Index
A
Addiction, 20(n.2), 28, 32, 33-34, 36-38, 119, 120
benefit-cost analyses, 170
general theory, 40-41
historical perspectives, 9-11
prevalence, 80
substitutes for gambling, 194
treatment, 192, 194, 205, 206-208
withdrawal symptoms, 27, 29, 38, 119, 205, 227, 281
see also Alcohol use and abuse;
Substance use and abuse
Adolescents, 42, 118, 249-250, 256, 257
alcohol abuse, 93-94
American Indians, 116
casino gambling, 88, 283-311 (passim)
criminal behavior, 160
diagnostic tools, 43
gambling machines, 88, 113, 255
methodological issues, 85-87, 89, 92-93
onset of gambling, 4, 112, 113-114, 117, 118, 140, 274, 276, 280
peer influences, 117
prevalence, 3, 63, 84-94, 113-114
prevention, 219-220
state by state legislative summary, 285-311
state legal age for gambling, by state, 283-284, 285-311
substance abuse, 93-94, 99-100, 110-111, 117
treatment, 222
urban, 109
Advertising, 38, 214, 216, 219, 247, 249, 307
African Americans, 97, 115-116
Age factors, 3, 108, 110-111, 113-115, 133
cohort effects, 65, 94-95, 108, 110-111
elderly persons, 3-4, 63, 94-95, 114, 250, 251, 253
onset of gambling, 4, 112, 113-114, 117, 131, 138, 142, 274, 276, 280
prevalence, 94-95
state by state legislative summary, 285-311
state legal age for gambling, by state, 283-284, 285-311
see also Adolescents;
Children
Alabama, 285
Alaska, 285
Alcohol use and abuse
adolescents, 93-94
American Indians, 131
children of alcoholics, 34, 118, 274
comorbidity, 131, 135, 139, 159, 251, 277
health insurance, 221
pathological gambling compared with, 18, 22, 34, 119, 122, 274
natural recovery, 210
prevalence, 63, 80, 81, 93-94, 99
spouses, 276
see also Addiction
American Academy of Health Care Providers in the Addictive Disorders , 218
American Compulsive Gambling Counselor Certification Board, 218
American Indians, 82, 115-116, 182, 287, 303
alcohol abuse, 131
benefits of gambling, 156
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, 8, 116, 131
American Psychiatric Association, 2, 31, 38, 212
see also Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Anxiety and anxiety disorders, 24, 109, 126, 138, 202, 223
DSM criteria, 274, 276, 278, 281
Antisocial personality disorder, 5, 31, 122, 137-138, 139, 142
DSM criteria, 137, 138, 274-275, 277, 281
substance abuse and, 137-138
Arkansas, 286
Arousal, see Sensation-seeking
Asians, 115-116
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, 33, 41, 120, 122, 138, 279
Attitudes and beliefs
luck, 29-30, 196, 241-242, 243, 245
gamblers, other, 42, 46, 61, 179, 202, 220, 237, 241-246, 250, 276 , 279;
see also Risk-taking
social, 164;
see also Public opinion
Australia, 137, 161, 164, 178-181, 186
Autobiography as treatment, 206-207
Aversion therapy, 199-201
B
Balanced measurement studies, 174-185, 186
Behavioral-environmental models, 17, 37, 38, 39-40, 46, 112, 115-119
see also Organization of gambling;
Social factors;
Technology of gambling
Behavioral treatments, 199-203, 224, 313-316
Beliefs, see Attitudes and beliefs
Benefit-cost studies, 157-158, 162-186
casinos, 163-166, 175, 177-178, 182-184, 186
social factors, 163-164, 173-174, 175-178, 180-185
Bingo, 78-79, 80, 238, 248, 250-251, 252
state by state legislative summary, 285-311 (passim)
state legal age for participation, by state, 283-284, 285-311 (passim)
Biological factors, 16, 109, 111, 119-127, 142, 143, 223
comorbidity, 128
reward deficiency syndrome, 41
risk-taking, 17
see also Neurobiological factors;
Pharmacological treatments
Black persons, see African Americans
Brain, 37, 41, 119, 120, 124-127, 142
see also Neurobiological factors
Bureau of Economic Analysis, 165-166
