Index
A
Achromotrichia
Acyl ceramide, 19
Acyl glucosyl ceramide, 19
Adenosine triphosphate, rats, 51
Aflatoxin B1, 51
Age-related differences
nutrient requirements, 3
rat
protein requirements, 23
vitamin K deficiency, 44
vitamin requirements, 39, 40-42
Aging research, rats in, 27
Alanine
ascorbic acid-deficient guinea pigs, 117
vitamin B6 metabolism and, rats, 45-46
Alcohol research, 7
Aldehyde oxidase, rats, 33
Alkaline phosphatase, guinea pigs, 117
Alopecia
Amino acids
in common feed formulations, 152
genetic differences in requirements, 3
gerbil requirements, 141
guinea pig requirements, 107-112
hamster requirements, 131-132
isomeric forms, 6
mouse requirements, 85-88
rat
requirements, 23-26
vitamin B6 metabolism and, 45-46
vole requirements, 146
See also specific amino acid
Anemia
guinea pigs, 113, 117, 118, 119
Anorexia
guinea pigs, 119
mice, 91
Antibiotics
myo-inositol in mouse diet and, 97
pantothenic acid deficiency and, 49
Antioxidants
storage of feedstuffs, 8
vitamin E as, 41
Arachidonic acid
gerbil metabolism, 141
rat tissue concentration, 18-19
Arginine
guinea pig requirements, 103, 108-109, 111
mouse requirements, 87
Ariboflavinosis, mice, 95-96
Armenian hamster, 125
Arsenic in guinea pig diet, 119-120
Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, 51
Ascorbic acid
in guinea pig diet
requirements, 117-118
vitamin D metabolism and, 116
in hamster diet, 136
L-gulonolactone oxidase in synthesis of, 3
in mouse diet, 96-97
in rat diet, 57
mineral interactions, 31
vole requirement, 147
Asparagine, in rat diet, 25, 26
Aspartate aminotransferase, 45-46
Ataxia
guinea pigs, 114
mice, 96
Autoclave sterilization of diets, 8
B
Bacterial contaminants, 9
Binders, in pelleted diets, 6
Bioavailability
chemically defined diets, 6
natural-ingredient diets, 5
Biotin
dietary role, 47
guinea pig requirements, 118
hamster requirements, 134
mouse requirements, 94
rat requirements, 47
Blood abnormalities
hamsters, 134
mice, 90
rats, 29, 30, 31, 36, 42, 43-44, 46, 51, 52, 55
Blood pressure, rat
chloride deficiency and, 29
potassium concentrations and, 30
sodium toxicity and, 30
Bone abnormalities
guinea pigs, 112-113, 115, 116, 118
mice, 89
rats, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 39, 40, 41, 42
Boron, in guinea pig diet, 119-120
C
Cadmium
in guinea pig diet, 119-120
Calcium
gerbil requirements, 141
guinea pig requirements, 112-113
hamster requirements, 132-133
mouse requirements, 88-89
rat
mineral interactions, 27-29, 33
nephrocalcinosis and, 37
requirements, 27-28
vole requirements, 147
Caloric intake
rat, 15
growth energy, 16-17
maintenance energy, 16
protein deficiency, 26
restrictions, 9
Cancer, vitamin A and, mice, 92
Cancer research
hamsters in, 125
rats in, 27
Carbohydrates
guinea pig requirements, 108
hamster requirements, 129-131
mouse requirements, 85
in purified diets, 5
rat requirements, 20-22
Carboxylase enzymes, 47
Cardiovascular abnormalities
Carnitine
ascorbic acid-deficient guinea pigs, 117
riboflavin metabolism and, rats, 51
Carnosine, mouse requirements, 87
Carotenoids
guinea pig utilization, 115
Casein
in guinea pig diet, 108-109
in purified diets, 6
in rat diet, 23, 26, 37, 43, 47, 48
trace minerals in, 6
in vole diet, 146
Cataract formation
guinea pigs, 110
Catecholamine metabolism, mice, 90
Cavia porcellus. See Guinea pig
Cellulose
in mouse diet, 96
Cerebrospinal fluid pressure, vitamin A-deficient rats, 39
Chemically defined diets, 6-7
Chinese hamsters, 125-126
Chloride
gerbil requirements, 142
guinea pig requirements, 113
hamster requirements, 132
mouse requirements, 89
vole requirements, 147
Cholesterol research, gerbils in, 141
Choline
dietary role, 47
dietary sources, 47
gerbil requirements, 142
guinea pig requirements, 118
hamster requirements, 134
mouse requirements, 94
rat
niacin toxicity vs. deficiency in, 49
requirements, 47-48
vitamin B12 metabolism and, 46
Chromium
in guinea pig diet, 119-120
protein-source deficiency, 6
in rat diet, 54-55
Cobalt
in guinea pig diet, 119-120
in hamster vitamin B12 metabolism, 135
mouse requirements, 91
protein-source deficiency, 6
Cod liver oil, in guinea pig diet, 116
Collagen synthesis
ascorbic acid-deficient guinea pigs, 118
guinea pig as model for, 103
Columbinate, linoleate mobilization and, rats, 19
Contaminants, diet
maximum allowances, 9
pathogenic, 9
types of, 8-9
Convulsions
gerbils, 141
guinea pigs, 113
Copper
gerbil requirements, 142
in guinea pig diet
ascorbic acid deficiency and, 118
requirements, 114
mouse requirements, 90
protein-source deficiency, 6
in rat diet
ascorbic acid and, 57
mineral interactions, 31, 34, 36
requirements, 30-31
toxic concentrations, 9
in water lines, 4
Coprophagy, 4
guinea pig
folate requirement, 118
nutrition, 103
vitamin requirements, 120
hamster vitamin metabolism and, 134
