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Index An-Institutes, 18â19, 26, 50, 242, 342, 343 A advantages, 288 Advanced Research Projects Agency, 157, budget structures, 289 219, 222 challenges for, 289 computer science research funding, function, 288 228, 229â230 scope of research in, 288â289 Advanced Technology Program, 76, 157 technology transfer role, 289â290 Aerospace industry, U.S. Antitrust law, 76, 209, 235â236 allocation of public R&D monies, 8 Application process, 15 export trends, 88 academic grants, U.S., 94 R&D spending trends, 82 European Union programs, 265 Agriculture R&D, U.S. in industry consortia, 27 extension programs, 204 Applied research government spending, 72 college and university, U.S., 69, 92, 95 AIDS research, 185, 192, 193 federal laboratories, U.S., 124 AiF. See Federation of Industrial Research in Fraunhofer Society, 325 Associations in German R&D system, 248 American Society of Heating, government funding, U.S., 65, 72â73 Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning industry funding, U.S., 67 Engineers, 170 industry trends, U.S., 82â83 American Society of Mechanical nonprofit organizations, U.S., 70 Engineers, 170 in university-industry research centers, American Supplier Institute, 210â211 113 Ames Research Center, 129 Argonne National Laboratory, 128 Amgen, 184â185 Asynchronous Transmission Mode, 54 Autonomy, 5 409
410 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY technological scope, 177â178 B technology transfer intermediaries, 190 Basic research therapeutic applications, 178â179 allocation of R&D monies, 9 trade secrecy laws, U.S., 191 college and university, U.S., 69, 92, 95 university-industry technology transfer, federal laboratories, U.S., 124 U.S., 120, 122, 184â187 in Fraunhofer Society, 325 university research, U.S., 183 in German R&D system, 248, 249â250 Blue List institutes, 10, 21, 23, 33, 243, government funding, U.S., 65, 72â73 319â320, 344 in Helmholtz Centers, 316 BMBF. See Ministry for Education, industry trends, U.S., 67, 82â83 Science, Research, and Technology in Max Planck institutes, 23, 309 British Technology Group, USA, 165 nonprofit organizations, U.S., 70 Brokers, technology, 164â166, 205 software development, 224 Brookhaven National Laboratory, 128 university-industry research centers, Budgets, R&D U.S., 113 administrative structures in universities, Bayh-Dole Act, 19, 21, 32, 74, 99, 103, Germany, 283â284 133 An-Institutes, 289 outcomes, 144â145, 191 awards process, 15 provisions, 134, 191 biotechnology, 180, 184â186, 189 Biotechnology, 6 Blue List institutes, 319 case example of German start-up, 353â colleges and universities, 12â16, 67â69, 354 91â96, 93â96, 274â282 financial backing, U.S., 181â182 computer science, 224â225, 228â229 foreign investment in new U.S. firms, contract research institutes, 25, 26 183, 189 Department of Agriculture, 132 future prospects, 193 Department of Defense, 127 industrial research association projects, Department of Energy, 127 Germany, 338 as determinant of technology transfer, 3 intellectual property rights issues, 190â distribution of licensing revenues in 191 universities, 187â188 international comparison of R&D Environmental Protection Agency, 131 activities, 297â298 EUREKA initiative, 269â270 licensing revenues for universities, European Union, 244, 263â267 U.S., 187â188 federal laboratories, 20â21, 125â126, National Institutes of Health-funded 127 research, 189 flat panel display technology, 219 new companies based on, U.S., 180â focal area distribution, 290â292 181 foreign investments, 84 nonmedical uses, 179â180 Fraunhofer Society, 242, 322â324 pharmaceutical industry investments, funding sources, 4 182â183 German total, 246 public funding of R&D, U.S., 184â186, government, 6â9, 63â67, 73â77, 89â90 189 health-related, 184 R&D activities, Germany, 252, 290â Helmholtz Centers, 313â314, 316â317 292, 343â345 for industry consortia, 28, 157â158, regulatory issues, U.S., 191â192 335, 336â338
INDEX 411 industry-sponsored research in Collegial interchange, 142â143 universities, 84, 110â111 technology transfer conference international comparison, 4, 5, 6â9, 62â organizers, 167 63, 246, 297 technology transfer in biotechnology, manufacturing and production 190 technologies, 195â196, 199, 200 Communications technology. See Max Planck institutes, 307â309 Information and communication National Institutes of Health, 130 technology orphan drug research, 192â193 Community of Science, 163 portfolio distribution, 6 Competitive Technologies, Inc., 165 private nonacademic organizations, Computer aided design, 106â107 151â152, 153, 155 Computer science recommendations for enhancing basic research, U.S., 224, 225 technology transfer in Germany, 43 defense-related R&D, U.S., 229â231, semiconductor industry, 214â215 232â233 service industries, 81â82 professional associations, U.S., 231 socioeconomic objectives, 9 public R&D monies, U.S., 8, 224â225 software development, 