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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1997. Valuing Ground Water: Economic Concepts and Approaches. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5498.
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Index

A

ABM. See Averting behavior model

Absolute ownership, 107

Acceptable risk, 118

Agricultural uses, 15, 17, 27, 69, 113, 130-131, 140-141.

See also Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution

AGU. See American Geophysical Union

AGWSE. See Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers

Air stripping, 43

Allocation of ground water, 1-2, 51-57, 106-114

laws regulating, 10, 105-113

American Geophysical Union (AGU), 124

American Water Resource Association (AWRA), 124

Appropriation doctrine. See Regulatory measures

Aquifers, 21, 31-36, 169.

See also individual aquifers

capacity of, 169

confined, 33-35, 39, 170

deep, 3, 34, 45

as managed storage facilities, 21, 146

recharge capability of, 26 (See also Recharge)

as three-dimensional, 32

transmissivity of, 170

unconfined, 33-35, 39, 172

Arizona, 40, 109-113, 147

Ground Water Management Act of 1980, 113-114, 154, 157

Tucson, 12, 128, 130, 153-163

Asset value. See Stock value

Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers (AGWSE), 124

Averting behavior model (ABM), 7, 9, 75-79, 87-90, 169

AWRA. See American Water Resource Association

B

Bacterial contaminants. See Pathogenic microbes

Base flow, 32, 169

Basins, 31-32, 169

benefits of, 36

Benefit-cost analysis (BCA), 56, 65, 106, 114, 120, 169

Benefits, 169

direct versus indirect (See Service flows)

Bequest value (BV), 98, 170.

See also Intergenerational equity

Best management practices (BMPs), 117

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1997. Valuing Ground Water: Economic Concepts and Approaches. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5498.
×

Bioeconomic assessment, 28

Bioremediation, 43

Brackish reject concentrate. See Reverse osmosis

Buffer value, 2, 21, 60, 77, 139, 141, 146, 159-162, 170

Bush, President George, 11

BV. See Bequest value

C

California, 21, 39, 109-111

Arvin-Edison, 12, 128-129, 140-142

Orange County, 12, 128-129, 142-148

San Joaquin Valley, 39

Capture, law of, 4, 37, 113, 171

Case studies, 12, 127-165.

See also specific states

lessons learned, 164-165

summarized, 127-130

CERCLA. See Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

Chlorinated hydrocarbons. See Organic contaminants

Clean Water Act (CWA), 10, 114, 116-117

Clinton, President William, 11

Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA), 116

COI. See Cost of illness method

Colorado, 112

Command-and-control approaches, 10

Commerce Department. See U.S. Department of Commerce

Committee on Ground Water Cleanup Alternatives, 26

Commodity prices, 57

Common law doctrines, 106-111

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability

Act (CERCLA), 1, 10, 44, 115, 149

Computer capacity, inadequate, 45

Cone of depression, 35, 109-110, 170

Confined aquifer. See Aquifer

Conjoint analysis. See Contingent valuation method (CVM)

Conjunctive use, 35-36, 111

Conservation efforts, 15, 39

little incentive for, 37

Consumers, basis of valuation, 49-50

Consumptive use, 170

Contamination, 4, 41-42.

See also Hazardous waste contamination;

Hydrologic cycle, anthropogenic modifications of;

Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs);

and specific contaminants

containing, 44

filtering out, 2, 35

laws regulating, 10

protecting against, 15, 17, 116-117

Contingent valuation method (CVM), 6-9, 27-28, 69, 76, 82-87, 90-100, 170

cautions about using, 83-85

questionnaire, sample of, 84, 174-176

Corps of Engineers, 124

Correlative rights, 107-108

Cost-benefit analysis. See Benefit-cost analysis (BCA)

Cost of illness (COI) method, 7, 9, 75, 78

Costs, 14, 25-26, 31, 35, 37, 74-77, 160, 170

dynamic, 72

of water treatment, 42-44, 118-119

Current use value. See Use value

CVM. See Contingent valuation method

CWA. See Clean Water Act

CZMA. See Coastal Zone Management Act

D

Deep aquifers. See Aquifers

Deep-well injection, 42

Defense Department. See U.S. Department of Defense

Depletion, 32-35

Depression. See Cone of depression

Derived demand method. See Costs

Dealination, low pressure. See Nanofiltration

Direct approaches, 28, 82-86, 90-99, 170

Discharge. See Depletion

Discounting, 5-6, 54-56, 65-66, 170.