mouse vitamin requirements and, 93, 94
rats
biotin metabolism, 47
essential fatty acid deficiency, 19
thiamin deficiency, 52
vitamin B6 metabolism, 45
vitamin K activity, 43
vole nutrition, 146
Corneal abnormalities
mice, 96
Cornstarch, in hamster diet, 129, 131, 135
Creatinine, rat, 46
Cricetulus barabensis, 125
Cricetus cricetus, 125
Crocetulus migratorius, 125
Crumbled diets, 7
Cyanosis, potassium-deficient rats and, 30
Cysteine, mouse requirements, 87
Cystine
Cytogenetic research, hamsters in, 125
D
Death
gerbils, 141
guinea pigs
ascorbic acid deficiency, 117
pantothenic acid deficiency, 119
potassium intake, 113
thiamin deficiency, 119
rats
manganese toxicity, 33
newborn, 19
potassium deficiency, 30
protein deficiency, 26
sodium deficiency, 30
vitamin deficiency, 49-50
zinc toxicity, 36
Deficiencies
ascorbic acid, guinea pigs, 117-118
biotin
guinea pigs, 118
hamsters, 134
mice, 94
rats, 47
calcium/phosphorus
guinea pigs, 112-113
hamsters, 132
mice, 89
rats, 28
carbohydrate
guinea pigs, 108
rats, 22
choline
hamsters, 134
mice, 94
rats, 48
copper
mice, 90
rats, 31
essential fatty acids
gerbils, 141
guinea pigs, 108
hamsters, 128
mice, 85
folates
guinea pigs, 118
hamsters, 134
mice, 94-95
rats, 48
iodine
hamsters, 133
rats, 32
iron
gerbils, 142
hamsters, 133
mice, 90
rats, 32
lipids, hamsters, 127
magnesium
gerbils, 141
guinea pigs, 113
mice, 89
manganese
guinea pigs, 114
mice, 91
rats, 33
molybdenum, rats, 34
niacin
guinea pigs, 118-119
hamsters, 134-135
rats, 49
pantothenic acid
guinea pigs, 119
hamsters, 134-135
rats, 49-50
phosphorus. See Deficiencies, calcium/phosphorus
potassium
guinea pigs, 114
rats, 30
protein/amino acids
guinea pigs, 108-109, 110, 111, 112
hamsters, 132
mice, 87
rats, 26-27
voles, 146
pyridoxine, guinea pigs, 119
riboflavin
gerbils, 142
guinea pigs, 119
hamsters, 135
mice, 95-96
rats, 50-51
selenium, rats, 35-36
sodium/chloride
gerbils, 142
guinea pigs, 113
rats, 29-30
voles, 147
sulfur, guinea pigs, 113
thiamin
guinea pigs, 119
hamsters, 135
mice, 96
rats, 52
vitamin A
guinea pigs, 115
hamsters, 133
mice, 92
rats, 39-40
vitamin B6
hamsters, 135
mice, 95
rats, 45-46
vitamin B12
hamsters, 135
mice, 94
rats, 46-47
vitamin D
guinea pigs, 116
mice, 92-93
rats, 41
vitamin E
guinea pigs, 116
hamsters, 133-134
mice, 93
rats, 42
vitamin K
guinea pigs, 117
hamsters, 134
mice, 93
rats, 44
water, gerbils, 140-141
zinc
guinea pigs, 114
mice, 91
rats, 36
Dental abnormalities
hamsters, 132
protein-deficient rats, 27
Diabetes research, hamsters in, 125
Diarrhea
guinea pigs, 119
Diet, 4
forms of, 6-7
crumbled, 7
liquid, 7
meal, 6-7
pelleted, 6
manufacture and storage, 7-8
quality assurance and potential contaminants, 8-9
types, 4
fixed-formula, 5
nutrient concentrations, 5
open-formula, 5
See also Formulation of diets;
Manufacture of diets
Digestible energy
vole diet, 146
1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol, 40
Dopaminergic system, in rats, 45
Dwarf hamsters, 125
E
Egg white
dried, trace minerals in, 6
raw
avidin in, 47
in hamster diet, 134
Energy requirements
gerbil, 140
hamster, 126-127
mouse, 83-84
rat, 14-15
gestation and lactation, 17
growth, 16-17
maintenance, 16
vole, 146
Environmental conditions
ascorbic acid deterioration and, 117
feed storage, 7-8
mouse maintenance energy requirements and, 83
nutrient requirements and, 4
for voles, 145
Essential fatty acids
deficiencies
gerbils, 141
guinea pigs, 108
hamsters, 128
mice, 85
requirements
gerbils, 141
guinea pigs, 108
hamsters, 128
mice, 85
rats, 17-19
storage considerations, 8
See also Lipids
Ethanol
exposure to, of thiamin-deficient mice, 96
in rat diet, 46
Ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase, 51
European hamster, 125
Exercise, rat riboflavin requirements and, 50
Extruded diets, 6
Eye abnormalities
guinea pigs, 115
See also Cataract formation;
Corneal abnormalitites
F
Fatty acids
autooxidation, 41
in common diet formulations, 151
diet formulation to induce deficiency, 8
essential
gerbils, 141
guinea pigs, 108
hamsters, 128
mice, 85
rats, 17-19
mouse energy metabolism and, 84
vitamin-deficient rats, 45-47
See also Lipids
Feces. See Coprophagy
Fiber
in guinea pig diet, 119
sources for, 107
utilization, 107
in hamster diet, 135-136
in mouse diet, 96
in purified diets, 5
in rat diet, 53
vitamin B12 metabolism and, 46
Fixed-formula diets, 5
batch variation, 8
quality control, 9
Flavin adenine dinucleotide in rats, 50-51
Flavin mononucleotide in rats, 50-51
Fluoride/fluorine in guinea pigs, 113, 119-120
Folates
dietary role, 48
guinea pig requirements, 103, 118
hamster requirements, 134
mouse requirements, 94-95
in rat diet
requirements, 48
thiamin deficiency and, 52
vitamin B12 metabolism and, 46
Formiminoglutamate in folate-deficient rats, 48
Formulation of diets
amino acid composition, 152
chemically defined diets, 6-7
