NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
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The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
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The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
This study was supported by an agreement between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Science Foundation. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.
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WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS
W. RICHARD SCOTT (Cochair),
Department of Sociology, Stanford University
ROBERT COLE (Cochair),
Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley
META BABA,
Transformations to Quality Organizations Program, National Science Foundation
SØREN BISGAARD-FRANTZEN,
College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison
WILLIAM BUTZ,
Social, Behavioral, and Economic Research Program, National Science Foundation
KIM CAMERON,
Marriott School of Management, Brigham Young University
JAMES DEAN,
Transformations to Quality Organizations Program, National Science Foundation
DANIEL DRUCKMAN,
Division on Education, Labor, and Human Performance, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education
GEORGE EASTON,
Goizueta School of Business, Emory University
KATHLEEN EISENHARDT,
Terman Engineering Center, Stanford University
HILLEARY EVERIST,
Social, Behavioral, and Economic Research Program, National Science Foundation
BARBARA FLYNN,
Department of Management, Iowa State University
RICHARD HACKMAN,
Department of Psychology, Harvard University
TOMOKO HAMADA,
Department of Anthropology, College of William and Mary
JANET HANSEN,
Division on Education, Labor, and Human Performance, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education
RACHELLE HOLLANDER,
Ethics Program, National Science Foundation
GARRY HUYSSE,
Global Quality Improvement, Procter & Gamble
THOMAS KOCHAN,
Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
DAVID LEVINE,
Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley
CORA MARRETT,
College of Education, University of Wisconsin-Madison
NELSON REPENNING,
Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
STANLEY SETTLES,
Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Southern California
KATHRYN SHAW,
Graduate School of Industrial Administration, Carnegie Mellon University
SIM SITKIN,
Fuqua School of Business, Duke University
JOHN STERMAN,
Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
KATHLEEN SUTCLIFFE,
School of Business, University of Michigan
KARL WEICK,
School of Business Administration, University of Michigan
SIDNEY WINTER,
Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania
Staff
MIRON STRAF, Director,
Committee on National Statistics, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education
TRACY WELLENS, Research Associate,
Committee on National Statistics, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education
KAREN HUIE, Research Assistant,
Committee on National Statistics, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education
COMMISSION ON BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES AND EDUCATION 1996–1997
NEIL J. SMELSER (Chair),
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences
DEBORAH L. BALL,
Department of Teacher Education, University of Michigan
AL BLUMSTEIN,
The Heinz School of Urban and Public Affairs, Carnegie Mellon University
ANTHONY S. BRYK,
Center for School Improvement, University of Chicago
RICHARD ELMORE,
Graduate School of Education, Harvard University
BARUCH FISCHHOFF,
Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University
JAMES GREENO,
School of Education, Stanford University
JOHN F. KIHLSTROM,
Department of Psychology, Yale University
ELEANOR E. MACCOBY,
Department of Psychology, Stanford University
CHARLES F. MANSKI,
Department of Economics, Northwestern University
CORA B. MARRETT,
Office of the Provost, University of Massachusetts
BARBARA J. MCNEIL,
Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School
JANE MENKEN,
Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania
ROBERT A. MOFFITT,
Department of Economics, John Hopkins University
ROBERT D. REISCHAUER,
Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C.
T. PAUL SCHULTZ,
Department of Economics, Economic Growth Center, Yale University
CHRISTOPHER A. SIMS,
Department of Economics, Yale University
BURTON H. SINGER,
Office of Population Research, Princeton University
EDWARD E. SMITH,
Department of Psychology, University of Michigan
WILLIAM JULIUS WILSON,
Malcom Wiener Center for Social Policy, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
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Acknowledgments
Many people contributed time and expertise to the workshop and the preparation of this report. The Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education (CBASSE) and the Committee on National Statistics (CNSTAT) are most appreciative of their cooperation and assistance.
We thank the CBASSE subcommittee on the workshop—W. Richard Scott, Alfred Blumstein, James Greeno, and John Swets—who designed and planned the workshop. We thank Richard Scott and Robert Cole, who served as cochairs of the workshop and as two of the editors for this report. Special recognition is due Tracy R. Wellens, who drafted the report and coordinated the editorial process while on loan from the Bureau of the Census in a personnel sharing program developed by CNSTAT with the federal statistical agencies. In expressing our gratitude to the staff, we single out Miron Straf for his helpful guidance and Karen Huie, who attended to the logistics for the workshop and also drafted the workshop paper summaries. Eugenia Grohman offered comments and guidance in editing the report for publication.
Finally, we owe thanks to the workshop participants and to our many colleagues who offered valuable comments and suggestions for the workshop and this report.
NEIL SMELSER, CHAIR
COMMISSION ON BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES AND EDUCATION
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