Index
A
Acidic gases and aerosols, 2, 23, 50, 51-52, 104, 110
air pollution control devices, 42, 43, 45-46, 49, 51, 103
fly ash, 64-65
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT),
risk assessments, 113, 134-139, 166, 178
urban areas, 138
see also Hydrogen chloride;
Nitrogen and
nitrogen oxides;
Sulfates
Accidents, see Upset conditions, accidents and malfunctions
Adolescents, 139
Advocacy, 13, 21, 193, 209-210, 211-212, 218-
Age factors, human, 118, 123, 126, 127, 128, 175
adolescents, 139
elderly persons, 132, 140, 162, 193
food contamination effects, 90
see also Children;
Elderly persons
Age of incinerators, 8, 38, 42, 126, 130, 184, 188, 197-198, 214, 215, 234
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
arsenic, 88
dioxins and furans, 93
lead, 91
local population studies, 120
mercury, 90
risk assessments, 116, 141-142
Superfund sites, 200
Agriculture, see Rural areas
AIDS, 24
Air dispersion coefficients, 6, 70, 76-77, 99, 132
Air-injection systems, 2-3, 40, 46, 48, 66-69 (passim)
Air pollution, general, 4-5, 14, 71, 109, 248
air-dispersion coefficients, 6, 70, 76-77, 99, 132
multimedia transport models, 79-80, 108-109, 255
plant contamination and, 77, 107
process emissions, 1, 2-4, 50-56, 211
see also Air pollution control devices;
Ambient pollutant concentrations;
specific pollutants
Air pollution control devices, 3, 10-11, 17, 24, 27, 30, 31-32, 34, 35, 42-50, 68-69, 163-164, 166, 179
acid gases and aerosols, 42, 43, 45-46, 49, 51, 103
best practices, 67
carbon absorption, 42, 47, 49, 52-53, 56, 66, 67, 188-189
dioxins, 3, 42, 47-48, 52, 54-56, 58-59, 62, 188
dry-sorbent injection, 3, 45-46, 65, 66, 67
foreign countries, 8, 22, 23, 214-215
fugitive emissions, 35, 63, 187, 191, 251
hazardous wastes, 23, 43, 45, 49
historical perspectives, 63
hydrogen chloride, 3, 45, 49, 51, 55, 56, 66
lead, 53-54
mercury,
municipal solid waste, 21, 42-46 (passim), 55-56, 215, 301
nitrogen and nitrogen oxides, 42, 46-47, 49, 52, 66, 67
occupation exposures due to,
particulate matter, 42, 43-45, 47, 51, 54, 63, 103
standards, 188, 194, 195, 203, 204, 205, 215;
see also Maximum Achievable
Control Technology (MACT) sulfates, 3, 45, 49, 51, 55, 66
temperature factors, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 53, 55
see also Carbon absorption;
Dry-sorbent injection;
Electrostatic precipitators;
Emission monitoring;
Fabric filters;
Filters;
Wet scrubbers
Allergies, 138-139
Aluminum, 31, 55, 127, 137, 164
Ambient pollutant concentrations, 1, 5, 15, 75, 79, 80, 82, 98-110, 113, 179
carbon monoxide, 97
dioxins, 100-110 (passim), 172, 179
epidemiological studies, 123
furans, 100-107 (passim), 109-110, 179
hazardous waste emissions, 98-103
health effects, 4, 11, 179, 180, 181
hydrogen chloride, 97
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT),
monitoring, 103-110
nitrogen oxides, 136
particulates, 100, 101, 102, 103, 108, 131-
standards, 2, 5, 91, 97, 155, 189
American Cancer Society, 133-134
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 49, 69, 188, 208-209, 303
Animals and animal studies, 15, 73-74, 75, 81, 94, 110, 115, 116, 128-129, 163
arsenic, 151
cadmium, 141
carbon monoxide, 140
dioxins, 157, 158, 159, 172, 174
hydrogen chloride, risk assessments, 136-137
medical wastes defined, 200
PAHs, 160-161
PCBs, 159
sulfates, 139
see also Dairy products;
Fish;
Meat
Antimony, 196
Arches, furnaces, 41
Arsenic, 50, 87-88, 109, 127, 151, 153-154, 196, 197
acidic, 64-65
air pollution control devices, 64, 65
bottom ash, 2, 3, 14, 17, 31, 34, 35, 53, 55, 63, 65, 66, 187
design of facilities and, 4
fly ash, 3, 31, 37, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 63-64, 65, 66, 163, 164, 187
epidemiological studies, 127-128
occupational exposures, 64, 207-208
output controls, 30
Asthma, 122, 123, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 162
ATSDR, see Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Attitudes, see Psychological factors;
Public opinion
Autoclaving, 26
B
Bag houses, see Fabric filters
Batteries, 31, 32, 64, 67, 85, 91, 192
Belgium, 23
Benzo(a)pyrene, 161
Beryllium, 50, 155, 156, 157, 196, 197
see also Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT)
Bill boarding, 214-215
Biological markers, 113, 114, 118, 119-120, 142, 181
Biological waste, see Hazardous waste;
Medical waste
Black persons, see African-Americans
Blood, see Hematology
Boilers and industrial furnaces (BIFs), 13, 17, 64, 303
hazardous waste, 23, 24, 41, 193, 194-195
national statistics, 18
Bottom ash, see Ash
Bull noses, 41
C
Cadmium, 3, 6, 32, 50, 65, 86, 87, 98, 106-107, 109
food contamination, 86, 87, 98, 143
health effects, epidemiological studies, 127
exposure pathways, 82, 98, 140-142, 143
risk assessments, 113, 140-142, 143, 144
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT),
medical waste, 26, 201, 202, 203, 205
occupational exposures, 165, 168
soil contamination, 85, 86, 87, 106
standards other than MACT, 190
California Air Resources Board, 182
Canada, 193
arsenic ingestion, 88
dioxin ingestion, 94
hazardous waste, 23
Cancer and carcinogenicity, 162, 163
cadmium, 144
epidemiological studies, 124-126, 128
PAHs, 160
respiratory, 124, 125, 151, 155, 156, 157
risk assessments, 114, 116, 130, 143, 144, 147, 151-157 (passim), 162, 163
Carbon absorption, 42, 47, 49, 52-53, 56, 66, 67, 188-189
Carbon dioxide, 2, 31, 37, 50, 97, 309
Carbon monoxide (CO), 2, 31, 37, 49, 50, 97, 98, 110
incomplete combustion, 56
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT),
medical waste, 200-204 (passim), 303
off-normal operation, 60, 62, 303, 305, 307-309
risk assessments, 113, 139-140, 178
standards, 97, 113, 184, 191, 192, 195, 197, 199-205 (passim), 214, 305, 308
Carcinogenicity, see Cancer and carcinogenicity
Cardiovascular effects, 128
arsenic, 153
cadmium, 143
Cement kilns, see Kilns
CEMS, see Continuous emission monitoring systems
CERCLA-Superfund sites, see Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
Chemicals and chemical waste, see Hazardous
waste;
specific chemicals