224â225 R&D spending trends, U.S., 82 state and local governments, U.S., 67 technology transfer case example, university-industry research centers, 18, Germany, 349â351 19, 111, 112â114 technology transfer mechanisms, 231 U.S. defense, 70â72 See also Microelectronics industry; U.S. industry, 67 Software development U.S. nonacademic nonprofits, 70 Consulting U.S. nondefense, 72â73 federal laboratories, U.S., 142 U.S. private sector, 79â80, 82â84 manufacturing and production U.S. states, 9, 77â79 technology transfer, 210 Business Roundtable, 46 stateâsponsored, 205 technology transfer, 16â17, 101â102, 166 C by university professors, Germany, 286 Capital markets Contract research institutes. See Private as determinant of technology transfer, nonacademic R&D organizations 3, 36 Cooperative Research and Development in Germany, 260â261, 262â263 Agreements (CRADAs), 76, 135, recommendations for enhancing 142, 143â144 technology transfer in Germany, 42 advantages, 21, 139 See also Venture capital firms distribution by technology, 138â139 Carnegie-Mellon University, 112â113 federal laboratory implementation, 139 Center for the Utilization of Federal future prospects, 147, 148 Technology, 135 manufacturing and production Chambers of Crafts, 256 technology R&D, 201 Chambers of Industry and Commerce, 256 microelectronics industry, 219 Chemistry, 250 National Institutes of Health Civil engineering, 282 biomedical, 189 Civil Engineering Research Foundation, operations, 21â22 170â171 origins, 137â138
412 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY preference and reciprocity agreements, federal laboratories, 126, 127â128, 143â144 148â149 trends, 84 manufacturing and production utilization trends, 138 technology R&D, 196, 198, 201 Cost of ownership concept, 220â221 patent licensing, 137 Council of Consortia CEOs, 160 Department of Health and Human Council on Competitiveness, 46 Services, 20, 72 CRADAs. See Cooperative Research and manufacturing and production Development Agreements technology R&D, 196 Cree Research, Inc., 104â105 patent licensing, 137 Department of Labor, 77 Department of Transportation, 76 D Departmental research institutes, 21, 23, Defense spending, 6â8, 63, 70â72 320 aerospace R&D, U.S., 82 DFG. See German Research Association computer science R&D, U.S., 229â231, Diversity, 5â6, 92 232â233 Dryden Flight Research Center, 129â130 dual use technologies, 71 federal laboratory R&D, U.S., 125â126, E 127 in German universities, 278 Economic development, U.S., 77â79 in growth of semiconductor industry, Electric Power Research Institute, 237â U.S., 216â217 240 manufacturing and production Electronics industry technology R&D, U.S., 196, 197â198 export trends, U.S., 88 See also Department of Defense technology transfer, 123 Department of Agriculture, 15, 20 See also Microelectronics industry industrial problem-solving initiatives, Engineering schools, 11 76 Entrepreneurial behavior, 29â30 research activities, 132â133 as obstacle to technology transfer in technology transfer activities, 133 Germany, 347â348 Department of Commerce, 77 recommendations for enhancing Department of Defense, 15, 20, 97, 217 technology transfer in Germany, 43â aerospace R&D, 82 44 computer science R&D, 229 in software development, 234, 235 future of federal laboratories, 147â148 Environmental Protection Agency, 77 industrial development initiatives, 76, R&D budget, 131 77 research laboratories, 131â132 information analysis centers, 54â55 Environmental sciences laboratories, 127 government spending, U.S., 72 manufacturing and production international R&D collaboration, 51 technology R&D, 196, 197â198 Equity stock companies, 260 microelectronics industry and, 217, 219 EUREKA initiative, 244, 268â270, 343 R&D spending, 70â72 Joint European Submicron Silicon Department of Energy, 15, 20, 21, 72 Initiative, 244, 270â272, 343 civilian laboratories, 128 European Commission, 14, 34 CRADAs, 138, 139, 142, 148 European Patent Organization, 34
INDEX 413 European Union, 5, 38 R&D expenditures, 125â126, 127 EUREKA initiative, 268â270, 343 R&D spending, 65, 67 recommendations for U.S. reimbursable work in, 142 collaborations, 48â50 start-up/spin-off companies, 139 research funding, 244 structure and operations, 20, 124â125 research programs, 263â267, 269, 343 technical assistance activities, 141 Exchange programs, federal laboratory, technology business incubators and, 141â142 168â169 Extension programs technology transfer activities, 20, 21â22 agriculture model, 204 technology transfer challenges, 37 manufacturing and production technology transfer effectiveness, 144â technology transfer, 204â213 147 technology transfer mechanisms, 135â 143 F work with smaller enterprises, 143 Federal laboratories, Germany. See Blue Federal Research in Progress, 140 List institutes; Helmholtz Centers; Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986, Max Planck institutes 74â76, 135, 136, 143, 144 Federal laboratories, U.S. Federally