National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: Alcohol, Drugs of Abuse, Aggression, and Violence
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4421.
×

Index

A

Acquaintanceship. See Peer relationships;

Victim-offender dynamics, relationships

Adolescents. See Youth

African Americans. See Black population

Age, 2

and domestic violence, 18

and gender differences, 298-300, 303, 304

and marital violence, 143, 144-145, 201-202

and neighborhood density, 55

of offenders, 18-19, 21-22, 28

and victimization risk, 7-8, 11-12, 13, 303

see also Delinquency and status offenses;

Developmental psychology;

Youth

Aggression

and alcohol, 381-390 passim

animal studies, 378-390 passim

developmental studies, 325-328

gender roles and differences, 295, 325-331, 337-338

Agonistic behavior, 378, 380-381

Alcohol use and abuse, 2, 37, 38, 377-378, 381-390, 406-407

animal studies, 381-389 passim

and assault, 32, 384

dose-effect relationships, 382-385, 390

environmental factors, 381, 382, 385, 388-389, 390

gender differences, 385-386

and homicide, 384, 386

hormonal mechanisms, 382, 385-386, 390

and marital violence, 188-192, 201, 384

neurological effects, 377, 406, 407

neurological mechanisms, 381, 382, 386-387, 390

personality traits, 387-388

by victims, 32, 389, 390, 406

and violent crime, 384

see also Bars

Amphetamines, 378, 380, 394-399, 407

Androgens

and alcohol, 385

Animal models, 378-381

alcohol effects, 381-389 passim

drug effects, 390-406 passim

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4421.
×

Antipsychotic medications, 398-399, 406

Antisocial personality disorder and alcohol abuse, 387-389, 390

Arousal and marital violence, 223-224

Arrest

blood alcohol levels at, 384

domestic and marital violence cases, 125-126, 129, 226-231, 249, 259

gender differences, 296-301, 312-314, 320, 321-322

race differences, 20-21

Assault, 6, 13

and age, 8, 18

and alcohol use, 32, 384

and drug use, 396, 402

gender differences, 8, 9, 19, 298, 300, 302

and marital status, 10

offenders as victims, 31, 32-34

race differences, 9-10, 20, 21

and social class, 11, 24

victim-offender relationship, 35

see also Domestic violence;

Marital violence;

Rape and sexual assault

Australia

alcoholism studies, 384, 389

victimization studies, 7

B

Bars, 16, 32, 40, 62, 388

Beer, 385

Benzodiazepine and receptors, 386, 390

Biological factors, 295, 324-325, 352.

See also Genetic factors;

Hormonal mechanisms;

Neurological mechanisms

Black population, 6, 9-10, 20-21, 36, 64, 352

and family disruption, 72-73

homicides, 6, 9, 351

and imprisonment of women, 344-345

and marital homicide, 174-175

poverty concentration of, 69-70, 71-72, 88

Brain. See Neurological mechanisms

Brain damage

and alcohol, 386-387

Bystanders, 2

C

Canada

alcoholism studies, 384, 389

victimization studies, 16

Cannabis, 401-403

Careers in violence, 1, 28, 29, 90

community studies, 85

gender differences, 295, 316-318

marital abuse, 151-152, 212-216, 250, 253-255

Case-control methodology, 94n:29, 259

Catecholamines and receptors, 380, 386

Cats, 381, 390, 392, 395, 401

Census data, 79-80

Central nervous system. See Neurological mechanisms

Chicago, Ill., 44, 48-49, 51, 62, 87

Child abuse and neglect, 26-27, 28, 130

and alcohol use, 384

gender differences, 311

and gender effects on criminal career choices, 332-333

historic movements against, 123

and marital violence, 147-148, 149-150, 192-195, 202, 215-216

protective factors, 27

and public policy, 116

Children. See Child abuse and neglect;

Developmental psychology;

Juvenile justice system;

Youth

Cities. See Metropolitan areas

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4421.
×

Class. See Poverty and low income;

Socioeconomic status

Clonidine, 392

Cocaine, 278, 396, 399-401, 406, 407.

