NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is interim president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and interim vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
The work of the Committee on the Evaluation of National and State Assessments of Educational Progress is supported by the U.S. Department of Education under Grant No. EA95083001.
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Copyright 1996 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
COMMITTEE ON THE EVALUATION OF NATIONAL AND STATE ASSESSMENTS OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS
JAMES W. PELLEGRINO
(Chair),
Peabody College of Education and Human Development and Learning Technology Center, Vanderbilt University
GAIL BAXTER,
School of Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
NORMAN M. BRADBURN,
National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago
ALLAN COLLINS,
Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
STEPHEN B. DUNBAR,
College of Education, University of Iowa
THOMAS H. FISHER,
Bureau of Curriculum, Instruction, and Assessment, Florida Department of Education, Tallahassee
LARRY V. HEDGES,
Department of Education, University of Chicago
SHARON JOHNSON-LEWIS,
Department of Research, Development and Coordination, Detroit Public Schools, Michigan
RODERICK J.A. LITTLE,
Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan
ELSIE G.J. MOORE,
College of Education, Division of Psychology in Education, Arizona State University
NAMBURY S. RAJU,
Institute of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago
MARLENE SCARDAMALIA,
Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Toronto, Canada
GUADALUPE VALDES,
School of Education and Department of Spanish and Portuguese, Stanford University
SHEILA W. VALENCIA,
Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, University of Washington, Seattle
LAURESS L. WISE,
Human Resources Research Organization, Alexandria, Virginia
MICHAEL J. FEUER,
Director,
Board on Testing and Assessment
KAREN J. MITCHELL,
Senior Program Officer
HOLLY WELLS,
Administrative Assistant
BOARD ON TESTING AND ASSESSMENT 1995-1996
RICHARD J. SHAVELSON
(Chair),
School of Education, Stanford University
LAURIE J. BASSI
(Vice Chair),
American Society for Training and Development, Alexandria, Virginia
ROBERT L. LINN
(Vice Chair),
School of Education, University of Colorado
RICHARD C. ATKINSON,
President,
University of California
IRALINE G. BARNES,
Potomac Electric Power Co., Washington, D.C.
DAVID C. BERLINER,
College of Education, Arizona State University
PAUL J. BLACK,
School of Education, King's College, London
RICHARD F. ELMORE,
Graduate School of Education, Harvard University
ARTHUR S. GOLDBERGER,
Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin
EDMUND W. GORDON,
Department of Psychology, City University of New York
PAUL W. HOLLAND,
Graduate School of Education, University of California, Berkeley
SYLVIA T. JOHNSON,
School of Education, Howard University
CARL F. KAESTLE,
Department of Education, University of Chicago
MICHAEL W. KIRST,
School of Education, Stanford University
LUIS M. LAOSA,
Educational Testing Service, Princeton, New Jersey
RENÉE S. LERCHE,
Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan
ALAN M. LESGOLD,
Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh
JAMES L. OUTTZ,
Outtz and Associates, Washington, D.C.
PAUL R. SACKETT,
Industrial Relations Center, University of Minnesota
ALAN H. SCHOENFELD,
Graduate School of Education, University of California, Berkeley
WILLIAM L. TAYLOR,
Attorney at Law, Washington, D.C.
EWART A.C. THOMAS,
Department of Psychology, Stanford University
JACK WHALEN,
Institute for Research on Learning, Lewisville, Texas
MICHAEL J. FEUER,
Director
JAN LIVERANCE,
Administrative Assistant