Index
A
A-bomb, see Hiroshima and Nagasaki A-bomb detonations
Absorbed dose units, see Gray units;
Rad units
Accidents, see Incidents and accidents
Activity units, see Becquerel units;
Curie units
Ad hoc epidemiologic studies, 14
Advisory committees, 3, 13, 15, 19, 80, 88-89
Aeolian processes, see Wind
Age, 8, 37, 44, 46, 47, 66, 71, 77
Agriculture, 9, 10, 28, 32-33, 35
Air, see Atmospheric releases and contamination
Ambient exposures, see Background radiation;
External exposure
Aquifers, see Groundwater contamination
Assays, see Biologic markers
Ataxia telangiectasia, 58, 125
Atmospheric releases and contamination, 16, 20
bias and uncertainty in measurement, 23
Fernald, 108
ground-level releases, 20, 28, 30
pathway analysis, 5, 9, 28-33, 38, 108
B
Background radiation, 8, 46, 125
as exposure baseline, 8, 14, 44
Behavior and lifestyle, 2, 5, 8, 9, 37, 45, 48, 67, 105, 110
and epidemiologic studies, 9, 11, 67, 68, 69, 75-78, 80
and public concern, 11, 67, 75
in release estimates, 18, 23, 24, 26, 90
Bioaccumulation and bioconcentration, 34, 35
Biologic markers, 2, 51-52, 58-61
of dose or exposure, 2, 51, 52-57, 58, 59, 126
in epidemiology, 53, 59-60, 61, 91
of susceptibility, 2, 51-52, 58, 61, 91, 126
Bombs, see Hiroshima and Nagasaki A-bomb
detonations ;
Weapons plants;
Weapons testing
Breathing, see Inhalation exposure
Buildings, 29, 30, 31, 38, 111
C
Cancer and carcinogens, 8, 43, 44, 45, 51, 57-58, 59, 64-66, 72-74, 76, 79-80, 126
and Nevada Test Site, 103-104
Chernobyl (Ukraine) reactor accident, 5, 31, 62, 103, 105-107
Chromosome damage, see Biologic markers;
Mutation
Chronic contamination, 31, 35, 39, 90
Classified information, see Security information
Cohorts, 46, 68, 69, 70, 80, 126, 129
Columbia River, 108-109
Committees, see Advisory committees
Confidence intervals and limits, 2, 9, 37, 77, 79, 126
Confounding and confounders, 57, 69-70, 75-77, 78, 80, 126
Correlation studies, 69-70, 80
Cost-effectiveness, 5, 43-44, 85
Credibility, see Public acceptance and confidence
Curie units, 15
Cytogenetic markers, 52-54
D
Data, see Bias;
Dose assessment;
Engineering estimates;
Environmental monitoring data;
Environmental pathway analysis;
Extrapolation of data;
Historic records;
Interpolation of data;
Models and modeling;
Public disclosure;
Quality of data;
Risk assessment;
Samples and sampling;
Source term analysis;
Uncertainty
Decision-making criteria, 11, 49, 50, 83, 84, 85-86, 91, 92
Defense Nuclear Agency, 44
Department of Defense, 44
Department of Energy (DOE), 4, 7, 32
Department of Health and Human Services, 4
Deposition velocity, 30
Dicentric aberrations, 52, 53, 54, 60
Dietary patterns, 5, 8, 9, 37, 38, 45, 48, 67, 105
following accidents, 33, 39, 90
Dispersion, 18, 22, 28, 29, 34
Disposal, see Waste and disposal
DNA damage, see Biologic markers;
Mutation
Dose, dose-rate effectiveness factor (DDREF), 64-65, 127
Chernobyl, 105-106
Goiana, 110-111
"high"-versus-"low" ranges, 7-8, 11, 14, 49
Nevada Test Site, 44, 46, 49, 50, 91, 104
E
Effluent, see Waste and disposal
Engineering estimates, 17, 18, 22
Environmental monitoring data, 19, 20, 22, 23-24, 31
Nevada Test Site, 103
in source term analysis, 17-18, 22, 23-24, 25, 89
Three Mile Island, 107
Environmental pathway analysis, 2, 5, 9, 27-39, 48
Fernald, 107-108
Goiana, 111
modeling, 19-20, 23, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 36, 39, 90
original versus derived data, 28, 29, 31, 39, 90
in scoping studies, 11, 12, 25, 27, 46, 89
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 64, 65
Epidemiologic studies, 8, 9, 14, 48, 62-81
coordination with dosimetric studies, 2, 7, 8, 10-11, 15, 28, 46-48, 50, 63, 67-68, 78-79, 80-81, 89, 91-92
data quality, 9, 19, 84, 86, 92
and scoping studies, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12-13, 15, 18, 63, 68, 79, 81, 85-86, 89, 92
and source term analysis, 16, 17
statistical analyses, 77-78, 80
Episodic releases and single events, 9, 21, 23, 25-26, 31, 35, 39, 89-90, 127.
