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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6029.
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Index

A

Abortion, see Spontaneous abortion

Acceptable daily intake, 72

Adenomas and adenocarcinomas, 11, 51, 213-237 (passim), 400

Adipose tissue, 7, 38, 70. 71, 80, 91, 99, 1 16, 246, 248, 250, 251-252, 258, 262, 272, 273

Adrenal gland, 7, 69, 188, 217-222 (passim), 225, 228, 229, 231, 232, 234, 236, 237, 238, 241

a-fetoprotein. 95, 114-115

Age factors. 69, 128, 129, 240-241, 414

breast cancer, 104, 245, 249. 263

breast milk, 90

dose-response assessment, 114. 115. 120

prostate cancer, 269

testicular cancer, 266, 268

see also Infants and children

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 72, 179

Agent Orange, 137, 138

Agricultural exposures. 138-139. 154. 206

free range farm animals, 170

see also Herbicides; Pesticides; specific herbicides and pesticides

Agricultural Market Survey, 74

Air pollution and monitoring, 60-61, 68, 70, 71-72, 74, 206

Aldrin, 6, 75, 90, 153, 186, 198, 211, 213-216

Alkylphenols, 34, 57, 58, 61-62, 77-78, 80, 128, 147-148

nonylphenols. 62. 63. 68. 77-78. 85. 101. 148

Alligators, 5, 7, 155-158, 290-292

Amphibian studies, 153-155, 307

Androgens, 12, 32, 50, 69, 109, 110, 120, 124, 157-158. 243. 297, 411

see also Antiandrogens; Testosterone

Angiogenesis, 108

Animal studies, 31, 273, 310

bisphenol A, 126-128, 139

breast milk, 86, 87, 90

butyl benzyl phthalate 129

carcinogenic effects, 5, 6, 7, 12, 107-108, 111, 115, 210-242

chlordecone, 123, 212

DBP, 129-131

DDE, 45. 121-122.211. 220 234. 241. 242

DDT, 6, 23, 121-122, 211, 221-224, 234-235, 241, 242

DES, 12. 111, 115, 119, 129, 157, 399

developmental and reproductive effects, 4, 18, 52, 96, 119-131 (passim), 139-140, 167-168, 169, 294

dose-response assessment, 109-110, 111 - 112, 113, 114-115

enzyme metabolism, 101, 105, 106

estrogens, general, 210, 235

extrapolation between species, 23-24, 52-53. 108-110, 117break

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6029.
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immunologic effects, 186-187, 188-189, 190-193, 196, 197, 198-208

maximum tolerated dose, 24, 239-240

methoxychlor, 122-123, 139

neurologic effects, 5, 125, 133, 171-172

octylphenol, 129, 139

PCBs:

carcinogenic effects, 5, 6, 107-108, 211, 229-230, 236

developmental and reproductive effects, 4, 18, 124-125, 131, 294

neurologic effects, 5, 125, 133, 171-172

thyroid effects, 5, 150-151, 229-230, 236

TCDDs, 125-126, 211, 230-231, 236-237, 241, 242

vinclozolin, 123-124

see also Amphibian studies: Fish studies; Marine mammal studies: Wildlife studies

Antiandrogens, general, 12, 13, 27, 45-46

carcinogenesis, 243, 272

developmental and reproductive effects. 120, 121, 130, 169

immunologic effects, 196

see also specific substances

Antiestrogens, general, 12, 13, 27, 29, 31-32, 43, 49, 51, 64, 75, 106-107

carcinogenesis, 243-244, 259

developmental and reproductive effects, 120, 162-163

dose-response assessment, 113

see also specific substances

Aromatase (CYP19), 102-103, 104, 105, 113

Aryl hydrocarbons, 27, 46-47, 102, 126

Asians, 245, 249, 250

Assays, see Bioassays

Atmospheric monitoring. see Air pollution and monitoring

Atrazine, 74, 139

ATSDR. see Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

Australia, 72

Autoimmune diseases, 6, 187, 208

B

Background concentrations, 8, 9, 69-70, 81

Bacterial kidney disease. 282

Baffin Island, 72

Baltic Sea, 6, 194, 207, 283-285. 294

B[a]P, see Benzo[a]pyrene

Bayley Mental Development Index, 180

Bayley Psychomotor Development Index, 180

BBP, see Butyl benzyl phthalate

B-cells, 189, 201

Bering Sea, 67, 294

Behavioral effects, 2, 6, 111, 171, 175, 181, 288

sexual behavior, 5, 125-126, 162-163, 170, 270, 406

see also Cognitive effects: Learning effects: Locomotor effects

Belgium, 144, 145

Benzo[a]pyrene, 58, 85, 87

Bioaccumulation, see Food transfer and bioaccumulation

Bioassays, 6, 9, 31, 33-38, 41-43, 71, 73, 95, 112, 117, 154, 196. 211-243, 296- 306, 309, 310, 412, 413

standardized. 299, 302, 412, 413. 414

Biologic markers, general, 7, 9, 42, 66, 79, 99, 110, 195, 207, 249, 273, 297, 306-308, 310, 413

Biomagnification, 158, 278, 279, 282, 293

Biphenyls, 34, 35, 44

Bird studies, 5, 7, 10, 21

concentrations of HAAs, 64. 65, 80

developmental and reproductive effects, 149, 158, 160-166, 168. 169, 285-289

dose-response assessment, 113

immunologic effects, 196, 207

Birth weight. 3-4, 133, 134-135. 168, 180

Bisphenol A, 38-39, 57, 68, 76-77, 80, 101, 120, 126-128, 211-212, 216-217

BKD, see Bacterial kidney disease

Blacks:

breast cancer 249, 250, 256

prostate cancer, 269, 270, 271-272

testicular cancer, 266, 267, 268, 272-273

Blastocysts, 105, 106

Bleached paper mill effluent. 152-153

Blood, 7, 9, 38, 116, 182, 207, 272, 273

breast cancer studies, 246, 249, 256, 259, 263

chlordecone, 137

dosimetry, general, 83, 85, 91, 92-96, 97. 273

endometrial cancer, 263

PCBs, 45, 72, 133, 175, 182, 246, 249, 256, 259, 263, 268, 272break

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6029.
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steroid transport, 103, 116, 308