See also Crack cocaine

Code enforcement, 87, 89

Community institutions and organizations, 59, 76

Community-level risk factors, 1, 2-3, 29, 43-64, 75-83, 86, 89-90

family structure, 49, 55-57, 60, 72-73

housing and population density, 3, 49, 54-55, 71

marital violence, 173-174, 176

opportunity structures in, 73-75, 89

and public policy, 86-89, 90

Shaw and McCay model, 44-46, 47, 51, 53, 63

see also Cultural factors;

Ecological factors;

Mobility and community change;

Poverty and low income;

Race and ethnicity, community heterogeneity;

Social disorganization

Competitive behavior

alcohol effects, 382

drug effects, 395, 398

Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS), 131-132, 135, 137, 139, 165, 181-184, 240, 241

Contextual analysis, 83-85

Correlates of violence. See Community-level risk factors;

Individual-level risk factors;

Situational risk factors

Courts

and gender differences, 340-342

juvenile, 340-341

and marital violence, 236-239, 245-249

and sexual assault cases, 347

Crack cocaine, 378, 399, 400, 407

Criminal justice system

battered women's self-defense pleas, 244-245

and child abuse, 116

and domestic violence, 117, 118

and marital violence, 129-130, 225-249, 255

see also Arrest

Cruising, 32, 33

Cultural factors

and alcohol use, 381, 382, 389, 390, 407

community-level studies, 61-63, 64, 79-80

marital violence, 120-122, 206-208, 222-223, 224-225

see also Ethnography

''Cycle of violence," 26-27, 194-195, 221-222, 250-251, 258

D

Data collection. See Census data;

National Crime Survey;

Official record data;

Self-report studies

Daytime activity, 14-15, 16

Delinquency and status offenses, 3, 21, 76

community-level studies, 44-45, 51-52, 81

and family structure, 25-26

female offenders, 21-22, 24, 314, 340-341

gangs, 24, 31, 58, 64

and social class, 3, 21, 23-25

and victimization risk, 31, 33-34

see also Juvenile justice system;

Youth

Demographic characteristics. See Age;

Gender differences;

Race and ethnicity;

Victim-offender dynamics,

overlap of demographic profiles

Density

of housing and population, 3, 49, 54-55, 71

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4421.
×

of peer relationships, 58, 59

Dependency issues, 209

Deprivation. See Poverty and low income

Deterrence, 339-340

Developmental psychology

and alcohol abuse, 388, 390

and drug abuse, 393, 407

effects of witnessing marital violence, 26, 194-195, 201, 203, 211-212, 256, 258

gender differences, 325-328

Disorder and disorganization. See Social disorganization

Divorce and separation, 10, 25, 70-71

Dogs, 382

Domestic violence, 1, 115-118, 130-132, 239-244, 250-260

and alcohol use, 384, 289

desistance from, 252-253

gender differences, 311

historic movements against, 122-124

police policies, 125-126

see also Child abuse and neglect;

Marital violence

Dopamine and receptors, 392, 398-399

Drinking. See Alcohol use and abuse; Bars

Drug abuse, 2, 37-38, 377-378, 406-407

animal studies, 390-406 passim

and gender, 339

neurological effects, 377, 378, 406

violent crime related to obtaining drugs, 38, 377, 393, 394

Drug dealing, 32, 38, 377, 393, 399, 400, 401, 403

E

Ecological factors, 41-42.

