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Understanding Marine Biodiversity (1995)

Chapter: APPENDIXES

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Suggested Citation:"APPENDIXES." National Research Council. 1995. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4923.
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Appendixes

Suggested Citation:"APPENDIXES." National Research Council. 1995. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4923.
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This page in the original is blank.
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIXES." National Research Council. 1995. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4923.
×

Appendix A Workshop Agenda

BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN MARINE SYSTEMS

May 24–26, 1994

NAS/NAE Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center Irvine, CA

Tuesday, May 24, 1994

Remarks from Co-Chairs and National Research Council Ocean Studies Board and the Board on Biology

Introduction of Participants

Presentation of Workshop Structure

The Focus (S. Palumbi)

Environmental Questions/Regional-Scale Approaches (J. Jackson)

Issues in Taxonomy (L. Watling)

Open Discussion

Charge to Working Groups (C.A. Butman and J. Carlton)

*Working Groups: (A) Identification of Critical Environmental Issues

Reconvene: Working Group Reports (10 minutes each)

Open Discussion

Working Group A: Synthesis and Discussion (C.A. Butman and J. Carlton)

*Working Groups: (B) Identify Representative Regional-Scale Systems

Reconvene: Working Group Reports

Open Discussion and Synthesis

Adjourn

*  

Three working groups of 16 scientists each.

Suggested Citation:"APPENDIXES." National Research Council. 1995. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4923.
×

Wednesday, May 25, 1994

Working Group B: Synthesis and Discussion (C.A. Butman and J. Carlton)

*Working Groups: (C) Specific Biodiversity Research Questions

Reconvene: Working Group Reports

Open Discussion

Working Group C: Synthesis and Discussion (C.A. Butman and J. Carlton)

**Concurrent Working Groups: (D) Taxonomy, (E) Methods and Techniques

Reconvene: Working Group Reports

Open Discussion

Thursday, May 26,1994

Working Groups D and E: Synthesis and Discussion (C.A. Butman and J. Carlton)

**Concurrent Working Groups: (F) Logistics and Coordination, (G) Products and Information Dissemination

Reconvene: Working Group Reports

Open Discussion

Presentation and Discussion of Research Initiative (includes synthesis of Working Groups F and G)

Federal Agency Perspectives

Closing Remarks (Co-Chairs and National Research Council Ocean Studies Board/Board on Biology)

Adjourn Workshop

*  

Three working groups of 16 scientists each.

**  

Four concurrent working groups of 12 scientists each.

Suggested Citation:"APPENDIXES." National Research Council. 1995. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4923.
×

Appendix B Workshop Participants

BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN MARINE SYSTEMS

May 24–26, 1994

NAS/NAE Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center Irvine, CA

Committee Members

Cheryl Ann Butman, Co-Chair, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

James Carlton, Co-Chair, Williams College—Mystic Seaport

George Boehlert, NOAA/NMFS, Southwest Fisheries Science Center

Susan Brawley, University of Maine

Edward DeLong, University of California—Santa Barbara

J. Frederick Grassle, Rutgers University

Jeremy Jackson, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Simon Levin,* Princeton University

Arthur Nowell,* University of Washington

Robert Paine, University of Washington

Stephen Palumbi, University of Hawaii

Geerat Vermeij,* University of California—Davis

Les Watling, University of Maine

Scientific Participants

Mark Abbott, Oregon State University

Robert Andersen, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences

Karl Banse, University of Washington

Mark Bertness, Brown University

Martin Buzas, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution

Robert Carney, Louisiana State University/Coastal Ecology Institute

*  

Unable to attend workshop

Suggested Citation:"APPENDIXES." National Research Council. 1995. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4923.
×

Sallie (Penny) Chisholm, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Jeremy Collie, University of Rhode Island

Dan Costa, University of California—Santa Cruz

Mike Dagg, Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium

Jonathan Geller, University of North Carolina—Wilmington

W. Rockwell (Rocky) Geyer, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Richard Grosberg, University of California—Davis

Loren Haury, Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Mark Hay, University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill

James Hollibaugh, Tiburon Center—San Francisco State University

Nancy Knowlton, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Thomas Kocher, University of Delaware

Rikk Kvitek, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories

Jane Lubchenco, Oregon State University

Laurence Madin, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Mark Ohman, Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Jeanine Olsen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands

Charles (Pete) Peterson, University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill

Thomas Powell, University of California—Davis

James Quinn, University of California—Davis

Leslie Rosenfeld, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute

Carl Safina, National Audubon Society

Thomas Schmidt, Michigan State University

Theodore Smayda, University of Rhode Island

Diane Stoecker, University of Maryland—Horn Point Laboratories

David Thistle, Florida State University

Elizabeth Venrick, Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Susan Williams, San Diego State University

Anne Michelle Wood, University of Oregon

Federal Agency Representatives

Randall Alberte, Office of Naval Research

Peter Barile, National Science Foundation

Roger Griffis, NOAA, Office of the Chief Scientist

Aleta Hohn, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service

Steve Jameson,* NOAA, Office of Resources, Conservation, and Assessment

Michael Sissenwine, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service

Phillip Taylor, National Science Foundation

Donna Turgeon, NOAA, Office of Resources, Conservation, and Assessment

Donna Wieting, NOAA, Office of the Chief Scientist

*  

Also representing the National Biological Service.

