Initiating the Systems Engineering Process for Rural Connected Vehicle Corridors, Volume 2: Model Concept of Operations (2021)

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108 Glossary e glossary contains denitions of selected project-specic terms used throughout this ConOps. It should be noted that as there are variations in usage within the connected vehicle community, the glossary largely draws on existing resources, such as a glossary developed by the Connected Vehicle Pooled Fund Study and other prior work. In addition, Appendix A includes denitions for the system actors in both the current and the proposed situation. Term Denition Application One or more pieces of soware designed to perform some specic function; it is a conguration of interacting Engineering Objects.35 A connected vehicle application consists of a collection of activities including interactions between dierent entities in the service of a collection of related goals and associated with a given IEEE Provider Service Identier (PSID).36 Applications are the most visible part of the connected vehicle environment. e applications allow the con- nected vehicle systems and technologies to deliver services and benets to a variety of users. Applications are divided into three broad cate- gories: safety applications, mobility applications, and environmental applications.37 Automated Driving System (ADS) A complex combination of various components that can be dened as systems where perception, decisionmaking, and operation of the automobile are performed by electronics and machinery instead of a human driver, and as introduction of automation into road trac. ADSs may include systems for which there is no human driver or for which the human driver can give control to the ADSs and would not be expected to perform any driving-related tasks for a period of time.38 35 Architecture Reference for Cooperative and Intelligent Transportation (ARC-IT) Glossary, https://local.iteris.com/arc-it/ html/glossary/glossary-a.html. 36 SAE J2945/5 Standard, https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j2945/5_202002/. 37 ITS ePrimer Module 13: Connected Vehicles, https://www.pcb.its.dot.gov/eprimer/module13.aspx. 38 Connected Vehicle Pooled Fund Study, Glossary of Connected and Automated Vehicle Terms, Version 1.0. March 2018, http://www.cts.virginia.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Glossary-of-CAV-Terms-Ver1.0-03052018-1.pdf.

Glossary 109   Automated Vehicles Any vehicle equipped with driving automation technologies (as defined in SAE J3016). This term can refer to a vehicle fitted with any form of driving automation (SAE Level 1–5),39 as vehicles in which at least one element of vehicle control (e.g., steering, speed control) occurs without direct driver input.40 SAE J3016 defines a taxonomy for driving automation ranging from no automation (Level 0) to full driving automation (Level 5).41 Basic Safety Message (BSM) Packet of data that contains information about vehicle position, heading, speed, and other information relating to a vehicle’s state and predicted path,42 broadcast at 10 Hz by connected vehicles. Concept of Operations (ConOps) A user-oriented document that describes a system’s operational characteristics from the end user’s viewpoint. Connected Vehicle (CV) Connected vehicles communicate wirelessly with each other, with infra- structure, and with wireless devices to share vital transportation infor- mation. Connected vehicles use this information to attain 360-degree awareness of nearby vehicles, which increases the driver’s situational awareness of their surroundings. Connected Vehicle Infrastructure Connected vehicle infrastructure primarily refers to dedicated short range communications (DSRC) or cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) radio equipment, but can also refer to the supporting infra- structure needed for deployment, such as backhaul communications, connected vehicle data analytics, and connected vehicle equipped traffic signal controllers.43 Connected Vehicle Technology Enable vehicles, roads, other infrastructure, and smartphones to all com- municate and share vital transportation information through advanced wireless communication technology. Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) A communications protocol developed to address the safety-critical issues associated with sending and receiving data among vehicles and between moving vehicles and fixed roadside access points. These provide low-latency data-only vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle- to-infrastructure (V2I) communications.38 In the United States, DSRC operates in licensed wireless spectrum in the 5.9 GHz band.44 Dynamic Message Signs (DMS) An ITS device used to convey information to drivers about travel time, roadway conditions, and other information of which they should be aware. 39 U.S. DOT, Preparing for the Future of Transportation: Automated Vehicles 3.0, https://www.transportation.gov/av/3. 40 An Introduction to Connected Automated Vehicles, https://www.its.dot.gov/presentations/2017/CAV2017_AdvTech Transport.pdf. 41 SAE J3016 Standard, https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j3016_201806/. 42 Connected Vehicle Basics, https://www.its.dot.gov/cv_basics/cv_basics_how_used.htm. 43 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Strategies to Advance Automated and Connected Vehicles, https://www.nap.edu/read/24873/chapter/19. 44 SPaT Challenge Recommended Practices for DSRC Licensing and Spectrum Management Summary, https://transportationops. org/spatchallenge/resources/Recommended-Practices-for-DSRC-Licensing-and-Spectrum-Management. Term Definition