See also Community-level risk factors

"Ecological fallacy," 45, 80

"Ecstasy," 394

Educational achievement and attachment, 27-29

Educational attainment, 11

and marital violence, 147, 149

Electroencephalogram (EEG), 387

Employment status

and victimization risk, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15

of women, and offending, 331

see also Unemployment

Endocrinologic mechanisms. See Hormonal mechanisms

England, victimization studies, 7

Environmental factors, 324-325

and alcohol, 381, 382, 385, 388-389, 390

animal studies, 379-380

see also Community-level risk factors;

Situational risk factors

Ethnicity. See Race and ethnicity

Ethnography, 61-63, 79, 86, 252

"Eve," 394

Event-related potentials (ERPs), 387

Experimental research. See Laboratory experiments (human)

F

Family income. See Income levels

Family structure and dynamics, 25-27, 28, 29, 89, 115-116, 326

and alcohol use, 388-389

community-level studies, 49, 55-57, 60, 72-73

and public policy, 116-117, 128-129

social control models of, 128-129

see also Child abuse and neglect;

Domestic violence;

Marital violence

Feedback effects, 75-78

Female-headed families, 57

Females, 9, 294, 331-335, 350-352

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4421.
×

delinquency, 21-22, 24, 314, 340-341

in gangs, 24, 318-320, 351

gun ownership, 76

homicide offending, 19, 20, 298, 300, 309-310

offense rates, 298-301, 312-315, 329-330

see also Feminist theory and activism;

Gender differences;

Gender roles;

Marital violence;

Rape and sexual assault

Feminist theory and activism

responses to marital violence, 116, 117, 124-125, 126, 127-128, 238

and role theory, 329-330, 334, 351

Finland, alcoholism studies, 388, 389

Fish, 382, 390, 395, 401, 404

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 385

Friendships. See Peer relationships

Frustration, and marital violence, 223-224

G

Gamma-aminobutryic acid (GABA) and receptors, 386, 390, 407

Gangs, 24, 31, 58, 64

community-level studies, 48-49, 60, 61

females in, 24, 318-320, 351

Gender differences, 2, 293-296, 294, 295-296, 324-339, 337-339, 350-354

alcohol effects, 385-386

arrests, 296-301, 312-314, 320, 321-322

careers in violence, 295, 316-318

and criminal justice system, 320-322, 340-345

developmental psychology, 211-212, 325-328

homicides, 6, 8, 19, 36, 298, 300, 315-316, 351

limitations in analysis of, 295, 320-324

marital violence offending and victimization, 167-171, 172, 257, 311, 351

marital violence reporting, 138, 142

and neighborhood density, 55

offense rates and ratios, 19-20, 21-22, 28, 312-315, 320-324

research needs, 294, 295-296, 335-339, 350-354

severity of violence, 9, 36-37, 132, 167, 168, 257, 311, 311-312, 322

victimization, 8-9, 12, 13, 295, 302-310, 315-316, 353-354

Gender identity, 295

Gender roles, 295-296, 331-335, 353

and aggression, 295, 325-331, 337-338

and criminal careers, 331-339

labeling effects, 331-333

and marital violence, 202-203, 329

Genetic factors

alcohol abuse, 387, 390, 406, 407

drug abuse, 406

Gentrification, 52

Gonadotropic hormones, 385

Great Britain, victimization studies, 16, 17, 32-33, 60

Guardians, 40, 55

absence of, 13, 32, 56

Guns, 38, 74-75, 76

H

Hallucinogens, 377, 378, 401-406, 407

animal studies, 380

Hamsters, 391, 402

Heroin, 391, 393, 406

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4421.
×

Hispanic population, 172, 175

Homicides, 6, 64

and age, 8, 18

and alcohol use, 384, 386

community-level studies, 45-46, 47, 48-49, 51, 67-70

and drug use, 396, 400

gender differences, 6, 8, 19, 36, 298, 300, 315-316, 351

by marital violence victims, 163, 199-201, 218-221, 244-245

race differences, 9, 351

of spouses and partners, 117, 158-164, 166, 174-176, 199-201

third-party involvement, 40

victim-offender relationship, 35

and youth, 90-91n:4, 384

Hormonal mechanisms, 324-325, 352

of alcohol, 382, 385-386, 390

of opiates, 392-393

Housing, and public policy, 87, 90

Housing and population density, 3, 49, 54-55, 71

(5-HT) receptors. See Serotonin (5-HT) receptors

5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), 386

I

Ice. See Methamphetamine

Imprisonment, and gender differences, 342-344

Income levels

and marital violence, 143, 145, 202

and victimization risk, 10-11, 13

Individual-level risk factors, 1, 2, 3, 80, 89, 90

marital violence, 201-206, 221-225, 240-241

in offending, 2, 17-29

in victimization, 2, 6-17

see also Age;

