Strengthening U.S. Coast Guard Oversight and Support of Recognized Organizations: The Case of the Alternate Compliance Program (2021)

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Mary R. Brooks, Chair, is a professor emerita at the Dalhousie University Rowe School of Business, where she has been on the faculty for more than 35 years. Her research focuses on competition policy in liner shipping, port strategic management, and short sea shipping. She has authored more than 25 books and technical reports, more than 25 book chapters, and more than 80 articles in peer-reviewed scholarly journals. She is a founding edi- tor of Research in Transportation Business & Management. In 2018, she was recognized for her lifetime contribution to the maritime field with the Onassis Prize in Shipping. From 2015 to 2017, she chaired the Council of Canadian Academies’ assessment of The Value of Commercial Marine Ship- ping to Canada. From 2016 to 2018, she served as the chair of the Trans- portation Research Board’s Marine Board, and in February 2020 she was appointed as a National Associate of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. She received her bachelor’s degree from McGill University, an M.B.A. in international business from Dalhousie University, and a Ph.D. in maritime studies from the University of Wales. Hendrik Bruhns is the president of Herbert-ABS Software Solutions LLC, a position he has held since 2009. Herbert-ABS Software Solutions LLC is an independent company that provides leading-edge stability, load man- agement, and emergency response software solutions for the marine and offshore industries. He started his professional career at MEC Marine Equipment & Consulting, working on container cell guides and lashing equipment. Later he joined the Stability Department of Germanischer Lloyd—heading the stability department from 2002 to 2008—where he Appendix Study Committee Biographical Information 135

136 STRENGTHENING U.S. COAST GUARD OVERSIGHT AND SUPPORT OF ROs was in charge of plan approval and planning, coordinating, and implement- ing all kinds of projects related to ship safety and environmental protec- tion, particularly intact and damage stability, ballast water management, fuel tank protection, and collision strength. He has been a member of the German delegation for numerous committees at the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and has chaired IMO working groups and coordinated correspondence groups. He has been a member of the IMO Working Group on Subdivision and Damage Stability since 2002 and was the chair of the IMO Sub-Committee on Stability, Load Lines and Fishing vessels Working Group on Subdivision and Damage Stability until 2012. He holds an M.S. in naval architecture from the University of Hamburg. VADM James C. Card is a former vice commandant for the Coast Guard, before retiring in 2000. Since 2006, he has worked as a maritime consultant. From 2000 to 2006, he was the senior vice president and the chief technology officer at the American Bureau of Shipping, where he was responsible for the overall management of global technology, research, and rule development for ships and offshore facilities. He served for 36 years in the Coast Guard in a career that included the positions as vice commandant, commander of the Pacific Area, and assistant commandant for Marine Safety, Security and Environmental Protection, and where he led many U.S. delegations to the International Maritime Organization. He is currently on the Independent Appeal Board for the International Association of Classification Societies and the Board of Directors of AET (formerly American Eagle Tankers). He was a member of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Resilient America Roundtable, the past chair and a member of the Transportation Research Board’s Marine Board, and a National Associate of the National Academies. He has authored many papers on marine safety, environmental protection, and concepts for tankers and human factors in marine operations. His awards include the Rear Admiral Halert C. Shepheard Award from the Chamber of Shipping of America for achievement in mer- chant marine safety, the Vice Admiral Jerry Land Medal from the Society of Naval Architects & Marine Engineers for outstanding accomplishment in the marine field, and the Roy Wilkins service award from the NAACP. His military awards include the U.S. Department of Transportation Distinguished Service Medal and the Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal. He earned a bachelor’s degree in marine engineering and mechanical engineering from the U.S. Coast Guard Academy and a master’s degree in naval architecture and mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is also a 1986 graduate of the Industrial College of the Armed Forces. Victoria Dlugokecki is an independent engineering and management con- sultant with more than 30 years of ship design and construction experience,