definition, 4
fatty acid composition, 151
for gerbils, 140
for hamsters, 126
manufacturing process, 7
for mice, 83
natural-ingredient diets, 4-5
physical form of feed, 6-7
potential contaminants, 8-9
purified diets, 5-6
quality assurance in, 8
for rats, 13-14
selection of, 4
storage considerations, 7-8
for voles, 145
Fructose
in hamster diet, 129
in mouse diet, 85
in rat diet, 22, 28, 31, 38, 49
G
Galactose, in rat diet, 22, 58
Gamma aminobutyric acid, in rats, 45
Gender differences
mouse
maintenance energy requirements, 83-84
protein requirements, 86
rat
copper deficiency, 31
fatty acid requirements, 17, 19
growth patterns, 11
vitamin K deficiency, 43
Gerbil
amino acid/protein requirements, 141
diet formulation, 140
energy requirements, 140
growth, 140
lipid requirements, 141
mineral requirements, 141-142
natural history, 140
reproductive patterns, 140
vitamin requirements, 142
water intake, 140-141
Germ-free environments
guinea pigs in, 105
Gestation
guinea pig
diet for, 107
patterns, 105
selenium requirement, 115
hamster patterns, 126
mouse
amino acid requirements, 88
copper requirement, 90
energy requirements, 84
managanese requirement, 91
pantothenic acid requirement, 95
protein requirements, 86
vitamin B6 requirement, 95
vitamin B12 requirement, 93
zinc requirement, 91
rat
carbohydrate diet, 22
copper requirement, 31
energy requirements, 17
fatty acid requirements, 18
magnesium requirement, 29
manganese requirement, 32
protein requirements, 26
selenium requirement, 35
sodium requirement, 30
thiamin requirement, 52
vitamin requirements, 39, 42, 45, 49
zinc requirement, 36
See also Reproduction
Giardiasis, rats, 46
Glucose metabolism
Glutamic acid, rats, 25
Glutathione peroxidase
guinea pigs, 114-115
Glutathione reductase, rats, 50, 51
Glycine in guinea pig diet, 108
Golden hamsters. See Hamsters
Growth
diet formulation, 13-14
gerbil
amino acid/protein requirements, 141
patterns, 140
guinea pig, 105
amino acid requirements, 110-112
ascorbic acid requirement, 117-118
carbohydrate requirements, 108
dietary lipids, 107-108
fatty acid requirements, 108
fluoride requirement, 113
nutrient requirements, 105-106
pantothenic acid requirement, 119
protein requirements, 108-110
pyridoxine requirement, 119
vitamin A requirement, 115
vitamin D requirement, 116
hamster
amino acid/protein requirements, 131-132
biotin requirement, 134
choline requirement, 134
lipid requirements, 127-128
pantothenic acid requirement, 134
patterns, 126
trace mineral requirements, 132-133
vitamin A requirement, 133
mouse
amino acid requirements, 87-88
copper requirement, 90
dietary fat, 84-85
energy metabolism, 83-84
fiber intake, 96
manganese requirement, 90-91
pantothenic acid requirement, 95
patterns, 80
protein requirements, 85-86
riboflavin requirement, 96
thiamin requirement, 96
vitamin B6 requirement, 95
rat
amino acid requirements, 24-26
calcium/phosphorus requirement, 27-28
carbohydrate diet in, 20-22
chloride requirement, 28-29
chromium intake and, 54
copper requirement, 31
diet formulation, 13-14
dietary lipids, 20
energy requirements, 16-17
fiber intake and, 53
iron requirement, 32
lithium intake and, 54
magnesium requirement, 29
manganese requirement, 32-33
niacin metabolism, 49
nutrient requirements, 12
patterns, 11
protein requirements, 23-24
silicon intake and, 56
sodium requirement, 30
sulfur intake and, 56
thiamin requirement, 51-52
vitamin requirements, 38-40, 47, 49-50
vole
patterns, 144
protein requirements, 146
Guar gum
in mouse diet, 96
Guinea pig
amino acid requirements, 111-112
ascorbic acid requirements, 117-118
biotin requirements, 118
calcium requirements, 112-113
carbohydrate requirements, 108
chloride requirements, 113
choline requirements, 118
data sources, 105
diets for, 106-107
essential fatty acid requirements, 108
estimation of nutrient requirements, 105-106, 111
folate requirements, 118
growth patterns, 105
L-gulonolactone oxidase, 3
laboratory diet vs. natural diet, 103
lipid requirements, 107-108
magnesium requirements, 112-113
mineral interactions, 112-113
myo-inositol in diet of, 120
niacin requirements, 118-119
pantothenic acid requirements, 119
phosphorus requirements, 112-113
potassium requirements, 113-114
protein requirements, 108-110, 112
pyridoxine requirement, 119
reproductive patterns, 105
as research subject, 103
riboflavin requirements, 119
sodium requirements, 113
sulfur requirements, 113
thiamin requirement, 119
trace minerals in diet of, 119-120
vanadium in glucose metabolism of, 56
vitamin A requirements, 115-116
vitamin B12 in diet of, 120
vitamin C requirements, 103
vitamin D requirements, 116
vitamin E requirements, 116
vitamin K requirements, 117
Warfarin, 117
water intake, 103
Gum arabic, in guinea pig diet, 119
H
Hair abnormalities
guinea pigs, 108, 113, 118, 119