TCDD, 137, 182, 268-269

testicular cancer, 268-269

Blue-sac disease, 4-5, 99, 151, 169, 282

Body weight, 75, 130, 302

birth weight, 3-4, 133, 134-135, 168, 180

bisphenol A, 126-127

breast cancer, 245, 249-250

breast milk, 90, 91

dose-response assessment, 111, 112

see also Birth weight

Brain, 96-97, 99, 104, 116, 289

fetal, 105

hippocampus, 104

hypothalamus, 28, 96

pineal gland, 96

pituitary gland, 7, 28, 69, 96, 210, 215-238 (passim), 241

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scales, 180

Breast cancer, 6, 7, 10, 31, 39-40, 43, 73, 104. 106, 107, 114, 116, 121-122, 126, 127, 135, 210, 213-232 (passim). 242, 244-263, 265-266, 272. 300, 400

age factors, 104, 245, 249, 263

blood measurements, 246, 249, 256, 259, 263

body weight, 245, 249-250

case-control studies, 246-258

ecologic studies. 262-263

Europe, 245, 250

occupational studies, 246, 258-261, 264

racial/ethnic factors, 245, 249, 250, 256, 263

regional factors, 245, 256

screening, 244-263

Breast milk, 6, 38. 71. 72. 73

carcinogenic effects, 268

developmental and reproductive effects. 128, 130, 131, 134-135, 136

dosimetry, 86, 87-91, 100, 111, 114

immunologic effects, 195-196

neurologic effects, 173, 175, 180, 182

ß-sitosterol, 5, 38, 85

Butyl benyl phthalate, 129, 211, 212, 217-218

C

Canada, 140, 194

Inuits, 68, 72, 80, 195-196

Cancer, 2, 3, 6-7, 39-40, 44, 210-273

animal studies, 5, 6, 7, 12, 107-108, 111, 115, 210-242

antiandrogens, general, 243, 272

antiestrogens, general, 243-244, 259

breast milk, 268

cohort studies, 7, 248-249, 258-264, 268- 269, 271

DDE, 211, 220, 234, 241, 242, 243, 246-258 (passim), 262-263, 268, 269, 271-272

DDT, 6, 211, 221-224, 234-235, 241, 242, 243, 251, 253, 256, 257, 262-263

DES, 1, 10-12, 51

epidemiologic studies, 7, 140, 243-73

estradiol, 101, 106-108

estrogens, general, 210, 235, 243, 244, 248, 300, 249-250

PCBs, 5, 6, 105, 107-108, 211, 229-230. 236, 242, 243-244, 246-263 (passim), 268, 270-271, 272-273

reproductive organs, 211, 213-232, (passim). 244-273, 400-402:

see also specific organs

research methodology, 213-233, 244

steroids, general, 243, 244, 264, 272

TCDD, 23, 111-112, 125-126, 211, 230-231, 236-237, 241, 242, 243-244, 259-262, 264, 271, 273

see specific sites and cancer types

Case-control studies, 273, 275

breast cancer, 246-258

testicular cancer, 268-269

Catecholestrogens, 104, 107-108, 109

Cell-mediated Immune response, 11, 23, 4-43, 51-52, 53, 187, 188-196 (passim . 199-202 (passim), 203, 205, 207, 208-209

B-cells, 189, 201

delayed -type hypersensitivity, 23, 111, 188, 194, 195, 202-203, 208

macrophages, 198, 202, 203, 207

T-cells, 107-196 (passim), 199, 201, 205, 208-209

Cell differentiation, 23, 119, 188, 302

Cell proliferation, 38, 41, 42, 43, 45, 50, 53, 107, 108, 110, 111, 114, 121-122, 210, 264, 299, 300 see also cancerbreak

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6029.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 263

chlordecone, 137-138

study at hand, 1, 12

Chalcones, 36

Chemical Manufacturers Association, 62

Children, see Infants and children

China, 4, 173-175

Chloracne, 173, 259, 261

Chloramphenicol actyl transferase, 44, 45

Chlorbenzilate, 75

Chlordane, 60, 72, 75, 156, 202, 204-205, 206, 211, 241

Chlordecone (Kepone), 33, 38, 57, 59, 123, 137-138, 186, 198, 212, 218-219

Chlorine, 58, 62, 92-93, 152

see also Organochlorine compounds

Chlorobiphenyls, 34, 91, 93

Chlorodibenzofurans, 136

Circulatory disorders, 139

Cognitive effects, 5, 133, 172-179 (passim), 182. 183-184

intelligence, 173, 174, 175, 176, 179, 183

learning effects, 6, 121, 125, 133, 171, 173, 174-177

see also Learning effects

Cohort studies, 6, 273

cancer, 7, 248-249, 258-264, 268-269, 271

developmental and reproductive effects, 131-132, 134-135

neurologic effects, 172-184

PCBs, 131-132, 134-135

prostate cancer, 271

see also Occupational studies

Colon cancer, 39, 245

Concanavalin A. 194

Conception, see Contraceptives; Fertility; Pregnancy

Containers, food, see Packaging and containers

Contraceptives, 8, 68, 78-79, 246, 265, 273

Corticosterone, 154

Coumestrol, 37, 40, 63

Cryptorchidism, 4, 5, 12, 139, 140, 166, 167, 169, 268, 401, 402, 405

Cyanazine, 139

CYP, see Cytochrome

CYP11, see Side-chain-cleavage enzyme

C'YP19, see Aromatase

Cytochrome (CYP), 87, 93, 98-109 (passim), 113

D

DBP, see Di-n-butyl phthalate

DDD (1, 1 -dichloro-2, 2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)ethane), 97, 156, 211, 212, 234, 219-220, 290

DDE (1, 1-dichloro-2, 2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene), 3, 6, 33, 45-46

animal studies, 45, 121-122, 211, 220, 234, 241, 242

carcinogenic effects, 211, 220, 234, 241, 242, 243, 246-258 (passim), 262- 263, 268, 269, 271-272

developmental and reproductive effects, 120, 121, 122, 131, 134, 155, 156, 165-166, 168-169

dosimetry, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 97, 101

ecologic effects, 289, 290-291, 293, 294

exposure. 59, 63, 64

immunologic effects, 196

neurologic effects, 180-181, 183

DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), 21, 33, 46, 301-302

animal studies, 6, 23, 121-122, 211, 221-224, 234-235, 241, 242

blood, 93, 256

carcinogenic effects, 6, 211, 221-224, 234-235, 241, 242, 243, 251, 253. 256. 257, 262-263

developmental and reproductive effects, 5, 6, 21, 120, 121-122, 131, 141, 149-151, 154-155, 156, 159, 161, 164, 165, 168, 169

pregnancy, 121, 131

dosimetry, 86, 91, 97, 99, 100

ecologic effects, 282, 290-291, 294

exposure, 59-60, 64, 65, 66-67, 68, 71-72, 74, 75, 80

food transfer/bioaccumulation, 68, 74, 91-92, 161-162

immunologic effects, 23, 186, 196-197

neurologic effects, 185

persistence, 58

production and use, 56, 57, 80

DEHP (diethylhexyl phthalate), 62, 78

Delayed-type hypersensitivity, 23, 1, 188, 194, 195, 202-203, 208

Demographic factors, 181, 293-294

urban areas, 140, 144, 145, 178, 183, 196. 253, 254, 257

see also Age factors: Racial/ethnic factorsbreak

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6029.
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Denmark, 140, 253, 257, 260, 264