Children, 94, 123, 162, 193, 225
acidic aerosols, 139
adolescents, 139
cadmium, 141
environmental justice, 231
hand-to-mouth behavior, 162
Chlorine, 3, 23, 31, 32, 55, 194, 196, 198, 199
see also Hydrogen chloride
Chlorobenzenes, 55, 62, 104, 126, 309
Chlorofluorocarbons, 31
Chlorophenols, 62, 93, 104, 119, 126, 305, 308, 309
Chromium, 50, 109, 148, 151, 152, 196, 197
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 134, 155
see also Emphysema
Cities,
see Urban areas
Civil Rights Act, 232-233
Clean Air Act, 184-185, 186-187, 188, 193, 194, 211
see also Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT)
Combustion processes and efficiency, 2-3, 4, 17, 31, 24, 37-41, 66-67, 68, 183, 195
municipal solid waste, 21-22
operations factors, 48-49
sizing of furnace, 40
uncontrolled, 21-22
see also Incomplete combustion;
Temperature factors;
Upset conditions, accidents and malfunctions
Composting, 17, 19, 20, 21, 27, 28-29, 30, 32
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund),
Computer applications, 5
continuous emission monitors, 8-9, 211
epidemiological mapping and smoothing, 129
see also Databases;
Internet
Continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS),
Control of emissions,
see Air pollution control devices
Convective heat transfer, 24, 42, 74
Court cases,
see Litigation
Criteria pollutants,
see Carbon monoxide;
Nitrogen dioxide;
Particulates;
Photochemical oxidants;
Sulfates Crushing,
Cytogenic effects, 125-126, 149
D
Dairy products, 5, 81, 104-106, 107
dioxins, 5, 94, 95, 96, 104-106, 107
stack emission rate information, 56-57
Data collection, 3-4, 9, 49, 196
ambient pollutant concentrations, 98-100, 180
medical wastes, 203, 204, 205, 206
regulatory requirements, 194, 203, 204, 205, 206, 212, 214-216
see also Epidemiology;
Information dissemination;
Monitoring;
Risk assessments
Department of Health and Human Services,
see Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
Dermal absorption and effects, 80, 81, 111, 114
beryllium, 156
cadmium, 87
lead, 142
PAHs, 160
risk assessments, 117, 136, 142, 147-148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 156, 159
Design of facilities, 1-2, 4, 27, 37-38, 39-41, 59, 68-69, 194, 259-260
acid gas scrubbers, 45-46
ash production, 4
committee charge, 13
fugitive emissions, 63
health effects and, 166(n.a), 169, 179
municipal solid waste, 29-30
particulate matter reduction, 51
sizing, 29-30
transport pathways and, 76
see also Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT)
Developmental effects, human
dioxins, 158
PAHs, 160
PCBs, 159
sensitive populations, 161-162
Diet, see Food contamination
Dioxins, 2, 31, 50, 50-56, 93-94, 95, 96
air pollution control devices, 3, 42, 47-48, 54-56, 58-59, 52, 62, 188
ambient concentration levels, 100-110 (passim), 172, 179
biomarkers, 119
combustion processes, 55, 56, 58, 61, 62, 193
dairy products, 5, 94, 95, 96, 104-106, 107
emission monitoring, 39, 58, 62, 68, 304
food contamination, 5, 82, 94-97, 98, 111, 162, 169
health effects, 6, 7, 166, 179
animal studies, 157, 158, 159, 172, 174
carcinogenicity, 124, 157, 174
epidemiological studies, 123, 124, 126-127, 128, 157
exposure, 4-5, 6, 82, 91, 93-97, 98, 106, 109, 110-111
occupational exposure, 6, 124, 155, 157, 163, 164, 166, 171
risk assessments, 113, 114, 155, 157-159, 166, 169, 171-174, 180, 181, 253-254
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT),
medical waste, 26, 200-205 (passim)
municipal solid waste, 55-56, 82, 104-106
off-normal operation, 61, 301-308
sediment contamination, 96
soil contamination, 94, 95, 96, 105, 107, 109
stack emission rate information, 58-59, 62
standards, other than MACT, 188, 194, 199
transport pathways, 75, 93-95, 98, 110-111
urban diets, 94
vegan diets, 162
Dispersion of emissions, 4, 5, 6, 34, 57, 70, 71, 73, 75, 76, 79, 98, 103-104, 181
air dispersion coefficients, 6, 70, 76-77, 99, 132
Dose-response analysis, 13, 116, 117, 118, 130
arsenic, 153-154
cadmium, 143
chromium, 152
dioxins, 172
hydrogen chloride, 137
lead, 144-145
mercury, 149-150
uncertainty, 116, 117, 118, 246, 248, 250, 254-257
Dow Chemical Company, 60
Dry-sorbent injection, 3, 45-46, 65, 66, 67
E
Economic factors, 1, 9, 10, 217-218, 219-220, 223-225, 226, 227, 228, 230-231, 242-243, 244
compensation measures, 10, 183, 225, 241-242, 244
composting, 29
emission monitoring, 116
hazardous waste, 22, 23-24, 193
Maximum Achievable Control Technology, 187, 188
municipal solid waste, 21, 29, 221, 224
property values, 9, 218, 219, 223, 225, 226, 227, 230, 232, 239, 240, 241, 242, 247
recycling, 29
regulatory compliance, 210;
see also Fines and penalties
see also Environmental justice
Education and training, see Professional
education and training;
Public education
Efficiency, see Combustion processes and efficiency;
Destruction and removal efficiency
Elderly persons, 132, 140, 162, 193
see also Environmental justice
Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), 3, 42, 43, 44, 49, 52, 58-59, 103
best practices, 67
off-normal operations, 62, 304-305, 306
worker exposure due to, 164-165, 168
Emission-control devices,
see Air pollution control devices
Emission monitoring, 4, 8, 49, 67, 68, 103-110
best practices, 67
continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS),
databases, 56-57
flue gases, 49, 56-62, 70, 188, 194, 301
inspection of facilities, 48-49, 67, 184, 194, 199, 204, 206, 210-213
particulates, 45
regulatory issues, 8-9, 49, 68, 203, 204, 205, 211, 214-215, 303
risk assessments, 116
stack emission rate information, 56-62, 70
standards, 188, 194, 195, 199, 203, 204, 205
see also Performance testing
Employee issues,
see Occupational exposures;
Professional education and training
Emphysema, 133
Energy recovery, 12, 26, 27, 41-42, 219, 308-309
hazardous waste, 23-24, 41, 193, 194-195, 199
medical waste, 42
municipal solid waste, 18, 21, 22, 38, 41, 109
see also Boilers and industrial furnaces (BIFs);
Kilns;
Steam generation
Environmental justice, 213-214, 227, 231-233, 243, 245