rats, 27, 30, 32, 35, 36, 42, 47, 49, 50
Hamster
amino acid/protein requirements, 131-132
ascorbic acid in diet of, 136
biotin requirements, 134
carbohydrate requirements, 129-131
choline requirements, 134
diet formulation, 126
digestive anatomy, 125
energy requirements, 126-127
essential fatty acid requirements, 128
examples of diets for, 126
fiber in diet of, 135-136
folate requirements, 134
lipid requirements, 127-128
mineral requirements, 132
myo-inositol requirements, 134
natural history, 126
niacin requirements, 134-135
pantothenic acid requirements, 135
reproductive patterns, 126
as research subjects, 125
riboflavin requirements, 135
thiamin requirements, 135
trace mineral requirements, 132-133
vitamin A requirements, 133
vitamin B6 requirements, 135
vitamin B12 requirements, 135
vitamin D requirements, 133
vitamin E requirements, 133-134
vitamin K requirements, 134
Warfarin-resistant, 134
water intake, 126
wet tail condition, 131
Hematopoietic system
copper-deficient rats, 31
dietary nickel in, 55
High-energy diets, 4
Histidine
guinea pig requirement, 111
mouse requirements, 87
Homovanillic acid in rats, 45
Housing conditions
nutrient requirements and, 4
rats
coprophagy and, 43
zinc requirements and, 36
for voles, 145
Hyperexcitability/hyperirritability
Hypertension research, rats in, 27
Hypertriglyceridemia, 22
Hypoproteinemia, rats, 26
I
Immune system disorders
Immunological research, 5
diet contaminants and, 8-9
Iodine
guinea pig requirements, 114-115
hamster requirements, 132-133
mouse requirements, 91
rat requirements, 31-32
vanadium and, 56
Ionizing radiation, 8
Iron
gerbil requirements, 142
guinea pig requirements, 114
hamster requirements, 133
mouse requirements, 90
protein-source deficiency, 6
in rat diet
ascorbic acid and, 57
mineral interactions, 27, 33, 36, 55
requirements, 32
riboflavin and, 51
Isoleucine
guinea pig requirement, 111
mouse requirement, 87
rat requirement, 25-26
K
Keratinization
guinea pigs, 115
mice, 92
rats, 39
Kidney abnormalities
guinea pigs, 108, 113, 115, 116
hamsters, 128
rats, 19, 22, 27, 29, 30, 31, 36-38, 41, 48, 55
Kwashiorker syndrome, 112
Kyphoscoliosis, vitamin-deficient rats and, 42
L
L-gulonolactone oxidase
in ascorbic acid synthesis, 3, 57
genetic variation, 3
voles, 147
Laboratory rats. See Rat
Lactalbumin
trace minerals in, 6
Lactation
guinea pig
amino acid requirements, 112
nutrient requirements, 105
selenium requirement, 115
mouse
amino acid requirements, 88
copper requirement, 90
energy requirements, 84
magnesium requirement, 89
managanese requirement, 91
nutrient requirements, 81
pantothenic acid requirement, 95
protein requirements, 86
thiamin requirement, 96
vitamin B12 requirement, 93
zinc requirement, 91
rat
carbohydrate diet in, 22
fatty acid requirements, 18
mineral requirements, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36
protein requirements, 26
vitamin requirements, 39, 45, 49, 52
Lactose
in hamster diet, 129
mineral uptake in rats and, 28, 29
Lead
ascorbic acid and, in rat diet, 57
in guinea pig diet, 119-120
Lecithin, choline in, 47
Leucine
guinea pig
ascorbic acid deficiency, 117
requirement, 111
mouse requirement, 87
Leucrose, in rat diet, 22
Leukopenia in folate-deficient rats, 48
Lignin in vitamin B6 metabolism in rats, 45
Linoleic acid
in commercial feeds, 8
gerbil diet, 141
guinea pig diet, 108
mouse diet, 85
α-Linolenic acid, rats, 18-19, 20
Lipids
gerbil requirements, 141
guinea pig requirements, 107-108
hamster requirements, 127-128
mouse requirements, 84-85
myo-inositol and, 97
rat diet
choline and, 47
dietary concentration, 20
digestibility, 19-20
gestation, 17
storage considerations, 8
See also Essential fatty acids;
Fatty acids
Lipofuscin, rats, 42
Liquid diets, 7
Lithium, rats, 55
Liver abnormalities
guinea pigs, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118
rats, 19, 22, 27, 31, 32, 36, 40, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 58
Lysine
guinea pig requirement, 111
mouse requirements, 87
rat
deficiency, 27
requirement, 24-26
in vole diet, 146
M
Magnesium
gerbil requirements, 141
guinea pig requirements, 112, 113
mouse
lactation, 81
requirements, 89
in rat diet
ascorbic acid and, 57
deficiency, 29-30
nephrocalcinosis and, 37
requirements, 29
Maintenance energy
definition, 16
mouse requirements, 83-84
Manganese
gerbil requirements, 142
guinea pig requirements, 114
mouse requirements, 90-91
protein-source deficiency, 6
in rat diet
requirements, 32-33
Mannose in rat diet, 22
Manufacture of diets, 7
chemically defined, 7
crumbled, 7
extruded, 6
for guinea pigs, 103
meal form, 6-7
purified, 7
quality control, 8-9
Maximum concentrations of contaminants, 9
Meal form diets, 6-7
Menadione, 43-44
guinea pig diet, 117
hamster diet, 134
Menaquinones, 43
Meriones unguiculatus. See Gerbil
Mesocricetus auratus. See Hamsters