Gender differences;

Lifestyle-routine activity theories;

Marital status;

Personality traits;

Race and ethnicity;

Socioeconomic status

Injuries, 9, 38

domestic violence, 116, 117, 131, 156-157, 176-180

Inner city

abandonment of, 69, 76, 77

and delinquency, 44

and marital violence, 143, 145, 172

Institutions. See Community institutions and organizations

Intergenerational violence, 26-27, 194-195, 221-222, 250-251, 258

Interracial violence, 36

Intimacy, 209

Intimates, violence between. See Marital violence

J

Juvenile justice system, and gender differences, 340-341

Juveniles. See Delinquency and status offenses;

Youth

L

Labeling, and gender roles, 331-333

Laboratory experiments (human), 379-380, 381

alcohol effects, 382, 388

amphetamine effects, 395

cannabis effects, 402

see also Animal models

Laws and statutes

affecting sexual assault cases, 347-350

and child abuse, 116

and marital violence, 122-124, 125, 166

Leisure activity, 73-74

Lifestyle-routine activity theories, 2, 13-17, 41-42, 73-74, 77, 91-92n:14

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4421.
×

and gender differences, 315-316

and violent subculture theory, 31

Longitudinal studies, 84-85

LSD, 403-404, 407

Luteinizing hormone (LH), 385

M

Macrolevel risk factors. See Community-level risk factors;

Metropolitan areas;

Research activities and needs

Males, 36, 293, 294

victimization risk, 8, 9

see also Gender differences;

Gender roles;

Marital violence

Marijuana. See Cannabis

Marital status, 2, 25, 143, 146, 153

and victimization risk, 10, 12, 13, 16, 56

Marital violence, 116, 117-118, 130-132, 142-151, 239-244, 250-260

and alcohol abuse, 188-192, 201, 384

careers in, 151-152, 212-216, 250, 253-255

and child abuse, 147-148, 149-150, 192-195, 202, 215-216

criminal justice policy, 129-130, 225-249, 255

cross-cultural studies, 120-122

cultural factors, 206-208, 222-223, 224-225

definitions, 118-119

desistance from, 151-152, 213, 252-253

deterrence and intervention, 129, 228-233, 241, 242, 253, 259

effects on children, 26, 194-195, 201, 203, 211-212, 256

feminist responses to, 116, 117, 124-125, 126, 127-128

gender differences, 167-171, 172, 257, 311, 351

historical policies, 122-124

homicides, 117, 158-164, 166, 174-176, 199-201

homicides by victims, 163, 199-201, 218-221, 244-245

offender characteristics, 185-197, 202-203

power motivation in, 208-210, 223-224

and public policy, 117-118, 122-127, 128-130, 225-249, 255

and rape, 116, 164-166

rationalization of, 216-218, 258

research needs, 258-260

risk factors, 201-206, 221-225, 240-241

social controls, 128-129, 205, 248-249

and stranger violence, 196-197, 204-205, 213, 214, 215-216, 251-252

survey results, 133-156, 171-174

theories of, 249-252

treatment interventions, 236-239, 255-256

victim characteristics, 197-199, 203-204

victim empowerment, 128, 210-211, 256-257, 260

MDA, 394

MDMA, 394

Mediation, 40

Men. See Gender differences;

Gender roles;

Males;

Marital violence

Mescaline, 404

Methadone, 391, 392, 393-394

Methamphetamine ("ice"), 378, 394, 396

Methodological limitations

in domestic violence studies, 132, 133

ecological fallacy, 45, 80

in gender analyses, 295, 320-324

in macrolevel analysis, 65-67, 75

of offender data, 17-18, 22, 23, 24-25, 29

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4421.
×

in social class measurement, 24

use of official record data, 46-47

victimization studies, 35, 42

victim resistance data, 39

Metropolitan areas, 43, 305

opportunity structures in, 73-75, 89

Mice, 382, 383, 385, 388, 389, 390, 391, 395, 400, 401, 402, 404, 405

Microlevel risk factors. See Situational risk factors

Minority groups. See Black population;