See also Future value (FV);

Risk premiums

Disposal options, 42

Disutility, measuring. See Contingent valuation method (CVM)

Diversity. See Wildlife habitat

Double counting errors, 8, 20, 99

Drawdown, 139, 170

Drought, 4, 38.

See also Buffer value

Dynamic price, 71-73

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1997. Valuing Ground Water: Economic Concepts and Approaches. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5498.
×

E

Eastern correlative rights. See Correlative rights

Ecological diversity. See Wildlife habitat

Economics of environmental resources, 2, 4, 65, 68-86

history of, 68-70, 123

methods for, 73-86

Economics of ground water use, 37-40, 57

analyzing, 60-65

current knowledge of, 86-99

Edwards Aquifer, 112

Effluent, treated, 21, 155

Energy Department. See U.S. Department of Energy

Environmental economics. See Economics of environmental resources;

Economics of ground water use

Environmental Protection Agency, 1-2, 9-11, 17, 28, 90, 100, 114-119, 123-125

Environmental quality. See Quality of ground water;

Willingness to accept (WTA);

Willingness to pay (WTP)

Estimating implicit prices. See Hedonic price method (HPM)

EV. See Existence value

Evaporation ponds, 42

Executive Orders, 10-11, 119

Existence value (EV), 85-86, 98, 132, 162, 170

Exploitation. See Open access resource;

Optimal time rate of use

Extractive costs. See Costs

Extractive rights, 11, 37

Extractive uses, 58-59

history of, 14-19

Extractive value, 2, 8, 17, 20, 62-63, 164, 170

Exxon Valdez oil spill, 86

F

Fairness issues, 56-57

Farm policies, 57.

See also Policy-making

Fecal material. See Pathogenic microbes

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), 116

Flood flows, 21

Florida, 21, 39, 111, 113

Flow value, 20

Fossil water. See Aquifers, deep

Free-rider behavior errors, 83

Fuel hydrocarbons. See Organic contaminants

Future value (FV), 70-71, 105, 171

G

Global cycles, 32

Gross benefits. See Benefit-cost analysis (BCA)

Ground water, 58-60.

See also Allocation of ground water;

Economics of ground water use;

Quality of ground water;

Value of ground water

balance of, 32-35, 52

defined, 169

dependence on, 21

flow diagram, 49, 62-65

managing, 65

rights, 121-122

saline (See Intrusion of sea water)

Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment, 64

H

Habitat value, 162-163

Habitats

aquatic, 38

riparian, 137-139, 164, 172

wildlife (See Wildlife habitats)

Hazardous waste contamination, 26.

See also Superfund sites

Health-based regulation, 118-119, 164

Hedonic price method (HPM), 9, 69, 75-76, 79-81, 161-162, 171

HPM. See Hedonic price method

Human health perspectives. See Health-based regulation

Hydraulic conductivity, 33-35, 170

Hydrocarbons. See Organic contaminants

Hydroelectric uses, 15

Hydrologic cycle, 31-36

anthropogenic modifications of, 32-33, 41-42, 57, 62

Hydrologic uncertainty, 44-45

Hydrostatic pressure. See Potentiometric surface

I

Illness, cost of. See Cost of illness (COI)

Implicit prices, estimating. See Hedonic price method (HPM)

Incremental value, 160-161, 171

Indirect approaches, 7, 9, 27-28, 74-81, 87-90, 171

Infinite value, 1

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1997. Valuing Ground Water: Economic Concepts and Approaches. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5498.
×

In situ services, 17, 20, 63, 159, 171 defined, 2, 60

In situ value, 2, 63

Institutions, decision-making by, 51-55, 154-156

Integrated plan. See Conjunctive use

Interactions. See Conjunctive use

Interdisciplinary study, 165

Interflow, 32

Intergenerational equity, 5, 56, 171

Interior Department. See U.S. Department of the Interior

Intertemporal optimization, 48, 162

Intrusion of sea water, 2, 21, 39-40, 60, 142-145

Ion exchange, 43

Irreversibility, 171

Irrigation uses, 15

Israel, 77

K

Knowledge of respondents, presumed, 94

L

Land subsidence. See Subsidence of land surface

Land use planning, 17

Law of capture. See Capture

Legal considerations, 10, 121-122

Long-term view, 4, 6, 46

M

Management practices. See Best management practices (BMPs);

Ground water;

Watersheds;

Wildlife habitats

Mandates. See Unfunded mandates

Marginal user cost. See Opportunity costs

Marginal value, 171

Market value, 6, 13-14, 76, 171.