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 27, 183-184, 189
ambient pollutant concentrations, databases, 98-100
batteries, 32
composting, 28
continuous emission monitors, 8-9, 215
dispersion models, 76
feed preparation and feeding practices, 36
hazardous air pollutants, 184-185, 193
hazardous waste, 22, 23, 57, 64, 186, 193, 194, 196, 213
enforcement, 210, 212, 213-214
municipal solid waste, 18, 21, 186-187, 188-192, 215, 305
occupational exposures, 207, 208, 214, 216
off-normal operation, 60-61
stack emission rate information, 56, 57-58, 59
uncertainty analysis, 215
see also Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT)
Epidemiology, 6, 7, 15, 112-113, 114, 115, 120-129, 179, 181, 248, 252, 253
beryllium, 155
biological markers, 113, 114, 118, 119-120, 142, 181
dioxins, 123, 124, 126-127, 128, 157
gender factors, 120, 123, 128, 133
hydrogen chloride, 122-123
local, 120-126
municipal solid waste, 122-123, 124, 125-127
respiratory effects, 120-123, 124, 125, 132, 133
Risk assessments
air pollution control devices, 42, 47, 48, 49
Exposure and exposure pathways, 4-6, 7, 15, 71, 72, 73, 80, 81-82, 114, 169, 181
beryllium, 155
biological markers, 113, 114, 119-120, 142, 181
cadmium, 6, 82, 85-87, 98, 140-143, 143, 165, 168
lead, 6, 91, 92, 98, 144-145, 146
local factors, 8, 98, 111, 114, 117, 159
mercury, 4-5, 6, 82, 89-90, 98, 106, 107, 147-148, 149-150
metals, general, 4, 6, 82, 128, 140-155 (passim)
PCBs, 159
particulate matter, 72, 82-85, 98, 110, 131-132
regional factors, 110, 114, 117
risk assessment, 111, 112, 116-117, 131-132, 250, 252-254
stack emission rate information, 58
see also Ambient pollutant concentrations;
Dermal absorption and effects;
Dose-response analysis;
Food contamination;
Inhalation;
Occupational exposures;
Risk assessments;
Soil contamination;
Water contamination
Eyes, see Ocular effects
F
Fabric filters, 3, 42, 43-44, 49, 51, 53, 67, 168
committee charge, 13
General Accounting Office, 207, 212, 213
hazardous waste, 22
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH),
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA),
see also Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry;
Environmental Protection Agency;
Legislation;
Regulatory measures;
Standards
Feedstream composition and preparation, 2, 14, 15, 31, 35-37, 56
best practices, 67
durables, 28
fugitive emissions, 63
hazardous waste, 23, 36, 194, 195-196
historical perspectives, 30-31
inspections, 211-212
liquid-injection furnaces, 36, 38, 39, 60, 107, 195
medical waste, 25
municipal solid waste, 18-19, 36, 41, 64, 67, 192
national statistics, 18-19, 23, 28
secondary waste streams, 23
standards, 182, 183, 188, 189, 192, 194, 195-196, 199, 203, 204, 205
see also Liquid waste;
Solid waste
Females, see Gender factors
see also Fabric filters
Fines and penalties, 196, 207, 211, 213, 214
cadmium, 86
PCBs, 159
mercury, 5, 82, 89-90, 111, 148
Flue gas, 3, 31, 37, 40, 41, 64, 174, 183
best practices, 67
dioxins and furans, 55, 301, 302
lead, 53
monitoring, 49, 56-62, 70, 188, 194, 301
residence time, 2, 3, 37, 38, 40, 49, 52, 55, 56, 57, 65, 66, 76, 81, 98, 118, 195, 308
standards, 188, 192-193, 194, 195
temperature factors, 41, 188, 192-193
see also Particulate matter;
Stack conditions
Fly ash, see Ash
Food and Drug Administration, 90
Food contamination, 4, 98, 111, 114, 248
children, hand-to-mouth behavior, 162
chromium, 148
dioxins, 5, 82, 94-97, 98, 111, 162, 169
exposure pathways, 80, 81, 117, 142, 143, 147, 148, 149, 153, 154, 160, 162
lead, 142
mercury, 5, 82, 89-90, 98, 111, 147, 148, 149
PAHs, 160-161
PCBs, 159
risk assessments, 114, 117, 142, 249, 255
transport pathways, 5, 72, 73-74, 79, 255
vegan diets, 162
see also Dairy products;
Fish;
Meat;
Vegetation
Food waste, 18, 19, 25, 28, 29, 31-32
Forced vital capacity, 139
Foreign countries,
see International perspectives
Fugitive emissions, 35, 63, 187, 191, 251
Furans, 2, 5, 31, 50, 55-56, 59, 62, 68
air pollution control devices, 42, 47, 49, 54-56, 62
ambient concentration levels, 100-107 (passim),
biomarkers, 119
health effects, 5, 7, 119, 179
epidemiological studies, 123, 127, 128
risk assessment, 113, 114, 155, 158, 169, 181
incomplete combustion products, 54
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT),
medical waste, 26, 201-205 (passim)
off-normal operations, 303, 304, 306, 308
standards, other than MACT, 188, 190, 194
G
Gastrointestinal effects, 124, 125, 151
cadmium, 143
Gender factors
animal studies, reproductive effects, 129
dioxins, 157
epidemiological studies, 120, 123, 128, 133
food contamination effects, 90
risk assessments, 133, 138, 157
General Accounting Office, 207, 212, 213
Germany, 106
Glass, 19, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 53, 63, 87
Government role
continuous emission monitors, 8
databases, 6
information collection, 4, 10, 69
information dissemination, 10, 69
see also Federal government;
Local government;
Regulatory measures;
Standards;
State government
H
Hair, mercury concentrations, 106, 107
Hazardous air pollutant standards, 184-185, 193
see also specific pollutants
Hazardous waste, 12, 17, 22-24, 107
air pollution control devices, 23, 43, 45, 49
ambient concentrations, 98-103
boilers, 23, 24, 41, 193, 194-195
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund),
defined, 22
economic factors, 22, 23-24, 193
energy recovery, 23-24, 41, 193, 194-195, 199
EPA, 22, 23, 57, 64, 186, 193, 194, 196, 213
epidemiological studies, 124, 125
feed preparation and feeding practices, 23, 36, 194, 195-196
fugitive emissions, 63
health effects, general, 22-23
historical perspectives, 22-23, 194
kilns, 23-24, 38, 64, 99, 108-109
land disposal, 22-23
lead emissions, 175
liquid, 23, 36, 38, 39, 51, 63, 107
liquid-injection furnaces, 36, 38, 39, 60, 107, 195
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT),
national statistics, 18
number of incineration facilities, 1
off-normal operation, 60
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA),
social factors, 221
soil contamination, 22-23
