Environmental Issues in Pacific Northwest Forest Management (2000)

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272 Pacific Northwest Forests Akcakaya, H.R., M.A. Burgman, and l~.R. Ginzburg. 1999. Applied Population Ecology: Principles and Computer Exercises Using RAMAS EcoLab 2.0, 2nd Ed. Sunderiand, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. Amaranthus, M. P. , l. M. Trappe, L. Bednar, and D. Arthur. 1 994 . Hypogeous fungal production in mature Douglas-fir forest fragments and surrounding plantations and its relation to coarse woody debris and animal mycophagy. Can. l. For. Res. 24~: 2157-2165. Andersen, M.C. and D. Mahato. 1995. Demographic models and reserve designs for the California spotted owl. Ecological Applica- tions 5~3~:639-647. Anderson, H.M. and l.T. Olson. 1991. Federal Forests and the Economic Base of the Pacific Northwest. Washington, D.C.: The Wilderness Society. Anderson, To., C.E. CarIson and R.H. Wakimoto. 1987. Forest fire frequency and western spruce budworm outbreaks in western Montana. For. Ecol. Manage. 22~3-4~:251-260. Anderson, R.~. 1990. Effects of global climate change on tree survival and forest pest in the South. Pp. 176-~80 in: Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters National Convention. Paper presented at the meeting on, "Are Forests the Answer", held July 29-Aug 1, 1990, Washington DC. Bethesda, MD: The Society. Andrews, H.~. and R.W. Cowlin. 1940. Forest Resources of the Douglas- fir Region. Misc. Publ. 389. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 169pp. Anthony, R.G., M.G. Garrett and C.A. Schuler. 1993. Environmental contaminants in bald eagles in the Columbia River Estuary. l. WildI. Manage. 57~:10-19. Arno, S.F. 1980. Forest fire history in the northern Rockies. l. For. 78~:460-465. Arno, S.F., E.D. Reinhardt, and l.H. Scott. 1993. Forest Structure and Landscape Patterns in the Subalpine Pine Type: A Procedure for Quantifying Past and Present Conditions. Gen. Tech. Report INT 294. Og~en, UT: USDA, Forest Service, Tntermountain Research Station. Arnolds, E. 1991. Decline of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Europe. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 35~2/3~:209-244. Barett, R. 1987. Tourism employment in Montana: quality versus quantity? Western Wildiands 13~2~:~-21.

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214 Pacific Northwest Forests Booth, D.E. 1991. Estimating prelogging old-growth in the Pacific Northwest. J. For. 89~10~:25-29. Booth, D.E. 1994. Valuing Nature: The Decline and Preservation of Old- Growth Forests. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. Bork, l. 1985. Fire History in Three Vegetation Types on the East Side of the Oregon Cascades. Ph.D. Dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 94pp. Bormann, F.E. and G.E. Likens. 1979. Pattern and Process in a Forested Ecosystem. New York: Springer-VerIag. Boyle, l.R., l.E. Warila, RAT. Beschta, M. Reiter, C.C. Chambers, W.P. Gibson, S.V. Gregory, l. Grizzel, l.C. Hagar, l.~. Li, W.C. McComb, T.W. Parzybok, and G. Taylor. 1997. Cumulative effects of forestry practices: an example framework for evaluation from Oregon, Biomass and Bioenergy 13~4/5~:223-245. Brooks, D., H. Pajuoja, T.~. Peck, B. Solberg, and P.A. Wardle. 1996. Long-term trends and prospects in worId supply and demand for wood. Pp. 75-106 in: T~ong-term Trends and Prospects in WorId Supply and Demand for Wood and Tmplications for Sustainable Forest Management. B. Solberg, ed. Research Report 6. Joensuu, FinIand: European Forest Institute. Brown, l.H. and A.C. Gibson. 1983. Biogeography. St.l~ouis, Missouri: Mosby. 644pp. Brown, R.B. 1993. Rural community satisfaction and attachment in mass consumer society. Rural Sociology 58~3~:387-403. Brown, T.C. 1999. Past and Future Freshwater Use in the United States: A technical document supporting the 2000 USDA Forest Service Assessment. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMR~GTR-39. Fort Collins,CO: USDA, Forest Service. 47pp. Brubaker, L.B., S. Vega-Gonzalez, E.D. Ford, C.A. Ribic, C.~. EarIe and G. Segura. 1992. Old-growth Douglas-fir in western Washington. Ecolog~cal Studies: analysis and synthesis. 97: 333-364. Brundrett,M. 1991. Mycorrhizasinnaturalecosystems. Adv.Ecol.Res. 21:171-313. Buchanan, l.B., L.~. Trwin and E.~. McCutchen. 1995. Within-stand nest site selection by spotted owls in the eastern Washington Cascades. I. WildI. Manage. 59~2~:301-310. Bull, E.~. and R.E. Holthausen. 1993. Habitat use and management of

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276 Pacific Northwest Forests Chapman, H.H. 1931. Forest Management. Albany, NY: l.B. Lyon. 544pp. Chen, J., l.F. Franklin and T.A. Spies. 1992. Vegetation response to edge environments in old-growth Douglas-fir forests. Ecological Applica- tions. 2~4~:387-396. Chen, l., J.F. Franklin and T.A. Spies. 1993. An empirical model for predicting diurnal air-temperature gradients from edge into old- growthDouglas-firforest. Ecol. Modell. 67:179-198. Christensen, N.~. 1985. Schrubland fire regimes and their evolutionary consequences. Pp. 85-100 in: The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. S.T.A. Pickett and P.S. White, eds. New York: Academic Press. Christensen,N.T~. 1988. Succession and naturaldisturbance: Paradigms, problems, and preservation of natural ecosystems. Pp. 62-86 in: Ecosystem Management for Parks and Wildernesses, l.K. Agee and D.R. Johnson, eds. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. Christensen, N.~., I.K. Agee, P.F. Brussard, l. Hughes, D. H. Knight, G.W. Minshall, l.M. Peek, A. Pyne, F.~. Swanson, S. Wells, l.W. Thomas, S.E. Williams and H.A. Wright. 1989. interpreting the Yellowstone fires of 1988. BioScience. 39~10~:678-685. Christensen, NIT., A.M. Bartuska, l.H. Brown, S. Carpenter, C. D' Antonio, R. Francis, l.F. Franklin, l.A. MacMahon, R.F. Noss and D.~. Parsons. 1996. The report of the Ecological Societv of America .,, ,~ . ..,. ~ . , committee on tne sclennnc oasis tor ecosystem. Ecological Applica- tions 6~3~:665-691. Cissel, l.H., A. Swanson, G.E Grant, D.H. Olson, S.V. Gregory, SIT. Garman, L.R. Ashkenas, M.G. Hunter, l.A. Kertis, l.H. Mayo, M.D. McSwain, S.G. Swetland, K.A. Swindle, and D.O. Wallin. 1998. A Landscape Plan Based on Historical Fire Regimes for a Managed Forest Ecosystem: The Augusta Creek Study. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW- GTR-422. Portland, OR: USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. Clawson,M. 1976. The nationalforests. Science. 191~4227~:762-767. Clawson, M. 1979. Forest in the long sweep of American history. Science 204~4398~:~168-~174. Clemens, F.E. 1916. Plant Succession: An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation. Pub. 242. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington. 512pp.

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