See also Water marketing

Massachusetts

Boston, 87-90

Woburn, 12, 128-130, 149-153

Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), 114-115, 157

MCLs. See Maximum contaminant levels

Measurements, imprecise, 45

Membrane filtration. See Nanofiltration;

Reverse osmosis

Model uncertainty, 45

Municipal water use, 77, 137, 142, 146-148

N

Nanofiltration, 156-158, 171

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 8, 82, 86, 124

National Research Council (NRC), 2, 26, 28-29, 44

National Science Foundation, 123

National Water Research Institute, 2

Natural assets, 48, 54-55

Natural discharge, 171

Natural recharge. See Aquifers, deep

Natural resource damage assessment (NRDA), 86

Natural resource districts (NRDs), 111

Natural resource valuation. See Economics of environmental resources

Nebraska, 110-111

Negotiated transactions value. See Market value

Neoclassical welfare economics. See Welfare economics

Nevada, 110, 147

New Mexico, 34, 112

Albuquerque, 12, 128-129, 136-140

Nitrate contaminants, 92, 130-131

NOAA. See National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Nonmarket value, 8, 27, 54, 69, 74-86, 171

Nonorganic contaminants. See Nitrate contaminants

Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution, 32, 116-117, 171

Nonrenewable resource. See Safe yield

Nonuse value, 6-9, 17, 20, 49-50, 98-99, 171

estimating, 28, 69, 85-86

NPS. See Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution

NRC. See National Research Council

NRDA. See Natural resource damage assessment

NRDs. See Natural resource districts

O

Ocean discharge, 42

Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 120

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1997. Valuing Ground Water: Economic Concepts and Approaches. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5498.
×

Ogallala aquifer, 34, 45, 110

Oil Pollution Control Act of 1990, 86

Oklahoma, 34

OMB. See Office of Management and Budget

Open access resource, 4, 37, 171

Opportunity costs, 56, 78, 161

Optimal time rate of use, 71-72

Option value, 92, 171-172

Oregon, Treasure Valley, 12, 128-132

Organic contaminants, 41, 43, 79, 149

Osmotic processes. See Reverse osmosis

Overdrafting, 4, 38-39, 45, 137, 172

P

PAHs. See Organic contaminants

Parasites. See Pathogenic microbes

Passive use value. See Nonuse value

Pathogenic microbes, 41, 158

Payment vehicle, 96-97

Pennsylvania, 87-90

Laurel Ridge, 12, 128-129, 133-136

Percolation. See Recharge

Permeability. See Hydraulic conductivity

Permits. See Regulatory measures

Phenols. See Organic contaminants

Phthalates. See Organic contaminants

Piezometric surface. See Potentiometric surface

Point source pollution, 15, 57, 114-115

Policy-making, 5, 8, 14, 24.

See also Water marketing;

Welfare economics

changing priorities, 118-121

Pollution. See Contamination;

Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution;

Point source pollution

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). See Organic contaminants

Pore water pressure, 170

Potentiometric surface, 33-35, 172

Prescriptive rights, 109

Present value, 55, 172

Presumed knowledge. See Knowledge of respondents, presumed

Price elasticity, 77

Production costs. See Costs

Property rights, 121-122

Property values. See Hedonic price method (HPM)

Protozoan contaminants. See Pathogenic microbes

Public perceptions, 26, 59, 90, 95-97, 174-175

Public policy. See Policy-making

Pumping rate. See Aquifers, transmissivity of;

Cone of depression

Pumping technology, 15, 37

Pump taxes. See Taxes, pump

Q

Quality of ground water, 10, 24-26, 40-45, 53.