standards, 22, 48-49, 57, 99, 184, 186, 193-200, 207
water contamination, 22-23
see also specific types of waste
Hazardous Waste Civil Enforcement Response Policy,
Health effects, 1-7 (passim), 8, 11, 12, 34, 70, 112-181
acidic gases and aerosols, 113, 134-139, 166, 178
allergies, 138-139
ambient pollutant concentrations and, 4, 11, 179, 180, 181
asthma, 122, 123, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 162
biological markers, 113, 114, 118, 119-120, 142, 181
cadmium, 6, 82, 85-87, 98, 127, 140-142, 143. 144, 165, 168
carbon monoxide, 113, 139-140, 178
cardiovascular, 128, 139, 140, 143, 144, 147, 148, 149, 153, 175
committee charge and methodology, 13, 14
design of facilities, 166, 169, 179
developmental effects, 144, 146, 148, 149, 158, 160, 161-162
animal studies, 157, 158, 159, 172, 174
carcinogenicity, 124, 157, 174
epidemiological studies, 123, 124, 126-127, 128
exposure, 4-5, 6, 82, 91, 93-97, 98, 106, 109, 110-111
risk assessments, 113, 114, 155, 157-159, 166, 169, 171-174, 180, 181, 253-254
furans, 4-5, 7, 93-97, 111, 119, 123, 127, 128, 155, 158, 169, 179, 181
gastrointestinal, 124, 125, 142, 143, 144, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153
hazardous wastes, general, 22-23
hepatic effects, 124, 144, 146, 157, 162, 163
lead, 6, 7, 127-128, 144, 146, 147, 166, 175
children, 91, 142, 146, 174, 175, 176
risk assessments, 113, 130-131, 142, 144-147, 166, 174-177, 180, 181
local factors, 73, 129-130, 131, 159, 166, 174, 178
Maximum Achievable Control Technology and,
exposure, 4-5, 6, 82, 89-90, 98, 106, 107, 147-148, 149-150
risk assessments, 147-148, 149-150, 166, 169, 177-178, 180, 181
metals, general, 4, 6, 68, 82, 127, 128, 140-155, 166, 168, 179
monitoring, 113, 114, 118, 119, 194, 195, 209-210
municipal solid waste, 6, 122-123, 124, 125-127
neurological effects, 141, 145, 146, 154, 155, 159, 160, 175, 176, 177
nitrogen and nitrogen oxides, 113, 134-136
occupational exposures, 6, 124, 155, 157, 163, 164, 166, 171
ocular effects, 136, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159
off-normal conditions, 7, 160, 169, 180, 181
epidemiological studies, 122-123, 131-133
respiratory, 132, 133-134, 137, 138-139
risk assessments, 113, 130, 131-134, 137, 138-139, 166, 168, 170-171, 179, 181
performance testing, health-based, 13, 15, 49
regulatory issues, 13, 194, 195, 209-210
renal effects, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 150, 152, 162, 176
reproductive effects, 125-126, 128-129, 137, 140, 145, 146-147, 148, 150, 157, 158, 159, 160, 176
social factors, 209-210, 224, 227
variability analysis, 11, 117, 118, 180, 247-257, 260
uncertainty analysis, 11, 81, 116, 117, 118, 170, 173, 175, 176, 180, 246, 247-259
upset conditions, 7, 169, 180, 181
see also Age factors, human;
Animals and animal studies;
Biological markers;
Cancer and carcinogenicity;
Dermal absorption and effects;
Dose-response analysis;
Epidemiology;
Exposure and exposure pathways;
Gender factors;
Hematology;
Occupational exposures;
Psychological factors;
Respiratory effects;
Risk assessments;
specific chemicals
Heart disease,
see Cardiovascular effects
biomarkers, 119
cadmium, 143
hydrogen chloride, 137
lead, 127-128, 142, 144, 146, 147, 165, 175, 176
Hepatic effects, 124, 144, 146, 157, 162, 163
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 126
Historical perspectives, 26-27, 182
air pollution control devices, 63
air-injection systems, 40
beryllium, 155
epidemiological studies, 124
kilns, 23
legislation, 27
medical waste, 24
municipal solid waste, 19-21, 22, 30
packaging waste, 28
sensitive populations, 161
worker training, 48
HIV,
see AIDS
Hospitals and hospitalization
cardiovascular effects, 140
respiratory effects, 134, 135, 138, 171
Hydrocarbons, 49, 50, 55, 56, 60, 62, 91, 129, 172
off-normal operations, 307, 308, 309
standards, 194, 195, 196, 197, 199
see also Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Hydrogen bromide, 51
Hydrogen chloride (HCl), 50, 51, 52, 97, 98, 215
emission controls, 3, 45, 49, 51, 55, 56, 66
epidemiological studies, 122-123
medical wastes, 201, 202, 203, 205
risk assessments, 113, 136-137, 178
standards, 186, 188, 190, 192, 194, 195, 196, 198, 201, 202, 203, 205
Hydrogen iodide, 51
I
Incomplete combustion, 2, 3, 37, 50, 54, 55, 65, 66, 68
risk assessments, 118, 159-161, 174
see also Dioxins;
Furans;
Particulate matter
Industrial Source Complex models, 76
Infectious medical waste, 24, 25-26, 36, 200
Information dissemination, 2, 4
air pollution control devices, 4, 69-70
committee charge, 13
continuous emission monitors, 8-9
foreign technologies, 8
risk communication, 2, 9, 13, 118, 228, 229, 233-242, 244, 245, 259
stack emission rate information, 56-62, 70
upset conditions, 4, 9, 182, 210, 215
see also Databases;
Data collection;
Internet;
Professional education and training;
Public education
Ingestion,
see Food contamination
Inhalation, 4, 5, 72, 80, 81, 98, 111, 114
arsenic, 88, 151, 152, 153, 154
chromium, 148
see also Respiratory effects
Inspection of facilities, 48-49, 67, 184, 194, 199, 204, 206, 210-213
Integrated Risk Information System, 116
Integrated Waste Services Association, 18, 22
International perspectives
air pollution control devices, 8, 22, 23, 42, 47, 48, 49, 214-215
Belgium, 23
hazardous waste, 23
municipal waste, 22
see also Canada
Internet
citizen-group networks, 218-219
Industrial Source Complex models, 76
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT),
regulatory compliance, 215
stack emission rate information, 57, 58
K
Kidneys, see Renal effects
ambient pollutant concentrations, 99
fugitive emissions, 63
hazardous waste, 23-24, 38, 64, 99, 108-109
lead, 175
national statistics, 18
stack emission rate information, 57
standards, 184, 189, 196, 197, 198
L
Land disposal, hazardous waste, 22-23
Landfills
medical waste, 26
municipal solid waste, 17, 20, 21, 27, 32, 228
Lead (Pb), 50, 53-54, 65, 66, 91, 92, 106
air pollution control devices, 53-54
ambient concentration levels, 91, 92, 100, 102
batteries, 32