Funded Research and civilian, 128â133 Development Centers, 65, 67â69 collegial interchange activities, 142â Department of Defense, 127 143 structure and function, 125 conflict of interest issues, 144 Federation of Industrial Research consulting activities, 142 Associations, 27, 242, 243 contractor-operated, 125, 126, 128, 129, budget and finance, 335, 336â338 142 function, 333 Cooperative Research and Development in German R&D system, 248, 249 Agreements, 137â139 origins, 332â333 defense-related, 126â128 research orientation, 338â339 exchange programs, 141â142 structure and operations, 333â335 funding, 20â21 technology transfer activities, 339â341 in future of technology transfer, 147â variation by industrial sector, 337â338 149 FhG. See Fraunhofer institutes future prospects, 24â25, 149â151 Finance. See Budgets, R&D GOGOs, 125, 127, 129, 135 Flat panel display technology, 214 information dissemination activities, future prospects, 223 140â141 international alliances, 223 legislative mandates for technology R&D, 215â216, 219 transfer, 133â135, 149â150 sources of innovation, 222â223 limitations to technology transfer, 143â Food and beverage industry, 338â339 144, 150â151 Food and Drug Administration, 192, 193 management, 125 France, 62 manufacturing and production Fraunhofer institutes, 10, 25â26, 39â40, technology transfer, 201â203 242, 343 national security issues, 143 advantages, 330â332 patent licensing, 125, 136â137 budget and finance, 242, 322â324 private sector input to, 48 future prospects, 243, 332
414 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY industry relations, 325â326, 328, 329â principal entities, 242. See also specific 330 entity innovation centers, 330 professional/technical associations, 257 patent licensing activities, 330 recommendations for enhancing public research projects, 328 technology transfer, 41â44 research orientation, 324â326, 346 recommendations for fostering structure and function, 242â243, 248, international collaboration, 42, 48â52 249, 320â322 small/medium-sized companies in, 30â technology transfer activities, 326â330 31, 39, 244â245, 252â256 university relations, 328â329 spending, 4, 5, 62 start-up companies in, 29â30, 39, 42 state-funded initiatives, 257 G structural characteristics, 3, 4, 5â9, 38, Garching Innovation GmbH, 311â312 39â40, 242, 246â250 Genentech, 186â187 technology transfer, determinants of Geological Survey, U.S., 133 success, 358â360 German-American Academic Council technology transfer case examples, Foundation, 42, 49, 52 349â358 German R&D system technology transfer effectiveness, 346â academic funding, 12â16, 43 348 academic structure and function, 10â16 technology transfer intermediaries, 248 challenges to, 40â41 technology transfer mechanisms, 242â contract research institutes, 25â26, 39â 245 40, 44 university funding, 274â282 departmental research institutes, 21, 23, university-industry technology transfer, 320 242â243, 245, 296â300 European Union programs, 265â267, venture capital market, 260â263 279, 343 vs. U.S. R&D system, 9â10, 37â40 external institutions, 287â290 German Research Association, 14, 248, federal technology transfer initiatives, 276â277 257â258 Goddard Space Flight Center, 130 focal areas, 244, 250â252, 290â292 Government-Industry Research government laboratories, 20â21, 23â25 Roundtable, 46â47 historical development of technology Government role transfer, 272â274 development of technology road maps, human capital characteristics, 39, 42â 45 44, 283, 286â287 in fostering industry-university industrial research associations, 27â28, collaboration, U.S., 99 39, 243â244, 332â341 in German R&D system, 246, 248 intellectual property regime, 33, 44, in growth of microelectronics industry, 300â302 U.S., 216â217, 219 ministry activities, 248 international comparison, 40 new technology-based firms in, 258â manufacturing and production 260, 261â263 technology transfer, U.S., 204â209 obstacles to technology transfer, 41, 42 private sector input to R&D activities, opportunities for collaboration with U.S., 48 U.S., 35 R&D employment, U.S., 67
INDEX 415 recommendations for enhancing U.S. Fraunhofer Societyâuniversity R&D system, 45 interaction, 329 support for long-term R&D projects, government R&D employment, U.S., 67 51â52 industry R&D employment, U.S., 67 support for R&D consortia, U.S., 156â international comparison of R&D 157 systems, 38â39 See also Public monies; specific microelectronics research, Germany, 342 government organization recommendations for enhancing GTSâGRAL, 349â351 technology transfer, Germany, 42â43 research universities, Germany, 283 in semiconductor industry, U.S., 216 H in software development technology Hatch Act, 133 transfer, 225 Health-related R&D, 70 sources of, 11 applications of biotechnology, 178â179 technology transfer via, 3, 36, 225 independent R&D organizations, U.S., in university-industry research centers, 152â153 U.S., 111 international collaboration, 