National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5582.
×

Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants

Volume 1

SUBCOMMITTEE ON MILITARY SMOKES AND OBSCURANTS

COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY

BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY

COMMISSION ON LIFE SCIENCES

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
WASHINGTON, D.C.,
1997

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5582.
×

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20418

NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is interim president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

The project was supported by the U.S. Department of Defense under contract DAMD 17-89-C-9086.

Additional copies of this report are available from the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20418.

Copyright 1997 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5582.
×

Subcommittee on the Assessment of Military Smokes and Obscurants

MICHELE A. MEDINSKY (Chair),

Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, N.C.

DEBORAH A. CORY-SLECHTA,

University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, N.Y.

CHARLES E. FEIGLEY,

University of South Carolina School of Public Health, Columbia, S.C.

DONALD E. GARDNER,

Inhalation Toxicology Associates, Raleigh, N.C.

SIDNEY GREEN,

Corning Hazelton, Inc., Vienna, Va.

ROGENE F. HENDERSON,

Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, N.Mex.

CAROLE A. KIMMEL,

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

Staff

KULBIR S. BAKSHI, Program Director for the

Committee on Toxicology

MARGARET M. MCVEY, Project Director

RUTH E. CROSSGROVE, Editor

CATHERINE M. KUBIK, Senior Program Assistant

LINDA V. LEONARD, Senior Project Assistant

LUCY V. FUSCO, Program Assistant

Sponsor: U.S. Department of Defense

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5582.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5582.
×

Committee on Toxicology

ROGENE F. HENDERSON (Chair),

Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, N.Mex.

DONALD E. GARDNER (Vice-Chair),

Inhalation Toxicology Associates, Raleigh, N.C.

GERMAINE M. BUCK,

State University of New York at Buffalo, N.Y.

DEBORAH A. CORY-SLECHTA,

University of Rochester, N.Y.

KEVIN E. DRISCOLL,

Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio

ELAINE M. FAUSTMAN,

University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.

CHARLES E. FEIGLEY,

University of South Carolina, Columbia, S.C.

DAVID W. GAYLOR,

U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Ark.

IAN A. GREAVES,

University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.

SIDNEY GREEN,

Corning Hazleton, Inc., Vienna, Va.

WILLIAM E. HALPERIN,

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Atlanta, Ga.

LOREN D. KOLLER,

Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oreg.

GEORGE B. KOELLE,

University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.

DANIEL KREWSKI,

Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario

THOMAS E. MCKONE,

University of California, Berkeley, Calif.

MICHELE A. MEDINSKY,

Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, N.C.

JOHN L. O'DONOGHUE,

Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N.Y.

ROBERT SNYDER,

Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, N.J.

BERNARD M. WAGNER,

Wagner Associates, Inc., Millburn, N.J.

BAILUS WALKER JR.,

Howard University, Washington, D.C.

ANNETTA P. WATSON,

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.

HANSPETER R. WITSCHI,

University of California, Davis, Calif.

GAROLD S. YOST,

University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5582.
×

Staff of the Committee on Toxicology

KULBIR S. BAKSHI, Program Director

MARGARET E. MCVEY, Program Officer

RUTH E. CROSSGROVE, Editor

CATHERINE M. KUBIK, Senior Program Assistant

LUCY V. FUSCO, Program Assistant

LINDA V. LEONARD, Senior Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5582.
×

Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology

PAUL G. RISSER (Chair),

Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oreg.

MAY R. BERENBAUM,

University of Illinois, Urbana, III.

EULA BINGHAM,

University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio

PAUL BUSCH,

Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., White Plains, N.Y.

EDWIN H. CLARK II,

Clean Sites, Inc., Alexandria, Va.

ELLIS COWLING,

North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C.

GEORGE P. DASTON,

The Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio

PETER L. DEFUR,

Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va.

David L. Eaton,

University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.

DIANA FRECKMAN,

Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colo.

ROBERT A. FROSCH,

Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

DANIEL KREWSKI,

Health & Welfare Canada, Ottawa, Ontario

RAYMOND C. LOEHR,

The University of Texas, Austin, Tex.

WARREN MUIR,

Hampshire Research Institute, Alexandria, Va.

GORDON ORIANS,

University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.

GEOFFREY PLACE,

Hilton Head, S.C.

BURTON H. SINGER,

Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.

MARGARET STRAND,

Bayh, Connaughton and Malone, Washington, D.C.

BAILUS WALKER, JR.,

Howard University, Washington, D.C.

GERALD N. WOGAN,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.

TERRY F. YOSIE,

E. Bruce Harrison Co., Washington, D.C.

Staff

JAMES J. REISA, Director

DAVID J. POLICANSKY, Associate Director and Program Director for Natural Resources and Applied Ecology

CAROL A. MACZKA, Program Director for Toxicology and Risk Assessment

LEE R. PAULSON, Program Director for Information Systems and Statistics

RAYMOND A. WASSEL, Program Director for Environmental Sciences and Engineering

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5582.
×

Commission on Life Sciences

THOMAS D. POLLARD (Chair),

The Salk Institute, La Jolla, Calif.

FREDERICK R. ANDERSON,

Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft, Washington, D.C.

JOHN C. BAILAR III,

University of Chicago, Chicago, III.

PAUL BERG,

Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif.

JOHN E. BURRIS,

Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass.

SHARON L. DUNWOODY,

University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc.

URSULA W. GOODENOUGH,

Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.

HENRY W. HEIKKINEN,

University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colo.

HANS J. KENDE,

Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich.

SUSAN E. LEEMAN,

Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass.

THOMAS E. LOVEJOY,

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

DONALD R. MATTISON,

University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.

JOSEPH E. MURRAY,

Wellesley Hills, Mass.