Faroe Islands, 88, 90

Dental sealants, 39, 68

Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Market Survey, 74

Department of the Interior study at hand, 1, 12

U.S. Geological Survey, 62

DES, see Diethylstilbestrol

Developing countries, 245

see also specific countries

Developmental and reproductive effects, 1, 5, 8, 10, 18, 95-96, 119-170, 240-241, 302, 414

agricultural workers, 138-139

amphibians, 153-155, 307

antiandrogens, 120, 121, 130, 169

antiestrogens, 120, 162-163

animal studies, 4, 18, 52, 96, 119-131 (passim), 139-140, 167-168, 169, 294

amphibians, 153-155, 307

birds, 149, 158, 160-166, 168, 169, 285- 289

reptiles, 155-159

see also fish studies'' and "wildlife studies" infra

Bisphenol A, 126-128

bleached paper mill effluent, 152-153

breast milk, 128, 130, 131, 134-135, 136

carcinogenic effects on reproductive organs, 211, 213-232 (passim), 244-273, 400-402;

see also specific organs

chlordecone, 123, 137-138

cohort studies, 131-132, 134-135

contraceptives, 8, 68, 78-79, 246, 265, 273

CYP enzymes, 105-106

DBP, 129-131

DDE, 120, 121, 122, 131, 134, 155, 156, 165-166, 168-169

DDT, 5, 6, 21, 120, 121-122, 131, 141, 149-151, 154-155, 156, 159, 161, 164, 165, 168, 169

DES, 1, 11-12, 51, 111, 114-115, 126, 127, 129, 157, 399-406

dibenzofurans, 134, 136, 159

polychlorinated dibenzofurans, 4, 5, 133, 134, 168

dioxins, 5, 91, 135, 136, 139, 150, 158-159, 164

embryos, 1, 51, 52, 86, 105, 157, 159, 164, 187, 288

estradiol, 123, 154, 157, 160, 163

estrogens, general, 119-120, 160, 164, 169, 307

fertility, 11-12, 16, 73, 121, 132, 138, 245, 246, 302, 402

time-to-pregnancy, 132, 146

fish studies, 4-5, 79, 147-153, 169

intersex conditions, 4, 79, 147, 159, 169, 307

Great Lakes studies, 133-134, 149-151. 158-159, 160-161, 162, 164, 165. 282-283

intersex conditions, 4, 79, 102, 147, 159, 163, 169, 187, 307

lactation, 6, 54, 66, 78-79, 100, 104, 111, 124, 127, 131, 245, 258;

see also "breast milk " supra

learning effects, 6, 121, 125, 133, 171, 173, 174-177

locomotor effects, 6, 121, 133, 135-136, 171, 175, 184

methoxychlor, 122-123, 169-170

monitoring, 5, 302, 307

octylphenol, 128, 148

organochlorine compounds, 155, 159, 162, 166, 179

PCBs, 4, 18, 120, 124-125, 131-135, 141, 149, 150, 157, 158-159, 164, 165, 168, 169-170, 173, 282, 285, 287-289, 292-294

PCDFs, 4, 168

receptor-mediated actions, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 136, 140, 160, 167

regional factors, 120, 133-134, 139, 140, 149-151, 158-159, 160-161, 168, 170;

see also "Great Lakes" supra

sewage treatment plant effluent, 4, 79, 147-148, 169

sex determination and ratios, 5, 98, 103, 104, 108, 113, 120, 130-131, 135, 160-162, 276, 285-286

sexual behavior, 5, 125-126, 162-163, 170, 270, 406

sperm and semen, 2, 4, 5, 10, 12, 17, 123. 126, 128, 129, 130, 133, 137-146 (passim), 167, 170, 402, 404, 405

spontaneous abortion, 11, 68, 133, 138-139, 266, 403, 406break

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6029.
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study at hand, methodology, 2, 3-4, 13, 14, 15

TCDD, 120, 125-126, 135-137, 149, 150, 151

teratogens, 12, 151, 288, 289

tributylin, 102

vagina, 1, 42, 51, 303, 304, 306, 400, 401

vinclozolin, 123-124

wildlife studies, 4, 7, 1, 120-121, 146-167, 168-170, 275, 282-295;

see also "fish studies " supra

see also Age factors; Birth weight; Eggs: Fetuses; Gonads; Growth effects; Ovaries and ovulation; Prostate gland: Pregnancy; Testes; Thyroid gland: Uterus

DHT (5-dihydrotestosterone), 32

Diadzein, 55, 56

Dibenzofurans, 75, 134, 136, 159

polychlorinated dibenzofurans, 4, 5, 84, 94, 133. 134

Dichlorobiphenyl, 93

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, see DDT

Dichlorophenol, 34

Dicotol, 5, 74, 75, 155, 290-291

Dieldrin, 7, 34, 56, 72, 74, 75, 156, 159, 198, 199, 211, 213-216, 258, 293

Diet, see Food transfer and bioaccumulation

Diethylstilbestrol (DES), 1, 10-12, 22-23, 48, 68, 79, 106, 126, 127, 157, 268, 399-406

animal studies, 12, 111, 115, 119, 129, 157, 399

carcinogenic effects, 1, 10-12, 51

developmental and reproductive effects, 1, 11-12, 51, 111, 114-115, 126, 127, 129, 157, 399-406

dose-response assessment, 22-23, 110, 111, 114-115

embryos, 1, 51

immunologic effects, 187, 399

occupational study, 406

Diethylhexyl phthalate, 78

Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), 57, 129-131

Dioxins. 4-5

developmental and reproductive effects, 5, 91, 135, 136, 139, 150, 158-159, 164

neurologic effects, 171, 182, 185

PCDDs, 94, 176, 181, 182, 289

see also TCDD

DMBA (7, 12-dimethylbenzathracene), 237, 238, 240

DNA, 32, 47-49, 53, 107, 114, 301

Dose and dosimetry, 9, 82-118

breast milk, 86, 87-91, 100, 111, 114

defined. 54

PCBs, 84, 86, 88-90, 90, 91-94 (passim), 99, 125, 194

low-dose effects, 16, 113, 119

persistence, 9, 54-55, 58-59, 80, 81, 83, 85, 90, 94, 107:

see also Food transfer and bioaccumulation

see also Blood: Exposure: Target cells and organs

Dose-response relationships, 9, 22-23, 82-83, 86-87, 109-115, 117, 118, 148, 172, 207, 303, 304, 310, 413

age factors, 114, 115, 120

animal studies, 109-110, 111- 112, 113, 114-115

antiestrogens, 113

body weight, 111, 112

defined, 82

DES, 22-23, 110, 111, 114-115

environmentally relevant doses, 16, 24-26

estradiol, 110, 111, 113, 114-115

estrogens, general, 112-113, 115

extrapolation across species. 109-110, 117

fetuses, 13

low-dose effects, 16, 113, 119, 128, 412-413

maximum tolerated dose, 24, 239-240

PCBs, 125

low-dose effects, 16, 113, 119

physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, 93-94

receptor-mediated actions, 110, 112-114

steroids, 110, 113

TCDD, 23, 111-112, 126

threshold concentrations, 113

see also Bioassays

E

Ecologic studies. 7-8, 138-139, 274-295

breast cancer, 262-263

DDE, 289, 290-291, 293, 294

DDT, 282, 290-291, 294

genetic effects, 278-279

Great Lakes, 281-283, 286-288, 292

PCBs, 282, 285, 287-289, 292-294break

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prostate cancer, 271 -272

pyramid effects, 278

study at hand, methodology, 2, 3

TCDD, 282-283, 285

testicular cancer, 268-269, 272-273

see also Food transfer and bioaccumulation; Wildlife studies

EGF, see Epidermal growth factor

Eggs, 4, 5, 21, 64, 67, 86, 116, 149-150, 151, 156-157, 161, 165-166, 168, 169, 284, 285, 287, 290