C
California, 70, 74, 118, 215, 246, 286-287
Canada, 66-67, 114, 135, 139, 161, 179(n.11), 210
Card games, 16, 241-242, 244, 251, 255
prevalence, 72, 73, 85, 88, 252
Case studies, treatment, 192, 199, 200, 202-203
Casino gambling, 8, 11, 16, 247, 251, 253, 255
adolescents, 88, 283-311 (passim)
benefit-cost analyses, 163-166, 175, 177-178, 182-184, 186
family factors, 117
historical perspectives, 238
prevalence, 72, 73, 78-79, 82, 88, 195, 252
state by state legislative summary, 285-311 (passim)
state legal age for participation by state, 283-284, 285-311 (passim)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4
Charitable gambling, 80, 283-284
Children, 17, 33, 40, 113, 249-250, 255, 274
of gamblers, 4, 159, 168, 207, 250, 274
onset of gambling, 4, 112, 113-114, 117, 138, 140, 142
see also Adolescents
Clinical diagnosis, see Diagnosis
Clinical studies, 42, 48-49, 108, 179
comorbidity, 128-129, 132-133, 135, 136
suicide, 135
Clomipramine, 204
Cognitive factors, 10, 16, 29, 40-41, 240-243, 250, 279
definitional issues, 16
family factors, 118
gambling skills, 16, 48, 72, 73, 88, 117, 238-239, 242, 244-245, 253;
see also Mathematical skills
organization of gambling, 238-239
prevention, 220
treatment, 202-203, 206-207, 209, 224, 313-316
see also Attitudes and beliefs;
Risk-taking
Cohort effects, 65, 94-95, 108, 110-111
defined, 110
see also Age factors
Colorado, 287-288
Commission on a National Policy Toward Gambling, 42
Comorbidity, 4, 9, 19, 35-36, 80, 107, 127-139, 141, 142-143
clinical studies, 128-129, 132-133, 135, 136
methodological issues, 128-139 (passim), 141, 259
personality disorders, 137-138, 142, 196, 279
population studies, 131, 135, 136, 139
psychiatric disorders, 9, 37, 126, 129, 133, 137-138
substance abuse, 130-132, 135, 139, 142, 196, 207, 224, 276, 279
treatment issues, 128-129, 133, 138, 196, 198, 205
see also Depression;
Mood disorders;
Suicide
Compulsive gambling, 29, 38, 205, 240, 275-277, 278
defined, 12, 20, 24, 26, 27, 30, 31-33
Gamblers Anonymous, 20 questions, 11, 271-272
legalization of gambling and, 80
national prevalence, 65-66
pathological gambling vs, 23-24
see also Impulse control disorders
Compulsive Gambling Society of New Zealand, 135
Computer technology, 5, 251-252, 253, 256-257, 258
research methodology, 143
see also Internet;
Gambling machines
Connecticut, 70, 74, 82, 83, 86, 90, 179(n.11), 215, 216, 288
Cooccurrence, see Comorbidity
Costs to individuals, 79, 156-157
adolescents, 92
benefit-cost analyses, 157, 158-160, 163, 180-181
debt, 158, 160, 161, 163, 168-171, 176, 177, 181
DSM criteria, 158, 273-279 (passim), 282
Gambler's Anonymous 20 questions, 271-272
longitudinal studies, 259
treatment issues, 194, 196, 206-207, 212
see also Debt
Counseling, 135, 207, 213, 217-218
certification, 217-218, 222-223
psychoanalytic/psychodynamic, 197-199, 205, 313-315
telephone help lines, 114-115, 135, 214-217
therapist characteristics, 224-225
see also Gamblers Anonymous;
Self-help treatments
Crime and criminal behavior
adolescents, 160
benefit-cost analyses, 176, 177, 178, 180
gamblers involved in, 2, 5, 11, 26, 48, 135, 137, 158-159, 160-161 , 176, 177, 178, 180, 196, 272
DSM criteria, 273-274, 275, 276, 281
illegal gambling, 65, 72, 73, 88, 248
organized, 7-8
pathological gambling as exculpatory condition, 30-31
see also Substance use and abuse
Cultural factors, 1, 7, 16, 18, 19, 38, 219
moral viewpoints, 5, 8, 16, 26, 39
religious influences, 11, 194, 239
stigmatization of gamblers, 5, 26;
see also Shame and guilt
see also Minority groups;
Social factors
D
