’s efforts to produce high-quality policy analysis that helps to (1) optimize the allocation and impact of domestic resources to human development in its priority countries, including how the foundation can best help to realize the potential created by new extractives discoveries in Africa; (2) better engage with multilateral financing institutions and global forums to advance strategic priorities; and (3) provide policy and technical guidance to program and policy teams for operating effectively in a global context. He also looks at innovative approaches for development financing in middle-income countries. Before joining the foundation, Mr. Salvado worked for the African Development Bank Group, where he was in charge of the Performance-Based Allocation System of the African Development

Fund and coordinating the Annual Country Policy and Institutional Assessment exercise. He also supported the design and implementation of the African Financial Markets Initiative and the Making Finance Work for Africa Partnership. Previously, he was a policy analyst for the Center for International Development at Harvard University and a senior financial analyst at the Central American Bank for Economic Integration in Honduras. He holds an M.P.A. in international development from the Harvard Kennedy School, an M.A. in economics from the Centro de Estudios Monetarios y Financieros in Madrid, and a B.S. in economics from the Universidad Torcuato Di Tella in Argentina.

Peter Sands, M.P.A., has been the executive director of The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria since March 2018. Since June 2015, Mr. Sands has been a research fellow at Harvard University, dividing his time between the Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government at the Harvard Kennedy School and the Harvard Global Health Institute. Mr. Sands was the group chief executive officer of Standard Chartered PLC from November 2006 to June 2015, having joined the board as the group chief financial officer in May 2002. Prior to Standard Chartered PLC, he was a senior partner at McKinsey & Company. Mr. Sands graduated from Oxford University with a first-class degree in politics, philosophy, and economics. He also received an M.P.A. from Harvard, where he was a Harkness Fellow. Mr. Sands has served on various boards and commissions, including the United Kingdom’s Department of Health, the World Economic Forum, and the International Advisory Board of the Monetary Authority of Singapore. In 2015–2016, he was the chair of the National Academy of Medicine’s Commission on a Global Health Risk Framework for the Future, which published the influential report The Neglected Dimension of Global Security: A Framework to Counter Infectious Disease Threats (2016). In 2016–2017, he chaired the International Working Group on Financing Pandemic Preparedness at the World Bank. Mr. Sands is also a member of the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Forum on Microbial Threats and, in 2017–2018, served on the Committee on Ensuring Patient Access to Affordable Drug Therapies.

Joshua Sharfstein, M.D., is the vice dean for public health practice and community engagement and a professor of the practice in health policy and management at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. He is also the director of the Bloomberg American Health Initiative. Dr. Sharfstein served as the secretary of the Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, the principal deputy commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and the health commissioner of Baltimore City. In these positions, he pursued creative solutions to long-standing challenges,

including drug overdose deaths, infant mortality, unsafe consumer products, and school failure. He is an elected member of the National Academy of Medicine and a fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration.

Christopher Snyder, Ph.D., is the Joel and Susan Hyatt Professor in the Department of Economics at Dartmouth College, where he has worked for the past 15 years. He graduated from Fordham University with a B.A. in mathematics and economics in 1989 and received his Ph.D. in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1994. He is a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research in the Law and Economics program, the editor for the Journal of Law and Economics, the associate editor for the Review of Industrial Organization, and the treasurer of the Industrial Organization Society. He specializes in the field of industrial organization with a recent focus on applications in health care markets. He is the co-author, with Walter Nicholson, of two widely used textbooks in intermediate microeconomics. Dr. Snyder served on expert committees that helped design the pilot advanced market commitment for the pneumococcus vaccine and the Global Fund’s program to stockpile drugs against multidrugresistant tuberculosis. During the pandemic, he advised international and U.S. agencies on designing funding facilities to accelerate COVID-19 vaccine development and coordinate distribution, including COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access. He recently served on a National Academies panel on vaccine innovations.