51 university-industry technology transfer, public spending, U.S., 8, 72, 184 99â102, 286â287 technology for diagnosis decisionâ U.S. industry R&D employment, 79 making, 54 university patent licensing, U.S., 104â I 105 Helmholtz Centers, 33, 37, 242, 341 Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, challenges, 10, 22 128 differences among, 316 Incubators. See Technology business function, 10, 243, 312, 313 incubators funding, 20â21, 22, 243, 312, 313â314, Industrial development 316â317 government spending, 8, 72, 73â77 future prospects, 317â319 historical university-industry relations, industry interaction, 315â316, 317â319 U.S., 96â99 origins and development, 312â313 Industrial liaison programs, 118â119 origins of, 273 Information analysis centers, 54â55 patent licensing activities, 22â23, 316â Information and communication 317 technology political environment, 313 export trends, U.S., 88 research orientation, 313, 314â315, Fraunhofer Society research, 326 316, 343, 344 German R&D activity, 250, 252, 341â technology transfer activities, 312, 315â 342 317 for globally active businesses, 53â54 university collaborations, 317 information analysis centers, 54â55 High Performance Computing and for international R&D collaboration, Communications program, 229 50, 54â55 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 70 public R&D monies, 8 Human capital R&D spending trends, U.S., 82 academic R&D employment, U.S., 70, technology transfer intermediaries, 92 163â164
416 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY Institutions/organizations, R&D microelectronics technology transfer, diversity, 5â6 223 in Germany, 246â250 private sector R&D, 84 nonprofits, U.S., 70 Internet, 173, 228, 230 private nonacademic, 151â162 similarities of U.S. and German, 9â10, J 37 sources of technology for industry, 90â Japan, 5, 62, 195, 201, 214, 224 91 JESSI. See Joint European Submicron spending, 4 Silicon Initiative structural comparison, U.S. and Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 129, 130 Germany, 4, 5â9, 38, 39â40 Johnson Space Center, 130 types of, involved in technology Joint European Submicron Silicon transfer, 2, 62 Initiative, 244, 270â272 See also specific institutional/ Joint research ventures, 83, 157, 158 organizational type Instrument manufacturing industry, 82 K Integrated Service Digital Network, 53â54 Kennedy Space Center, 130 Intellectual property regime Knowledge Express Data Systems, 163 biotechnology issues, 190â191 under CRADAs, 21â22 L as determinant of technology transfer, 3, 32â34 Labor markets, 3 in Germany, 300â302 as determinant of technology transfer, in government laboratories, 21â23 36 international differences, 33â34 Langley Research Center, 129â130 issues for software development, 236 Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 128 recommendations for enhancing Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, technology transfer in Germany, 44 127 role of published research, 99â100 Lewis Research Center, 129â130 university practices, 19â20 Life cycle analysis, 3 U.S. law, 74â76 for equipment acquisition, 220â221 See also Patent licensing Life sciences, 14, 73 International collaboration, 34â35 Los Alamos National Laboratory, 127 industrial trends, 84 information infrastructure, 50, 54â55 M obstacles to, 48â49 project suggestions, 51, 55â60 Machine tool industry, 201, 345â346 recommendations for, 42, 48â52 Magnetic storage technology, 112â113 International Society of Productivity Manufacturing and production Enhancement, 167 technologies, 195 Internationalization trends acquisition patterns in smaller firms, foreign investment in U.S. 201 biotechnology firms, 183, 189, 193 effectiveness of technology transfer information technology for globally programs, U.S., 212â213 active businesses, 53â54 federal R&D, U.S., 196â199
INDEX 417 federal technology transfer programs, software development, 233 U.S., 206â209, 211 in technology transfer, 3, 29â30, 36 Fraunhofer Society research, 324â325 time to market, 359 industrial research association projects, venture capital firms in technology germany, 338 transfer, 172â173 industry networks, U.S., 205 Marshall Space Flight Center, 130 industry profile, U.S., 194 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, industry R&D, U.S., 195â196 120 international comparison of R&D, 195, Max Planck institutes, 242, 341 297â298 budget and finance, 307â309 obstacles to modernization, U.S., 211â distinguishing features, 10 212 funding, 21 R&D activities, Germany, 290â292, industry grants to, 309 345â346 patent licensing, 311â312 stateâsponsored extension programs, research areas, 304, 343, 344 U.S., 204â206, 212â213 structure and function, 243, 248, 249, supplier development programs, U.S., 302â304, 305â307 210â211 technology transfer activities, 309â312 technological scope, 193â194 Mechanical engineering in Germany, 244 technology transfer case examples, Fraunhofer Society research, 