benefit-cost analyses, 158, 160, 161, 163, 168-171, 176, 177, 181
crime, gamblers involved in, 2, 5, 11, 26, 48, 135, 137, 158-159, 160-161, 176, 177, 178, 180, 196, 272
DSM criteria, 273-279 (passim), 281, 282
historical perspectives, 9-10
treatment issues, 196, 207, 212
Definitional issues, 15-62
adolescents, 22
cognitive factors, 16
cohort effects, 110
compulsive gambling, 12, 20, 24, 26, 27, 30, 31-33
etiology, 107
historical perspectives, 16, 23, 25-27
incidence, 64
medicalization of gambling, 19-20, 22, 38, 108
pathological gambling, 21-25
problem gambling, 20-25
psychiatric disorders, general, 21-24, 44, 45, 49-51, 106, 121
recreational gambling, 21
research methodology, 15-41, 48-50, 64
social factors, 16, 18, 19, 32, 38
DSM criteria, 27, 273, 277, 278
treatment, 193-194
see also Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Demographic factors, 97-98, 109, 112-118, 141, 142, 239
disabled persons, 98
educational attainment, 98, 99, 109, 195, 244
rural areas, 142
treatment seekers, 195, 216-217
see also Age factors;
Family factors;
Gender factors;
Minority groups;
Urban areas
Department of Commerce, BEA, 165-166
Depression, 28, 35, 126, 132-134, 136, 159, 196, 198, 204, 207, 212 , 278, 279, 281
see also Escapism;
Shame and guilt;
Suicide
Descriptive studies, 45, 141, 160, 171, 173-174
Diagnosis, 2-3, 12, 42-47, 108
definitional issues, 15-41, 49-50
historical perspectives, 10-11
prevalence research and, 64
tools, table, 43
see also Etiology;
Screening
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2, 18, 21, 30, 38, 48-49, 50, 114, 142, 203
addiction, 36-37
comorbidity, 32, 129, 133, 137, 139
family factors, 25, 273-277 (passim), 281
gender factors, 115, 274, 276, 277, 279-280
gradations of gambling problems, 23, 24
historical perspectives, 25-27, 48-49, 108, 273-282
individual costs, 158, 273-279 (passim), 282
legal issues, pathological gambling as exculpatory condition, 30-31
natural recovery, 210
prevalence, 68, 70-71, 76, 80, 86-87, 99, 276, 279-280
problem gambling, 23-24
text of, 273-282
twin studies, 119
Disabled persons, 98
District of Columbia, 289
Dog racing, see Horse and dog racing
Dopamine system, 37-38, 120-122, 124, 125, 205
Drug abuse, see Alcohol use and abuse; Substance use and abuse
Drugs, treatment of gamblers, see Pharmacological treatments
DSM, see Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
E
Economic factors, 4, 12, 15, 19, 156-186, 252-253
benefit-cost analyses, 157-158, 162-186
benefits of gambling, 8, 156, 160, 172
health insurance, 5, 211-212, 214, 221, 222
indirect effects, 165
input-output models, 165-166, 172-173
natural recovery, 210
socioeconomic status and prevalence, 97-98, 99, 157-158, 249
taxes, 156, 176, 213-214, 219, 273
transfer effects, 164-165, 167-170, 179
treatment costs, 194, 206-207, 213-214, 221-222;
see also "health insurance" supra benefit-cost analyses, 181, 183-184, 220-222
see also Costs to individuals;
Debt;
Employment issues;
Funding;
Poverty
Educational attainment, 98, 99, 109, 195, 244
Elderly persons, 3-4, 63, 94-95, 114, 250, 251, 253
Employment issues, 97-98, 156, 160, 161, 165, 166, 180, 182-183, 185, 196
DSM criteria, 275, 277, 278, 282
Epidemiologic Catchment Area study, 129, 133, 135-136, 139
Escapism, 26, 27, 29, 35-36, 40
Ethnicity, see Minority groups
Etiology, 2-3, 28-30, 45, 107-155
associations vs causal relations, 108-109, 111-112
defined, 107
diagnostic criteria, 108, 114, 115, 129, 133, 137, 139, 142, 273-282 (passim)
see also Clinical studies;
Comorbidity;
Diagnosis;
specific risk factors (Age factors, Biological factors, Suicide, etc.)