blood levels, 127-128, 142, 144, 146, 147, 165, 175, 176
flue gas, 53
food contamination, 142
children, 91, 142, 146, 174, 175, 176
epidemiological studies, 127-128, 146
exposure, 6, 91, 92, 98, 144-145, 146
risk assessments, 113, 130-131, 142, 144-147, 166, 174-177, 180, 181
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT),
soil contamination, 92, 106, 107, 109
standards, other than MACT, 91, 113, 164, 184, 190
Legal issues
environmental justice, 213-214, 227, 231-233, 243, 245
litigation, 132, 184, 189, 202, 213-214
see also Regulatory measures
Legislation, 27
Civil Rights Act, 232-233
Clean Air Act, 184-185, 186-187, 188, 193, 194, 211
see also Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT)
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund),
Superfund Amendments an Reauthorization Act,
Toxic Substances Control Act, 184, 200
see also Regulatory measures;
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Life-cycle assessment, 114, 118
Liquid-injection furnaces, 36, 38, 39, 60, 107, 195
hazardous, 23, 36, 38, 39, 51, 63, 107
medical, 26
mercury, 53
Litigation, 132, 184, 189, 202, 213-214
Liver, see Hepatic effects
Local factors and impacts, 10, 73, 74, 111, 98, 99, 104-110, 111, 112, 169
environmental justice, 213-214, 227, 231-233, 243, 245
epidemiological studies, 120-126
exposure, 8, 98, 111, 114, 117, 159
food contamination, 117
risk assessments, 129-130, 131, 166, 174, 178
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT),
off-normal operations, 44, 301-309
soils, 106-107
see also Ambient pollutant concentrations;
Social factors;
Urban areas
Local government, 7, 10, 13, 26-27, 30, 65, 182, 189, 192, 230
see also Urban areas
Low-income persons, see Environmental justice
M
MACT, see Maximum Achievable Control Technology
Males, see Gender factors
Malfunctions, see Upset conditions, accidents and malfunctions
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT),
acid gases and aerosols, 166, 178
cadmium, 187, 196, 197, 201, 202, 203, 205
carbon monoxide, 197, 199-205 (passim), 214
criticism of, 192-193, 202-203, 214
dioxins, 7, 8, 58, 101, 102, 103, 166, 169, 172, 180, 188, 190, 193, 196, 197, 200-205 (passim)
furans, 7, 169, 196, 201-205 (passim)(passim)
health effects, 166-167, 169-181 (passim)
lead, 7, 8, 166, 174, 180, 187, 196, 197, 201, 202, 203
medical wastes, 8, 169, 200-203, 204-206, 214
mercury, 7, 8, 166, 177, 178, 180, 187, 188-189, 190, 192, 193, 196, 197, 201-205 (passim)
occupational exposures, 7, 166, 169-170, 171, 177, 181, 207-208
particulates, 7, 8, 51, 101, 102, 103, 166, 170, 196, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204
Meat, 5
arsenic, 88
dioxins, 5, 82, 94, 95, 96, 111
Medical waste, 12, 17, 19, 24-26
air pollution control devices, 203, 204, 215
amount generated, 24
autoclaving, 26
cadmium, 26, 201, 202, 203, 205
carbon monoxide, 200-204 (passim), 303
data collection, 203, 204, 205, 206
defined, 200
emission monitoring, 203, 204, 205
energy recovery, 42
epidemiological studies, 122, 123
feed preparation and feeding practices, 36
hydrogen chloride, 201, 202, 203, 205
infectious, 24, 25-26, 36, 200
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT),
mercury, 201-205(passim)
national statistics, 18
nitrogen and nitrogen oxides, 201, 202
number of incineration facilities, 1
particulates, 200-205 (passim)
professional training about disposal, 25, 203, 204, 205, 206
social factors, 221
standards, 8, 25, 169, 200-203, 204-206, 214
Mercury (Hg), 3, 50, 52, 56, 65
air pollution control devices, 3, 42, 47-48, 49, 52-53, 66
ambient concentration levels, 100, 101, 102, 103, 110
batteries, 32
combustion, vaporization, 53, 66
continuous emission monitors, 8-9, 69, 215
emission monitoring, 49
exposure and exposure pathways, 89-90, 106, 107, 110-111, 147-148
exposure, 4-5, 6, 82, 89-90, 98, 106, 107, 147-148, 149-150
risk assessments, 113, 147-148, 149-150, 166, 169, 177-178, 180, 181
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT),
medical wastes, 201-205 (passim)
occupational exposures, 6, 148, 166, 168, 177
soil contamination, 89, 107, 109
transport processes, 89-90, 98, 110-111
Metals, 3, 31, 32, 37, 53, 65, 68, 110, 163
air pollution control devices, 3, 43, 63
epidemiological studies, 127
exposure, 4, 6, 82, 128, 140-155 (passim)
risk assessments, 140-155, 166, 168
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT),
medical waste, 26
standards, 195
transport pathways, 75, 108, 109
see also specific metals
Meteorological conditions, see Weather conditions
Metropolitan areas, see Urban areas
Milk products, see Dairy products
Minorities, see African-Americans;
Civil Rights Act;
Environmental justice
environmental transport, 5, 74, 75, 76-77, 78-80, 89, 103-104, 110-111, 117, 118
multimedia, 79-80, 107-109, 255
exposure pathways, 81-82, 94, 111
risk assessment, 115, 117, 130, 247-248, 249-250, 256-257, 258
uncertainty analysis, 247-248, 249-250, 256-257, 258
variance-propagation, 11, 257, 260
ambient pollutant concentrations, 103-110
feedstream composition and preparation, 49, 203, 204, 205
health, 113, 114, 118, 119, 194, 195, 209-210
regulatory issues, 194, 195, 203, 204, 205, 209-210, 214-215
temperature in incinerators, 203, 204, 205
see also Emission monitoring;
Inspection of facilities;
Performance testing
Municipal solid waste, 12, 17, 18-22, 40, 65, 104-106, 301-303, 307-308
air pollution control devices, 21, 42-46 (passim),
best practices, 67
composting, 17, 19, 20, 21, 27, 28-29, 30, 32
defined, 18-19
economic factors, 21, 29, 221, 224
energy recovery, 18, 21, 22, 38, 41, 109
EPA, 18, 21, 186-187, 188-192, 215, 305
epidemiological studies, 122-123, 124, 125-127
feed preparation and feeding practices, 18-19, 36, 41, 64, 67, 192
fugitive emissions, 63
health effects, 6, 122-123, 124, 125-127, 127
historic perspectives, 19-21, 22, 30
landfills, 17, 20, 21, 27, 32, 228
medical waste in, 24
mercury, 89
national statistics, 18, 19-21
number of incineration facilities, 1
occupational exposures, 6, 125-127, 202, 204, 207
recycling and reuse, 19, 20, 21, 30