Erin Sparrow, Ph.D., M.Sc., joined the World Health Organization (WHO) headquarters in Geneva in 2006, where she works primarily on vaccine development and introduction for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). She has supported country planning for vaccine introduction and developing country vaccine manufacturers for local vaccine production and coordinated WHO’s involvement in multiple preclinical and clinical vaccine trials in several countries. For more than 10 years, a primary focus of her work was assisting LMICs in establishing local production of influenza vaccines as part of the Global Action Plan. Dr. Sparrow is originally from Australia and holds a B.S. from the University of Melbourne and an M.Sc. in public health from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. She is completing a Ph.D. in public health with a focus on monoclonal antibodies for passive immunization.

Kanta Subbarao, M.B.B.S., M.P.H., was appointed the director of the World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza in 2016. She was the chief of the Emerging Respiratory Viruses Section of the Laboratory of Infectious Diseases at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) at the Na-

tional Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States from 2002 to 2016 and the chief of the Molecular Genetics Section of the Influenza Branch at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from 1997 to 2002. She is a virologist and a physician with specialty training in pediatrics and pediatric infectious diseases. She received her M.B.B.S. from Christian Medical College, Vellore, in India, completed training in pediatrics and pediatric infectious diseases in the United States, and earned an M.P.H. in epidemiology from the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. She received postdoctoral training in virology and vaccine development in the Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH. Her research has focused on newly emerging viral diseases of global importance, including seasonal and pandemic influenza, SARS, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2. Her current research efforts are directed at understanding the biology and immune responses to influenza viruses and vaccines and SARS-CoV-2. She is an internationally recognized leader in the field of emerging respiratory viruses. She is an elected fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology and the Infectious Diseases Society of America and a member of the American Society of Microbiology, the American Society for Virology, and the Australasian Virology Society. In her current position, she advises WHO on viruses to be included in annual seasonal influenza vaccines.

Julie Swann, Ph.D., M.Sc., is the department head and the A. Doug Allison Distinguished Professor of the Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering at North Carolina State University. She is an affiliate faculty member in the Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at North Carolina State and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Dr. Swann is a fellow of Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers and a member of INFORMS. She has conducted research, outreach, and education to improve how health and humanitarian systems operate worldwide. Her work with analytics relates to public health, public policy, epidemiology, infectious disease, supply chain management, and disaster response, which allowed her to serve as a science advisor for the H1N1 pandemic response at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S. CDC). Along with U.S. CDC, Dr. Swann has collaborated with health and humanitarian organizations, such as the American Red Cross, the Carter Center, CARE USA, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University Hospital, and state departments of public health. Worldwide, she has contributed to the education of thousands of practitioners in health and humanitarian systems through the co-creation and teaching in a professional certificate program at Georgia Tech. This contribution includes teaching in the Master of Advanced Studies in Humanitarian Logistics and Management program in Lugano, Switzerland, and co-chairing the annual Health and Humanitarian Logistics Conference.

Beverly Taylor, Ph.D., has more than 30 years of experience in the biologics industry at multiproduct facilities with more than 21 years focusing on influenza vaccines. As the head of Influenza Scientific Affairs, the World Health Organization and the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations (IFPMA) lead within the policy group at Seqirus, Dr. Taylor is responsible for external interactions with influenza vaccine industry associations, nongovernmental organizations, and governments on behalf of Seqirus. She has held leadership roles in the industry association IFPMA Influenza Vaccine Supply Taskforce for the past 10 years, as the coordinator of the Scientific, Production, and Regulatory group for 6 years, and the chair of the group since February 2018. Dr. Taylor joined the Liverpool site in September 1999 as the head of quality control and has also held leadership positions in primary manufacturing, technology development, business improvement, and manufacturing science and technology. She had a number of posts with Sanofi Pasteur in Canada, including research scientist and director of quality control.

Patrick Tippoo has more than 30 years of experience in the vaccine manufacturing industry. He has been with Biovac, a public–private partnership in South Africa, since its inception in 2003. His responsibilities at Biovac have included product development, strategic alliance partnering, international relations, projects, and business development. As head of science and innovation, he is focused on growing Biovac’s product development capability and scientific and technical capacity as a center of excellence for vaccine development and manufacture in Africa. He is a founding member of the African Vaccine Manufacturing Initiative and passionate about breaking Africa’s cycle of dependency and reliance on supply of much needed vaccines from outside Africa. He is a strong advocate for the establishment of vaccine development and manufacturing capacity in Africa. He has also served as a member of the executive committee and the grant advisory committee of the Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers Network since 2014.