Elimination of HAAs, 83-84, 116

see also Metabolism

Embryos, 52, 86, 157, 159, 164, 187, 288

CYP enzymes. 105

DES, 1, 51

see also Fetuses

Employee studies, see Occupational studies

Endocrine disruptor hypothesis, general, 16-17, 20, 50

Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee (EDSTAC), 9, 15, 17, 296, 410-414

Endometrial cancer, 7, 46-47, 125, 126, 135, 210, 211, 212, 214, 226, 228, 229. 232, 234-239 (passim), 242, 244, 263-265, 266, 272

Endosulfan, 6, 33, 56, 74, 75, 203, 206, 209, 211, 224, 235

Endothelial cells, 98-99, 104, 106, 203

Endrin, 75, 186, 198, 199, 211, 225-226, 235-236

England, 89, 293

Environmentally relevant doses, 16, 24-26

Environmental Protection Agency, 62, 155-156, 240-41, 292

Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee. 9, 15, 17, 296, 410-414

prostate cancer. 271

study at hand, 1, 12

testicular cancer, 269

Enzymes, 32, 83, 87, 101, 152, 285, 306, 308

animal studies, 101. 105. 106

assays, 302

CYP, 87, 93, 98-109 (passim), 117

epithelial, 98-99

placental, 105

racial differences, 263

RNA transcription, 49

thyroid, 73, 101

Epidemiologic studies, 7, 135, 137, 170, 399-406

cancer, 7, 140, 243-273

chlordecone, 137-138

immunologic response, 208-209

neurologic effects, 172-185

sperm concentration, 140, 141-146, 170

see also Cohort studies; Ecologic studies: Occupational studies

Epidermal growth factor, 42

Epithelial cells, 11, 50, 83, 86, 87, 98-99. 111, 123, 138, 188, 303

Equol, 37, 40, 41

Estradiol, 10, 40, 42, 45, 50, 69, 78, 79, 85, 94, 96, 107, 108, 300

carcinogenic effects, 101, 106-108

developmental and reproductive effects, 123, 154, 157, 160, 163

dose-response relationship, 110, 111, 113, 114-115

metabolism, 101, 102, 106-108

Estriol, 30, 31, 109, 110, 303-304

Estrogen responsive elements (EREs), 32, 47, 48

Estrogens, general, 4, 10-11, 18, 27, 38-53, 64, 94-95, 405, 411

animal studies, 210, 235

bioassays, 41-43, 235, 243, 297, 302. 303

biologic markers, 306-308

carcinogenic effects, 210, 235, 243, 244, 248, 300

catecholestrogens, 104. 107-108. 109

developmental and reproductive effects, 119-120, 160, 164, 169, 307

dose-response relationships. 112-113. 115

hormone replacement therapy, 246, 265, 273

immunologic effects, 187, 196

metabolism, 101-103, 106-107

pharmacologic, 8, 68, 78-79, 80

contraceptives, 8, 68, 78-79, 246, 265, 273

hormone replacement therapy, 246, 265, 273

see also Diethylstilbestrol: Estradiol

phytoestrogens, 8, 40-41, 55-56, 68, 73, 80, 81, 95, 101, 273

receptor-mediated actions. 28-32, 110, 112- 114, 299, 300, 301, 412

see also Antiestrogens: Contraceptives: specific estrogensbreak

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Estrone, 30, 31, 70, 79, 103, 108, 109, 147, 306

Estrus and menstruation, see Menstruation and estrus

Ethnicity, see Racial/ethnic factors

Europe, 7, 140, 143, 293

breast cancer, 245, 250

Scandinavia, 140

testicular cancer, 272

see also specific countries

Exposure, 1, 8, 54-81, 84-91, 135, 136, 273, 306-308

agricultural, 138-139, 154, 170, 206

background concentrations, 8, 9, 69-70, 81

biologic markers, general, 7, 9, 42, 66, 79, 99, 110, 195, 207, 249, 273, 297, 306-308, 310

occupational, other, 258-261

DDT, 59-60, 64, 65, 66-67, 68, 71-72, 74, 75, 80

defined, 54

environmentally relevant routes of, 25-26

persistence, 9, 54-55, 58-59, 80, 81, 83, 85, 90, 94, 107:

see also Food transfer and bioaccumulation

testicular cancer, 268-269

see also Dose and dosimetry: Screening and monitoring

F

Faroe Islands, 88, 90

Fatty tissue, see Adipose tissue

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 410

Federal government, see Legislation; specific departments and agencies

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 410

Fertility, 11-12, 16, 73, 121, 132, 138, 245, 246, 302, 402

time-to-pregnancy, 132, 146

see also Contraceptives: Sperm and semen

Fetuses, 1, 38, 47, 116, 241, 310

CYP enzymes, 105, 106

dose-response assessment, 113

fetal alcohol syndrome, 105

resorption, 126

spontaneous abortion, 11, 68, 133, 138-139, 266, 403, 406

spontaneous death, 132

see also Embryos; Placenta

Finland, 145, 146

Fish, consumption of, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 68, 69, 71, 72, 131-134, 165, 172-176, 181, 184, 287, 289, 292, 294

Fish studies, 1, 2, 7, 45, 281-285, 412

bleached paper mill effluent, 152-153

concentration of HAAs, 63-66, 67, 71, 73

cytochrome, 102

developmental and reproductive effects, 4-5, 79, 147-153, 169

intersex conditions, 4, 79, 147, 159, 169, 307

dosimetry, 85

salmon, 4, 5, 149-151, 169, 281, 282, 283-284 292

sewage treatment plant effluent, 4, 79, 147-148, 169, 281, 307

trout, 4-5, 45, 73, 79, 147, 148, 151, 282-283

see also Great Lakes; Marine mammal studies

Flavanones, 36

Flavones and flavonoids, 36, 39-41, 43, 68, 73, 101, 102-103, 107

Florida panthers, 166-167, 169-170

Follicles and follicular cells, 137, 152- 153, 156-157, 213, 217, 218, 220-232 (passim). 237

Food and Drug Administration, 11, 241

Total Diet Study, 63, 75, 77

Food Quality Protection Act, 297, 410

Food transfer and bioaccumulation, 4, 8, 38-41, 43, 55-56, 63, 74-75, 80-81, 86, 91-92, 116, 174, 281-285

biomagnification, 158, 278, 279, 282, 293

bisphenol A, 38-39, 57, 68, 76-77, 80, 101, 120, 126-128, 211-212, 216-217

chlordecone, 123

DDT, 68, 74, 91-92, 161-162

fish, consumption of, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 68, 69, 71.72, 131-134, 165, 172-176, 181, 184, 287, 289, 292, 294