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA),
social factors, 221
standards, 8, 69, 186-193, 202, 204, 207, 211, 214, 215, 305
see also specific types of wastes
Mutagenic effects, 125-126
N
National Ambient Air Quality Standards, 185
carbon monoxide, 97
metals, 91
National Fire Prevention Association, 37
National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES),
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH),
Neurological effects
arsenic, 154
cadmium, 141
PAHs, 160
PCBs, 159
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
epidemiological studies, 121, 123
standards, 184
Nitrogen and nitrogen oxides, 2, 3, 31, 37, 50, 51-52
air pollution control devices, 42, 46-47, 49, 52, 66, 67
best practices, 67
emission limits, 42
epidemiological studies, 121
food waste, 31-32
off-normal operation, 9, 60, 61, 62, 308
standards, 118, 188, 191, 194, 195, 201, 202
yard waste, 31-32
O
Occupational exposures, 6, 7, 35, 181
air pollution control devices, exposure due to,
beryllium, 155
biomarkers, 119
dioxins, 6, 124, 155, 157, 163, 164, 166, 171
epidemiological studies, 120, 124, 125-128
health effects, general, 6, 124, 155, 157, 163, 164, 166, 171
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT),
mercury, 6, 148, 166, 168, 177
municipal solid waste, 6, 125-127, 202, 204, 207
protective equipment, 127-128, 207
risk assessments, 130, 155, 157, 163-165, 166, 168, 171, 177
standards, other than MACT, 113-114, 203-204, 207, 214
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA),
Occupational training, see Professional education and training Ocular effects, 136, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159
Off-normal conditions, 60-62, 251
carbon monoxide, 60, 62, 303, 305, 307-309
electrostatic precipitators, 62, 304-305, 306
health effects, 7, 160, 169, 180, 181
nitrogen and nitrogen oxides, 9, 60, 61, 62, 308
temperature factors, 61, 301-309 (passim)
vignettes, 301-309
see also Shutdown conditions;
Startup conditions;
Upset conditions, accidents and malfunctions
Opacity, see Visibility and visibility standards
Operating conditions, 1-2, 10-11,
age of incinerators, 8, 38, 42, 126, 130, 184, 188, 197-198, 214, 215, 234
ash production, 4
best practices, 67
committee charge, 13
databases, 6
emission controls, 4
information on, 4
particulate matter, 51
stack emission rate information, 56-62
trial burns, 56, 57, 195, 196, 210, 211
see also Combustion processes and efficiency;
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT);
Off-normal conditions
P
Packaging and containers, 27, 28, 31, 32
hazardous waste, 23
medical waste, 26
municipal solid waste, 19
recycling and reuse, 29, 31, 32-33
Paper waste, 19, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32
PAHs, see Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
PCBs, see Polychlorinated biphenyls
Particulate matter, 2, 50-51, 68, 69
air pollution control devices, 42, 43-45, 47, 51, 54, 63, 103
ambient concentration levels, 100, 101, 102, 103, 108, 131-132, 134
cadmium, 86
epidemiological studies, 122-123, 131-133
exposure, 72, 82-85, 98, 110, 131-132
respiratory, 132, 133-134, 137, 138-139
risk assessments, 113, 130, 131-134, 137, 138-139, 166, 168, 170-171, 179, 181
lead in, 54
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT),
medical waste, 200-205 (passim)
monitoring, 45
occupational exposures, 166, 170
off-normal operation, 60
standards, other than MACT, 113, 131-132, 184, 186, 188, 190, 194
see also Ash;
Electrostatic precipitators;
Fabric filters;
Wet scrubbers
Penalties, see Fines and penalties
Performance testing, 4, 9, 49, 67, 69, 181, 184, 186, 188, 195, 196, 200, 203, 204, 205, 206, 210, 212, 214, 215-216, 251-252, 301
see also Monitoring
Persistence, 4, 5, 8, 55, 74-76
Photochemical oxidants, 194
PICs, see Incomplete combustion
Plants, see Vegetation
Pneumonia, 134
advocacy, 13, 21, 193, 209-210, 211-212, 218-219, 221-223, 227, 229
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 23, 50, 62, 98, 104, 106, 126, 159, 174
Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, see Dioxins
Polychlorinated dibenzofurans, see Furans
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 2, 50, 54, 55, 62, 98, 104, 107-108, 126, 160-161, 163, 174, 309
Polystyrene, 31
Polyvinyl chloride, 31
Poverty, see Environmental justice
Process emissions, 1, 2-4, 50-56, 211
Products of incomplete combustion (PICs), see Incomplete combustion
Professional education and training, 3, 48-49, 67, 188, 196, 207-208
medical waste, 25, 203, 204, 205, 206
standards, 48, 69, 188, 196, 203-209 (passim)
Property values, 9, 218, 219, 223, 225, 226, 227, 230, 232, 239, 240, 241, 242, 247
Protective equipment, incinerator workers, 127-128, 207
Psychological factors, 1, 9, 10, 182, 183, 217, 223, 224, 225-226, 228, 229, 241, 242, 244, 246, 250-251
see also Public opinion
Public education, 2, 9-10, 214, 222-223, 225, 228, 229
risk communication, 2, 9, 13, 118, 228, 229, 233-242, 244, 245, 259
Public Health Service, see Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Public opinion, 2, 12, 21, 24, 26-27, 227, 229, 235, 241-242, 243
advocacy, 13, 21, 193, 209-210, 211-212, 218-219, 221-223, 227, 229
committee charge and methodology, 13, 14
community relations, 10, 182, 183, 212, 214, 221-223, 242-243, 244-245, 260
see also Psychological factors
PVC, see Polyvinyl chloride
R
Race/ethnicity, see African-Americans;
Environmental justice
Radioactive waste, 14
RCRA, see Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Recycling and reuse of waste, 2, 17, 27, 28-29, 31, 32-33
batteries, 32
durables, 28
hazardous waste, 23
municipal solid waste, 19, 20, 21, 30
see also Energy recovery;
Kilns
Red bag waste, see Infectious medical waste
Regional factors and impacts, 5, 110, 230-231
life-cycle assessment, 114, 118
persistence of pollutants, 5, 73, 74
regulatory compliance, 210
risk assessments, 166, 169, 172, 178, 180, 181
total regional emissions, 97
transport pathways, 73, 74, 98, 107
Regulatory measures, 7-9, 12, 68, 182-216
