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The project was supported by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry under grant nos. U50/ATU30009-05 and U50/ATU300009-04 and the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences under contract nos. NOI-ES-35366 and 273-MH-107389.
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SUBCOMMITTEE ON BIOLOGIC MARKERS IN URINARY TOXICOLOGY
WILLIAM F. FINN (Chair),
School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C.
GEORGE P. HEMSTREET III (Vice-Chair),
University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Okla.
BRUCE C. ALLEN,
ICF Kaiser, Morrisville, N.C.
ROBERT L. ANDERSON,
Menlo Park, Calif.
WILLIAM O. BERNDT,
University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.
FRANKLIN H. EPSTEIN,
Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Mass.
ERNEST C. FOULKES,
University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
BRUCE FOWLER,
University of Maryland, Baltimore, Md.
CARL W. GOTTSCHALK,
School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C.
ERNEST E. MCCONNELL,
Raleigh, N.C.
BERNICE NOBLE,
School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y.
JEAN C. PARKER,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
GEORGE A. PORTER,
Oregon Health Sciences Center, Portland, Ore.
Technical Advisers
LAWRENCE LASH,
Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich.
ROBERT SAFIRSTEIN,
University of Texas Medical Branch-Galveston, Galveston, Tex.
Staff
CAROL A. MACZKA, Program Director
J. DAVID SANDLER, Project Director
ROBERT BELILES, Project Director (until 1992)
NORMAN GROSSBLATT, Editor
LINDA V. LEONARD, Senior Project Assistant
Sponsors
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
COMMITTEE ON BIOLOGIC MARKERS
BERNARD GOLDSTEIN (Chair),
UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, N.J.
JAMES GIBSON,
Dow-Elanco, Indianapolis, Ind.
ROGENE F. HENDERSON,
Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, N.M.
JOHN E. HOBBIE,
Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass.
PHILIP J. LANDRIGAN,
Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, N.Y.
DONALD R. MATTISON,
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and National Center for Toxicological Research, Little Rock, Ark.
FREDERICA PERERA,
Columbia University, New York, N.Y.
EMIL A. PFITZER,
Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, N.J.
ELLEN K. SILBERGELD,
Environmental Defense Fund, Washington, D.C.
BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY
PAUL G. RISSER (Chair),
Miami University, Oxford, Ohio
MICHAEL J. BEAN,
Environmental Defense Fund, Washington, D.C.
EULA BINGHAM,
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
EDWIN H. CLARK II,
Clean Sites, Inc., Alexandria, Va.
ALLAN H. CONNEY,
Rutgers University, Piscataway, N.J.
ELLIS COWLING,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C.
JOHN L. EMMERSON,
Eli Lilly & Company, Greenfield, Ind.
ROBERT C. FORNEY,
Unionville, Penn.
ROBERT A. FROSCH,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
KAI LEE,
Williams College, Williamstown, Mass.
JANE LUBCHENCO,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Ore.
GORDON ORIANS,
University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
FRANK L. PARKER,
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.
GEOFFREY PLACE,
Hilton Head, S.C.
DAVID P. RALL,
Washington, D.C.
LESLIE A. REAL,
Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind.
KRISTIN SHRADER-FRECHETTE,
University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla.
BURTON H. SINGER,
Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.
MARGARET STRAND,
Bayh, Connaughton and Malone, Washington, D.C.
GERALD VAN BELLE,
University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
BAILUS WALKER, JR.,
Howard University, Washington, D.C.
Staff
JAMES J. REISA, Director
DAVID J. POLICANSKY, Associate Director and Program Director for Natural Resources and Applied Ecology
CAROL A. MACZKA, Program Director for Toxicology and Risk Assessment
LEE R. PAULSON, Program Director for Information Systems and Statistics
RAYMOND A. WASSEL, Program Director for Environmental Sciences and Engineering
COMMISSION ON LIFE SCIENCES
THOMAS D. POLLARD (Chair),
Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, Md.
BRUCE N. AMES,
University of California, Berkeley, Calif.