324â325 Germany, 351â353 patent licenses, 250 technology transfer from federal university research funding, 279, 281 laboratories, U.S., 201â203 MediGene, 353â354 technology transfer from universities, Microelectronics and Computer U.S., 203â204 Technology Corporation, 217, 218â technology transfer within private 219 sector, U.S., 209â211 Microelectronics industry universityâindustry research centers, consortia, U.S., 217â219 U.S., 199, 200 economic significance for U.S., 213â Manufacturing Extension Partnership, 76â 214 77, 90, 203 Fraunhofer Society research, 325, 326, effectiveness, 212â213 329, 343 origins and development, 207 future prospects, 224 structure and operations, 207â208 government-industry relationships, Market factors U.S., 219 competition in research, 44 international technology transfer, 223 cost of ownership concept, 220â221 market characteristics, 214 in Fraunhofer Society research, 328 public R&D monies, 8 international comparison, 5, 38 R&D activities, 214â216 modernization of manufacturing/ technological scope, 214 production sector, 211 universityâindustry relationships, U.S., new technologyâbased firms, Germany, 222 245, 259â260, 262â263 Ministry for Education, Science, in operations of start-up companies, 85â Research, and Technology, 14, 317â 87 318 pressures on international businesses, structure and operations, 248 53 university research funding, 277
418 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY Ministry of Defense, 248, 278 computer science research funding, 228 Monsanto Corp., 188 manufacturing and production Morrill Act, 133 technology R&D, 196, 199 MPG. See Max Planck institutes university-industry research center, 18, 99, 115, 199 National security issues, 143 N National Technology Transfer Center, National Advisory Committee on 140, 201â203 Aeronautics, 133â134 NERAC, 163 National Aeronautics and Space New England Research Applications Administration, 15, 20, 72, 77, 217 Center, 163 future of technology transfer, 149 Nuclear weapons research, 127 laboratories, 129â130 legislative history, 133â134 O manufacturing and production technology R&D, 196, 201 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 128, 198 technology business incubators, 169 Organization for Economic Cooperation technology transfer activities, 134, 140â and Development, 49 141 Organization for Rationalization of National Association of Manufacturers, 46 German Industry, 257 National Competitiveness Technology Orphan Drug Act, 192â193 Transfer Act, 135, 143â144 National Cooperative Research Act, 76, P 83, 209 National Electronics Manufacturing Pacific Northwest Laboratory, 128 Initiative, 196â197 Patent and Trademark Amendments. See National Institute of Standards and Bayh-Dole Act Technology, 20, 74 Patent licensing industrial development programs, 76â in Europe, 34 77, 90 federal laboratories, U.S., 125 laboratories, 129 federal laboratory research, U.S., 136â manufacturing and production 137 technology R&D, 196, 198â199 Fraunhofer Society activities, 330 mission, 128â129 in German universities, 300â302, 354â National Institutes of Health, 15, 20, 21, 358 72, 147 grace period, 33 biotechnology research funding, 189 Helmholtz Center activities, 22â23, biotechnology research guidelines, 191â 316â317 192 by industry, 88, 250 research laboratories, 130â131 international comparison, 19â20, 33, structure and function, 130 301â302 National Renewable Energy Laboratory, in Max Planck institutes, 311â312 128 technology brokers, 164â166 National Science and Technology university-industry technology transfer, Council, 196 U.S., 102â108, 112â113, 190â191 National Science Foundation, 15, 47, 72, in U.S. universities, 92, 187â188 76, 184 See also Intellectual property regime
INDEX 419 Performance assessment, technology technology transfer effectiveness, U.S., transfer in federal laboratories, 144â 174â176 147 technology transfer intermediaries, Pharmaceutical industry, 82 U.S., 162â174 biotechnology applications, 178â179 technology transfer mechanisms, U.S., biotechnology investments, 182â183, 153â154 193 types of, U.S., 151, 152 new drug approval process, U.S., 192 See also R&D consortia orphan drug research, U.S., 192â193 Private sector R&D R&D activity, Germany, 344â345 basicâapplied research trends, U.S., 82â university-industry technology transfer, 83 U.S., 122â123 characteristics of software development Physics, 279â280, 281 firms, 234â235 Policymaking consortia, 27â29, 39, 119 biotechnology issues, 190â193 contract research institutes, 25â27, 39â effects on technology transfer, 3 40 obstacles to international collaboration, cooperative arrangements, 83â84 48â49 cost of ownership calculations, 220â221 recommendations, 41â52 employment, U.S., 67, 79 software development issues, 235â236 Fraunhofer Society interaction, 325â university-industry technology transfer 326, 328, 329â330 issues, 123â124 German focus, 250â252 Political environment German industrial research