Race and ethnicity

Mobility and community change, 3, 89

community-level studies, 44, 49, 50, 51-53, 60, 63, 64

Models and modeling

and gender differences, 295

see also Animal models

Monkeys, 325, 379, 382, 383, 385, 386, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 395, 396, 398, 399, 401, 403, 404, 405

Morphine, 390

Multicollinearity, 66-67

Municipal services, 87, 90

Murder. See Homicides

N

Naloxone, 391

Naltrexone, 391

Narcotics. See Drug abuse;

Opiates

National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, 115

National Crime Survey (NCS), 7, 15, 47, 90n:2

data on offenders, 17-18, 22

and gender differences, 302-310

marital violence data, 133, 152-156, 167, 180-181

and victim-offender relationship, 35

National Family Violence Surveys (NFVS), 133, 134-135, 139-143

National Youth Survey (NYS), 24, 34, 137

Native Americans, and alcohol abuse, 389

Neighborhoods. See Community-level risk factors;

Ecological factors;

Mobility and community change

Neurological mechanisms, 378, 380

of alcohol, 381, 382, 386-387, 390

of amphetamines, 398-399

drug effects, 377, 378, 406

of opiates and withdrawal, 391-392

of PCP, 405-406

Neutralization of violent behavior, 216-218

Nighttime activity, 14-15, 16-17

O

Offenders, 2, 17-29

age of, 18-19, 21-22, 28

alcohol abuse, 384

family structures and processes, 25-27

marital status, 25

marital violence, 185-197, 202-203

sex of, 19-20, 21-22, 28, 312-315, 320-324

as victims, 17, 31-34

see also Careers in violence;

Victim-offender dynamics

Official record data, 17, 35, 46-47

marital violence, 156-158, 180

see also Uniform Crime Reports

OLS (ordinary least squares) regression analysis, 240-241

Opiates, 378, 390-394, 407

animal studies, 380, 390-391

Opportunity structures and theories, 73-75, 89

and gender roles, 331, 338-339

and offenders as victims, 32

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4421.
×

P

Paranoid psychosis, 394, 396, 397, 399

Parents. See Child abuse and neglect;

Family structure and dynamics

Parole, and gender differences, 344-345

"Partialling fallacy," 66

Partner assault. See Marital violence

Patriarchal social organization, and marital violence, 203, 205, 206-208

Peer relationships, 58-59, 90

and alcohol use, 388-389

among youth, 27, 58, 60, 64

density of acquaintanceship, 58, 59

local social networks, 58-59, 76

Peptides, 380, 386, 392

Personality traits

of alcoholics, 387-388

gender-related, 295

of wife-abusive men, 186-188, 202, 214, 223, 224-225

Pharmacology. See Alcohol use and abuse;