Excessive gambling, defined, 20, 21-22
Extraversion, 109
F
Family factors, 4, 38, 109, 114, 117-118, 142, 249, 254, 257
benefit-cost analyses, 163, 176, 180-181
DSM criteria, 25, 273-277 (passim), 281
gambling promotions, 219
psychoanalytic treatment, 198, 199
spouses of gamblers, 159, 201, 207, 209, 215, 225, 274, 275, 305, 311
treatment, 198, 199, 207, 209, 225
see also Children
Federal government, see Legislation; specific departments and agencies
Financial impacts of gambling, see Debt
Financial market gambling, 72, 73, 88
Florida, 86, 90, 177-178, 177-178, 216, 289
Fluvoxamine, 204-205
Foreign countries, see International perspectives; specific countries
Friends, see Peer influences
Funding, 222
telephone help lines, 215
treatment, other, 213-214, 221-222
G
Gam-Anon, 213
Gamblers Anonymous, 11, 20(n.2), 182, 204, 207, 208-209, 213, 224
definitional issues, 23
etiological studies, 115, 121, 134-135, 160
families, 159
meetings by state, 317-318
Gambling machines, 5, 215, 238, 242, 244, 245, 252, 253, 254-257, 258
escapism, 29
state by state legislative summary, 294-295
state legal age for participation, by state, 283, 294-295
Gender factors, 29, 109, 115, 140-141, 142, 238-239, 244, 250-251, 253
children, 113
DSM criteria, 115, 274, 276, 277, 279-280
escapism, 29
prevalence of gambling, 63, 95-96, 99, 255, 277, 279-280
risk-taking, 28
skill level of games, 238-239, 244, 253
treatment issues, 195, 198, 217, 222
Genetic factors, see Biological factors
Georgia, 70, 74, 86, 90, 116, 289-290
Germany, 179(n.11)
Government role, see Federal government; State government
Gross impact studies, 172-173
Guilt, see Shame and guilt
H
Hawaii, 290
Health insurance, 5, 211-212, 214, 221, 222
Historical perspectives, 7, 9-12, 16-17, 42, 48-49, 80
definitional issues, 16, 23, 25-27
DSM, 25-27, 48-49, 108, 273-282
input-output models, 165-166
organization and technology of gambling, 238-240
treatment approaches, 197
Home gambling, 256-258
Horse and dog racing, 11, 124, 248, 251, 253-254
family factors, 117
social factors, 238-239
state by state legislative summary, 285-311 (passim)
state legal age for participation by state, 283-284, 285-311 (passim)
Hot lines, see Telephone help lines
Hypomania, see Mania
I
Idaho, 290
Illegal activities, see Crime and criminal behavior
Illinois, 174-175, 179(n.11), 290-291
Impulse control disorders, 2, 20, 23, 27, 30, 31-36, 41, 119, 120, 122, 143, 159, 199, 205, 273, 275-281
see also Compulsive gambling
Incidence of gambling
acute treatment, 181
defined, 64
research methodology, 51, 64-65, 101, 179-180, 181
see also Prevalence of gambling
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, 8, 116, 131
Indians, see American Indians
Input-output models, 165-166, 172-173
Insurance, see Health insurance
International perspectives, 178-181
children, 113
comorbidity, 129
see also specific countries
Internet, 5, 213, 216, 246, 251, 252, 253-254, 256-258
Interventions, see Preventive interventions; Treatment issues
In-transition gamblers, see Problem gambling
Iowa, 70, 74, 82, 83, 216, 292
K
Kansas, 292-293
Kentucky, 293
L
Laboratory studies, 35, 40, 240, 258-259
neurobiological factors, 121, 123, 124-127
Legal issues
legal-age gambling, by state and type, 283-312
legalization of gambling, 80-84, 100, 237, 247-250, 253, 259
see also Crime and criminal behavior
Legislation
committee charge, 8-9
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, 8, 116, 131