Mesocricetus brandti, 125
Mesocricetus neutoni, 125
Metabolizable energy
guinea pig, 107
rat, 14
Methionine
bioavailability, 6
gerbil, 142
mouse, 87
choline and, 47
deficiency, 27
vitamin B12 metabolism and, 46, 47
vole, 146
MHH:EPH hamster, 125
Micronutrient research, 5
Microtus. See Voles
Minerals
environmental source, 4
in fixed-formula natural-ingredient diets, 5
hamster requirements, 132
in natural-ingredient diets, 7
in rat diet
nephrocalcinosis and, 36-38
potentially beneficial, 53-57
requirements, 27
vole requirements, 146-147
See also specific mineral;
Trace minerals
Molybdenum
gerbil requirements, 142
guinea pig requirements, 114, 115
hamster requirements, 132-133
rat requirements, 33-34
Mongolian gerbil. See Gerbil
Mouse
amino acid requirements, 87-88
ascorbic acid in diet of, 96-97
biotin requirements, 94
calcium requirements, 88-89
carbohydrate requirements, 85
chloride requirements, 89
choline requirements, 94
copper requirements, 90
data sources, 81
energy metabolism, 83-84
essential fatty acid requirements, 85
estimation of nutrient requirements, 80-83
fat sources, 84
fiber in diet of, 96
folic acid requirements, 94-95
formulation of diets, 13-14, 83
in germ-free environments, 81, 82
gestation, 85-86, 90-91, 93, 95
growth patterns, 81
growth performance norms, 80
iodine requirements, 91
iron requirements, 90
lactation, 81, 85-86, 89-91, 93-96
magnesium requirements, 81, 89
maintenance nutrition, 81
manganese requirements, 90-91
molybedenum requirements, 91, 92
myo-inositol in diet of, 97
pantothenic acid requirements, 95
phosphorus requirements, 88-89
potassium requirements, 89
potentially beneficial dietary constituents, 96-97
protein requirements, 85-86
reproductive performance norms, 80
as research subjects, 80
riboflavin requirements, 95-96
selenium requirements, 91-92
sodium requirements, 89
strain variation, 3
thiamin requirements, 95-96
trace mineral requirements, 89-90
vitamin A requirements, 92
vitamin B6 requirements, 95
vitamin B12 requirements, 93-94
vitamin D requirements, 92-93
vitamin E requirements, 93
vitamin K requirements, 93
zinc requirements, 91
Mus musculus. See Mouse
Muscular dystrophy and vitamin E deficiency
guinea pigs, 116
hamsters, 133-134
mice, 93
Myo-inositol
gerbil requirements, 142
in guinea pig diet, 120
hamster requirements, 134
in mouse diet, 97
rats, 58
N
NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, 51
National Institutes of Health
guinea pig diets, 106
Natural-ingredient diets
advantages of, 52-53
bioavailability, 5
definition, 4-5
fixed-formula, 5
for hamsters, 126
manufacturing process, 7
for mice, 83
nutrient concentrations, 5
for voles, 145
Nephrocalcinosis
mouse, 89
Neurological disorders
guinea pig, 119
n-3 fatty acid deficiency in, 18-19
rat, 18, 42, 45-46, 47, 48, 49, 52
Neutrophil function in rats, 31
Newborn survival rate
guinea pigs, 112
mice
manganese intake, 91
vitamin B6 intake, 95
rats, 12
carbohydrate intake, 22
manganese intake, 33
protein metabolism, 26
vitamin intake, 39, 41, 47, 51
zinc intake, 36
Niacin
dietary role, 48
guinea pig
requirements, 118-119
tryptophan requirement, 110-111
hamster requirements, 134-135
mouse
requirements, 95
tryptophan intake and, 88
rat requirements, 48-49
Nickel
in guinea pig diet, 119-120
in rat diet, 55
theoretical dietary role, 55
Nicotinamide in rats, 49
Nitrogen metabolism
hamster, 131
Nitrous oxide, vitamin B12 deficiency and, rats, 46
Norway rat. See Rat
Nutrient assays, 8
Nutrient requirements
animal environment as variable in, 3-4
caloric restriction and, 9
genetic differences in, 3
microbiological status as factor in, 4
nutrient interaction effect, 4
research conditions as factor in, 4
stage-of-life factors in, 3
See also specific animal;
specific nutrient
O
ODS rat, 57
Open-formula diets, 5
Osteoporosis
vitamin D-deficient mice, 93
Oxalates
ascorbic acid-deficient guinea pigs, 117-118
in calcium uptake of rats, 28
P
Pancreas abnormalities in rats, 31, 33
Pantothenic acid
dietary sources, 49
guinea pig requirements, 119
hamster requirements, 135
mouse requirements, 95
rat requirements, 49-50
Pectin
in guinea pig diet, 119
Phenylalanine
guinea pig requirement, 111
in hamster diet, 131
mouse requirement, 87-88
Phodopus campbelli, 125
Phodopus sungorus, 125
Phosphorus
gerbil requirement, 141
guinea pig requirement, 112-113
mouse requirements, 88-89
in rat diet
mineral interactions, 29, 33, 36
nephrocalcinosis and, 37
requirements, 27-28
vitamin metabolism and, 40
Phthalysulfathiazole, in mouse diet, 97
in guinea pig diet, 117
in hamster diet, 134
Phytate, mineral uptake in rats and, 28-29, 36
Pigmentation abnormalities
guinea pig, 118
hamster, 134
Polyneuritis, thiamin-deficient hamsters and, 135
Potassium
guinea pig requirements, 113-114
mouse requirements, 89
rat requirements, 30
