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Reducing Stress Fracture in Physically Active Military Women (1998)

Chapter: C: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Related Nutrients (IOM, 1997)

« Previous: B: Military Recommended Dietary Allowances (AR 40-25, 1985: Chapters 1 and 2)
Suggested Citation:"C: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Related Nutrients (IOM, 1997)." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Reducing Stress Fracture in Physically Active Military Women. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6295.
×

C
Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Related Nutrients (IOM, 1997)

Suggested Citation:"C: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Related Nutrients (IOM, 1997)." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Reducing Stress Fracture in Physically Active Military Women. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6295.
×

FOOD AND NUTRITION BOARD, NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES-INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES, 1997

 

Calcium

Phosphorus

 

Magnesium

 

Vitamin D

Fluoride

Life-Stage Group

AIa (mg/day)

RDAb (mg/day)

AI (mg/day)

RDA (mg/day)

AI (mg/day)

AIc,d (µg/day)

AI (mg/day)

Infants

0 to 6 months

210

 

100

 

30

5

0.01

6 to 12 months

270

 

275

 

75

5

0.5

Children

1 through 3 years

500

460

 

80

 

5

0.7

4 through 8 years

800

500

 

130

 

5

1

Males

9 through 13 years

1,300

1,250

 

240

 

5

2

14 through 18 years

1,300

1,250

 

410

 

5

3

19 through 30 years

1,000

700

 

400

 

5

4

31 through 50 years

1,000

700

 

420

 

5

4

51 through 70 years

1,200

700

 

420

 

10

4

> 70 years

1,200

700

 

420

 

15

4

Females

9 through 13 years

1,300

1,250

 

240

 

5

2

14 through 18 years

1,300

1,250

 

360

 

5

3

19 through 30 years

1,000

700

 

310

 

5

3

31 through 50 years

1,000

700

 

320

 

5

3

51 through 70 years

1,200

700

 

320

 

10

3

> 70 years

1,200

700

 

320

 

15

3

Pregnancy

≤ 18 years

1,300

1,250

 

400

 

5

3

19 through 30 years

1,000

700

 

350

 

5

3

31 through 50 years

1,000

700

 

360

 

5

3

Lactation

≤ 18 years

1,300

1,250

 

360

 

5

3

19 through 30 years

1,000

700

 

310

 

5

3

31 through 50 years

1,000

700

 

320

 

5

3

a AI = Adequate Intake. The observed average or experimentally set intake by a defined population or subgroup that appears to sustain a defined nutritional status, such as growth rate, normal circulating nutrient values, or other functional indicators of health. AI is utilized if sufficient scientific evidence is not available to derive an EAR. For healthy breastfed infants, AI is the mean intake. All other life-stage groups should be covered at the AI value. The AI is not equivalent to a RDA.

b RDA = Recommended Dietary Allowance. The intake that meets the nutrient need of almost all (97–98 percent) individuals in a group.

c As cholecalciferol. 1 µg cholecalciferol = 40 IU vitamin D.

d In the absence of adequate exposure to sunlight.

© Copyright 1997 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Suggested Citation:"C: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Related Nutrients (IOM, 1997)." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Reducing Stress Fracture in Physically Active Military Women. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6295.
×

FOOD AND NUTRITION BOARD, INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE–NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES: RECOMMENDED INTAKES FOR INDIVIDUALS

Life-Stage Group

Thiamin (mg/d)

Riboflavin (mg/d)

Niacin (mg/d)a

Vitamin B6 (mg/d)

Folate (µg/d)b

Vitamin B12 (µg/d)

Pantothenic Acid (mg/d)

Biotin (µg/d)

Cholinec (mg/d)

Infants

 

0–6 mo

0.2*

0.3*

2*

0.1*

65*

0.4*

1.7*

5*

125*

 

7–12 mo

0.3*

0.4*

4*

0.3*

80*

0.5*

1.8*

6*

150*

Children

 

1–3 yr

0.5

0.5

6

0.5

150

0.9

2*

8*

200*

 

4–8 yr

0.6

0.6

8

0.6

200

1.2

3*

12*

250*

Males

 

9–13 yr

0.9

0.9

12

1.0

300

1.8

4*

20*

375*

 

14–18 yr

1.2

1.3

16

1.3

400

2.4

5*

25*

550*

 

19–30 yr

1.2

1.3

16

1.3

400

2.4

5*

30*

550*

 

31–50 yr

1.2

1.3

16

1.3

400

2.4

5*

30*

550*

 

51–70 yr

1.2

1.3

16

1.7

400

2.4d

5*

30*

550*

 

> 70 yr

1.2

1.3

16

1.7

400

2.4d

5*

30*

550*

Females

 

9–13 yr

0.9

0.9

12

1.0

300

1.8

4*

20*

375*

 

14–18 yr

1.0

1.0

14

1.2

400e

2.4

5*

25*

400*

 

19–30 yr

1.1

1.1

14

1.3

400e

2.4

5*

30*

425*

 

31–50 yr

1.1

1.1

14

1.3

400e

2.4

5*

30*

425*

 

51–70 yr

1.1

1.1

14

1.5

400

2.4d

5*

30*

425*

 

> 70 yr

1.1

1.1

14

1.5

400

2.4d

5*

30*

425*

Pregnancy

 

£ 18 yr

1.4

1.4

18

1.9

600f

2.6

6*

30*

450*

 