state by state analysis, 285-312
state legal-age gambling, by state and type, 283-312
Longitudinal research, 4, 65, 142, 210, 259
Lotteries, 7, 8, 17, 80, 82, 242, 244, 245-246, 248, 251, 253, 254 -255
family factors, 117
prevalence, 72, 73, 78-79, 88, 195-196, 249, 252
state by state legislative summary, 285-311 (passim)
state legal age for participation, by state, 283-284, 285-311 (passim)
M
Machines, see Gambling machines
Maine, 295
Managed care, 222
Mania, 133, 134, 274, 277, 281, 282
Maryland, 70, 75, 195, 216, 295-296
Massachusetts, 70, 75, 86, 90, 296
Mass media
advertising, 38, 214, 216, 219, 247, 249, 307
Internet, 5, 213, 216, 246, 251, 252, 253-254, 256-258
television, 251, 252, 254, 257, 258
Mathematical skills, 16, 238, 239, 241, 243-244
Medicalization of gambling, 19-20, 22, 38, 108
see also Biological factors
Men, see Gender factors
Methodology, see Research methodology
Minnesota, 70, 75, 76, 82, 83, 86, 91, 114, 195, 215, 216, 217, 297 -298
Minority groups, 97, 115-117, 141, 217, 222, 239
prevalence of gambling, 63, 96-97, 99, 114, 141
research methodology, 115-116
see also specific groups
Mississippi, 70, 72, 75, 76, 298-299
Mood and mood disorders, 4, 122, 125, 126, 132-134, 142, 204, 274, 277, 279
see also Depression;
Mania
Moral viewpoints, 5, 8, 16, 26, 39
N
National Center for Responsible Gaming, 66
National Comorbidity Survey, 80
National Council on Compulsive Gambling, 30, 177
National Council on Problem Gambling, 212, 213, 214, 218
National Gambling Impact Study Commission, 67, 77-78, 81, 92, 93
National Institute of Mental Health, 129
National Institute on Drug Abuse, 220-221
National Institutes of Health, 4
National Opinion Research Center, 67, 77-78, 81, 92, 93
National prevalence, 1, 3, 8, 19, 65-67, 71, 77-78, 98-100
Natural recovery, 193, 210-211
Native Americans, see American Indians
Nebraska, 300-301
Neurobiological factors, 4, 45, 111, 120-127, 142, 143
brain studies, 37, 41, 119, 120, 124-127, 142
comorbidity, 128
dopamine system, 37-38, 120-122, 124, 125, 205
laboratory studies, 121, 123, 124-127
pharmacological treatments, 203-206, 224, 225, 313, 314
Nevada, 7, 11, 71, 87, 91, 114, 238, 246, 301-302
New Jersey, 71, 75, 87, 91, 114, 216, 218, 302-303
New York State, 71, 72, 75, 82, 83, 87, 91, 114, 215, 216, 303-304
New Zealand, 135
North Carolina, 304
North Dakota, 71, 75, 76, 304-305
O
Older persons, see Elderly persons
Organization of gambling, 237-251, 257-260
advertising, 38, 214, 216, 219, 247, 249, 307
legalization of gambling and, 80-84, 100, 237, 247-250, 253, 259
research methodology, 238, 240
see also Technology of gambling
P
Parents, see Family factors
Pari-mutuel gambling, 7, 80, 238
adolescents, 88
state by state legislative summary, 285-311 (passim)
state legal age for participation, by state, 283-284, 285-311 (passim)
see also Horse and dog racing
Peer influences, 3, 48, 109, 114, 117, 239, 249-250, 251, 254, 257 , 276
adolescents, 117
alienation of friends, 159
American Indians, 116
Personality disorders, general, 4, 5, 137-138
antisocial personalities, 5, 31, 122, 137-138, 139, 142, 274-275, 281
comorbidity, 137-138, 142, 196, 279
historical perspectives, 9, 10, 11-12
treatment seekers, 196
Pharmacological treatments, 203-206, 224, 225, 313, 314
Population studies, 2, 3, 115-116, 124, 142
clinical studies vs, 43
comorbidity, 131, 135, 136, 139
Epidemiologic Catchment Area study, 129, 133, 135-136, 139