Drug abuse

Phencyclidine (PCP), 404-406, 407

Pigeons, 395, 401

Police

and marital violence, 125-126, 210, 226-233, 249

and sexual assault, 308-309, 345-347

as source of data bias, 46-47, 305, 338

see also Reports to police

Policy. See Public policy

Population density. See Housing and population density

Poverty and low income, 3, 5, 88, 89

community-level studies, 44-45, 48-50, 52, 60, 63, 66, 67-70

Predatory behavior, 32, 40, 56, 380

Pregnancy, and marital violence, 148, 149, 170, 202, 203

"Principle of homogamy," 13-14, 33, 41

Probation, and gender differences, 342

Prosecution

of marital violence, 129, 233-236, 245-247

of sexual assault cases, 347-350

Psychomotor stimulants, 377

Public housing, 54, 87, 88-89

Public perception, of domestic violence, 115, 116-117, 258

Public policy

community-level orientation, 86-89, 90

family violence, 116-117, 128-129

and gender differences, 293, 339-350

victim support and rights, 117, 126, 127, 255

Public transportation, 16, 17

Puritan era, 122-123

"Purse snatching," 91n:6

R

Race and ethnicity, 9-10, 12, 20-22, 28, 82-83, 85, 293, 352

and age, 10, 21-22

community heterogeneity, 3, 44, 53-54, 64

crossover violence, 36

disaggregation in macrolevel research, 71-73

and gender, 6, 9, 10, 21-22, 309-310, 337-338, 352

and homicide, 36, 309-310

and homicide of spouses and partners, 160-162

and imprisonment, 344-345

and marital violence, 143, 144, 160-162, 172-173

and neighborhood density, 55

and social class, 24

see also Black population

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4421.
×

Rape and sexual assault, 6, 8-9, 19, 22, 302, 303

and age, 8

community-level studies, 70-71

and education, 11

and income level, 11

race differences, 9, 20, 21

and resistance by victim, 39

of spouses and partners, 116, 164-166

and substance use, 384, 402

treatment of victims, 130, 345-350

victim-offender relationship, 35, 302-303, 308

Rats, 380, 381, 382, 383, 385, 386, 388, 389, 390, 391, 395, 399, 401, 402, 404, 405

Relationships. See Child abuse and neglect;

Domestic violence;

Family structure and dynamics;

Marital violence;

Peer relationships;

Victim-offender dynamics,

relationships

Reports to police

and gender bias, 305, 307, 320-321, 338

marital violence, 173-174, 175-176

and offenders as victims, 31-32

sexual assault, 345-346

Research activities and needs

child abuse, 116

community-level studies, 46-64, 75-83

contextual analysis, 83-85

cross-level misspecification, 75, 80-83

desistance, 252-253

domestic and marital violence, 117-118, 130-132, 239-244, 250-260

ethnography, 61-63, 79, 86, 252

and feedback effects, 75-78

gender differences, 294, 295-296, 324-339, 350-354

interpretation problems, 75-83

lifestyle-routine activities theories, 13-17, 41-42

longitudinal studies, 84-85

mediating community processes, 75, 78-80

metropolitan-level studies, 64-75

multilevel analyses of risk factors, 1-2, 3-5, 75, 80-86, 89-90

racial disaggregation, 71-73

third-party involvement, 40

victimization, 6-12

victim resistance, 39-40

see also Animal models;

Laboratory experiments (human);

Methodological limitations;

Self-report studies

Retaliation by victims, 2, 31, 40

Retrospective studies, 254-255

Risk factors. See Community-level risk factors;

Individual-level risk factors;

Situational risk factors

Robbery, 6, 11, 13, 28, 38

and age, 8, 18, 19

community-level studies, 47, 70-71

gender differences, 8, 9, 19, 298, 302

race differences, 9, 20-21

and resistance by victim, 39

victim-offender relationship, 35

"Rule of thumb," 123, 261n:4

S

Scandinavia, alcoholism studies, 384, 387

Segregation effects, 69-70, 88

Self-defense and resistance, 2, 38-40

homicides by battered women as, 126, 244-245

see also Retaliation by victims

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4421.
×

Self-report studies, 17, 23, 47

and gender differences, 310-311, 323-324

marital violence, 181-184

Sentencing, gender differences in, 340-342

Serotonin (5-HT) receptors

alcohol effects, 386, 390, 407

drug effects, 403

Severity of violence, 8

in domestic violence, 132, 141-142, 150, 167, 168, 176-178, 257, 311

gender differences, 9, 36-37, 132, 167, 168, 257, 311-312, 322

and presence of weapon, 38, 40

and resistance by victim, 39-40

and third-party involvement, 40

Sex. See Females;

Gender differences;

Gender roles;

Males

Sexual violence. See Rape and sexual assault

"Shadow cultures," 63

Shaw and McCay model, 44-46, 47, 51, 53, 63

Situational risk factors, 1, 2, 3, 29, 30-42, 89, 90

in homicides of spouses and partners, 162-164

see also Alcohol use and abuse;

Drug abuse;

Ecological factors;