See also Contamination;

Remediating ground water

effect on value, 58, 161

protecting, 114-118

Quantity of ground water. See Ground water, balance of

Quotas, 5, 38, 46

R

Rainfall, 62-63

Rate of time preference, 172

RCRA. See Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

Reagan, President Ronald, 10, 119

Reasonable use, 107, 109

Recharge, 32-35, 122, 159-160, 172.

See also Aquifers, deep;

Safe yield

rate of, 3, 33

Recommendations, 45-46, 66, 100, 125.

See also Research needed

Recreational value, 2, 59, 134, 172.

See also Travel cost method

Recycling, 15.

See also Remediating ground water

Reducing Risk, 1, 122

Regulatory impact assessments (RIAs), 119-121, 172

Regulatory measures, 108-111.

See also Quotas;

Taxes, pump

Remediating ground water, 25, 172.

See also Bioremediation;

Effluent, treated;

Restoration

laws regulating, 10

Renovating ground water. See Remediating ground water

Research needed, 9, 11, 46, 122-124

Resource allocation. See Allocation

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 10, 44, 115

Resource units, 169

Restoration, 4-5, 44-45

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1997. Valuing Ground Water: Economic Concepts and Approaches. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5498.
×

Revealed preferences approaches. See Indirect approaches

Reverse osmosis, 43, 156-158, 172

RIAs. See Regulatory impact assessments

Rights. See Correlative rights;

Extractive rights;

Ground water rights;

Prescriptive rights;

Property rights

Riparian habitats. See Habitats, riparian

Risk assessment, 8, 106, 114, 120.

See also Acceptable risk

Risk premiums, 8

Riverine habitats. See Habitats, riparian

Runoff. See Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution

S

SAB. See Science Advisory Board

Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), 10, 17, 114-115, 117, 120, 133

Safety of public water supplies

perceptions of (See Public perceptions)

willingness to pay for, 175-176

Safe yield, 35, 136, 139, 154

Salt water intrusion. See Intrusion of sea water

Sampling errors, 45

SARA. See Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act

Scarcity, 56

Science Advisory Board (SAB), 1

SDWA. See Safe Drinking Water Act

Semipermeable membrane. See Reverse osmosis

Service flows, 49, 62-65, 172

changes in, 36, 47, 160-161

potential, 21-24

Shortages, buffering. See Buffer value

Silvicultural use. See Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution

Starting point bias, 83-84

Statistical errors, 45

Steady-state equilibrium, 4, 36, 38

Stochastic modeling, 165

Stock value, 20

Subsidence of land surface, 2-3, 21, 38, 138, 154

disruptions caused by, 39, 60, 161

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA), 10, 117, 149

Superfund laws, 11, 17, 106.

See also Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act;

Superfund Amendments and

Reauthorization Act (SARA)

Superfund sites, 44, 117-118, 149-152

Supply development, 26, 156

Supply disruptions. See Buffer value

Surface water, 21, 33.

See also Value of surface water

flow reductions in, 39-40

Surfical aquifers. See Aquifers, unconfined

Surrogate measures, 3

Survey-based techniques. See Contingent valuation method (CVM)

Sustainable yield. See Safe yield

T

Takings, 121-122

Taxes, pump, 5, 38, 46

TCE. See Trichloroethylene

TCM. See Travel cost method

TDS. See Total dissolved solids

Technology-based regulation, 119.

See also Treatment technologies

TEV. See Total economic value

Texas, 34, 111

Houston/Baytown region, 39

San Antonio, 112

Time-dependent benefit or cost. See Dynamic price;

Future value (FV);

Intertemporal optimization;

Present value

Total dissolved solids (TDS), 158, 161

Total economic value (TEV), 2-12, 48-50, 63-65, 100, 112, 123-125, 150, 164, 172

Transaction value. See Market value

Transferring water rights. See Water marketing

Transfer value, 9, 11

Travel cost method (TCM), 27, 69, 75, 81, 172

Treatment technologies, 42-43

Trichloroethylene (TCE), 149, 151-152

U

Uncertainty, 95, 151-153, 163.