110 Initiating the Systems Engineering Process for Rural Connected Vehicle Corridors Environment The circumstances, objects, and conditions that surround a system to be built. It includes technical, political, commercial, cultural, organi- zational, and physical influences as well as standards and policies that govern what a system must do or how it will do it. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) A general term describing any satellite constellation that provides positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services on a global or regional basis.45 GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou are examples. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Architecture A framework within which interrelated systems can be built that work together to deliver transportation services. It defines how systems functionally operate and the interconnection of information exchanges that must take place between these systems to accomplish transporta- tion services. The National ITS Architecture, entitled the Architecture Reference for Cooperative and Intelligent Transportation (ARC-IT), provides a starting point for the creation of regional ITS architectures and project ITS architectures and can be found at http://local.iteris. com/arc-it/.38 Interoperability The ability of a system to communicate with other systems to provide the same service in different physical locations. It is also the ability of one system (or component) to replace another without degrading the service being provided.38 ITS Field Device An intelligent infrastructure component distributed near or along the transportation network that performs surveillance (e.g., traffic detec- tors, cameras), traffic control (e.g., signal controllers), information provision [e.g., Dynamic Message Signs (DMS)] and local transaction (e.g., tolling, parking) functions. Typically, their operation is governed by transportation management functions running in Backoffices.35 National Transportation Communications for ITS Protocol (NTCIP) A family of standards that provides both the rules for communicating (called protocols) and the vocabulary (called objects) necessary to allow electronic traffic control equipment from different manufac- turers to operate with each other as a system.38 Notification General term used for message, alert, or warning issued to vehicle operator.46 Onboard Unit (OBU) A vehicle-mounted device used to transmit and receive a variety of message traffic to and from other connected devices [other OBUs and roadside units (RSUs)]. Among the message types and applications supported by this device are vehicle safety messages.47 Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) A company that produces vehicles as they are sold to buyers. OEM also includes any factory-installed connected vehicle capabilities. 45 Global Positioning System, Other Global Navigation Satellite Systems, https://www.gps.gov/systems/gnss/. 46 SmartColumbus Connected Vehicle Environment Concept of Operations, https://smart.columbus.gov/projects/connected- vehicle-environment. 47 Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) ITS Standards for Project Managers, https://www.pcb.its.dot.gov/StandardsTraining/mod43/ sup/m43sup.pdf. Term Definition

Glossary 111   Personally Identifiable Information (PII) PII is personal or professional information that can be used to distin- guish or trace an individual’s identity, such as the individual’s name, Social Security number (SSN), biometric records, etc., alone or when combined with other personal or identifying information that is linked or linkable to a specific individual, such as date and place of birth, mother’s maiden name.48 Messages such as the BSM have been designed to avoid the inclusion of PII. Real-Time Data (RTD) Data that is collected continuously and made available for immediate processing.38 Roadside Unit (RSU) A connected device that is only allowed to operate from a fixed posi- tion (which may be a permanent installation or from temporary equipment brought on-site for a period of time associated with an inci- dent, road construction, or other event).47 Signal Phase and Timing (SPaT) and MAP The SAE J2735 SPaT message provides status information about a signalized intersection as a whole and dynamic signal indication and timing state information for the individual signal groups at the inter- section. The SAE J2735 MAP message focuses on information about lanes. It can provide lane information for up to 32 intersections and 32 non-intersection road segments.49 System An arrangement of parts or elements that together exhibit behavior or meaning that the individual constituents do not. The system’s prop- erties (as a whole) result or emerge from the parts or elements and their individual properties; AND the relationships and interactions between and among the parts, the system, and its environment.50 Systems Engineering Approach Systems engineering is an organized approach to developing and implementing a system. The approach can be applied when devel- oping any type of system. It is crucial to use the systems engineering approach in designing ITS infrastructure so that the technology effec- tively supports the management and operation of the transportation system. Although there are many ways to represent the systems engi- neering process, the winged “V” (or “Vee”) model has been broadly adopted in the transportation industry.51 The Vee model is a linear and sequential product or software development model that includes Con- ception, Initiation, Analysis, Design, Construction, Testing, Production/ Implementation, and Maintenance phases. Third-Party Organizations not affiliated with the local agency. Third-party service providers may communicate with their vehicle-based subscribers who use their applications or services through cellular smartphone apps, telematics devices, or other similar means. 48 U.S. DOT Privacy Risk Management Policy, https://www.transportation.gov/individuals/privacy/privacy-risk-management- policy. 49 SPaT Challenge Resource Team, SPaT Infrastructure System Model Concept of Operations, https://transops.s3.amazonaws. com/uploaded_files/SPaT%20Challenge%20Model%20Concept%20of%20Operations%20Draft%20Ver%201.6.pdf. 50 INCOSE. Systems Engineering and System Definitions, https://www.incose.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/ final_-se-definition.pdf. 51 Systems Engineering and ITS Project Development, https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/plan4ops/sys_engineering.htm. Term Definition

112 Initiating the Systems Engineering Process for Rural Connected Vehicle Corridors Vehicle-to- Everything (V2X) Communication A communication that promotes the exchange of information between the vehicles and various counterparts, including other means of transport, the infrastructure, traffic management centers, and various Internet applications. Communication allowing the car to communi- cate with various, non-vehicle located, smart-enabled road infrastruc- ture, such as electronics built into traffic signals, stoplights, speed signs, bollards, barriers, and message boards.38 Vehicle-to- Infrastructure (V2I) Communication A communication that promotes the exchange of information between the vehicles and the infrastructure.38 Vehicle-to- Vehicle (V2V) Communication A communication that promotes the exchange of information between vehicles.38 Term Definition