Suggested Citation:"APPENDIXES." National Research Council. 1995. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4923.
×

Scientific Press

Marguerite Holloway, Scientific American

NRC

Eric Fischer, Board on Biology

Morgan Gopnik, Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources

Mary Hope Katsouros, Ocean Studies Board

LaVoncyé Mallory, Ocean Studies Board

Mary Pechacek, Ocean Studies Board

David Wilmot, Ocean Studies Board

Suggested Citation:"APPENDIXES." National Research Council. 1995. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4923.
×

Appendix C Acronyms


AID

Agency for International Development

AMLC

Association of Marine Laboratories of the Caribbean

ASC

Association of Systematics Collections


BB

Board on Biology


CalCOFI

California Cooperative Ocean Fisheries Investigations

CARICOMP

Caribbean Coastal Marine Productivity

CENR

Committee on Environment and Natural Resources


EPA

Environmental Protection Agency


GESAMP

Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution

GIS

Geographical Information Systems

GLOBEC

Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics


ICSU

International Council of Scientific Unions

IUBS

International Union of Biological Sciences

IUMS

International Union of Microbiological Sciences


JGOFS

Joint Global Ocean Flux Study


MARS

Marine Research Stations Network

MASZP

Moored, Automated, Serial Zooplankton Pump

MGI

Microbial Genome Initiative


NAML

National Association of Marine Laboratories

NAS

National Academy of Sciences

NBS

National Biological Service

NIH

National Institutes of Health

NMFS

National Marine Fisheries Service

Suggested Citation:"APPENDIXES." National Research Council. 1995. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4923.
×

NOAA

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NRC

National Research Council

NSF

National Science Foundation

NSTC

National Science and Technology Council


OMP

Ocean Margins Program

OSB

Ocean Studies Board


PAHs

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PCBs

polychlorinated biphenols

PCR

polymerase chain reaction


RSVP

Rapid Sampling Vertical Profiler


SAML

Southern Association of Marine Laboratories

SCOPE

Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment


UCAR

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research

UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization


VPR

Video Plankton Recorder


WCMC

World Conservation Monitoring Center

Suggested Citation:"APPENDIXES." National Research Council. 1995. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4923.
×

Appendix D Glossary

A

algal symbiont

see zooxanthellae

anadromous

referring to the annual migratory behavior of adult fish (such as salmon, shad, striped bass, and lamprey) from the ocean into freshwater rivers and lakes in order to spawn

anoxia

the absence of oxygen in water and sediments

B

benthic

living on or in the bottom (in contrast to pelagic)

biota

all of the living organisms (plants, animals, protists, fungi, and so on) in a given region

C

chemoautotrophic

referring to the ability to obtain energy through chemosynthesis, i.e., the oxidation of simple compounds (oxidation is a chemical reaction in which oxygen is gained, or hydrogen or electrons are lost, from a compound)

D

dinoflagellate

a microscopic plant, characterized by having two lash-like structures (flagella) used for locomotion, often abundant in the open ocean; many produce light and are one of the primary contributors to bioluminescence in the ocean. Some dinoflagellates, known as zooxanthellae, are symbiotic in the tissues of corals and other tropical organisms

E

epipelagic

referring to the top 200 meters of the ocean

eutrophication

nutrient enrichment, typically in the form of nitrates and phosphates, often from human sources such as agriculture, sewage, and urban runoff

G

gyre

a circular system of water movement

H

hydrothermal vent

an opening in the deep-sea floor out of which rises water that has been heated by contact with molten rock; this water is often rich in

Suggested Citation:"APPENDIXES." National Research Council. 1995. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4923.
×

dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide, which are the primary source of energy for the chemoautotrophic bacteria that form the base of vent community food webs

hypoxia

low concentrations of oxygen in water and sediments

L

littoral

the ocean shore, including the rocky intertidal, sandy beaches, and salt marshes

M

mariculture

the growing of marine animals and plants under specialized culture conditions

mesopelagic

referring to depths between 200 to 1,000 meters in the ocean

N

nekton

swimming organisms that are able to move independently of water currents (as opposed to plankton). These include most fish, mammals, turtles, sea snakes, and aquatic birds.