PBBs, 262

PCBs, 3-4, 68, 72, 131-134, 173, 282, 292-294

phytoestrogens, 8, 40-41, 55-56, 68, 73, 80, 81, 95, 101, 273

pyramid effects, 278

soy, 43, 56, 63, 73, 80, 81, 87, 90

TCDD, 136, 282

see also Ecologic studies; Milk; Packaging and containersbreak

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Foreign countries, see Developing countries; Europe; specific countries

France, 144, 145

Fungicides, general, 46, 55, 86, 87, 120, 123, 137, 138, 139, 167

see also specific substrances

G

Genetic effects, 5, 6, 28, 31, 42-43, 50, 299, 300-301

animal strains, 238-239

DNA, 32, 47-49, 53, 107, 114, 301

ecologic studies and, 278-279

extrapolation between species, 23-24, 52-53, 108-110, 117

mRNA, 27, 45, 49, 52, 104, 105, 106, 302

transcription, 27, 28, 43, 47, 49, 51, 115, 301, 302

RNA, 28

testicular cancer, 268

transfection, 43, 44

Genistein, 85, 98

Germany, 88, 177, 183, 184, 260

Gestation, see Pregnancy

Gonadotropins, 87, 97, 98, 104, 152

Gonads, 28, 64, 67, 69, 99, 100, 152, 153, 159, 172, 412

morphologic abnormalities, 5, 79, 156

steroids, 17-18, 20, 157

see Ovaries and ovulation; Testes

Great Lakes, 4, 7, 61, 62-63, 67, 71, 72

developmental and reproductive effects, 133-134, 149-151, 158-159, 160-161, 162, 164, 165, 282-283

ecologic studies, 281-283, 286-288, 292

immunologic effects, 189, 194

neurologic effects, 174, 177, 178-180, 183

Great Lakes embryo mortality, edema, and deformity syndrome, 165

Growth effects, 4, 31, 42, 50, 150, 154, 160, 282, 287, 293, 302

children and infants, 133, 134-135, 178, 403

dioxin, 5

egg and gonad size, 4, 152, 169

intrauterine growth retardation, 139

penis size, 5, 157, 158, 306-307, 401, 406

prostate gland size, 22, 11, 127

sex accessory gland size, 126

testes, 4, 126, 128, 129, 148, 169

transforming-growth factor, 42

tumors, 108, 126, 235

uterine, 43, 139, 303

see also Birth weight; Body weight

H

Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (HAHs), 46, 67, 93, 186, 188-196

see also Polychlorinated byphenyls: Polychlorinated dibenzofurans: TCDD

Hazard quotients, 308-309

Heat-shock proteins, 42, 48-49

Hepatic system, 99, 103, 106, 109, 112, 122-123, 152, 156, 195, 235, 238, 242, 293

Heptachlorodibenzofuran, 75

Herbicides, general, 125, 138, 139, 260, 264

see also specific substances

Hexachlorobenzene, 63, 134, 141, 181, 186, 203, 207, 251, 254

Hexachlorobiphenyl, 93, 124, 133

Hexachlorohexane, 59, 60, 100, 198, 248

Hexachloro-PCBs, 194

Hippocampus, 104

Hormone replacement therapy, 246, 265, 273

Human chorionic gonadotropin, 152, 153

Humoral immunity, 187, 189, 191, 192, 195, 196, 202, 203, 205, 206

Hyperpigmentation, 173

Hypospadias, 4, 5, 12, 78, 130, 139, 140, 167, 168, 170

Hypothalamus, 28, 96

I

Immunologic effects, 2, 3, 6, 186-209

animal studies, 186-187, 188-189, 190-193, 196, 197, 198-208

bird studies, 196, 207

breast milk, 195-196

DDT, 23, 186, 196-197

DES, 187, 399

epidemiologic studies, 208-209

estrogens, general, 187, 196

Great Lakes, 189, 194

humoral immunity, 187, 189, 191, 192, 195, 196, 202, 203, 205, 206break

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infants and children, 195-196

infectious diseases, 187, 190, 191, 194, 195, 270, 282 , 294

organochlorine compounds, general. 194, 198

PCBs, 6, 188, 191, 192, 194, 195-196, 207, 208, 288, 294

pregnancy, 187, 203, 205

TCDD, 111, 188-189, 190-191, 193, 196

wildlife studies, 6, 189, 194, 196, 207

see also Bioassays; Cell-mediated immune response

India, 71

Indolo[3, 2-b]carbazole, 37

Infants and children, 5, 70, 71, 73, 74-75, 78, 80, 81, 116, 134

birth weight, 3-4, 133, 134-135, 168, 180

fetal alcohol syndrome, 105

immunologic effects, 195-196

neurologic effects, 172, 173, 174-183;

see also Cognitive effects

testicular cancer, 268

see also Breast milk; Fetuses

Infectious diseases, 187, 190, 191, 194, 195, 270, 282, 294

Inhalation exposure:

smoking, 105, 182

see Air pollution and monitoring; Lungs; Respiratory system

Insecticides, see Pesticides; specific substances

Instrumental chemical techniques, 308-309

Intelligence, 173, 174, 175, 176, 179, 183

see also Cognitive effects; Learning effects

International Agency for Research on Cancer, 235, 236, 237, 238, 242, 260

International perspectives, see Developing countries; Europe; Regional factors; specific countries

Intersex conditions, 4, 79, 102, 147, 159, 163, 169, 187, 307

Intrauterine growth retardation, 139

Inuits, 68, 72, 80, 195-196

In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, 141

Isoflavones and isoflavonoids, 36, 55, 56, 63, 73

Italy, 135, 259, 261-262, 264, 271

J

Japan, 4, 140, 172, 173-174, 245

K

Kenya, 88

Kepone, see Chlordecone

Kidneys, 30, 93, 128, 130, 282

L

Laboratory studies, see Animal studies

Lactation, 6, 54, 66, 78-79, 100, 104, 111, 124, 127, 131, 245, 258

see also Breast milk

Larvae, 86, 105

Learning effects, 6, 121, 125, 133, 171, 173, 174-177

Legislation, 297, 410

Life-history models, 274

Ligands, 28-32 (passim), 40, 47, 48-49, 114, 298

Lindane. 6, 34, 74, 198, 202, 209, 211, 226-228, 236

Lipoproteins, 8, 38, 64, 83, 88-89, 94, 99, 116

Liver, see Hepatic system

Locomotor effects, 6, 121, 133, 135-136, 171, 175, 184

Bayley Psychomotor Development Index, 180

Lungs, 71-72, 87, 93, 203, 237, 245. 261

Luteinizing hormone, 44, 137

Lymphatic system, 187-188, 190-191, 199, 202, 204, 205, 207, 208

see also T-cells

M

Macrophages, 198, 202, 203, 207

Mammary gland, 104, 126, 213-238 (passim), 241

see also Breast cancer; Breast milk; Lactation

Mammography, 245-246

Marine mammal studies, 92, 294-295

concentrations of HAAs, 64, 65, 66, 72, 80, 90, 99, 196

dosimetry, 86

immunologic effects, PCBs, 6, 194, 196, 207, 208

Maximum tolerated dose, 24, 239-240

Menopause, 78, 79, 245, 251, 273

hormone replacement therapy, 246, 265, 273break

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Menstruation and estrus, 69, 122, 123, 124, 132, 264-265, 250-251, 264, 303