EDWARD E. PENHOET,

Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, Calif.

EMIL A. PFITZER,

Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Hackensack, N.J.

MALCOLM C. PIKE,

University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif.

HENRY C. PITOT III,

University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc.

JONATHAN M. SAMET,

The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.

CHARLES F. STEVENS,

The Salk Institute, La Jolla, Calif.

JOHN L. VANDEBERG,

Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Tex.

PAUL GILMAN, Executive Director

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5582.
×

Other Recent Reports of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology

Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet: A Comparison of Naturally Occurring Synthetic and Natural Substances (1996)

Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest (1996)

Science and the Endangered Species Act (1995)

Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries (1995)

Biologic Markers (Urinary Toxicology (1995), Immunotoxicology (1992), Environmental Neurotoxicology (1992), Pulmonary Toxicology (1989), Reproductive Toxicology (1989))

Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (three reports, 1994-1995)

Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment (1994)

Ranking Hazardous Sites for Remedial Action (1994)

Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993)

Issues in Risk Assessment (1993)

Setting Priorities for Land Conservation (1993)

Protecting Visibility in National Parks and Wilderness Areas (1993)

Dolphins and the Tuna Industry (1992)

Environmental Neurotoxicology (1992)

Hazardous Materials on the Public Lands (1992)

Science and the National Parks (1992)

Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards (1991)

Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program, Volumes I-IV (1991-1993)

Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants (1991)

Monitoring Human Tissues for Toxic Substances (1991)

Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution (1991)

Decline of the Sea Turtles (1990)

Tracking Toxic Substances at Industrial Facilities (1990)

Copies of these reports may be ordered from the National Academy Press (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5582.
×

Other Recent Reports of the Committee on Toxicology

Toxicity of Alternatives to Chlorofluorocarbons: HFC-134a and HCFC-123 (1996)

Permissible Exposure Levels for Selected Military Fuel Vapors (1996)

Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Volume I (1994), Volume 2 (1996), and Volume 3 (1996)

Nitrate and Nitrite in Drinking Water (1995)

Guidelines for Chemical Warfare Agents in Military Field Drinking Water (1995)

Review of the U.S. Naval Medical Research Institute's Toxicology Program (1994)

Health Effects of Permethrin-Impregnated Army Battle-Dress Uniforms (1994)

Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride (1993)

Guidelines for Developing Community Emergency Exposure Levels for Hazardous Substances (1993)

Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants (1992)

Review of the U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency Toxicology Division (1991)

Permissible Exposure Levels and Emergency Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Airborne Contaminants (1991)

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5582.
×

Preface

U.S. ARMY personnel are exposed to various smokes and other obscurants during combat training. This report is intended to assist the Army in its efforts to ensure that exposures to these substances do not adversely effect the health of military personnel or the public living and working near military-training facilities. In this report, the National Research Council's Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants reviews the available toxicity data on four obscuring smokes—fog oil, diesel fuel, red phosphorus, and hexachloroethane—and develops exposure guidance levels for each.

The subcommittee was greatly assisted by several individuals who provided information on the uses and toxicity of the smokes considered in this report. We gratefully acknowledge Colonel Francis L. O'Donnell, Major James Martin, Lieutenant Colonel Forrest Oliverson, and the Office of the Surgeon General of the U.S. Army for their interest and support of this project. We also thank other persons who provided information for the subcommittee, including Winnifred Palmer, Sandra Thomson, Stephen Kistner, and Michael Burnham (all from the U.S. Army), Ian Greaves (University of Minnesota), David Gaylor (U.S. Food and Drug Administration), and Catherine Aranyi (IIT Research Institute).

We are grateful for the assistance of the NRC staff in the

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5582.
×

preparation of this report. In particular, the subcommittee wishes to acknowledge Kulbir S. Bakshi, program director for the Committee on Toxicology, and Margaret E. McVey, project director for the subcommittee. Other staff members who contributed to this effort are Paul Gilman, executive director of the Commission on Life Sciences; James J. Reisa, director of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology; Carol A. Maczka, program director for toxicology and risk assessment; Ruth E. Crossgrove, editor; and Lucy Fusco and Linda V. Leonard, project assistants.

Finally, we would like to thank all the members of the subcommittee for their expertise and dedicated effort throughout development of this report.

Michele A. Medinsky, Ph.D.

Chair, Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants

Rogene F. Henderson, Ph.D.

Chair, Committee on Toxicology

Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5582.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5582.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5582.
×

List of Abbreviations


ACGIH

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists


COT

Committee on Toxicology

CT

the product of concentration and time


DOD

U.S. Department of Defense


EEGL

emergency exposure guidance level

EPA

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency


FDA

U.S. Food and Drug Administration


HCE

hexachloroethane (the chemical)

HC

hexachloroethane (when combined with zinc oxide to produce a smoke)

HEPA

high-efficiency particulate air


IARC

International Agency for Research on Cancer


LC50

lethal concentration for 50% of the test animals

LCT50

lethal concentration multiplied by exposure time for 50% of the test animals

LD50

lethal dose for 50% of the test animals

LOAEL

lowest-observed-adverse-effect level


MOUT

military operations in urban terrain


NIOSH

U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

NOAEL

no-observed-adverse-effect level

NRC

National Research Council

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5582.
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OSHA

U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration


PAH

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PEL

permissible exposure limit

PEGL

permissible emergency guidance level

PPEGL

permissible public exposure guidance level


RP-BR

red phosphorus-butyl rubber


SPEGL

short-term public exposure guidance level

STEL

short-term exposure limit


TLV

Threshold Limit Value

TWA

time-weighted average


VEESS

vehicle-engine-exhaust-smoke system

Page xvii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5582.
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Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants

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