vole requirements, 147
Potato, 53
Priapism, fatty acid-deficient guinea pigs and, 108
Proline in rat diet, 25
Prostaglandin formation
copper-deficient rats, 31
rats, 17
Protein requirements
gerbil, 141
hamster, 131-132
as protein:energy ratio, 23
vole, 146
Protein sources
amino acid isomers, 6
mouse zinc requirement and, 91
nephrocalcinosis, rats and, 37
phosphorus in, 28
in purified guinea pig diets, 107
trace mineral deficiencies in, 6
vitamin K in, 43
Prothrombin
rats, 43-44
vitamin-K-deficient hamsters, 134
Purified diets
definition, 5
guinea pig, 106-107
hamster, 126
manufacturing process, 7
mouse, 83
vole, 145
vs. natural-ingredient diets, 52-53
Pyridoxal. See Vitamin B6
Pyridoxamine. See Vitamin B6
Pyridoxine
guinea pig requirement, 119
See also Vitamin B6
Q
Quality assurance, importance of, 8-9
R
Rat
amino acid requirements, 24-26
anatomy, 11
ascorbic acid in diet of, 57
basal metabolic rate, 15
biotin requirement, 47
calcium/phosphorus requirements, 27-28
carbohydrate requirement, 20-22
chloride requirement, 28-29
choline requirement, 47-48
chromium in diet of, 54-55
copper requirement, 30-31
coprophagy in, 4
data sources, 12
diet formulation, 13-14
dietary lipid concentration, 20
dilution of diet, 15
essential fatty acid requirements, 17-19
estimation of nutrient requirements, 12
fiber in diet of, 53
folate requirement, 48
fructose/sucrose in diet of, 22
gender differences, 11, 17, 19, 43-44
general energy requirements, 14-15
gestation, 17, 18, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 39, 42, 45, 49, 52
growth characteristics, 11
growth energy requirements, 16-17
iodine requirement, 31-32
iron requirement, 32
L-gulonolactone oxidase in, 3
lactation, 17-18, 22, 26, 28-32, 35, 36, 39, 45, 49, 52
lipid digestibility, 19-20
lithium in diet of, 55
magnesium requirement, 29
maintenance energy requirements, 16
manganese requirement, 32-33
mineral interaction, 28
mineral requirements, 27.
See also specific mineral or trace element
molybdenum requirement, 33-34
myo-inositol in diet of, 58
natural-ingredient vs. purified diets for, 52-53
nephrocalcinosis, 13, 22, 27, 36-38
niacin requirement, 48-49
nickel in diet of, 55
ODS mutant, 57
pantothenic acid requirement, 49-50
potassium requirement, 30
potentially beneficial components in diet of, 53-54
protein requirements, 22-24, 26
reproductive energy requirements, 17
reproductive performance, 11-12, 22
as research subjects, 11
riboflavin requirement, 50-51
selenium requirement, 34-36
silicon in diet of, 56
sodium requirement, 30
sulfur in diet of, 56
thiamin requirement, 51-52
trace mineral requirements, 30-31
triene:tetraene ratio, 17-18
vanadium in diet of, 56-57
vitamin A requirement, 38-40
vitamin B12 metabolism, 46-47
vitamin B6 requirements, 44-46
vitamin D requirement, 40-41
vitamin E metabolism, 41-43
vitamin K requirement, 43-44
vitamin requirements, 38.
See also specific vitamin
Warfarin-resistant, 44
zinc requirement, 36
Rattus norvegici. See Rat
Reproduction
gerbil, 140
guinea pig
amino acid requirements, 112
ascorbic acid requirement, 117
glutathione peroxidase activity and, 115
nutrient requirements, 105
protein requirements, 112
hamster
amino acid/protein requirements, 131-132
biotin deficiency and, 134
iron deficiency and, 133
vitamin requirements, 134
mouse
biotin deficiency, 94
copper deficiency, 90
dietary fat, 84
folic acid intake, 94
patterns, 80
riboflavin requirement, 95
thiamin requirement, 96
vitamin A toxicity, 92
vitamin B6 intake, 95
vitamin E deficiency, 93
zinc deficiency, 91
rat
biotin metabolism, 47
chromium deficiency, 54
iodine deficiency, 32
iron requirement, 32
lithium deficiency, 55
magnesium deficiency, 29-30
managanese requirement, 32-33
nutrient requirements, 12, 17-18
sodium requirement, 30
vitamin A deficiency, 39
vitamin deficiency and, 40, 46-47
vitamin requirements, 42
zinc requirement, 36
vole
amino acid/protein requirements, 146
patterns, 144
purified diets, 145
See also Gestation;
Lactation;
Newborn survival rate
Research conditions
guinea pig diet, 103
mouse nutrient requirements, 82
natural-ingredient diets, 5
suitability of rat, 11
Reticulocyte count in vitamin B6-deficient mice, 95
Retinol in rat diet, 38-40
Retinyl esters, in mouse diet, 92
Retinyl function in guinea pigs, 108
Riboflavin
dietary role, 50
gerbil requirement, 142
guinea pig requirement, 119
hamster requirement, 135
mouse requirement, 95-96
in rat diet
requirement, 50-51
vitamin interaction, 50
Rickets
hamsters, 132-133
mice, 92-93
rats, 41
Romanian hamster, 125
S
Safflower oil, 18
Salmonella, in mice, 96
Scurvy, guinea pigs, 117
Selenium
dietary forms, 34
gerbil requirements, 142
guinea pig requirements, 114-115
hamster requirements, 132-133
mouse requirements, 91-92
protein-source deficiency, 6
in rat diet
requirement, 34-36