See also Hydrologic uncertainty

Unconfined aquifer. See Aquifer

Underground storage tanks (USTs), 10, 115

Unfunded mandates, 11, 120

Unfunded Mandates Act of 1995, 120-121

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 156

U.S. Constitution, 121

U.S. Department of Commerce, 86

U.S. Department of Defense, 2, 17, 123

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1997. Valuing Ground Water: Economic Concepts and Approaches. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5498.
×

U.S. Department of Energy, 2, 17, 123

U.S. Department of the Interior, 118

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), 137

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 15, 124, 137

Use conflicts, 134

Use value, 6-7, 11, 17, 20, 172-173

USGS. See U.S. Geological Survey

USTs. See Underground storage tanks

V

Validity issues, 8

Valuation framework, 5-6, 47-67.

See also Total economic value (TEV)

Valuation of natural resources. See Economics of environmental resources

Value.

See also Transfer value

Value of ground water.

See also Bequest value (BV);

Buffer value;

Existence value (EV);

Extractive value;

Flow value;

Future value (FV);

Habitat value;

Incremental value;

Infinite value;

In situ value;

Marginal value;

Market value;

Nonmarket value;

Nonuse value;

Option value;

Present value;

Recreational value;

Stock value;

Total economic value (TEV);

Use value

alternative methods, 25

defined, 1, 64, 173

history of, 13-28

taxonomies of, 17, 20, 49, 59-60, 173

Value of surface water, 14

Viral contaminants. See Pathogenic microbes

Volatile organic contaminants. See Organic contaminants

W

Waivers, 114

Waste disposal sites.

See also Hazardous waste contamination

laws regulating, 10

Water marketing, 10, 112-113

Water protection district, 175-176

Water quality, sources of information about, 175-176

Water rights. See Ground water, rights

Watersheds, 31-32, 169

managing, 35

Water table. See Potentiometric surface

Welfare economics, 74, 171, 173

Well drilling, laws regulating, 24

Wellhead protection (WHP) programs, 17, 117

Well interference conflicts, 109-110

Western correlative rights. See Correlative rights

WHP. See Wellhead protection (WHP) programs

Wildlife habitats

destruction of, 25

diversity of, 2

managing, 21, 61

Willingness to accept (WTA), 6-7, 74, 82, 173

Willingness to pay (WTP), 6-7, 31, 40, 74-75, 78-82, 93, 173

meaningless estimates of, 85

Withdrawals. See Extractive uses

WTA. See Willingness to accept

WTP. See Willingness to pay

Y

Yea saying bias, 84

Yield. See Safe yield

Z

Zoning, 117

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1997. Valuing Ground Water: Economic Concepts and Approaches. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5498.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1997. Valuing Ground Water: Economic Concepts and Approaches. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5498.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1997. Valuing Ground Water: Economic Concepts and Approaches. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5498.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1997. Valuing Ground Water: Economic Concepts and Approaches. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5498.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1997. Valuing Ground Water: Economic Concepts and Approaches. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5498.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1997. Valuing Ground Water: Economic Concepts and Approaches. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5498.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1997. Valuing Ground Water: Economic Concepts and Approaches. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5498.
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Because water in the United State has not been traded in markets, there is no meaningful estimate of what it would cost if it were traded. But failing to establish ground water's value—for in situ uses such as sustaining wetlands as well as for extractive uses such as agriculture—will lead to continued overuse and degradation of the nation's aquifers.

In Valuing Ground Water an interdisciplinary committee integrates the latest economic, legal, and physical knowledge about ground water and methods for valuing this resource, making it comprehensible to decision-makers involved in Superfund cleanup efforts, local wellhead protection programs, water allocation, and other water-related management issues. Using the concept of total economic value, this volume provides a framework for calculating the economic value of ground water and evaluating tradeoffs between competing uses of it. Included are seven case studies where ground-water valuation has been or could be used in decisionmaking.

The committee examines trends in ground-water management, factors that contribute to its value, and issues surrounding ground-water allocation and legal rights to its use. The book discusses economic valuation of natural resources and reviews several valuation methods.

Presenting conclusions, recommendations, and research priorities, Valuing Ground Water will be of interest to those concerned about ground-water issues: policymakers, regulators, economists, attorneys, researchers, resource managers, and environmental advocates.

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