Ciro Ugarte, M.D., a national of Peru, received his M.D. from the Mayor National University of San Marcos, Peru. He conducted postgraduate studies on public health, emergency, and disasters medicine and multiple studies on mitigation, preparedness, and response to emergencies and disasters. In 1988, Dr. Ugarte was appointed the deputy director general at the National Institute of Occupational Health in Peru. In 1989, he became the director general of the Office of National Defense of the Ministry of Health of Peru, a position he held until 1999. During this period, he also served as the president of the Peruvian Society of Emergency Medicine, the official representative of the Peruvian government to the International Committee of the Red Cross, a member of the National Committee of the Peruvian Red Cross

Society, a consultant of the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance, and a member of the United Nations (UN) Disaster Assessment and Coordination Team. Dr. Ugarte coordinated the UN Inter-Agency Disaster Team in Honduras in 1999. He joined the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)/ World Health Organization in 2000, where he was the subregional advisor for South America, the regional advisor on emergency preparedness, and the director of the Department of Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Relief. From 2016, he was the director of PAHO’s Department of Health Emergencies. Dr. Ugarte has extensive experience in prevention, risk reduction, emergency preparedness, and response. He coordinated the implementation of public health measures and health care at national and international levels for earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, severe floods, El Niño phenomenon, landslides, hazardous materials incidents, armed conflicts, terrorist attacks, hostage situations, chemical emergencies, mass gatherings, meetings of heads of state, epidemics of cholera, yellow fever, dengue, malaria, hepatitis, pandemic influenza H1N1, and COVID-19, among others. He is the author of numerous publications and articles on vulnerability reduction in health facilities, hospital disaster planning, outbreaks and epidemics preparedness and response, health impact of earthquakes, damage and needs assessment, national contingency planning, safe hospitals, etc.

Richard Webby, Ph.D., is a member of the Department of Infectious Diseases at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital. His research group examines a number of aspects of influenza virus biology, with a particular focus on interactions at the human–animal interface. He is the director of the World Health Organization’s Collaborating Centre for Studies on the Ecology of Influenza in Animals and Birds and the principal investigator of National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases–funded St. Jude Center of Excellence in Influenza Research and Response.

James Wood, Ph.D., M.Sc., is a veterinary epidemiologist who leads the Disease Dynamics Unit in Cambridge and conducts multidisciplinary research on infectious diseases. His research interests are focused on infectious disease emergence and control, especially ensuring that research affects policy. He has worked on potentially zoonotic viruses in African bats for much of the last 15 years since he came to Cambridge and widely published on risks of disease from wildlife. He is one of the champions of the Cambridge Africa program, which works to promote equitable relationships in research between academics based in Cambridge and those in sub-Saharan Africa.

Sarah Zhang, B.Sc., is a staff writer at The Atlantic, where she covers health and science. She was a staff writer at WIRED, and her writing has also ap-

peared in The New York Times, Nature, and other publications. She holds a degree in neurobiology from Harvard. She is the recipient of an American Association for the Advancement of Science Kavli Science Journalism award and a finalist for the Livingston Awards.

Wenqing Zhang, M.D., has headed the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Influenza Program in its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, since November 2012. In this role, he provides leadership and coordinates global activities on influenza surveillance, virus monitoring, detection of emerging novel viruses, risk assessment, and evidence for policies, vaccines, and pandemic preparedness, including pandemic influenza vaccine response. From 2002 to 2012, Dr. Zhang coordinated the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System, building a functional system of surveillance, preparedness, and response. In the 2009 A (H1N1) influenza pandemic, Dr. Zhang directed WHO’s laboratory response and capacity aspects. Before WHO, he worked for 9 years in the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine; the Ministry of Health on tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, and iodine deficiency disorder projects with WHO; the World Bank; the United Nations (UN) Children’s Fund, and the UN Industrial Development Organization. Dr. Zhang has an M.D. with postgraduate training in system evaluation and epidemiology and a B.A. in biomedical engineering.