see also Ovaries and ovulation

Mental Development Index, see Bayley Mental Development Index

Meselson-Stahl demonstration, 19

Mestranol, 68, 78

Metabolism, 8, 28, 54, 83-84, 86, 90-91, 98-109, 117, 123, 160, 165

cytochrome (CYP), 87, 93, 98-109 (passim), 113

estradiol, 101, 102, 106-108

estrogens, general, 101-103, 106-107

PCBs, 102. 104

steroids, 101-103, 105-109, 117

thyroxin, 124-125

see also Enzymes

Methodology, see Research methodology

Methoxychlor, 33, 74, 75, 122-123, 169-170, 211, 228-229, 236, 241

Methylsulfonyl, 88, 90-91, 101

Metolachlor, 139

Michelson-Morely experiment, 19

Milk:

bovine milk, 87, 90, 116, 136

soy-based substitutes, 43, 56, 63, 73, 80, 81, 87, 90

see also Breast milk

Minks, 7, 288-289

Minority groups, see Racial/ethnic factors: specific groups

Mirex, 164, 254, 258

Miscarriage, see Spontaneous abortion

Monitoring, see Screening and monitoring

Mortality data, 173, 190, 192, 258-259, 260, 261, 263, 266, 269, 270-271, 282

mRNA, 27, 45, 49, 52, 104, 105, 106, 302

transcription, 27, 28, 43, 47, 49, 51, 115, 301, 302

Müllerian-inhibiting hormone, 160, 167

Musculoskeletal disorders, 139

N

Naringenin, 43, 44

National Cancer Institute, 234-239 (passim), 241

SEER program, 265

National Center for Health Statistics, 138

National Human Monitoring Program, 99

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 137

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 154, 260

National Toxicology Program, 129

Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale, 181

Netherlands, 88-89, 134-135, 176, 182-183, 184, 195, 293, 294

Neurologic effects, 5-6. 50. 99. 171-185

animal studies, 5, 125, 133, 171-172

breast milk, 173, 175, 180, 182

cognitive effects, 5, 133, 172-179 (passim), 182, 183-184

intelligence, 173, 174, 175, 176, 179, 183

learning impairments, 6, 121, 125, 133, 171. 173. 174-177

cohort studies, 172-184

DDE, 180-181, 183

DDT, 185

dioxins, 171, 182, 185;

see also "TCDD" infra

epidemiologic studies, 172-185

Great Lakes, 174, 177, 178-180, 183

infants and children, 172, 173, 174-183:

see also, "cognitive effects" supra

locomotor effects, 6, 121, 133, 135-136, 171, 175, 180, 184

PCBs, 5, 125, 133, 171-185

regional factors, 172-184;

see also "Great Lakes" supra

standards, 185

study at hand, methodology, 2, 3, 14

TCDD, 135-136

see also Behavioral effects; Brain

Nonylphenol ethoxylates, 58, 62, 63, 101, 148

Nonylphenols, 62, 63, 68, 77-78, 85, 101, 148

Norway, 88

Nutrition, see Food transfer and bioaccumulation

O

Occupational studies, 137, 198

agricultural exposures, 138-139, 154, 206

breast cancer, 246, 258-261, 264

chlordecone, 137-138

DES, 406

endometrial cancer, 264

prostate cancer, 270-271, 273break

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testicular cancer, 268

Vietnam veterans, 137, 138, 257, 269

Octylphenol, 128, 148

Organochlorine compounds, general, 33-34, 38, 47, 59-60, 72, 91-92

carcinogenic effects, 248, 249-250

developmental and reproductive effects, 155, 159, 162, 166, 179

neurologic effects, 186

immunologic effects, 194, 198

see also specific compounds

Organohalogen compounds, 164

see also specific compounds

Ovaries and ovulation, 52, 86, 102, 121, 122, 130, 157, 164, 218, 220, 224, 226, 229-238 (passim). 241. 400

see also Menopause; Menstruation and testrus

P

Packaging and containers:

bisphenol A, 38-39, 57, 68, 76-77, 80, 101, 120, 126-128, 211-212, 216-217

butyl benzyl phthalate, 129

other HAAs, 78

PB-PK, see Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model

PCBs, see Polychlorinated biphenyls

Peer review, 18, 19

Penis, 5, 102, 126, 133, 157, 158, 167, 169, 405

hypospadias, 4, 5, 12, 78, 130, 139, 140, 167, 168, 170

preputial gland, 127, 129

size, 5, 157, 158, 306-307, 401, 406

Pentachlorobiphenol, 84, 92, 93, 97, 125, 133

Pentachlorophenol, 75

Persistence 9, 54-55, 58-59, 80, 81, 83, 85, 90, 94, 107

see also Food transfer and bioaccumulation

Pesticides, 38, 56, 58, 74-75, 81, 91-92, 97, 158, 179, 198, 242

see also specific substances

Pharmacokinetics, 38, 86, 87, 93-94, 96, 97, 98, 117. 297, 299, 302

Pharmacologic agents, 8, 68, 78-79, 80

contraceptives, 8, 68, 78-79, 246, 265, 273

hormone replacement therapy, 246, 265, 273

see also Diethylstilbestrol; Estradiol

Phenolic compounds, 38

alkylphenols, 34, 57, 58, 61-62, 77-78, 80. 128, 147-148

nonylphenols, 62, 63, 68, 77-78, 85, 101, 148

see specific substances

Phthalates, 38, 58, 62, 78, 120, 129-131, 153, 211, 212, 242

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, 93-94

Phytoestrogens, 8, 40-41, 55-56, 68, 73, 80, 81, 95, 101, 273

Phytohemagglutinin, 189, 194, 195, 202

Pineal gland, 96

Pituitary gland, 7, 28, 69, 96, 210, 215-238 (passim), 241

Placenta, 8, 47, 97-98, 105, 116, 173, 175, 180-181

Plaque-forming cells (PFC), 196, 198

Plasma-binding proteins, 94-95, 96, 116, 127, 157, 301

Pokeweed mitogen, 195

Polybrominated biphenyls, 262

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 3, 5, 34, 38, 45

animal studies:

carcinogenic effects, 5, 6, 107-108, 211, 229-230, 236

developmental and reproductive effects, 4, 18, 124-125, 131, 294

neurologic effects, 5, 125, 133, 171-172

thyroid effects, 5, 150-151, 229-230, 236

blood concentrations, 45, 72, 133, 175, 182, 246, 249, 256, 259, 263, 268, 272

carcinogenic effects, 5, 6, 105, 107-108, 211, 229-230, 236, 242, 243-244, 246-263 (passim), 268, 270-271, 272-273

cohort studies, 131-132, 134-135

developmental and reproductive effects, 4. 18, 120, 124-125, 131-135, 141, 149, 150, 157, 158-159, 164, 165, 168, 169-170, 173, 282, 285, 287-289, 292-294

dosimetry, 84, 86, 88-90, 90, 91-94 (passim), 99, 125, 194

low-dose effects, 16, 113, 119

ecologic effects, 282, 285, 287-289, 292-294

exposure. 60-61, 62, 64-67, 70, 71, 72, 75, 80break

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food transfer and bioaccumulation, 3-4, 68, 72, 131-134, 173, 282, 292-294

hexachloro-PCBs, 194

immunologic effects, 6, 188, 191, 192, 194, 195-196, 207, 208, 288, 294

marine mammals, 6, 194, 196, 207, 208

metabolic processes, 102, 104

neurologic effects, 5, 125, 133, 171-185

persistence, 58-59, 85

pregnancy, 124-125

production and use, 56, 57, 80

thyroid gland, 5, 150-151, 229-230, 236

Polychlorinated diaromatic hydrocarbons (PCHDs), 283

Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), 4, 5, 84, 94, 168, 174, 182, 185, 289

