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Index A Abomasum. See Small intestine processes Absorption, 4. See also Nitrogen metabolism Acronym list, 4-6 Albumins, 34 Alfalfa, 25, 33 Amino acid metabolism. See Nitro- gen metabolism; Protein me- tabolism Ammonia effect on proteolysis, 35 microbial growth requirement, 39 ruminal production, 31-32, 68 Assay procedures, 24-25 B Bacteria. See Ruminal microbes Bacteroides amylophilus, 28 Barley, 32 Blood meal, 32, 33 Bone meal, 32 Brewers grains, 25, 32, 33 C Carbohydrate requirements, 38 Chemical treatment of feeds, 35 36, 52 Ciliate protozoa, 37, 39 Citrus pulp, 25 Computer programs, 73-74, 112- 134 acronym list, 4-6 Conceptus protein requirement, 10, 13, 63-64, 71 Corn, 32 Corn gluten meal, 32, 33 Cottonseed meal, 32 Cottonseeds, 32 D Degradation. See Protein metabo- lism Diet calculations, 66-74 computer programs, 73-74, 112- 134 daily absorbed true protein needed, 70-71 daily need of true protein in small intestine, 71 example and form for, 72-73 flow of true protein to small intestine, 71-72 intestinal absorption of nitrogen, 69 metabolic fecal nitrogen, 69-70 microbial nitrogen uptake and efficiency, 68-69 nitrogen available in rumen for microbial synthesis, 72 protein fraction and degradation, 25-27, 66-67 recycled nitrogen, 60-61, 68 ruminal ammonia, 68 utilization of nonprotein nitro- gen, 73, 108-112 Distillers grains, 25, 32, 33 E Energy standards, 15-16 Ensiled feeds, 35 Ethanol, 36 European protein systems, 7, 8. See also Protein systems 137 Excretion of nitrogen, 60-61 fecal loss, 53, 55-56 Extruded feedstuffs, 35 F Fecal metabolic protein, 10, 12, 18-22, 62, 69-70, 72 Fecal nitrogen loss, 53, S5-56 Feed additives, 1 Feed calculations. See Diet calcula- tions Feed evaluation, 23-27 protein fractions and degrada- tion, 25-27, 66-67 protein indigestibility, 25 protein requirements, 109-112 ruminal degradation estimation, 23-25 soluble protein, 31, 32 undegraded protein, 32-33, 90- 97 usefulness of urea addition, 108 109 Feed processing and storage, 35-36, 52 Fish meal, 32 Flagellate protozoa, 37 Flaked feeds, 35 Fluid dilution rate, 34, 41 Forage intake effects, 41 Forages, 32-33 Formaldehyde-treated casein, 35 Formic acid-formaldehyde, 35 Fungi, 40 G Globulins, 34 Gluconeogenesis, 59 Glutelins, 34
138 Index Growth bacterial growth requirements, 7, 38-39, 72 microbial growth and flow, 40- 45, 98-107 ruminant protein requirement, 10, 13-14, 62-65, 71 Heat effects, 35 Holotrich protozoa, 37, 39 Intake protein (IP), 8, 16 fate of, 7, 28 See also Protein metabolism Isopropanol, 35-36 Lactation protein requirement, 10, 13, 64-65, 71 Large intestine processes, 53-56 M Maintenance protein requirement, 10, 12-13, 62, 70, 72 Meat meal, 32, 33 Microbes. See Ruminal microbes Milk protein output, 21 Mineral requirements, 39 Models, 14-15 Monensin, 34-35 N Nitrogen metabolism excretion, 60-61 in large intestine, 53-56 overview, 1-3 research areas, 74 in small intestine, 46-52, 135- 136 in tissues, S7-65 Nitrogen requirements, 39, 72 Nutrient requirements of bacteria, 7, 38-39, 72 of protozoa, 39-40 o Oats, 32 Oligotrich protozoa, 37 p Pelleted feeds, 35 pH effects, 35, 39 Plasma, free amino acid concentra- protozoa, 37, 39-40 lion, 58 spirochetes, 40 Pregnancy protein requirement, 10, S 13, 63-64, 71 Production protein requirement, 10, 13-14, 62-65, 70, 72 Prolamines, 34 Propanol, 36 Protein metabolism degradation measurement, 23 25, 29-32 factors influencing, 33-36 fraction and degradation, 25-27, 66-70 mechanism, 7, 28-29 parameter names, 4-6 protein digestibility, 55 protein indigestibility, 25 protein requirements for beef cattle, 109-112 protein solubility, 30-31 in reticulo-rumen, 28-36 undegraded protein in feedstuffs, 32-33, 90-97 Protein structure, 34 Protein systems, 7-22 absorbed protein availability, factors tabulated, 7-8, 11-12 absorbed protein requirement, factors distinguished, 10, 12 14 comparison and evaluation, 15 22 data table, 89 models identified, 14-15 ten systems identified, 7, 8 Protozoa, 37, 39-40 Scurf protein, 62 Silage, 25 Small intestine processes, 46-52 absorption mechanisms, 47 apparent absorption, 47-48, 69, 135-136 digestion system, 46-47 endogenous nitrogen loss, 48 nitrogen metabolism in intestinal tissues, 51 nitrogen supply, 46 protein flow to intestine, 17-18, 71-72 true absorption, 48-S1, 69 Soluble proteins, 30, 32 Soybean meal, 32 Spirochetes, 40 Steam rolling, 35 Surface protein, 10, 13 T Tannin, 35 Temperature effects, 34 Tissue metabolic processes, 57-65 amino acid metabolism, 57-61 protein requirements, 10, 12-14, 61-65, 70-71 U Undegraded intake protein (UIP), 7 absorption in small intestine, 51 animal needs, 28 See also Protein degradation Urea feed addition, usefulness values, 73, 108-109 hydrolysis in large intestine, 53 recycled urea nitrogen, 7, 60-61, 68, 74 Urinary crude protein, 20-21 Urinary endogenous protein, 7, 10, 13, 62 Reproduction protein requirement, 10, 13, 63-64, 71 Retention time, 34 Ruminal degradation. See Protein metabolism Ruminal microbes, 1, 37-45 absorption in small intestine, 50- V 51 bacteria classes, 37 Vitamin requirements, 39 bacterial nutrient requirement, 7, 38-38, 72 fungi, 40 growth and flow, 40-45, 98-107 populations, 37 W Weight change in lactation, protein requirement, 10, 13