compliance and enforcement, 7, 184, 194, 195, 209-214
fines and penalties, 196, 207, 211, 213, 214
criticism of, 192-193, 202-203, 209-210, 212, 214
data collection requirements, 194, 203, 204, 205, 206, 212, 214-216
emission monitoring, 8-9, 49, 68, 203, 204, 205, 211, 214-215, 303
environmental justice, 213-214, 227, 231-233, 243, 245
health effects, 13, 194, 195, 209-210
kilns, 184, 189, 196, 197, 198
inspection of facilities, 48-49, 67, 184, 194, 199, 204, 206, 210-213
Integrated Risk Information System, 116
monitoring requirements, 194, 195, 203, 204, 205, 209-210
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH),
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA),
off-normal operations, 60, 210
recycling, 29
see also Environmental Protection Agency;
Legislation;
Local government;
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT);
Performance testing;
Standards;
State government
Renal effects, 162
arsenic, 152
Reproductive effects
carbon monoxide, 140
hydrogen chloride, 137
mutagenic, 125-126
PAHs, 160
PCBs, 159
see also Developmental effects
Residence time, 2, 3, 37, 38, 40, 49, 52, 55, 56, 57, 65, 66, 76, 81, 98, 118, 195, 308
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA),
fugitive emissions, 63
municipal solid waste, 65, 189
hazardous waste, 22, 24, 48, 49, 63, 64, 65, 186, 193, 194-196, 199
medical waste, 24
worker training, 48
see also Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT)
Respiratory effects, 120-123
acidic gases and aerosols, 138-139, 178
asthma, 122, 123, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 162
cancer, 124, 125, 151, 155, 156, 157
carbon monoxide, 139-140
emphysema, 133
epidemiological studies, 120-123, 124, 125, 132, 133
hospitalization, 134, 135, 138, 171
hydrogen chloride, 136-137
nitrogen oxides, 134-136
particulates, 132, 133-134, 137, 138-139
PCBs, 159
pneumonia, 134
risk assessments, 132-141 (passim)
smoking, 84, 120, 122, 127, 133, 139-140, 155, 163
see also Inhalation
Risk assessments, 2, 6, 7, 111, 112-114, 115-118, 129-181
acidic gases and aerosols, 113, 134-139, 166, 178
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry,
arsenic, 113, 114, 151, 153-154
biological markers, 113, 114, 118
cadmium, 113, 140-142, 143, 144
carbon monoxide, 113, 139-140, 178
carcinogenicity, 114, 116, 130, 143, 144, 147, 151-157 (passim), 162, 163
committee charge and methodology, 13, 14, 15
dermal absorption and effects, 117, 136, 142, 147-148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 156, 159
developmental effects, 144, 146, 148, 149, 158, 160, 161-162
dioxins, 113, 114, 155, 157-159, 166, 169, 171-174, 180, 181, 253-254
emission monitoring, 116
exposure and exposure pathways, 111, 112, 116-117, 131-132, 250, 252-254
food contamination, 114, 117, 142, 249, 255
furans, 113, 114, 155, 158, 169, 181
hazardous air pollutants, general, 184-185
hydrogen chloride, 113, 136-137, 178
incomplete combustion, 118, 159-161, 174
lead, 113, 130-131, 142, 144-147, 166, 174-177, 180, 181
life-cycle assessments and, 118
local factors, 129-130, 131, 166, 174, 178
mercury, 113, 147-148, 149-150, 166, 169, 177-178, 180, 181
metals, general, 140-155, 166, 168
models, 115, 117, 130, 247-248, 249-250, 256-257, 258
occupational exposures, 130, 155, 157, 163-165, 166, 168, 171, 177
particulates, 113, 130, 131-134, 137, 138-139, 166, 168, 170-171, 179, 181
PCBs, 159-160
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 113
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 113, 160-161
see also Risk communication
regional, 166, 169, 172, 178, 180, 181
respiratory effects, 132-141 (passim)
sensitive populations, 132, 139, 146, 159, 161-163, 193;
see also Age factors;
Gender factors
sulfates, 113, 133, 135, 136, 138, 178
transport processes,
uncertainty, 11, 81, 116, 117, 118, 170, 173, 175, 176, 180, 246, 247-259
variability, 11, 117, 118, 180, 247, 249-257, 260
see also Dose-response analysis;
Epidemiology
Risk communication, 2, 9, 13, 118, 228, 229, 233-242, 244, 245, 259
Rural areas, 108
cadmium, 107
lead concentrations, 91, 92, 106
radioactive fallout studies, 77
S
SCREEN3, 76
Scrubbers, 42, 43-44, 45-46, 65, 195
see also Wet scrubbers
Sediment contamination, 78-79
arsenic, 88
cadmium, 85-86
dioxins, 96
Selective catalytic/noncatalytic reduction, 46-47
Semivolatile metals, see Cadmium;
Lead
Sensitivity analysis, 11, 82, 115, 249, 260
Sensitive populations, 132, 139, 146, 159, 161-163, 193
see also Age factors;
Environmental justice;
Gender factors;
Occupational exposures
Sex-related factors, see Gender factors
Shutdown conditions, 66, 160, 180, 307
defined, 60
emission monitoring, 9
stack-gas testing, 60
Skin, see Dermal absorption and effects
Smoking, 84, 120, 122, 127, 133, 139-140, 155, 163
Smog, see Photochemical oxidants;
Visibility and visibility standards
Source reduction and control, 4, 27-33 (passim), 51, 54
databases, 6
emission rate information, 56-62, 70
standards, 56, 70, 195, 203, 204, 205, 210
see Flue gas
State government, 7, 27, 114, 182, 183, 185, 189, 192, 194, 206, 207, 210, 213, 230, 233, 303
see also Boilers and industrial furnaces (BIFs)
Storage of waste, 14, 17, 34, 36
Social factors, 1, 9-10, 12, 29, 210, 217-245, 260
committee charge and methodology, 13, 14, 15
community relations, 10, 182, 209-210, 212, 214, 221-223, 242-243, 244-245, 260
environmental justice, 213-214, 227, 231-233, 243, 245
health effects, 209-210, 224, 227
monitoring programs, 209-210, 218
public education, 2, 9-10, 214, 222-223, 225, 228, 229
risk communication, 2, 9, 13, 118, 228, 229, 233-242, 244, 245, 259
see also Economic factors;
Health effects;
Psychological factors;
Public opinion
Soil contamination, 4, 5, 105, 107-109, 248, 255
carbon monoxide, 97
dioxins, 94, 95, 96, 105, 107, 109
hazardous waste, general, 22-23
local factors, 106-107
multimedia transport models, 79-80, 108-109, 255
plant contamination and, 77-78, 86, 107
standards, 189
transport pathways, 73, 74, 75, 77, 79-80, 108-109, 255
see also Groundwater;
Sediment contamination