19–30 yr

1.4

1.4

18

1.9

600f

2.6

6*

30*

450*

 

31–50 yr

1.4

1.4

18

1.9

600f

2.6

6*

30*

450*

Lactation

 

£18 yr

1.5

1.6

17

2.0

500

2.8

7*

35*

550*

 

19–30 yr

1.5

1.6

17

2.0

500

2.8

7*

35*

550*

 

31–50 yr

1.5

1.6

17

2.0

500

2.8

7*

35*

550*

NOTE: This table presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life-stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.

a As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan; 0-6 months = preformed niacin (not NE).

b As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 µg of food folate = 0.6 µg of folic acid (from fortified food or supplement) consumed with food = 0.5 µg of synthetic (supplemental) folic acid taken on an empty stomach.

c Although AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages.

d Because 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound B12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with B12 or a supplement containing B12.

e In view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 µg of synthetic folic acid from fortified foods and/or supplements in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet.

f It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 µg of folic acid until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—the critical time for formation of the neural tube.

©Copyright 1998 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Suggested Citation:"C: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Related Nutrients (IOM, 1997)." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Reducing Stress Fracture in Physically Active Military Women. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6295.
×

FOOD AND NUTRITION BOARD, NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES–NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES,a Revised 1989 (Abridged)

Designed for the maintenance of good nutrition of practically all healthy people in the United States

Category

Age (years) or Condition

Weightb (kg)


(lb)

Heightb (cm)


(in)

Protein (g)

Vitamin A (µg RE)c

Vitamin E (mga-TE)d

Vitamin K (µg)

Vitamin C (mg)

Iron (mg)

Zinc (mg)

Iodine (µg)

Selenium (µg)

Infants

0.0–0.5

6

13

60

24

13

375

3

5

30

6

5

40

10

 

0.5–1.0

9

20

71

28

14

375

4

10

35

10

5

50

15

Children

1–3

13

29

90

35

16

400

6

15

40

10

10

70

20

 

4–6

20

44

112

44

24

500

7

20

45

10

10

90

20

 

7–10

28

62

132

52

28

700

7

30

45

10

10

120

30

Males

11–14

45

99

157

62

45

1,000

10

45

50

12

15

150

40

 

15–18

66

145

176

69

59

1,000

10

65

60

12

15

150

50

 

19–24

72

160

177

70

58

1,000

10

70

60

10

15

150

70

 

25–50

79

174

176

70

63

1,000

10

80

60

10

15

150

70

 

51+

77

170

173

68

63

1,000

10

80

60

10

15

150

70

Females

11–14

46

101

157

62

46

800

8

45

50

15

12

150

45

 

15–18

55

120

163

64

44

800

8

55

60

15

12

150

50

 

19–24

58

128

164

65

46

800

8

60

60

15

12

150

55

 

25–50

63

138

163

64

50

800

8

65

60

15

12

150

55

 

51+

65

143

160

63

50

800

8

65

60

10

12

150

55

Pregnant

 

 

 

 

 

60

800

10

65

70

30

15

175

65

Lactating

1st 6 months

 

 

 

 

65

1,300

12

65

95

15

19

200

75

 

2nd 6 months

 

 

 

 

62

1,200

11

65

90

15

16

200

75

NOTE: This table does not include nutrients for which Dietary Reference Intakes have recently been established (see Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride [1997] and Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline [1998]).

a The allowances, expressed as average daily intakes over time, are intended to provide for individual variations among most normal persons as they live in the United States under usual environmental stresses. Diets should be based on a variety of common foods in order to provide other nutrients for which human requirements have been less well defined.

b Weights and heights of Reference Adults are actual medians for the U.S. population of the designated age, as reported by NHANES II. The median weights and heights of those under 19 years of age were taken from Hamill et al. (1979). The use of these figures does not imply that the height-to-weight ratios are ideal.

c Retinol equivalents. 1 retinol equivalent = 1 µg retinol or 6 µg b-carotene.

d a-Tocopherol equivalents. 1 mg d-a tocopherol = 1 a-TE.

© Copyright 1998 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Suggested Citation:"C: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Related Nutrients (IOM, 1997)." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Reducing Stress Fracture in Physically Active Military Women. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6295.
×
Page 107
Suggested Citation:"C: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Related Nutrients (IOM, 1997)." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Reducing Stress Fracture in Physically Active Military Women. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6295.
×
Page 108
Suggested Citation:"C: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Related Nutrients (IOM, 1997)." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Reducing Stress Fracture in Physically Active Military Women. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6295.
×
Page 109
Suggested Citation:"C: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Related Nutrients (IOM, 1997)." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Reducing Stress Fracture in Physically Active Military Women. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6295.
×
Page 110
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The incidence of stress fractures of the lower extremities during U.S. military basic training is significantly higher among female military recruits than among male recruits. The prevalence of this injury has a marked impact on the health of service personnel and imposes a significant financial burden on the military by delaying completion of the training of new recruits. In addition to lengthening training time, increasing program costs, and delaying military readiness, stress fractures may share their etiology with the longer-term risk of osteoporosis.

As part of the Defense Women's Health Research Program, this book evaluates the impact of diet, genetic predisposition, and physical activity on bone mineral and calcium status in young servicewomen. It makes recommendations for reducing stress fractures and improving overall bone health through nutrition education and monitored physical training programs. The book also makes recommendations for future research to evaluate more fully the effects of fitness levels, physical activities, and other factors on stress fracture risk and bone health.

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