APPENDIX 137 providing design, analysis, and management support services to commercial clients and government agencies in the maritime field. Her specialties are pre-contract, post-contract, and life-cycle engineering and management services in the following areas: vessel arrangements, hull form design and analysis, stability and weights, structural analysis and design, feasibility studies, classification and regulatory body liaison, ship specification devel- opment and compliance, technical drawing review, test program support, build strategy development, program and project management, quality management systems and process improvement, and proposal develop- ment. Prior to becoming a consultant in 2003, she was a senior supervisor at NASSCO in the Initial Design and Naval Architecture Department, and an engineer at the American Bureau of Shipping, working on rule develop- ment and quality assurance. She started her career at C.R. Cushing and Co., Inc., where she was able to participate in all aspects of engineering design for various types of commercial and military vessels. She has par- ticipated in several successful National Shipbuilding Research Program projects focusing on design for producibility, design for maintainability, welding and distortion, modular design and knowledge management. She holds a B.S. in naval architecture and marine engineering from the Webb Institute of Naval Architecture, and an M.S. from the Ocean Sys- tems Management Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Donald Liu (NAE) retired as the executive vice president and the chief tech- nology officer for the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) after a 38-year career. His research and interests have focused on finite-element structural applications, ship structural dynamics, hull loading, structural stability, and probabilistic methods of structural analysis. He has been an active par- ticipant in key national and international organizations that are concerned with ship structure research, development, and design. He served as the ABS representative on the interagency Ship Structures Committee and a member of the Standing Committees of the International Ship and Offshore Struc- tures Congress and the Symposia on Practical Design of Ships and Mobile Units. He served as a member of the National Research Council (NRC) Committee on the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 Implementation Review; a member of the Transportation Research Board (TRB) Committee on Naval Engineering in the 21st Century; a member of the National Academy of Engineering/NRC Committee on Best Available and Safest Technologies for Offshore Oil and Gas Operations: Options for Implementation; and a member of the TRB Committee to Revise and Update U.S. Coast Guard Ship Stability Regulations. He has served as a member of TRB’s Marine Board. He has received numerous awards, including the Sea Trade “Safety at Sea” award in recognition of his role in developing the ABS SafeHull system; the Rear Admiral Halert C. Shepheard Award from the Chamber

138 STRENGTHENING U.S. COAST GUARD OVERSIGHT AND SUPPORT OF ROs of Shipping of America in recognition of his achievements in promoting merchant marine safety; and the Coast Guard Meritorious Public Service Award in recognition of his contributions to marine safety. He was elected to the U.S. National Academy of Engineering in 2011, and is a fellow of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. He co-authored the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers book Strength of Ships and Ocean Structures. He was also the recipient of the David W. Taylor Medal from the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers and the Gibbs Brothers Medal from the National Academy of Sciences for outstand- ing contributions in the fields of naval architecture and marine engineering. He received a B.S. from the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, a B.S. and an M.S. in naval architecture and marine engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from the University of Arizona. CAPT Kyle McAvoy is a marine safety expert at Robson Forensic, Inc., a company that offers consulting services and technical expertise across multiple engineering sectors. He has more than 26 years of experience in all aspects of ship inspections and marine incident investigations. He has expertise in forensic investigations that involve the commercial and recre- ational use of inland, coastal, and international waterways and shorelines. With the Coast Guard’s Marine Safety and Prevention programs, his experi- ence included inspections of all types of commercial ships, the investigation of both major and minor maritime accidents, the review and approval of engineering proposals involving ship construction or modifications, and the development of national policies and procedures. He has been honored with several distinguished Coast Guard awards, including a Legion of Merit, two Meritorious Service Medals, and a U.S. Department of Homeland Security Secretary’s Gold Medal. He has been published in Coast Guard periodicals and presented in various forums on Coast Guard regulatory compliance issues. He is a member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. He earned master’s degrees in naval architecture and marine engi- neering and in manufacturing engineering from the University of Michigan. R. Keith Michel (NAE) is the president of the Webb Institute. Prior to this appointment in 2013, he worked for the naval architecture firm Herbert Engineering Company (HEC) for 38 years, serving as the president and the chair of the board. At HEC he worked on the design, specification development, and contract negotiations for containerships, bulk carriers, and tankers. He has served on numerous industry advisory groups devel- oping guidelines for alternative tanker designs, including groups advising the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the Coast Guard, and served as the chair of IMO’s Bulk Liquid and Gases Committee tasked