associations, future of U.S. federal laboratories, 147 243â244 in Helmholtz Centers, 313 government-funded, U.S., 65, 73â77 Private nonacademic R&D organizations government laboratory collaborations, affiliated institutes, U.S., 26â27, 155â 24, 135 156 grants to Max Planck institutes, 309 contributions, 152 Helmholtz Center interaction, 315â316, engineering/design/architectural firms, 317â319 171â172 industrial-nonindustrial linkages, U.S., in German R&D system, 39â40, 250, 89â90 326. See also Fraunhofer institutes infrastructural innovations, 88â89 independent institutes, U.S., 152â155 input to government, 48 manufacturing and production internationalization trends, 84 technologies, U.S., 200â201 manufacturing and production principal firms, U.S., 152, 154, 155â technology, 201, 209â211 156 microelectronics industry, 213â224 professional organizations, U.S., 170â new biotechnology companies, 180â183 171 nonmanufacturing industries, 81â82 recommendations for enhancing outsourcing trends, 83â84 technology transfer in Germany, 43, pathbreaking innovations, 89 44 recommendations for enhancing U.S. research parks, 169â170 system, 45â46, 47, 48 spending, U.S., 151â152, 153, 155 sectoral distribution, U.S., 80â82 technology business incubators, U.S., significance of start-up companies, 84â 167â170 87
420 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY sources of external technology for, 90â state industrial technology programs, 91 U.S., 77â79 spending, 4 university research funding, Germany, spending, U.S., 67, 79â80 274â278 structure of U.S. technology transfer system, 62 R support for smaller companies, 30â31 technical assistance programs, 119â121 R&D consortia, 27â29, 39 technology road maps for, 45â46 government encouragement, U.S., 156â university funding, Germany, 278â279 157 U.S system strengths and weaknesses, industrial trends, U.S., 83 88â90 industry, Germany, 243â244, 332â341 See also Universityâindustry relations international collaboration, 51 Professional associations, 170â171 legal environment, U.S., 156 computer science, 231 manufacturing and production in Germany, 257, 332â333 technologies, U.S., 209 manufacturing and production microelectronics industry, U.S., 217â technologies, 205, 210 219 recommendations for enhancing U.S. recommendations for U.S., 45, 46 R&D system, 46 spending, U.S., 157â158 support for smaller companies, 30â31 structure and operations, U.S., 156 Public monies technology transfer from, U.S., 159â academic research funding, 14â15 160, 162 allocation of R&D funds, 6â9 university-industry, U.S., 119 biotechnology research funding, U.S., Referral organizations, 162â164 184â186, 189 Regulation and legislation defense-related R&D, U.S., 70â72 antitrust law, 76, 209, 235â236 government funding of industry R&D, barriers to new technologyâbased firms U.S., 65, 89â90 in Germany, 259â260, 261, 262â263 health-related R&D spending, U.S., biotechnology issues, 182, 191â192, 184 345 industrial development R&D, U.S., 73â challenges to technology transfer 77 system, 41 for industrial research association to encourage industrial development, projects, Germany, 335 74â77 for long-term R&D projects, 51â52 to encourage technology transfer, 32â in manufacturing and production 34 technology R&D, U.S., 196â199 German university research, 274, 282â nondefense-related R&D, U.S., 72â73 283 public wage system, Germany, 43â44 obstacles to international collaboration, R&D objectives, U.S., 70 48â49 R&D spending, 40, 63â67, 246 obstacles to professional mobility in restrictions on academic research, Germany, 42â43 Germany, 282â283 obstacles to technology transfer in in software development R&D, U.S., Germany, 358â359 224â225 orphan drug research, 192â193 protections for R&D consortia, 156
INDEX 421 recommendations for enhancing Semiconductor technology, 32 German R&D, 42 German R&D, 252 recommendations for enhancing U.S. market characteristics, 214 R&D, 45 sources of early innovation, 216â217 technology transfer from U.S. federal technology roadmaps, 45â46, 222 laboratories, 133â135, 149â150 university R&D, 106â107 trade secrecy laws, 191 U.S. R&D, 214â215 See also Intellectual property regime; Service Industries, 81â82 Patent licensing; Taxation in Single European Act, 263 Germany Small Business Development Centers, 203 Research areas/topics Small Business Innovation Research, 77 academic distribution, 13â14, 92, 95 Small/medium-sized companies allocation of public monies, 6â9 acquisition of new technologies, 201 in CRADAs, 138â139 challenges to technology transfer distribution of funding, Germany, 279â system, 41 280 computer technology for, 54 distribution of government spending, cooperative research, Germany, 252â U.S., 72â73 258 European Union investments, 244 equity stock companies, 260 field-specific features of technology federal industrial development transfer, 36 initiatives, U.S., 76â77 focus of Max Planck institutes, 304 federal laboratory interaction, U.S., 143 