O

oligonucleotide

a few nucleotides joined together; a nucleotide is a compound formed of one molecule each of a sugar, of phosphoric acid, and of a base containing nitrogen. The nucleic acids DNA and RNA are molecules made of a large number of nucleotides.

oligotrophic

low in nutrients and in primary production

P

pelagic

living in the water column (in contrast to benthic)

photosynthesis

chemical reactions in plants and plant-like organisms whereby the sun's energy is absorbed by the green pigment chlorophyll, permitting carbon dioxide and water to be synthesized into carbohydrates accompanied by the release of water and oxygen

picoplankton

planktonic organisms ranging in size from 0.2 to 2.0 micrometers (there are 1,000 micrometers in one millimeter, and 25.4 millimeters in one inch)

plankton

floating and drifting organisms that have limited swimming abilities and that are carried largely passively with water currents (as opposed to nekton). These include bacteria (bacterioplankton), plants and plant-like organisms (phytoplankton) and the animals (zooplankton) that eat them.

polythetic

classification of organisms based upon a combination of a large number of characteristics, not all of which are possessed by every member of the group

prochlorophyte

bacteria that are the smallest photosynthetic cells (less than one micrometer; see picoplankton) in the open ocean; nearly ubiquitous in the sea

prokaryote

an organism whose DNA is a strand within the cell, and is not contained within a nucleus; bacteria and blue-green algae are prokaryotes

propagule

a dispersal stage of a plant or animal, such as fertilized eggs, larvae, or seeds

protogynous hermaphroditism

a sexual condition in which female organs or gametes develop first, followed by the development of male organs or gametes, in the same individual

Suggested Citation:"APPENDIXES." National Research Council. 1995. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4923.
×

S

stability

the ability of a given assemblage of organisms to withstand disturbance without a major change in the number of species or individuals

T

trophic

referring to the nutrients available to and used within a population, community, or ecosystem

U

ultraviolet radiation

radiation beyond the violet (high energy) end of the visible light spectrum. UV-B is the middle range wave-length of the three UV bands, and is largely absorbed in the Earth's atmospheric ozone layer; prolonged exposure to UV-B can be biologically damaging.

Z

zooxanthellae

symbiotic dinoflagellates in corals and other organisms

Suggested Citation:"APPENDIXES." National Research Council. 1995. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4923.
×
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Suggested Citation:"APPENDIXES." National Research Council. 1995. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4923.
×
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Suggested Citation:"APPENDIXES." National Research Council. 1995. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4923.
×
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Suggested Citation:"APPENDIXES." National Research Council. 1995. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4923.
×
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Suggested Citation:"APPENDIXES." National Research Council. 1995. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4923.
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Suggested Citation:"APPENDIXES." National Research Council. 1995. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4923.
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Suggested Citation:"APPENDIXES." National Research Council. 1995. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4923.
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Suggested Citation:"APPENDIXES." National Research Council. 1995. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4923.
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Suggested Citation:"APPENDIXES." National Research Council. 1995. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4923.
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Suggested Citation:"APPENDIXES." National Research Council. 1995. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4923.
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Suggested Citation:"APPENDIXES." National Research Council. 1995. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4923.
×
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Suggested Citation:"APPENDIXES." National Research Council. 1995. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4923.
×
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The diversity of marine life is being affected dramatically by fishery operations, chemical pollution and eutrophication, alteration of physical habitat, exotic species invasion, and effects of other human activities. Effective solutions will require an expanded understanding of the patterns and processes that control the diversity of life in the sea.

Understanding Marine Biodiversity outlines the current state of our knowledge, and propose research agenda on marine biological diversity. This agenda represents a fundamental change in studying the ocean—emphasizing regional research across a range of space and time scales, enhancing the interface between taxonomy and ecology, and linking oceanographic and ecological approaches.

Highlighted with examples and brief case studies, this volume illustrates the depth and breadth of undescribed marine biodiversity, explores critical environmental issues, advocates the use of regionally defined model systems, and identifies a series of key biodiversity research questions. The authors examine the utility of various research approaches—theory and modeling, retrospective analysis, integration of biotic and oceanographic surveys—and review recent advances in molecular genetics, instrumentation, and sampling techniques applicable to the research agenda. Throughout the book the critical role of taxonomy is emphasized.

Informative to the scientist and accessible to the policymaker, Understanding Marine Biodiversity will be of specific interest to marine biologists, ecologists, oceanographers, and research administrators, and to government agencies responsible for utilizing, managing, and protecting the oceans.

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