FOOD AND NUTRITION BOARD, NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES-INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES, 1997
|
Calcium |
Phosphorus |
|
Magnesium |
|
Vitamin D |
Fluoride |
Life-Stage Group |
AIa (mg/day) |
RDAb (mg/day) |
AI (mg/day) |
RDA (mg/day) |
AI (mg/day) |
AI (mg/day) |
|
Infants |
|||||||
0 to 6 months |
210 |
|
100 |
|
30 |
5 |
0.01 |
6 to 12 months |
270 |
|
275 |
|
75 |
5 |
0.5 |
Children |
|||||||
1 through 3 years |
500 |
460 |
|
80 |
|
5 |
0.7 |
4 through 8 years |
800 |
500 |
|
130 |
|
5 |
1 |
Males |
|||||||
9 through 13 years |
1,300 |
1,250 |
|
240 |
|
5 |
2 |
14 through 18 years |
1,300 |
1,250 |
|
410 |
|
5 |
3 |
19 through 30 years |
1,000 |
700 |
|
400 |
|
5 |
4 |
31 through 50 years |
1,000 |
700 |
|
420 |
|
5 |
4 |
51 through 70 years |
1,200 |
700 |
|
420 |
|
10 |
4 |
> 70 years |
1,200 |
700 |
|
420 |
|
15 |
4 |
Females |
|||||||
9 through 13 years |
1,300 |
1,250 |
|
240 |
|
5 |
2 |
14 through 18 years |
1,300 |
1,250 |
|
360 |
|
5 |
3 |
19 through 30 years |
1,000 |
700 |
|
310 |
|
5 |
3 |
31 through 50 years |
1,000 |
700 |
|
320 |
|
5 |
3 |
51 through 70 years |
1,200 |
700 |
|
320 |
|
10 |
3 |
> 70 years |
1,200 |
700 |
|
320 |
|
15 |
3 |
Pregnancy |
|||||||
≤ 18 years |
1,300 |
1,250 |
|
400 |
|
5 |
3 |
19 through 30 years |
1,000 |
700 |
|
350 |
|
5 |
3 |
31 through 50 years |
1,000 |
700 |
|
360 |
|
5 |
3 |
Lactation |
|||||||
≤ 18 years |
1,300 |
1,250 |
|
360 |
|
5 |
3 |
19 through 30 years |
1,000 |
700 |
|
310 |
|
5 |
3 |
31 through 50 years |
1,000 |
700 |
|
320 |
|
5 |
3 |
a AI = Adequate Intake. The observed average or experimentally set intake by a defined population or subgroup that appears to sustain a defined nutritional status, such as growth rate, normal circulating nutrient values, or other functional indicators of health. AI is utilized if sufficient scientific evidence is not available to derive an EAR. For healthy breastfed infants, AI is the mean intake. All other life-stage groups should be covered at the AI value. The AI is not equivalent to a RDA. b RDA = Recommended Dietary Allowance. The intake that meets the nutrient need of almost all (97–98 percent) individuals in a group. c As cholecalciferol. 1 µg cholecalciferol = 40 IU vitamin D. d In the absence of adequate exposure to sunlight. © Copyright 1997 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. |
FOOD AND NUTRITION BOARD, INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE–NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES: RECOMMENDED INTAKES FOR INDIVIDUALS
Life-Stage Group |
Thiamin (mg/d) |
Riboflavin (mg/d) |
Niacin (mg/d)a |
Vitamin B6 (mg/d) |
Folate (µg/d)b |
Vitamin B12 (µg/d) |
Pantothenic Acid (mg/d) |
Biotin (µg/d) |
Cholinec (mg/d) |
|
Infants |
||||||||||
|
0–6 mo |
0.2* |
0.3* |
2* |
0.1* |
65* |
0.4* |
1.7* |
5* |
125* |
|
7–12 mo |
0.3* |
0.4* |
4* |
0.3* |
80* |
0.5* |
1.8* |
6* |
150* |
Children |
||||||||||
|
1–3 yr |
0.5 |
0.5 |
6 |
0.5 |
150 |
0.9 |
2* |
8* |
200* |
|
4–8 yr |
0.6 |
0.6 |
8 |
0.6 |
200 |
1.2 |
3* |
12* |
250* |
Males |
||||||||||
|
9–13 yr |
0.9 |
0.9 |
12 |
1.0 |
300 |
1.8 |
4* |
20* |
375* |
|
14–18 yr |
1.2 |
1.3 |
16 |
1.3 |
400 |
2.4 |
5* |
25* |
550* |
|
19–30 yr |
1.2 |
1.3 |
16 |
1.3 |
400 |
2.4 |
5* |
30* |
550* |
|
31–50 yr |
1.2 |
1.3 |
16 |
1.3 |
400 |
2.4 |
5* |
30* |
550* |
|
51–70 yr |
1.2 |
1.3 |
16 |
1.7 |
400 |
2.4d |
5* |
30* |
550* |
|
> 70 yr |
1.2 |
1.3 |
16 |
1.7 |
400 |
2.4d |
5* |
30* |
550* |
Females |
||||||||||
|
9–13 yr |
0.9 |
0.9 |
12 |
1.0 |
300 |
1.8 |
4* |
20* |
375* |
|
14–18 yr |
1.0 |
1.0 |
14 |
1.2 |
400e |
2.4 |
5* |
25* |
400* |
|
19–30 yr |
1.1 |
1.1 |
14 |
1.3 |
400e |
2.4 |
5* |
30* |
425* |
|
31–50 yr |
1.1 |
1.1 |
14 |
1.3 |
400e |
2.4 |
5* |
30* |
425* |
|
51–70 yr |
1.1 |
1.1 |
14 |
1.5 |
400 |
2.4d |
5* |
30* |
425* |
|
> 70 yr |
1.1 |
1.1 |
14 |
1.5 |
400 |
2.4d |
5* |
30* |
425* |
Pregnancy |
||||||||||
|
£ 18 yr |
1.4 |
1.4 |
18 |
1.9 |
600f |
2.6 |
6* |
30* |
450* |
|
19–30 yr |
1.4 |
1.4 |
18 |
1.9 |
600f |
2.6 |
6* |
30* |
450* |
|
31–50 yr |
1.4 |
1.4 |
18 |
1.9 |
600f |
2.6 |
6* |
30* |
450* |
Lactation |
||||||||||
|
£18 yr |
1.5 |
1.6 |
17 |
2.0 |
500 |
2.8 |
7* |
35* |
550* |
|
19–30 yr |
1.5 |
1.6 |
17 |
2.0 |
500 |
2.8 |
7* |