at Helmholtz Centers, 313, 314â315 flat panel display innovation in, 222â industry trends, U.S., 80â82 223 international comparison, 6, 250â252, industrial research associations, 252, 296â300 Germany, 332 patent licensing activity, 250, 252 international collaboration, 51 spending, Germany, 244, 290â292 international comparison of R&D spending, U.S., 70 activities, 39 university-industry research centers, obstacles to research collaborations, U.S., 114 254â255 Research Corporation Technologies, 164â production and manufacturing industry, 165 194, 211, 345â346 Research parks, 169â170 technical assistance programs for, U.S., 119â121 technology transfer needs, 30â32, 90 S transfer mechanisms, Germany, 244â SAGE. See SemiâAutomatic Ground 245 Environment air defense system Smith-Lever Act, 133, 204 Sandia National Laboratory, 127, 198, Social and cultural factors 219 challenges to technology transfer SEMATECH, 76, 152, 157, 158, 209, system, 41 217, 218, 220â221, 222 entrepreneurial risk-taking mentality, Semi-Automatic Ground Environment air 347â348 defense system, 231, 232 recommendations for enhancing Semiconductor Research Corporation, German R&D, 42 107, 218, 222 in technology transfer, 36, 41
422 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY Social sciences/humanities, 14, 279 industrial technology programs, U.S., Socioeconomic objectives, 9 77â79 Software development state/university industry research computer science R&D and, 233â234 centers, U.S., 199 determinants of R&D activities, 227â for technology transfer, germany, 257 229 Stennis Space Center, 130 entrepreneurs, 234 Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation future prospects, 236â237 Act, 22, 74, 76, 133 German R&D, 290â292 outcomes, 144â145 industrial research association projects, provisions, 134â135 Germany, 338 Superconducting Supercollider, 184 intellectual property rights, 236 Supplier development programs, 210â211 for internal use, 226â227 international comparison of R&D, 297â T 298 market characteristics, 225â226 Taxation in Germany policy issues, 235â236 recommendations for enhancing R&D structure and spending, 224â225 technology transfer, 42, 43 sources of innovation, 225 research grants, 285 university-industry technology transfer, venture capital, 259â260, 262 122 TechLaw Group, 166â167 See also Computer science; Technical assistance programs, 119â121 Microelectronics industry stateâsponsored industrial extension, Software Productivity Consortium, 232â 204â206, 212â213 233 Technology business incubators, 121 Space exploration, 6â8, 72 federal laboratories and, 168â169 Start-up companies, 20 function, 168 biotechnology, 180â183 structure and operations, 167â168 equity ownership by academic Technology life cycle, 3 institutions, 108â110 Technology Reinvestment Project, 196, in Germany, 245, 258â263, 353â354 197â198, 208 international comparison, 39 Technology transfer legal environment, 261 from An-Institutes, 289â290 recommendations for enhancing in biotechnology industry, 177â193 technology transfer in Germany, 42 from Blue List institutes, 320 role in technology transfer, 29â30, 84â brokers, 164â166, 205 87, 258 case examples, germany, 349â358 state programs for, 206â209 channels in German universities, 284â technology business incubators, 121 287 U.S. federal laboratories and, 139 from colleges and universities, 99â108, U.S. trends, 84â85 292â294, 298 State and local R&D funds, 67 conference organizers, 167 for colleges and universities, U.S., 94, consultants, 166 97 contributions of individuals to, 36 distribution, U.S., 73 definition, 2â3 industrial technical assistance programs, determinants of success, at national U.S., 204â206 level, 3, 35â36
INDEX 423 determinants of success, Germany, U.S. federal laboratory mechanisms, 358â360 135â143 differences between U.S.-German Technology Transfer Act of 1986, 32â33 systems, 37â40 Technology Transfer Conferences, 167 direct form, 3 Textile technology, 351â352 Fraunhofer Society activities, 326â330 Trade secrecy laws, 191 goals, 2 government involvement, 40 U Helmholtz Center activities, 312, 315â 317 United Kingdom, 62 indirect form, 3 United States R&D system industrial research associations, academic employees, 70 Germany, 243â244, 339â341 academic research funding, 12â16 institutional challenges, 37 academic structure and function, 10â16, institutional participants, 2. see also 91â96 specific institutional type challenges to, 40â41 interfirm/intrafirm, 2, 90 college-university activities, 67â70 intermediary organizations, 162â174 contract research institutes, 26â27, 39â law firms, 166â167 40 manufacturing and production defense-related, 70â72 technologies, 193â213 federally-funded industrial development in mature industries, 30â32 initiatives, 73â77, 89â90 from Max Planck institutes, 309â312 government activities, 63â67 mechanisms, 2â3, 242â245 government employees, 67 from private nonacademic government incentives for technology organizations, U.S., 151â162, 174â transfer, 32â33 176 government laboratories, 20, 21â22, from R&D consortia, U.S., 159â160 24â25, 124â133 role of start-up companies, 29â30 government laboratories, future in semiconductor industry, 216â217 prospects for, 147â149 setting-specific features, 36, 122â123 government laboratories legislation, similarities between U.S.