screening tools, use in, 44, 47
Posttraumatic stress disorder, 109-110
depressed areas, benefits of gambling, 1, 160
prevalence of gambling among the poor, 3-4, 63, 97-98, 99
see also Debt
Prevalence of gambling, 1, 3, 8, 19, 44, 63-101, 276, 279-280
adolescents, 3, 63, 84-94, 113-114
onset of gambling, 4, 112, 113-114, 117, 118, 140, 274, 276, 280
age at onset of gambling, 4, 112, 113-114, 117, 131, 138, 142, 274 , 276, 280
alcohol abuse compared with, 63, 80, 81, 93-94, 99
benefit-cost analyses, 169, 175, 177-178
card games, 72, 73, 85, 88, 252
casino gambling, 72, 73, 78-79, 82, 88, 195, 252
charitable gambling, 72, 73, 78-79
DSM, 68, 70-71, 76, 80, 86-87, 99, 276, 279-280
gender factors, 63, 95-96, 99, 255, 277, 279-280
legalization of gambling and, 80-84, 100, 237, 248-249
lifetime, 1, 23, 48, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 72, 73-75, 77, 80-81
adolescents, 85, 88, 89, 90, 113-114
lotteries, 72, 73, 78-79, 88, 195-196, 249, 252
methodological issues, 64-71, 76, 79, 86-87, 89, 92-93, 99, 100-101
national prevalence, 1, 3, 8, 19, 65-67, 71, 77-78, 98-100
natural recovery, 210
pari-mutuel wagering, 72, 73, 88;
see also ''horse and dog racing" supra
past-year, 3, 64, 67, 69, 72, 73-75, 76, 77-78
technology of gambling and, 238, 252
poor persons, 3-4, 63, 97-98, 99
regional factors, 65, 67(n.2), 71, 101
screening and, 64, 77, 100-101
socioeconomic status, 97-98, 99, 157-158, 249;
see also Minority groups
South Oaks Gambling Screen, 68, 71-72, 76, 77, 86-87, 99, 114
sports gambling, 72, 73, 78-79, 85, 88, 252
state-level, 66, 67, 68, 69-76, 81-84, 101
substance abuse, 63, 80, 81, 93-94
see also Incidence of gambling
Preventive interventions, 12, 107, 211, 219-220
adolescents, 219-220
relapse, 28, 194, 202, 206, 207, 208-209, 211
see also Screening
Problem gambling, 19
adolescents, 85-93
benefit-cost analyses, 177-181, 182-185, 186
definitional issues, 20-25
etiology of, 107-156
pathological gambling vs, 22-25, 65
prevalence, 64-101 (passim), 177-178
see also Costs to individuals;
Diagnosis;
Gamblers Anonymous;
Screening;
Treatment issues
Psychiatric disorders, 122
classification issues, 21-24, 44, 45, 49-51, 106, 121;
see also Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
comorbidity, 9, 37, 126, 129, 133, 137-138
pathological gambling as, 12
posttraumatic stress disorder, 109-110
see also American Psychiatric Association;
Impulse control disorders;
Mood and mood disorders;
Personality disorders
Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic treatments, 197-199, 205, 313-315
advertising, 38, 214, 216, 219, 247, 249, 307
lotteries, 245-246
Puerto Rico, 307
Pull-tab, state by state legislative summary, 285-311 (passim)
R
Race/ethnicity, see Minority groups
Racetrack betting, see Horse and dog racing
Recreational gambling, 16, 156, 260
age at onset of gambling, 4, 112, 113-114, 117, 131, 138, 142, 274 , 276, 280
benefit-cost analyses, 163-164, 167
children, 113
defined, 21
minority groups, 116
pathological gamblers returning to, 19-20, 25
pathological gambling vs, 28
prevalence, 66
promotional activities, 219
substance abuse and, 26
Recovering gamblers, 20(n.2), 24, 193, 210, 211
natural recovery, 193, 210, 211
stages, general, 193
withdrawal symptoms, 27, 29, 38, 119, 205, 277, 281
see also Treatment issues
Regional factors
benefit-cost analyses, 164, 165-168
minority groups, 116-117
prevalence, 65, 67(n.2), 71, 101
telephone help lines, 216