vitamin E and, 41
role of, 34
Sexual behavior/development
fatty acid-deficient guinea pigs, 108
zinc-deficient rats, 36
Silicon
in guinea pig diet, 119-120
in rat diet, 56
Skin disorders
gerbils, 142
guinea pigs, 108, 114, 115, 119
vitamin-deficient rats, 47
Sodium
gerbil requirements, 141-142
guinea pig requirements, 113
hamster requirements, 132
mouse requirements, 89
rat requirements, 30
vole requirements, 147
Sorbitol in rat diet, 22
Sorbose in rat diet, 22
Sphingolipids, 19
Spleen abnormalities
mice, 90
Sterilization
vitamin A deterioration in, 92
Storage
ascorbic acid in feeds, 117
feeds, 7-8
vitamin A deterioration in, 92
Strain variation
hamsters, 125
mice, 80
amino acid requirements, 87
nutrient requirements, 3
rats
growth patterns, 3
mineral requirements, 30
reproductive performance, 11-12
vitamin K deficiency, 44
Stress
research conditions and, 4
vitamin A and, rats, 39
Sucrose
in hamster diet, 129, 131, 135
in mouse diet, 85
in rat diet, 22, 28, 31, 48-49
Sulfaguanidine, in hamster diet, 134
Sulfanomide, in hamster diet, 134
Sulfite oxidase, rats, 33
Sulfur
guinea pig requirements, 110, 113
Symptoms of dietary deficiencies/excesses
adrenalopathy
guinea pigs, 118
voles, 147
anemia
guinea pigs, 113, 117, 118, 119
rats, 26, 31, 32, 36, 45, 48, 50
arteriovenous abnormalities, rats, 19, 29, 41
blood abnormalities
hamsters, 134
mice, 90
rats, 29, 30, 31, 36, 42, 43, 44, 46, 51, 52, 55
bone abnormalities
mice, 89
rats, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 39, 40, 41, 42
cardiovascular abnormalities
cataract formation
guinea pigs, 110
cerebrospinal fluid pressure, rats, 39
convulsions
gerbils, 141
guinea pigs, 113
corneal abnormalities
mice, 96
death
gerbils, 141
dental abnormalities
hamsters, 132
rats, 27
developmental
gerbils, 142
guinea pigs, 112, 113, 115, 116, 118, 119
rats, 19, 21, 22, 26, 28, 29, 30, 33, 35, 36, 39-40, 41, 47, 48, 49
voles, 146
edema, rats, 36
excretory abnormalities
guinea pigs, 119
exploratory behaviors, rats, 18
feeding behavior
mice, 91
hair abnormalities
guinea pigs, 108, 112, 113, 118, 119
rats, 27, 30, 32, 35, 36, 42, 47, 49, 50
hemorrhage
hamsters, 133
mice, 96
hyperirritability/hyperexcitability
hypoproteinemia, rats, 26
immunological dysfunction
keratinization
guinea pigs, 115
hamsters, 133
mice, 92
rats, 39
kidney abnormalities
guinea pigs, 108, 113, 115, 116
rats, 19, 22, 27, 29, 30, 31, 36-38, 41, 48, 55
liver abnormalities
guinea pigs, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118
rats, 19, 22, 27, 31, 32, 36, 40, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51
metabolic dysfunction
guinea pigs, 114, 116, 117-118
muscle abnormalities
guinea pigs, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119
hamsters, 133-134
rats, 26, 27, 30, 42, 46, 50-51, 85
neurological abnormalities
guinea pigs, 119
rats, 18, 42, 45-46, 47, 48, 49, 52
pancreas abnormalities, rats, 31, 33
pigmentation abnormalities
guinea pigs, 118
hamsters, 134
reproductive performance
guinea pigs, 112, 114, 115-116
mice, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96
rats, 19, 22, 26, 28, 29-30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 46, 47, 51
voles, 147
retinal abnormalities
mice, 85
rats, 18
rickets
hamsters, 132-133
mice, 92-93
rats, 41
sensory response, rats, 18, 45
skin abnormalities
gerbils, 142
guinea pigs, 108, 114, 115, 119
spectacle eye
mice, 85
rats, 47
spleen disorders
mice, 90
tetany
guinea pigs, 113
rats, 41
thyroid abnormalities
hamsters, 133
mice, 91
rats, 32
vision disorder, rats, 39
xerophthalmia
guinea pigs, 115
hamsters, 133
mice, 92
T
Taurine
in gerbil diet, 141
vitamin B6 metabolism and, rats, 46
Temperature
choline metabolism and, rats, 47-48
coprophagy and, rats, 43
for diet sterilization, 8
feedstuff storage, 7-8
mouse maintenance energy requirements and, 83
nutrient requirements and, 3-4
rat energy requirements and, 15
vitamin loss in feed pelleting, 7
vole energy metabolism and, 146
Teratogenicity
biotin deficiency and, mice, 94
riboflavin deficiency and, mice, 96
vitamin A toxicity
guinea pig, 115-116
mouse, 92
rat, 40
vitamin D toxicity, rat, 40
Tetraethylorthosilicate, 56
Thiamin
guinea pig requirements, 119
hamster requirements, 135
mouse requirements, 96
in rat diet
requirement, 51-52
vitamin interactions, 57
Threonine
guinea pig requirement, 111
mouse requirement, 87
Thymus abnormalities
ascorbic acid-deficient guinea pigs, 118
copper-deficient mice, 90
Thyroid abnormalities and iodine deficiency
hamster, 133
mouse, 91
rat, 32
Tin
guinea pig diet, 119-120
mineral interactions in rats, 36
α-Tocopherol, 8, 40, 41, 42-43, 93, 116, 133
Toxicity
biotin, rats, 47
choline
mice, 94
rats, 48
copper
mice, 90
rats, 31
diet formulation as source of, 9
iodine, in rats, 32
iron
mice, 90
rats, 32
lithium, rats, 55
manganese, rats, 33