APPENDIX 139 with developing regulations concerning the subdivision of tankers, includ- ing criteria for the acceptance of alternative designs to double-hull tankers. His work has included development of methodology, vessel models, and oil outflow analysis. He was a project engineer for the Coast Guard report on oil outflow analysis for double-hull and hybrid tanker arrangements, which was part of the U.S. Department of Transportation’s technical report on the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 to Congress. He has also worked on the develop- ment of salvage software used by the U.S. and Canadian Coast Guards, the U.S. Navy, the National Transportation Safety Board, the Maritime Admin- istration, the American Bureau of Shipping, Lloyd’s Register, and numerous oil and shipping companies. He was the chair of Transportation Research Board’s Marine Board from 2002 through 2004 and has served on several National Research Council committees. In 2011, he was awarded the W. Selkirk Owen Award for distinguished service by the Alumni Association of the Webb Institute. He is a past president of the Society of Naval Architects & Marine Engineers (SNAME). In 2002, he was the recipient of SNAME’s highest award, the David W. Taylor Medal. He is a fellow and honorary member of SNAME, a National Associate of the National Academies of Sci- ences, Engineering, and Medicine, and the past chair of the Webb Institute Board of Trustees. In 2014, he was elected to the U.S. National Academy of Engineering. He holds a B.S. in naval architecture and marine engineering from the Webb Institute of Naval Architecture. William H. Moore is the senior vice president and the global loss prevention director at the Shipowners Claims Bureau, Inc., Managers of the American Club, which is a protection and indemnity insurance company that provides coverage to ship owners and charterers against most third-party liabilities associated with vessels in commercial operations. In his 17 years at Ameri- can Club, he has developed an expertise in the creation and implementa- tion of loss prevention initiatives to assist ship owners in the reduction of maritime risks and incidents. Prior to joining the firm in 2003, he worked for 4 years at Gard Services A/S in Norway as a manager of Loss Prevention & Risk Control. From 1994 to 1999, he worked at the American Bureau of Shipping as a senior consultant in research and development. He is a former chair of the International Maritime Organization’s Joint Maritime Safety Committee & Marine Environmental Protection Committee’s Working Group on the Human Element. He holds a D.Eng. in naval architecture and offshore engineering from the University of California, Berkeley, an M.S. in ocean systems management from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a B.A. in statistics from the University of California, Berkeley. Kirsi K. Tikka (NAE) is an independent non-executive director and the advi- sor at Pacific Basin Shipping Limited and Ardmore Shipping Corporation.

140 STRENGTHENING U.S. COAST GUARD OVERSIGHT AND SUPPORT OF ROs Pacific Basin Shipping Limited is a maritime transport company engaged in international dry bulk shipping, and Ardmore Shipping Corporation is an independent product and chemical tanker company that provides shipping services. She is on the board of directors for Ocergy, a technology company developing sustainable offshore solutions. She is also an advisor for the technology company ShipIn. From September 2001 until July 2019, she worked at the American Bureau of Shipping where she held the position of the executive vice president and the senior maritime advisor. From 1996 to 2001, she was a professor of naval architecture at the Webb Institute of Naval Architecture. Previously, she worked as a naval architect, opera- tions planner, and analyst for Chevron. Her expertise and interests span many aspects of shipping and offshore oil and gas, including reducing and monitoring oil discharge from tankers and ships, regulatory processes, and decarbonization. She is a fellow of both the Society of Naval Architects & Marine Engineers (SNAME) and the Royal Institution of Naval Architects. In 2012, she was awarded SNAME’s David W. Taylor Medal. She was awarded an honorary doctorate of science by the Webb Institute in 2018. She is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering and a mem- ber of the UK Women in Maritime Task Force. She chaired the Committee for Evaluating Double Hull Tanker Design Alternatives (2001) and served as a member of the Committee on Oil Pollution Act of 1990 Implementa- tion Review (1998) and as a member of the Special Nominating Commit- tee on International Member Diversity (2019). She holds a Ph.D. in naval architecture and offshore engineering and a master’s degree in naval archi- tecture and offshore engineering from the University of California, Berkeley. She also holds a master’s degree in mechanical engineering, solid mechanics, and naval architecture from the University of Technology, Helsinki.