Regional Input-Output Modeling System, 165-166
Relapse, 28, 136, 140, 142, 194, 198, 202, 206, 207, 208-209, 211, 221, 224
preventive interventions, 28, 194, 202, 206, 207, 208-209, 211
Religious factors, 11, 194, 239
Research methodology, 3, 4, 21-22, 250, 258-260
adolescent studies, 85-87, 89, 92-93
balanced measurement studies, 174-185, 186
benefit-cost analyses, 157-158, 162-186
classifications and definitions, 15-41, 48-50, 64;
see also Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
cohort effects, 65, 94-95, 108, 110-111
comorbidity studies, 128-139 (passim), 141, 259
construct validity, 45-47, 49-50, 100-101
descriptive studies, 45, 141, 160, 171, 173-174
DSM criteria development, 25-27
etiological, 107-112, 121, 124-142 (passim)
excessive gambling, 21-22
gender factors, 115
gross impact studies, 172-173
incidence studies, 51, 64-65, 101, 179-180, 181
input-output models, 165-166, 172-173
longitudinal studies, 65
minority groups, 115-116
neurobiological studies, 121, 124-127
organization of gambling, 238, 240
prevalence studies, 64-71, 76, 79, 86-87, 89, 92-93, 99, 100-101
South Oaks Gambling Screen, 42, 43, 44, 46, 48, 68, 99, 114
treatment evaluation, 192, 199, 200-201, 202-203, 207-208, 220, 223 -224, 313-318
see also Case studies;
Clinical studies;
Laboratory studies;
Population studies
Risk-taking, 16-18, 48, 237, 239, 242-243, 253
gender factors, 28-29
impulse control disorders, 33, 34-35
see also Sensation-seeking
Rural areas, 142
S
NORC DSM SCREEN, 77
population studies and, 44, 47
prevalence research and, 64, 77, 100-101
see also Diagnosis;
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders;
South Oaks Gambling Screen
Self-esteem, 10, 116, 159, 198
see also Depression;
Shame and guilt
Self-help treatments, 25, 209, 211
age factors, 114
see also Gamblers Anonymous
Sensation-seeking, 17, 33, 34-35, 40, 119, 121-122, 123, 125, 198-199, 239, 278
behavioral treatments, 199-202, 224
see also Risk-taking
Serotonin, 122-123, 204-205
Sex-based factors, see Gender factors
Shame and guilt, 10-11, 26, 28, 159, 198, 278
Slot machines, see Gambling machines
Social factors, general, 4, 15, 17, 38, 110, 112-118, 142, 247-251 , 254, 256-258
antisocial personalities, 5, 31, 122, 137-138, 139, 142, 274-275, 281
benefits of gambling, 8, 12, 156, 157
benefit-cost analyses, 163-164, 173-174, 175-178, 180-185
cohort effects, 110
costs of gambling, 12, 15, 19, 156-186
definitional issues, 16, 18, 19, 32, 38
DSM criteria, 27, 273, 277, 278
historical perspectives, 7, 16, 18
legalization of gambling and, 80-84, 100, 237, 247-250, 253, 259
natural recovery, 210
organization of gambling, 237-239;
see "legalization. . ." supra
see also Cultural factors;
Demographic factors;
Family factors;
Peer influences;
Public opinion;
Religious factors
Social gambling, see Recreational gambling
South Carolina, 308
South Dakota, 71, 75, 82, 83, 175-177, 215, 308-309
South Oaks Gambling Screen, 42, 43, 44, 46, 48, 118
alcoholism, comorbidity, 131
methodology, 42, 43, 44, 46, 48, 68, 99, 114
prevalence studies, 68, 71-72, 76, 77, 86-87, 99, 114
Spiritual factors, see Religious factors
family factors, 117
prevalence, 72, 73, 78-79, 85, 88, 252
Spouses of gamblers, 159, 201, 207, 209, 215, 225, 305, 311
State government, 1, 7, 8, 11, 80
counselor certification boards, 218, 222-223
gambling promotions, 219
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, 8, 116, 131