See also Incidents and accidents
Estuaries, 34-35
Evacuation, see Relocation and evacuation
Evaporation, 20
Excess risk, 44-45, 66, 77, 81, 83, 92
Exhaust paths, 20
Expert judgment, 37
Exposure, see Background radiation;
Dose assessment;
External exposure;
Gamma exposure;
Ingestion exposure;
Inhalation exposure
External exposure, 5, 8, 14, 40-41, 46, 47, 49, 61, 91
Chernobyl, 106
Goiana, 110-111
pathway analysis, 14, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 38, 103, 107-108
F
Fertilizers, 33
incomplete sample collection, 24, 107
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), 53-54, 59, 60, 127
Follow-up, 15, 71, 72-73, 75, 88, 127
Food, see Agriculture;
Dietary patterns;
Food distribution practices;
Ingestion exposure
Food distribution practices, 9, 33, 38, 39, 46, 90
Freshwater systems, 34-35
Full-scale dose reconstruction studies, 2, 12, 27-28, 81, 86, 92
G
Gamma exposure, 31, 39, 42, 73, 90
Goiana, 110-111
Gastrointestinal tract, 41, 42, 43
Genetic markers, 54-56
Geography and terrain, 6, 10, 30
Glycophorin A assay, 54-55, 57, 60
Goiana (Brazil) careless disposal, 5, 32, 103, 110-111
Gravitational settling, 30
Gray (Gy) units, 8, 15, 42, 127
Ground and soil deposition, 16, 21, 28, 48
pathway analysis, 5, 9, 23, 28, 30-33, 38
sampling and monitoring, 30, 31, 39, 90, 104-105, 106
Groundwater contamination, 6, 7, 16, 20-21
Hanford, 108
pathway analysis, 5, 9, 28, 30-31, 32, 35
H
Hanford (Washington) Nuclear Site, 4, 5, 24, 45, 103, 108-109
Health and medicine, see Health effects;
Medical radiation;
Public health policy
Japanese A-bomb survivors, 8, 43, 45, 53, 55, 56, 63, 64, 65
risk assessment, 7, 43-45, 46, 63-67
suspected or observed by public, 11
Health physics departments, 22
Heuristic models, 36
Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Japan) A-bomb detonations, 5, 8, 43, 45, 53, 55, 56, 63, 64, 65
Nevada Test Site, 104-105
in source term analysis, 17, 18, 22
versus derived data, 2, 10, 19, 22, 25, 31, 32, 39, 49, 89, 90
HLA-A genes, 55-56
Hot spots, 30
Hydraulic fracture zones, 20-21
Hydrosphere, see Water contamination
Hypocanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt), 55, 57, 59-60
I
Incidents and accidents, 22, 23, 58-59
countermeasures, 29-30, 33, 39, 46, 90
see also Chernobyl reactor accident;
Three Mile Island reactor accident;
Waste and disposal
Independent confirmation, 17, 19, 21, 22, 25, 36, 89
Individual doses, 8, 27, 29, 38, 45-47, 48, 50, 91
Chernobyl, 105
Hanford, 108-109
modeling, 37
Industrial hygiene departments, 22
Ingestion exposure, 5, 14, 28, 38, 40, 42-43, 47, 48, 49, 50, 90
Chernobyl, 106
Nevada Test Site, 104
Techa River, 109-110
Inhalation exposure, 5, 14, 40, 41-42, 43, 47, 48, 49, 50, 90
Fernald, 107-108
Nevada Test Site, 104
pathway analysis, 28, 29, 31, 32, 38
International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), 47, 64 , 65
International System of Units (SI), 15n, 42.