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), 94, 176, 181, 182, 289

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 104

Polymerase chain reaction techniques, 28, 51-52, 105

Pregnancy, 54, 95, 231, 403, 404

bisphenol A, 126, 127

DBP, 130-131

DDT, 121, 131

embryos, 1, 51, 52, 86, 105, 157, 159, 164, 187, 288

immunologic effects, 187, 203, 205

intrauterine growth retardation, 139

PCBs, 124-125

placenta, 8, 47, 97-98, 105, 116, 173, 175, 180-181

spontaneous abortion, 11, 68, 133, 138-139, 266, 403, 406;

see also Diethylstilbestrol

time-to-pregnancy, 132, 146

see also Fetuses

Preputial gland, 127, 129

Progesterone, 11, 42, 43, 69-70, 152, 165, 245, 264, 265, 300

see also Contraceptives

Prostate gland, 111, 112, 121, 127, 128, 402

cancer, 7, 39-40, 222, 224, 229, 232-239 (passim), 269-272, 273, 401

age factors, 269

cohort studies, 271

ecologic studies, 271-272

occupational exposures, 270-271, 273

racial/ethnic factors, 269, 270, 271-272

screening, 269-270, 271

size, 22, 111, 127

Psychomotor Development Index, see Bayley Psychomotor Development Index

Psychomotor effects, see Locomotor effects

Q

Quercetin, 44

R

Racial/ethnic factors, 72

Asians, 245, 249, 250

breast cancer, 245, 249, 250, 256, 263

concentrations of HAAs, 268

Inuits, 68, 72, 80, 195-196

prostate cancer, 269, 270, 271-272

testicular cancer, 266, 267, 268, 272-273

see also Blacks: Whites

Receptor-mediated actions, 3, 8, 21-22, 27, 28-37, 40-41, 43-53, 82, 116, 117, 298-300

carcinogenic effects, 248

developmental and reproductive effects, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 136, 140, 160. 167

dose-response relationship, 110, 112-114

estrogens, general, 28-32, 110, 112-114, 299, 300, 301, 412

immunologic effects, 186

ligands, 28-32 (passim), 40, 47, 48-49, 114, 298

retinoids, 18, 47

steroids, 28, 32, 41, 42, 48, 52, 94-95, 96, 116, 186

thyroid, 18

Redox cycling, 107, 108, 117

Reference standards, 308-309

Registry for Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Genital Tract in Young Females, 11

Regional factors, 5, 279, 292-293

breast cancer, 245, 256

concentrations of HAAs, 64, 65, 72, 88-89

developmental and reproductive effects, 120, 133-134, 139, 140, 149-151, 158-159, 160-161, 168. 170

Great Lakes studies, 133-134, 149-151, 158-159, 160-161, 162, 164, 165, 282-283

neurologic effects. 172-184

Great Lakes, 174, 177, 178-180, 183break

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persistence. 58

sperm concentration, 4, 5, 142-144

wildlife exposure, 63-64

see also Great Lakes; International perspectives; specific countries

Reptile studies, 5, 7, 103, 155-159, 288, 290-292

Research methodology, 170

carcinogenic effects, 213-233, 244

definition of HAA, 21-22

extrapolation between species 23-24, 52-53, 108-110, 117

neurologic effects, 179

peer review, 18, 19

sperm concentration studies, 141-144, 146

study at hand, 1-3. 12-16. 18-26

see also Animal studies; Case-control studies; Cohort studies; Ecologic studies; Epidemiologic studies; Occupational studies; Screening and monitoring; Wildlife studies

Respiratory system, 86, 116, 129, 139, 195

smoking, 105, 182

see also Lungs

Retinoids, 18, 47

Risk management, 2, 14

River otters, 7, 292-293, 294

RNA, 28 see also mRNA

S

Safe Drinking Water Act, 297, 410

Salmon, 4, 5, 149-151, 169, 281, 282, 283-284, 292

Scandinavia. 130

see also specific countries

Scotland, 144, 145

Screening and monitoring, 8-9, 59-67, 81, 243-273. 296-414

breast cancer, 244-263

committee recommendations, 5-9 (passim). 310, 413-414

Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing

Advisory Committee, 9, 15, 17, 296, 410-414

polymerase chain reaction techniques, 28, 51-52, 105

prostate cancer, 269-270, 271

soil and soil monitoring, 62-63, 70, 123

see also Air pollution and monitoring; Bioassays; Dosimetry; Dose-response relationships; Exposure

Seasonal factors, 58

conception, time of, 139

SEER, see Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program

Semen, see Sperm and semen

Seminal vesicle, 121

Sewage treatment plant effluent, 4, 79, 147-148, 169, 281, 307

Sex determination and ratios, 5, 98, 103, 104, 108, 113, 120, 130-131, 135, 160-162, 276, 285-286

Sexual behavior, 5, 125-126, 130, 170, 270, 406

Sheep red blood cells, 188-189, 200

Side-chain-cleavage enzyme (CPY11), 102, 105

Sitosterol, 5, 38, 85

Skin and skin reactions, 42, 55, 86, 92, 116, 133, 173, 189, 195, 196, 208, 237, 259, 261, 272