legal age for gambling, by state and type, 283-284, 285-311 (passim)
legislative review, by state, 285-312
telephone help lines, 215-216
treatment issues, 213-214, 222
see also Casino gambling;
Horse and dog racing;
Lotteries;
specific states
State-level factors, other
benefit-cost analyses, 166, 167-168
Gamblers Anonymous meetings, by state, 1995-1998, 317-318
health insurance coverage, 212, 213
prevalence, 66, 67, 68, 69-76, 81-84, 101
see also specific states
Statistics
Gamblers Anonymous meetings, by state, 317-318
types of gambling, 8
see also Incidence of gambling;
Prevalence of gambling
Substance use and abuse, 4, 5, 9
adolescents, 93-94, 99-100, 110-111, 117
antisocial personality disorder, 137-138
benefit-cost analyses, 170
children of abusers, 118
cohort effects, 110-111
comorbidity, 130-132, 135, 139, 142, 196, 207, 224, 276, 279
pathological gambling compared to, 25-26, 28-29, 31, 37, 122, 124-126
treatment, 193, 196, 206, 212, 220-221, 224
recreational gambling, 26
see also Addiction;
Alcohol use and abuse
Suicide, 3, 5, 10, 48, 134-137, 159-160, 196, 272, 274
Survey of American Gambling Attitudes and Behavior, 42
T
Taxes, 156, 176, 213-214, 219, 273
Technology of gambling, 12-13, 237, 239, 251-260
see also Computer technology;
Gambling machines;
Internet;
Mass media
Telecommunications, 5, 246, 252, 253-254, 255-256
see also Internet
Telephone help lines, 114-115, 135, 214-217
Television, 251, 252, 254, 257, 258
Tennessee, 309
Texas, 71, 75, 82, 83, 87, 91, 114, 131, 215, 216-217, 309
Transfer effects, 164-165, 167-170, 179
Treatment issues, 2, 5, 12, 107, 109, 192-236
acute intervention, 193
addiction, general, 192, 194, 205, 206-208
autobiography, 206-207
availability of and access to, 211-214
aversion therapy, 199-201
behavioral approaches, 199-202, 224
benefit-cost analyses, 181, 183-184, 220-222
characteristics of treatment seekers, 195-196
clinical studies, 199, 203, 204-205
cognitive factors, 202-203, 206-207, 209, 224, 313-316
comorbidity, 128-129, 133, 138, 196, 198, 205
cost of, 194, 206-207, 213-214, 221-222;
see also "benefit-cost analyses" supra and "health insurance" infra
costs to individuals, 194, 196, 206-207, 212
defined, 193-194
evaluation methodology, 192, 199, 200-201, 202-203, 207-208, 220, 223-224, 313-318
gender factors, 195, 198, 217, 222
health insurance coverage, 5, 211-212, 214, 221, 222
incurability, 20(n.2)
literature on, summary table, 313-316
maintenance, 193
mood disorders, 133
natural recovery, 193, 210-211
pharmacological treatments, 203-206, 224, 225, 313, 314
psychoanalytic/psychodynamic approaches, 197-199, 205
rehabilitation, 193
relapse, 28, 136, 140, 142, 194, 198, 202, 206, 207, 208-209, 211, 221, 224
stages, general, 193
telephone help lines, 114-115, 135, 214-217
see also Counseling;
Health insurance;
Preventive interventions;
Recovering gamblers;
Screening;
Self-help treatment
U
United Kingdom, 113, 134-135, 137, 160, 250-251, 255
Urban areas, 109, 114, 116, 131, 133, 135, 139, 142, 174-175
Utah, 309
V
Vermont, 309
Veterans, see Posttraumatic stress disorder
Veterans Administration, 115, 118, 134, 206
Video games, see Gambling machines
Virginia, 310
Virgin Islands, 309-310
W
Washington, D.C., 289
Washington State, 71, 75, 87, 310
West Virginia, 310-311
Wisconsin, 71, 75, 87, 179(n.11), 181-185, 186, 216, 311
Withdrawal symptoms, 27, 29, 38, 119, 205, 277, 281
Women, see Gender factors
World Wide Web, see Internet
Wyoming, 311-312