molybdenum, rats, 34
niacin, rats, 49
nickel, rats, 55
pantothenic acid, rats, 50
potassium, rats, 30
riboflavin, rats, 51
selenium, rats, 36
silicon, rats, 56
sodium, rats, 30
vanadium, rats, 57
vitamin A
guinea pig, 115-116
hamsters, 133
mice, 92
rats, 40
vitamin B6, rats, 46
vitamin D
guinea pig, 116
mice, 93
rats, 41
vitamin E
mice, 93
rats, 42-43
vitamin K, rats, 44
zinc
mice, 91
rats, 36
Toxicological research, 5
hamsters in, 125
Trace minerals
definition, 27
in fixed-formula feeds, 5
gerbil requirements, 142
in guinea pig diet, 119-120
mouse requirements, 89-90
in protein sources, deficiencies in, 6
in rat diet
nonessential, 53-54
requirements, 30-31
See also specific trace element
Trace nutrients, 6
Triene:tetraene ratio
guinea pig, 108
rat, 17-18
Triglycerides
choline-deficient rats, 48
lipid digestibility and, rats, 19-20
Tryptophan
hamster niacin metabolism and, 135
vole diet, 146
Tumor growth, dietary fat and
mice, 84-85
rats, 20
Tungsten, rats, 33
Turkish hamsters, 125
Tyrosine
guinea pig requirement, 111
in mouse diet, 87-88
rat requirement, 24
V
Valine
mouse diet, 87
rat diet, 25-26
Vanadium
guinea pig diet, 119-120
rat diet, 56-57
Vasodilation, magnesium-deficient rats, 29
Vitamin A
deterioration in storage, 8
dietary role of, 38
form in feeds, 39
guinea pig requirements, 115-116
hamster requirements, 133
mouse requirements, 92
in rat diet
dietary lipids and, 20
requirements, 38-40
toxic concentrations, 9
Vitamin B6
in gerbil diet, 141
hamster requirements, 135
mouse requirements, 95
in rat diet
requirements, 44-46
riboflavin metabolism and, 50
vitamin interactions, 50
Vitamin B12
dietary role, 46
in guinea pig diet, 120
hamster requirements, 135
mouse requirements, 93-94
Vitamin C
deterioration in storage, 8
mouse requirements, 96-97
toxic concentrations, 9
See also Ascorbic acid
Vitamin D
guinea pig requirement, 116
hamster requirement, 132-133
mouse requirement, 92-93
in rat diet
mineral uptake and, 28-29
requirement, 40-41
Vitamin E
antioxidant role, 41
guinea pig requirements, 116
hamster requirements, 133-134
mouse requirements, 93
in rat diet
requirement, 41-43
vitamin interactions, 39, 42, 44, 57
Vitamin K
dietary role, 43
guinea pig requirements, 117
hamster requirements, 134
mouse requirements, 93
Vitamins
in casein in purified diets, 6
gerbil requirements, 142
interaction in rats, 39, 42, 50, 57
molecular weights, 152
in natural-ingredient diets, 5, 7
potentially beneficial, in rat diet, 57-58
rat requirements, 38
in sterilized diets, 8
unit conversion factors, 153
vole requirements, 147
See also specific vitamin
Voles
amino acid/protein requirements, 146
diet formulation, 145
digestive anatomy, 145-146
energy metabolism, 146
growth patterns, 144
housing for, 145
mineral requirements, 146-147
natural history, 144
reproductive patterns, 144
as research subjects, 144-145
vitamin requirements, 147
W
Warfarin, guinea pigs, 117
resistance and vitamin K
hamsters, 134
rats, 44
Wastage, diet formulation and, 6-7
Water intake
fatty acid-deficient guinea pigs, 108
gerbil, 140-141
hamster patterns, 126
minerals in, 4
X
Xanthine oxidase/dehydrogenase, rats, 33, 46
Xerophthalmia, vitamin A deficiency and
hamsters, 133
mice, 92
Xylan, vitamin B12 metabolism and, rats, 46
Xylitol, thiamin metabolism and, rats, 51
Xylose toxicity, rats, 22
Z
Zinc
gerbil requirements, 142
guinea pig requirements, 114
housing conditions and, 4
mouse requirements, 91
protein-source deficiency, 6
in rat diet
deficiency, 30
requirements, 36
vitamin A and, 39
Other Titles in the Series
|
Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, Ninth Rev. Ed., 1994 |
0-309-04892-3 |
|
Nutrient Requirements of Fish, 1993 |
0-309-04891-5 |
|
Nutrient Requirements of Horses, Fifth Rev. Ed., 1989 |
0-309-03989-4 |
|
Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, Sixth Rev. Ed., Update 1989 |
0-309-03826-X |
|
Nutrient Requirements of Swine, Ninth Rev. Ed., 1988 |
0-309-03779-4 |
|
Nutrient Requirements of Cats, Rev. Ed., 1986 |
0-309-03682-8 |
|
Nutrient Requirements of Sheep, Sixth Rev. Ed., 1985 |
0-309-03596-1 |
|
Nutrient Requirements of Dogs, Rev. Ed., 1985 |
0-309-03496-5 |
|
Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, Sixth Rev. Ed., 1984 |
0-309-03447-7 |
|
Nutrient Requirements of Mink and Foxes, Rev. Ed., 1982 |
0-309-03325-X |
|
Nutrient Requirements of Goats, 1981 |
0-309-03185-0 |
|
Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates, 1978 |
0-309-02786-1 |
|
Nutrient Requirements of Rabbits, Second Rev. Ed., 1977 |
0-309-02607-5 |
|
Related Publications |
|
|
Metabolic Modifiers: Effects on the Nutrient Requirements of Food-Producing Animals, 1994 |
0-309-04997-0 |
|
Predicting Feed Intake of Food-Producing Animals, 1987 |
0-309-03695-X |
|
Vitamin Tolerance of Animals, 1987 |
0-309-03728-X |