35* |
550* |
|
31–50 yr |
1.5 |
1.6 |
17 |
2.0 |
500 |
2.8 |
7* |
35* |
550* |
NOTE: This table presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life-stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake. a As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan; 0-6 months = preformed niacin (not NE). b As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 µg of food folate = 0.6 µg of folic acid (from fortified food or supplement) consumed with food = 0.5 µg of synthetic (supplemental) folic acid taken on an empty stomach. c Although AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages. d Because 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound B12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with B12 or a supplement containing B12. e In view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 µg of synthetic folic acid from fortified foods and/or supplements in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet. f It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 µg of folic acid until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—the critical time for formation of the neural tube. ©Copyright 1998 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. |
FOOD AND NUTRITION BOARD, NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES–NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES,a Revised 1989 (Abridged)
Designed for the maintenance of good nutrition of practically all healthy people in the United States
Category |
Age (years) or Condition |
Weightb (kg) |
(lb) |
Heightb (cm) |
(in) |
Protein (g) |
Vitamin A (µg RE)c |
Vitamin E (mga-TE)d |
Vitamin K (µg) |
Vitamin C (mg) |
Iron (mg) |
Zinc (mg) |
Iodine (µg) |
Selenium (µg) |
Infants |
0.0–0.5 |
6 |
13 |
60 |
24 |
13 |
375 |
3 |
5 |
30 |
6 |
5 |
40 |
10 |
|
0.5–1.0 |
9 |
20 |
71 |
28 |
14 |
375 |
4 |
10 |
35 |
10 |
5 |
50 |
15 |
Children |
1–3 |
13 |
29 |
90 |
35 |
16 |
400 |
6 |
15 |
40 |
10 |
10 |
70 |
20 |
|
4–6 |
20 |
44 |
112 |
44 |
24 |
500 |
7 |
20 |
45 |
10 |
10 |
90 |
20 |
|
7–10 |
28 |
62 |
132 |
52 |
28 |
700 |
7 |
30 |
45 |
10 |
10 |
120 |
30 |
Males |
11–14 |
45 |
99 |
157 |
62 |
45 |
1,000 |
10 |
45 |
50 |
12 |
15 |
150 |
40 |
|
15–18 |
66 |
145 |
176 |
69 |
59 |
1,000 |
10 |
65 |
60 |
12 |
15 |
150 |
50 |
|
19–24 |
72 |
160 |
177 |
70 |
58 |
1,000 |
10 |
70 |
60 |
10 |
15 |
150 |
70 |
|
25–50 |
79 |
174 |
176 |
70 |
63 |
1,000 |
10 |
80 |
60 |
10 |
15 |
150 |
70 |
|
51+ |
77 |
170 |
173 |
68 |
63 |
1,000 |
10 |
80 |
60 |
10 |
15 |
150 |
70 |
Females |
11–14 |
46 |
101 |
157 |
62 |
46 |
800 |
8 |
45 |
50 |
15 |
12 |
150 |
45 |
|
15–18 |
55 |
120 |
163 |
64 |
44 |
800 |
8 |
55 |
60 |
15 |
12 |
150 |
50 |
|
19–24 |
58 |
128 |
164 |
65 |
46 |
800 |
8 |
60 |
60 |
15 |
12 |
150 |
55 |
|
25–50 |
63 |
138 |
163 |
64 |
50 |
800 |
8 |
65 |
60 |
15 |
12 |
150 |
55 |
|
51+ |
65 |
143 |
160 |
63 |
50 |
800 |
8 |
65 |
60 |
10 |
12 |
150 |
55 |
Pregnant |
|
|
|
|
|
60 |
800 |
10 |
65 |
70 |
30 |
15 |
175 |
65 |
Lactating |
1st 6 months |
|
|
|
|
65 |
1,300 |
12 |
65 |
95 |
15 |
19 |
200 |
75 |
|
2nd 6 months |
|
|
|
|
62 |
1,200 |
11 |
65 |
90 |
15 |
16 |
200 |
75 |
NOTE: This table does not include nutrients for which Dietary Reference Intakes have recently been established (see Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride [1997] and Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline [1998]). a The allowances, expressed as average daily intakes over time, are intended to provide for individual variations among most normal persons as they live in the United States under usual environmental stresses. Diets should be based on a variety of common foods in order to provide other nutrients for which human requirements have been less well defined. b Weights and heights of Reference Adults are actual medians for the U.S. population of the designated age, as reported by NHANES II. The median weights and heights of those under 19 years of age were taken from Hamill et al. (1979). The use of these figures does not imply that the height-to-weight ratios are ideal. c Retinol equivalents. 1 retinol equivalent = 1 µg retinol or 6 µg b-carotene. d a-Tocopherol equivalents. 1 mg d-a tocopherol = 1 a-TE. © Copyright 1998 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. |