-German 133â135 systems, 37 government laboratory technology size of firm as factor in, 359 transfer, limitations of, 143â144 in small/medium-sized enterprises, government laboratory technology Germany, 244â245, 252â258 transfer effectiveness, 144â147 system effectiveness, Germany, 346â government laboratory technology 348 transfer mechanisms, 135â143 transnational, 34â35 human capital characteristics, 38â39 U.S. federal laboratory, future industry employees, 67 prospects, 147â149 industry spending, 67 U.S. federal laboratory, historical nonacademic nonprofit organizations, development, 133â135 70 U.S. federal laboratory effectiveness, nondefense-related, 72â73 144â147 objectives, 70 U.S. federal laboratory limitations, opportunities for German technology 143â144 transfer collaboration, 35
424 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY private sector resources, 79â80 focal research areas, Germany, 14, 279â R&D consortia, 27, 28â29, 39, 45, 46 280 recommendations for enhancing Fraunhofer Society relations, 328â329 technology transfer, 44â48 funding of research in, 9, 12â16, 65, 69, recommendations for fostering 274â282 international collaboration, 42, 48â52 funding sources, U.S., 93â95 responsibility, 38 funding trends, U.S., 95â96, 98 significance of start-up companies, 29, historical development of technology 39, 84â87 transfer, Germany, 272â274 small/medium-sized companies in, 30, innovation incentives for staff, 103, 187 31â32, 39, 45, 90 international differences in structure, 12 software development, 227â229, 236â international R&D collaboration, 50 237 marketing activities, 19 spending, 4, 5, 62â63, 67 patent activity, Germany, 300â302 state programs, 67, 77â79 patent licensing, 19â20, 44, 102â106 strengths and weaknesses of industrial patent royalties, U.S., 105â108 enterprise, 88â90 polytechnical schools, Germany, 273, strengths of, 45 286 structure, 62 public vs. private, U.S., 69 university-industry historical relations, R&D challenges for, 37 96â99 R&D employment, U.S., 70, 92 university-industry technology transfer, R&D spending, 4, 67 99â124, 296â300 recommendations for enhancing vs. German R&D system, 3, 4, 5â10, technology transfer, 43, 44, 46â47 37, 38, 39â40 structure and resources, U.S., 91â92 Universities and colleges technology licensing, case examples of, administrative structures, Germany, Germany, 354â358 282â284 technology transfer organizations in, basic/applied research, U.S., 67â69 103 biotechnology research, U.S., 183 See also University-industry relations computer science enrollments, U.S., University-industry relations, 47â48, 84 227 barriers to, in Germany, 294â295 computer science R&D spending, U.S., biotechnology research, 186â188 225 concerns about, 123â124 computer science research funding, contract research, 284, 286 U.S., 228â229 contract vs. grant research, 110â111 computer science technology transfer, funding of academic research, 13, 15â U.S., 231 16 contributions to technology transfer, 11 German R&D structure, 242 dissemination of good R&D practices, German technology transfer 46â47 mechanisms, 242â243, 245 distribution of licensing revenues, U.S., historical development, 96â99, 274 187â188 industrial liaison programs, 118â119 distribution of research expenditures by industry researchers as faculty, 17 research area, 13â14 industry-sponsored research, 110â111 diversity, U.S., 92 intellectual property rights, 190â191 external institutions, Germany, 287â290 international comparison, 296â300
INDEX 425 manufacturing and production industry, funding, 111, 112â114 199, 200, 203â204, 205 goals and missions, 114â115 microelectronics industry, 222 international collaboration, 50 perception of German university manufacturing and production institutes, 292â296, 298â299 technology R&D, 199, 200, 203â204, publication interference, 298â299 206 research consortia, 119 U.S. structure and operations, 111â113 start-up companies, 20, 108â110 vs. German university-industry technical assistance programs, 119â121 technology transfer, 296â300 technology business incubators, 121 technology transfer arrangements, 16â V 20 technology transfer effectiveness, 121â Venture capital firms, 172â173 124 biotechnology investments, 181â182 technology transfer mechanisms, 99â in Germany, 260â263 101, 101â108, 284â287 software development investments, 235 transfer of personnel in Germany, 286â 287 W University-industry research centers, 18, 19, 43, 76, 99 World Intellectual Property Organization, concerns with, 116â118 49 definition, 111 World Trade Organization, 49 effectiveness, 115â116 World War II, 97