Smoking, 105, 182

Society for the Plastics Industry, 76-77

Soil and soil monitoring, 62-63, 70, 123

Soy-based foods, 43, 56, 63, 73, 80, 81, 87, 90

Sperm and semen, 2, 4, 5, 10, 12, 17, 123, 126, 128, 129, 130, 133, 137-146 (passim), 167, 17, 402, 404, 405

epidemiologic studies, 140, 141-146, 170

regional factors, 4, 5, 142-144

research methodology. 141-144. 146

Spleen, 188, 192, 198, 204, 206

Spontaneous abortion, 11, 68, 133, 138-139, 266, 403, 406

see also Diethylstilbestrol

Standards:

acceptable daily intake, 72

bioassays, 297, 302, 309, 310, 412, 413, 414

environmentally relevant doses, 16, 24-26

maximum tolerated doses, 24, 239-240

neurologic effects, 185

reference standards, 308-309

see also Biologic markers, general

Steroids, general, 43, 116, 152, 167, 172, 186-187, 290, 301, 307, 308, 412

background concentrations, 69

blood, transport of, 103, 116, 308

carcinogenesis, 243, 244, 264, 272

dose-response assessment, 110, 113

gonadal, 17-18, 20, 157

metabolism, 101-103, 105-109, 117

placental, 105break

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plasma-binding proteins, 94-95, 96, 116, 127, 157, 301

receptor-mediated actions, 28, 32, 41, 42, 48, 52, 94-95, 96, 116, 186

target cells and organs, 101-102, 103

see specific steroids

St. Lawrence River, 58, 63, 66, 67, 158, 179, 183, 194, 294

Stomach, 39, 203, 262

Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, 265

Sweden, 88, 90-91

T

Taiwan, 4, 173-175

Tamoxifen, 31, 50, 51, 52-53, 115

Target cells and organs, 28, 30, 38, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 50, 92, 98-99, 116, 272, 300

steroid metabolism, 101-102, 103

TCDD (2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin), 6, 18, 23, 46, 75

Agent Orange, 137, 138

animal studies, 125-126, 211, 230-231, 236-237, 241, 242

blood, 137, 182, 268-269

carcinogenic effects, 23, 111-112, 125-126, 211, 230-231, 236-237, 241, 242, 243-244, 259-262, 264, 271, 273

developmental and reproductive effects, 120, 125-126, 135-137, 149, 150, 151

dosimetry, 85, 88-89, 93, 94, 98-99, 104, 110

dose-response relationships, 23, 111-112, 126

ecologic effects, 282-283, 285

food transfer and bioaccumulation, 136, 282

immunologic effects, 111, 188-189, 190-191, 193, 196

neurologic effects, 135-136

thyroid gland, 136

T-cells, 187-196 (passim), 199, 201, 205, 208-209

Teratogens, 12, 151, 288, 289

Testes, 121, 123, 131, 138, 147, 167, 401-402, 404, 412

cryptorchidism, 4, 5, 12, 139, 140, 166, 167, 169, 268, 401, 402, 405

growth, 4, 126, 128, 129, 148, 169

see also Sperm and semen

Testicular cancer, 4, 7, 139, 140, 214-219 (passim), 222, 223, 227-239 (passim), 241, 242, 266-269, 272-273, 401, 404

age factors, 266, 268

racial/ethnic factors, 266, 267, 268, 272-273

blood, 268-269

case-control studies, 268-269

ecologic studies, 268-269, 272-273

Testosterone, 32, 46, 137, 140, 152, 154, 157, 162, 239, 406

Tetrachlorobiphenyls, 97, 98

Therapeutic agents, see Pharmacologic agents

Thiamine, 285

Thymus, 188, 190, 193, 206, 219, 220, 221

Thyroid gland, 7, 18, 75, 154, 210, 215. 217, 220, 221, 222, 226-238 (passim), 241, 411, 412

enzymes, 73, 101

PCBs, 5, 150-151, 229-230, 236

receptor-mediated actions, 28, 32, 47, 172

TCDD, 136

Thyroxine, 47, 124-125, 136, 150-151

Tissue sensitivity, 9, 38, 47, 53, 59, 83, 298, 300, 307-308, 310, 413

see also Adipose tissue

T lymphocytes, see T-cells

Tobacco, see Smoking

Toxicokinetics, 83, 135

Toxic Substances Control Act, 410

Total Diet Study (FDA), 63, 75, 77

Toxaphene, 33, 56, 75, 90, 155, 156, 202-203, 211, 231-232, 237-238

Transcription, 27, 28, 43, 47, 49, 51, 115, 301, 302

Transfection, 43. 44

Transforming-growth factor, 42

Tributylin. 102

Trout, 4-5, 45, 73, 79, 147, 148, 151, 282-283

Turtles, 7, 103, 159, 288

U

United Kingdom, 89, 146, 147-148, 293

England, 89, 293

Scotland, 144, 145

Uptake of HAAs, 83-84, 116

see also Metabolism

Urban areas, 140, 144, 145, 178, 183, 196, 253, 254, 257

Urinalysis, 55, 138break

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6029.
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U.S. Geological Survey, 62

Uterus, 42, 43, 44, 45, 95, 96, 111, 114, 121, 130, 139, 214, 215, 218, 220, 227, 230, 232, 234-238 (passim), 245, 303-306, 400, 412

see also Endometrial cancer

V

Vagina, 11, 42, 51, 303, 304, 306, 400, 401

Vietnam veterans, 137, 138, 257, 269

Vinclozolin, 46, 74, 75, 123-124, 167

Vitellogenin, 4, 42, 45, 48, 73, 79, 148, 154-155, 306, 308

W

Water pollution, 5, 59, 68, 70, 72

amphibians, 153-155, 307

Baltic Sea, 6, 194, 207, 283-285, 294

Bering Sea, 67, 294

concentrations of HAAs, 60-62, 68, 77-78

bleached paper mill effluent, 152-153

herbicide contamination, 139

reptiles, 5, 7, 103, 155-159, 290-292

river otters, 7, 292-293, 294

sewage treatment plant effluent, 4, 79, 147-148, 169

St. Lawrence River, 58, 63, 66, 67, 158, 179, 183, 194, 294

see also Fish studies; Great Lakes; Marine mammal studies

Whites:

breast cancer, 249, 250, 256, 263

neurological effects, 178, 180

prostate cancer, 269, 270, 271-272

testicular cancer, 266. 268, 272-273

Wildlife studies, 1, 7-8, 9, 79, 275-276, 281-295, 302, 310, 413

developmental and reproductive effects. 4. 7, 10, 120-121, 146-167, 168-170, 275, 282-295

exposure, 63-67

immunologic effects, 6, 189, 194, 196, 207

study at hand, methodology, 1-2, 3

see also Bird studies; Fish studies; Marine mammal studies; Reptile studies

Z

Zearalanol, 37, 40

Zearalenol, 40, 101, 102

Zearalenone, 37, 40, 63, 68, 85, 86, 101-102

Zona radiata proteins, 306, 308

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Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment Get This Book
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Some investigators have hypothesized that estrogens and other hormonally active agents found in the environment might be involved in breast cancer increases and sperm count declines in humans as well as deformities and reproductive problems seen in wildlife.

This book looks in detail at the science behind the ominous prospect of "estrogen mimics" threatening health and well-being, from the level of ecosystems and populations to individual people and animals. The committee identifies research needs and offers specific recommendations to decision-makers.

This authoritative volume:

  • Critically evaluates the literature on hormonally active agents in the environment and identifies known and suspected toxicologic mechanisms and effects of fish, wildlife, and humans.
  • Examines whether and how exposure to hormonally active agents occurs—in diet, in pharmaceuticals, from industrial releases into the environment—and why the debate centers on estrogens.
  • Identifies significant uncertainties, limitations of knowledge, and weaknesses in the scientific literature.

The book presents a wealth of information and investigates a wide range of examples across the spectrum of life that might be related to these agents.

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