See also Becquerel units
Gray units
Sievert units
Investigation reports, 22
Iodine (I) and iodides, 24, 31, 39, 48, 90, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108 , 109
Ion-exchange resins, 21
Iterative procedures, 11, 17, 27, 83, 86, 92
J
Japan, see Hiroshima and Nagasaki A-bomb detonations
K
Kyshtym-Techa River (Russia) waste releases, 5, 103, 109-110
L
Leaching and leachability, 21, 28, 29, 30-31, 38, 108
M
Methyl iodide, 31
Micronuclei, 54
Migration paths, 23, 29, 31, 32
Milk, 32, 33, 48, 105, 106, 107, 108-109
Mill tailings, 31
Misclassifications, 72, 78, 128
Models and modeling, 10, 36, 39, 90
source term analysis, 17, 20, 23, 25
transport, 19-20, 23, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 36, 39, 90
validation, 28, 36, 39, 47, 49, 67, 90
versus original data, 10, 28, 31, 32, 39, 49, 90
Monitoring, see Environmental monitoring data;
Epidemiological studies, monitoring;
Registries;
Samples and sampling
Monte Carlo calculations, 20
See also Biologic markers
N
National Center for Environmental Health and Injury Control, 1, 4
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, 22
Natural radiation, see Background radiation
Neoplasms, see Cancer and carcinogens
Nitrates, 32
Nonroutine events, see Episodic releases and single events;
Incidents and accidents
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), 64, 65, 83
Nuclear Test Personnel Review (NTPR), 44
P
Plutonium (Pu), 31, 32, 42, 43, 104, 107, 108, 109
Population, 11, 27, 76, 83, 128
identification, 5, 11, 13, 58, 66-67, 75
sample size, 9, 49, 53, 72-74, 77, 130
Potassium, 35
Precipitation, 28, 30-31, 32, 38, 105
Preferential depletion and deposition, 30, 31
Preliminary studies, see Scoping studies
Priority criteria and rankings, 2, 11, 82-86
Probability density functions (pdf's), 37
Probability distributions, 20
Proprietary information, 18, 19, 25, 89, 128
Prototype facilities, 23
Public acceptance and confidence, 10, 13
proprietary and security information, 18, 25, 89
Public concern, 1, 7, 8-9, 11, 15, 16, 18-19, 67, 75, 79, 85, 89
Public disclosure, 2-3, 13, 14, 15, 25, 80, 88-89
health risk expression, 44-45, 70-71
Public health policy, 9, 15, 43-44, 89
Public involvement, 14, 13, 18-19
Q
Quality of data, 2, 10, 14, 15, 16, 19, 27-28, 36, 88
accuracy, 14, 16, 17, 19, 25, 89
for epidemiological studies, 9, 19, 84, 86, 92
representativeness, 10, 15, 87-88
source term, 17, 19-20, 23, 24-25, 89
R
Radio-diagnostic procedures, see Medical radiation
Radium, 41
Rainout, 30
Ranking, see Priority criteria and rankings
Rare-earth isotopes, 109
Reactor accidents, 103
Reactors, see Chernobyl reactor accident;
Operations records;
Three Mile Island reactor accident
Registries, 66, 69, 75, 79, 85, 129
Regulatory analysis models, 36, 39, 90
Releases, see Atmospheric releases and contamination;
Episodic releases and single events;
Public disclosure;
Routine releases;
Source term analysis;
Water contamination
Relocation and evacuation, 29-30, 105
Representative doses, 5, 8, 11, 27, 37, 38, 46
Representativeness of data, 10, 15, 87-88
Research and development reports, 23, 24-25
Residential history, 8, 37, 38, 49
Respiration, see Inhalation exposure
Resuspension of contaminants, 20, 28, 31, 35, 107
Retrospective cohort studies, 68, 69, 80, 129
Reviews, see Peer review
Risk assessment, 7, 9, 43-45, 46, 63-67, 77-78
Rivers, 20, 32, 33, 34, 108-110
Rocky Flats (Colorado) Plant, 31-32
S
Samples and sampling, 17, 21, 104-105
collection and measurement errors, 23, 24, 107, 111
population, 49, 53, 72-74, 77, 130
soil, 30, 31, 39, 90, 104-105, 106
Scoping studies
Security information, 18, 19, 24, 25, 89, 130
Sensitivity analysis, 9, 36, 37, 46, 130
Settling basins, 21
Sewers and sewage, 33
Sex, 37, 44, 48, 65, 66, 71, 77
Single events, see Episodic releases and single events
SI units, see International System of Units
Solids, 21
Solid-state dosimetry, 105, 130
Source term analysis, 2, 5, 9, 16-26, 27, 48, 130
bias and uncertainty, 18, 23-24
comprehensive record searches, 18, 25, 26, 89, 90
data quality, 17, 19-20, 23, 24-25, 89
original versus derived data, 2, 19, 22, 25, 89
in scoping studies, 12, 16, 18, 25, 45, 89
selective record searches, 18
Stable elements, 31, 35, 39, 90
Statistical power, 46, 49, 70-74, 79, 81, 128
Steering committees, see Advisory committees
Stratification, 34
Strontium (Sr), 35, 41, 106, 107, 109
Surface water contamination, 5, 6, 9, 16, 20
Surrogate tracers, 23
Susceptibility, 131
biologic markers, 2, 51-52, 58, 61, 91, 126
T
T-cell antigen receptors (tcr), 56, 59
Techa River, see Kyshtym-Techa River
Terrain, see Geography and terrain
Thermoluminescence (TLD), 105, 106, 111, 130, 131
Thorium, 107
Three Mile Island (Pennsylvania) reactor accident, 103, 107
rolled processes, 20
U
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), 8, 64
V
Validation of models, 28, 36, 39, 47, 49, 67, 90
Vegetation, see Plants and Vegetation
Vital statistics, 66
Volatile solvents, 20
W
Waste and disposal, 20, 22, 24, 103
control systems, 22, 23, 24, 25
Goiana incident, 5, 32, 103, 110-111
Techa River releases, 5, 103, 109-110
Water contamination, 6, 20-21, 23, 32
Hanford, 108
pathway analysis, 5, 9, 28, 32, 33-35, 38
Fernald, 4, 5, 14, 32, 103, 107-108
Hanford, 4, 5, 24, 45, 103, 108-109
Weapons testing, 103
Weather, see Meteorological conditions
Wet deposition, see Precipitation
Workshops, 14
Y
Years of life lost, 44