JOHN C. BAILAR III,
McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
MICHAEL BISHOP,
Hooper Research Foundation, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif.
JOHN E. BURRIS,
Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass.
MICHAEL T. CLEGG,
University of California, Riverside, Calif.
GLENN A. CROSBY,
Washington State University, Pullman, Wash.
MARIAN E. KOSHLAND,
University of California, Berkeley, Calif.
RICHARD E. LENSKI,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich.
EMIL A. PFITZER,
Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, N.J.
MALCOLM C. PIKE,
University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif.
HENRY C. PITOT III,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc.
JONATHAN M. SAMET,
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md.
HAROLD M. SCHMECK, JR., Armonk, N.Y.
CARLA J. SHATZ,
University of California, Berkeley, Calif.
SUSAN S. TAYLOR,
University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.
P. ROY VAGELOS,
Merck & Company, Whitehouse Station, N.J.
JOHN L. VANDEBERG,
Southwestern Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Tex.
PAUL GILMAN, Executive Director
OTHER RECENT REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY
Science and the Endangered Species Act (1995)
Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries (1995)
Biologic Markers in Urinary Toxicology (1995)
Review of EPAs' Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (three reports, 1994–1995)
Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment (1994)
Ranking Hazardous Sites for Remedial Action (1994)
Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program: Forests and Estuaries (1994)
Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program: Surface Waters (1994)
Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993)
Issues in Risk Assessment (1993)
Setting Priorities for Land Conservation (1993)
Protecting Visibility in National Parks and Wilderness Areas (1993)
Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology (1992)
Dolphins and the Tuna Industry (1992)
Environmental Neurotoxicology (1992)
Hazardous Materials on the Public Lands (1992)
Science and the National Parks (1992)
Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards (1991)
Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program, Volumes I–IV (1991–1993)
Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants (1991)
Monitoring Human Tissues for Toxic Substances (1991)
Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution (1991)
Decline of the Sea Turtles (1990)
Tracking Toxic Substances at Industrial Facilities (1990)
Biologic Markers in Pulmonary Toxicology (1989)
Biologic Markers in Reproductive Toxicology (1989)
Copies of these reports may be ordered from the National Academy Press: (800) 624-6242; (202) 334-3313
PREFACE
There is an increasing need for accurate information on the health effects of pollutants. In keeping with that need, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry of the U.S. Public Health Service and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences asked the National Research Council to examine the potential for use of biologic markers in environmental health research. The term biologic markers has been used by the National Research Council's Committee on Biological Markers to refer to indicators of toxicologic events in biologic systems or samples.
The Committee on Biological Markers was organized to consider which uses of biologic markers offered the greatest potential for major contributions. Four biologic systems were chosen: the reproductive system, the respiratory system, the immune system, and the urinary system. This report is the product of the Subcommittee on Biologic Markers in Urinary Toxicology, which comprised scientists with backgrounds in and knowledge of nephrology, urology, pathology, renal toxicology and metabolism, pharmacokinetics, immunology, risk assessment, pharmacology, renal physiology, and other disciplines. The subcommittee reviewed research on known biologic markers and identified and evaluated promising new technologies to find markers, important research opportunities in the field, and subjects in which interdisciplinary research is needed.
During the subcommittee's deliberations, several scientists were asked to provide information. The subcommittee especially wishes to recognize the contributions of Lawrence Lash, Wayne State University, and Robert Safirstein, University of Texas-Galveston.
This report could not have been produced without the efforts of the National Research Council staff, especially J. David Sandler, project director, and Linda V. Leonard, senior project assistant; Norman Grossblatt, editor, Carol Maczka, program director; Gail Charnley, acting program director (through September 1994); Robert P. Beliles and Joyce Walz (the project director and assistant during the early months of the project); and James J. Reisa, director of BEST.
WILLIAM F. FINN, M.D., CHAIRMAN
SUBCOMMITTEE ON BIOLOGIC MARKERS IN URINARY TOXICOLOGY