see also Municipal solid waste
Spray-dryer absorbers, 3, 42, 45-46, 62, 65, 66
acidic gases and particles, 113, 188, 193
age of incinerators, 184, 188, 197-198, 214, 215
air pollution control devices, 188, 194, 195, 203, 204, 205, 215;
see also Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT)
ambient pollution levels, 2, 5, 91, 97, 155, 189
beryllium, 155
see also Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT)
cadmium, 190
carbon monoxide, 97, 113, 184, 191, 192, 195, 197, 199-205 (passim), 214, 305, 308
criticism of, 192-193, 202-203, 209
electrostatic precipitators, 43, 44
emission monitoring, 188, 194, 195, 199, 203, 204, 205
epidemiological studies, 123
feedstream, 182, 183, 188, 189, 192, 194, 195-196, 199, 203, 204, 205
flue gases, 188, 192-193, 194, 195
hazardous air pollutants, 184-185, 193
hazardous wastes, 22, 48-49, 57, 99, 184, 186, 193-200, 207
hydrocarbons, 194, 195, 196, 197, 199
hydrogen chloride, 186, 188, 190, 192, 194, 195, 196, 198, 201, 202, 203, 205
incomplete combustion, 183, 194, 195
kilns, 184, 189, 196, 197, 198
medical waste, 8, 25, 169, 200-203, 204-206, 214
metals, 91
nitrogen and nitrogen oxides, 118, 188, 191, 194, 195, 201, 202
National Ambient Air Quality Standards, 91, 97, 185
occupational exposures, 113-114, 203-204, 207, 214
particulates, 113, 131-132, 184, 186, 188, 190, 194
performance criteria, 13
soil, 189
stack factors, 56, 70, 195, 203, 204, 205, 210
sulfates, 184, 187, 188, 190, 192, 194, 195, 201, 202
temperature, 187-188, 192-193, 195
worker training, 48, 69, 188, 196, 203-209 (passim)
see also Legislation;
Regulatory measures
Startup conditions, 4, 9, 66, 169, 304-305, 307
defined, 60
emission monitoring, 9, 60, 61
Sulfates, 2, 3, 31, 37, 38, 50, 51
air pollution control devices, 3, 45, 49, 51, 55, 66
epidemiological studies, 121, 122-123, 133
risk assessments, 113, 133, 135, 136, 138, 178
standards, 184, 187, 188, 190, 192, 194, 195, 201, 202
Superfund, see Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
Superfund Amendments an Reauthorization Act,
Switzerland, 23
T
Telemetering, 214-215
Temperature factors, 2-3, 6, 31, 38, 40, 63, 68
air pollution control devices, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 53, 55
auxiliary burners, 3, 41, 49, 66, 67, 301
best practices, 67
cool spots, furnace walls, 37, 38
dioxins, 55, 56, 58, 61, 62, 193
gas temperature reduction, 34, 41-42
lead emissions, 53
monitoring requirements, 203, 204, 205
nitrous oxide formation, 3, 51-52
off-normal operation, 61, 301-309 (passim)
sizing of furnace, 40
standards, 187-188, 192-193, 195
environmental monitoring, 119
inspections, frequency of, 211-212, 213
residence time, 2, 3, 37, 38, 40, 49, 52, 55, 56, 57, 65, 66, 76, 81, 98, 118, 195, 308
temperature and, 38
transport pathways, 73, 75, 76
Time-series analysis, 131-132
Tobacco, see Smoking
Toxic Substances Control Act, 184, 200
Trace compounds, 31, 33, 54, 308
see also specific compounds
Training, see Professional education and training
Transport processes (environmental), 5, 7, 12, 71, 72, 73-80, 98
arsenic, 88-89
carbon monoxide, 97
dioxins, 75, 93-95, 98, 110-111
food contamination, 5, 72, 73-74, 79, 255
models, 5, 74, 75, 76-77, 78-80, 89, 103-104, 110-111, 117, 118
multimedia, 79-80, 107-109, 255
regional factors, 73, 74, 98, 107
risk assessment and, 117, 118, 252-254
soil, 73, 74, 75, 77, 79-80, 108-109, 255
vegetation, 73, 74, 75, 77-78, 79-80, 108-109, 255
water, 4, 5, 73, 74, 75, 78-80
wind, 72, 76, 77, 79-80, 105, 255
see also Dispersion of emissions
Trial burns, 56, 57, 195, 196, 210, 211
Turbulence, combustion, 2, 3, 38, 66-67
U
Uncertainty and uncertainty analysis, 10-11, 103, 165, 215, 246-260
dose-response analysis, 116, 117, 118, 246, 248, 250, 254-257
epidemiology, 119-120
exposure pathways, 81, 82, 115, 117
models, 247-248, 249-250, 256-257, 258
risk assessment, 11, 81, 116, 117, 118, 170, 173, 175, 176, 180, 246, 247-259
social distrust, 229
weather, 69
Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society,
Upset conditions, accidents and malfunctions, 3, 11, 35, 66, 183
data collection during, 3-4, 9, 181
defined, 60
health effects, 7, 169, 180, 181
information on, 4, 9, 182, 210, 215
regulatory issues, 9, 169, 210
stack-gas testing, 60-62
trial burns, 56, 57, 195, 196, 210, 211
Urban areas, 7
acidic aerosols, 138
carbon monoxide, 97
dioxins, 94
environmental justice, 231
hydrogen chloride, 97
municipal solid waste, 22, 30, 126-128
nitrogen dioxide, 136
particulates, 84-85, 132, 133, 171
transport pathways, 76
see also Municipal solid wastes
U.S. Air Force, 137
V
Variability analysis, 11, 246-260
exposure pathways, 117
propagation models, 11, 257, 260
risk assessment, 11, 117, 118, 180, 247, 249-257, 260
Vegetation
cadmium, 86
mercury, 107
multimedia transport models, 79-80, 108-109, 255
PAHs, 107-108
PCBs, 106
standards, 189
transport pathways, 73, 74, 75, 77-78, 79-80, 108-109, 255
vegan diets, 162
Venturi scrubbers, 43, 45, 49, 51
Visibility and visibility standards, 44, 49, 133, 186, 189, 191, 195, 202-205 (passim)
Volatile organic compounds, 2, 74, 75, 83, 194
see also specific compounds
Volume source reduction, 27-28
W
Waste Energy Technologies, Inc., 26
Waste stream, see Feedstream composition and preparation
Waste-to-energy facilities, see Energy recovery
cadmium, 85-86
hazardous waste, 22-23
lead, 92
mercury, 89
multimedia transport models, 79-80, 255
PAHs, 160
transport pathways, 4, 5, 73, 74, 75, 78-80, 108-109, 255
see also Fish;
Groundwater;
Sediment contamination
Weather conditions, 72, 76, 77, 83, 99
local factors, 6, 70, 83, 99, 110
plant contamination and, 77-78
wind, 72, 76, 77, 79-80, 105, 255
Wet scrubbers, 3, 35, 42, 44-46, 47, 51, 52, 64, 65, 66, 103
best practices, 67
dioxins and furans, 55
venturi scrubbers, 43, 45, 49, 51
Wind, 72, 76, 77, 79-80, 105, 255
Workers, see Occupational exposures;
Professional education and training
World Health Organization, 134
World Wide Web, see Internet
Y
Yard waste, 18, 19, 28, 29, 31-32
Z
Zinc, food chain, 87