Third parties' involvement;

Victim-offender dynamics;

Weapons

Social control, 128-129

marital violence, 128-129, 205, 248-249

Social controls, 76, 79

community-level studies, 45, 58

Social disorganization, 76, 79, 89-90

community-level studies, 45, 57-62, 63, 64

and public policy, 87-90

Social judgment theory, and homicides by abused women, 219-221

Social networks, 58-59, 60, 76, 80, 87

and marital violence, 208

Social services, 116, 129

Socioeconomic status, 2, 7, 10-12

of offenders, 23-25, 28

see also Educational attainment;

Employment status;

Income levels;

Poverty and low income;

Unemployment

South Africa, alcoholism studies, 389

Southern states, homicide rates, 64

Spousal abuse. See Marital violence

Stability of neighborhoods. See Mobility and community change

Status offenses. See Delinquency and status offenses

Statutes. See Laws and statutes

Steroids, 380, 386

Subculture of violence theory, 31-34, 64, 80

and community-level factors, 61-63, 93n:24

Substance abuse. See Drug abuse

Suburbs, marital violence rates, 145

Surveys. See Longitudinal studies;

National Crime Survey;

National Family Violence Surveys;

National Youth Survey

Sweden, alcoholism studies, 389

T

Teenagers. See Youth

Television viewing, 73-74

Terrorism, 356n:11

Testosterone, 385, 390, 392-393

THC. See Cannabis

Theft, 6, 15

Third parties' involvement, 2, 40

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4421.
×

Treatment interventions, marital violence, 236-239, 255-256

Tribal societies, alcohol use studies, 389

Turnover. See Mobility and community change

U

Unemployment, 11, 12, 13, 50

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), 6, 153, 354-355n:4

and gender differences, 296-301, 302, 305, 309

Supplemental Homicide Reports (SHRs), 159

United Kingdom, alcoholic offender studies, 384

Urban areas. See Metropolitan areas

Urban renewal, 87-88

V

Validity

of animal models, 379-381

of gender role and identity constructs, 295

of marital violence research, 180-181, 182-184

Victim-offender dynamics, 2, 30

overlap of demographic profiles, 4, 30-34

relationships, 34-37

and resistance by victim, 38-40

Victims and victimization, 2, 6-17

and age, 7-8, 11-12, 13, 303

alcohol use, 32, 389, 390, 406

criminal justice emphasis on, 117, 126-127

domestic violence issues, 117, 126-127

gender differences, 8-9, 12, 13, 295, 302-310, 315-316, 353-354

marital status, 10, 12, 13, 16, 56

marital violence, 197-199, 203-204

multilevel analyses, 90

offenders as, 17, 31-34

resistance and self-defense, 2, 38-40

retaliation by, 2, 31, 40

rights of, 117, 126, 127

self-defense homicides, 126, 244-245

Voluntary organizations community, 59

W

Weapons, 2, 9, 38, 40, 73, 74-75, 76, 400

Weckamine, 394

Wife battering. See Marital violence

Withdrawal effects, 380, 391-393, 394

Women. See Females;

Feminist theory and activism;

Marital violence;

Rape and sexual assault

Y

Youth

and cocaine, 400

and homicide, 90-n:4, 384

neighborhood supervision of, 56, 60, 64

peer relationships, 27, 58, 60, 64

victimization risk, 8, 14, 33-34

see also Delinquency and status offenses

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4421.
×
Page 571
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4421.
×
Page 572
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4421.
×
Page 573
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4421.
×
Page 574
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4421.
×
Page 575
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4421.
×
Page 576
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4421.
×
Page 577
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4421.
×
Page 578
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4421.
×
Page 579
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4421.
×
Page 580
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4421.
×
Page 581
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4421.
×
Page 582
Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $95.00
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

This volume examines social influences on violent events and violent behavior, particularly concentrating on how the risks of violent criminal offending and victimization are influenced by communities, social situations, and individuals; the role of spouses and intimates; the differences in violence levels between males and females; and the roles of psychoactive substances in violent events.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!