Index
Note to the reader: This index contains entries for each of the three volumes of the Veterans and Agent Orange series released to date: Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam (I), Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1996 (II), and Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1998 (III). Page numbers for the discussions of topics in specific volumes follow the roman numerals denoted above. Thus, for example, the entry ''Agent Blue, I: 27, 89-90, 93, 97, 100; III: 136, 137" first refers to material found on pages 27, 89-90, 93, 97, and 100 in Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam, then to material found on pages 136 and 137 of Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1998.
A
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome. See AIDS/HIV
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). See Leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML). See Leukemia
ADA. See American Diabetes Association (ADA)
Adipose tissue
TCDD distribution, I: 130, 131, 168-169, 259, 269, 280
Aerial spraying, I: 3, 24; III: 135, 137, 139
military early research, I: 25-26; III: 28
See also Herbicide application methods; Herbicides
AFHS. See Air Force Health Study (AFHS)
Aflatoxin, I: 453
Africa
sub-Saharan, II: 181; III: 282
Age and aging
acute lymphocytic leukemia incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 384
acute myeloid leukemia incidence, data for selected age groups, III : 384
bone cancer incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 302
brain cancer incidence, data for selected age groups. III: 356
breast cancer incidence in US women, data for selected age groups, III: 324
cancer age-specific incidence, I: 436-438
chronic lymphocytic leukemia incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 384
chronic myeloid leukemia incidence, data for selected age groups, III : 384
diabetes prevalence, data by age, III: 492
epidemiologic studies, control of aging effects, II: 261-262; III: 409
female reproductive system cancer incidence, data by type, for selected age groups, III: 329, 330
gastrointestinal tract cancer incidence, data by type for selected age groups, III: 267
Hodgkin's disease incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 372
laryngeal cancer incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 292
latency and, II: 261-262, 273, 275; III: 409, 414-415, 425, 428, 430
leukemia incidence, data by type, for selected age groups, III: 384
liver/intrahepatic bile duct cancers incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 282
lung cancer incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 296
melanoma incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 313
multiple myeloma incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 377
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 289
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma age of onset, I: 436
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 362
prostate cancer incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 334
renal cancers incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 352
soft-tissue sarcoma age of onset, I: 436
soft-tissue sarcoma incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 306
testicular cancer incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 343
urinary bladder cancer incidence, data for selected age groups, III: 347
See also Demographic data, Vietnam veterans
Agent Blue, I: 27, 89-90, 93, 97, 100; III: 136, 137
volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data. III: 136
Agent Green, I: 27, 90, 92, 114; III: 136, 137, 140, 146
volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, III: 136
Agent Orange, II: 308; III: 130, 159, 315, 344, 359, 389, 407, 444, 460, 462, 489, 491
Air Force research activities, II: 31-32; III: 28-29
birth defects association, II: 298, 300; III: 435
cancer latency issues, II: 260-276; III: 407-431
chemical composition, I: 27; II: 102
chloracne association, II: 317, 318; III: 479
congressional hearings, II: 27-28; III: 25
defoliant effectiveness, I: 90
Department of Veterans Affairs activities, II: 29-31, 153, 156-157; III: 27-28
Environmental Protection Agency research activities, II: 32; III: 29-30
exposure opportunity index (EOI), II: 290-291; III: 146-148
federal government action/research, I: 45-60; II: 27-32; III: 27-32
health effects of, concerns, I: 2; II: 19-23, 26-27; III: 19-20, 236, 237, 240, 242, 243
International Agency for Research on Cancer research activities, III: 30
legislation, I: 47-52; II: 28-29; III: 26-27
Orange II formulation, I: 90; III: 137
product liability litigation, I: 34-35
spontaneous abortion increased risk, II: 283
suspension of use, I: 92-93; II: 26
TCDD as contaminant of, I: 91, 114, 126-127; II: 102; III: 140
Vietnam amount used, I: 1, 27, 74, 90, 97-98, 106; II: 1, 26; III: 136
Vietnam military application, I: 1, 3, 27, 74, 84-85, 90, 92-93, 97-107, 543-545; II: 1, 26-27; III: 1, 25, 136-138, 140
Vietnam surplus disposal, I: 93-94
Vietnam veterans' increased disease risk, II: 22-23; III: 22-23, 272
volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, II: 136
See also Herbicides;
Incineration, of Agent Orange
Agent Orange, the Deadly Fog, I: 33
Agent Orange Act of 1991. See Public Law 102-4
Agent Orange Briefs, I: 56; II: 31; III: 28
Agent Orange Registry (AOR), I: 20, 53, 56, 729; II: 29, 31, 153, 228; III: 28, 344
See also Department of Veterans Affairs, U.S. (DVA)
Agent Orange Review, I: 56; II: 31; III: 28
Agent Orange Scientific Task Force, I: 60-61
Agent Orange Study, I: 19, 57, 58-59, 63-64, 276-278; II: 102; III : 147, 148
Agent Orange Task Force, II: 24-26; III: 24-25, 148
See also Department of Veterans Affairs, U.S. (DVA)
Agent Orange Validation Study, III: 240
Agent Orange Victims International, I: 34
Agent Orange Working Group, I: 19, 46, 58, 277, 743
research methodology, I: 728
Agent Pink, I: 27, 90, 92, 114; III: 136, 137, 140, 146
volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, III: 136
Agent Purple, I: 27, 89, 92, 114; III: 136, 140, 146
TCDD in, I: 126
volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, III: 136
Agent White, I: 27, 90, 92-93, 97, 115, 189; III: 136, 137
volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, III: 136
Agricultural/forestry workers
brain tumors, I: 320, 523; II: 136
Canadian Farmer Cohort, II: 135-136
cancers, I: 13, 37, 320-323, 443, 447, 454; II: 133-137, 179
case-control studies, I: 326-341, 486-488; II: 118-122, 138-140; III: 185-195, 228-232
cohort studies, I: 318-323; II: 118-120, 135-137, 197-198; III: 178-185, 224-228
epidemiologic studies, I: 37, 318-323; II: 118-120, 135-137, 232-234, 238-239, 241-243; III: 178-195, 224-232, 284-285, 335, 364-365, 379-380, 387-388
female reproductive and breast cancers, I: 510-511
hepatobiliary cancer, I: 454; II: 183-184; III: 284-285
herbicide exposure assessment, I: 265-266; III: 154-157
Hodgkin's disease, I: 550-553; II: 135
Irish agricultural workers study, II: 136-137
kidney cancer, I: 515
leukemia, I: 332-335, 566-568; II: 136; III: 387-388
multiple myelomas, I: 11-12, 558-561; II: 138-139, 238-239, 241-243; III: 379-380
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, I: 9, 256-257, 530-540; II: 138, 139, 232-234; III: 364-365
prostate cancer, I: 11, 518, 519, 575; II: 8-9; III: 335
reproductive outcomes, I: 510-511, 598
respiratory cancer, I: 11, 466; II: 197-198
soft-tissue sarcomas, I: 37, 326-328, 479-481, 486-488
sperm dysfunction, I: 632
suicide, I: 650
See also Forests;
Professional herbicide/ pesticide applicators
Agricultural herbicides, I: 24, 35, 39, 174-175, 181; II: 137-139
See also Herbicides
Agriculture. See Agricultural/forestry workers;
Food crops;
Forests
Ah receptor (AhR), I: 3, 123, 134; II: 3-4, 51-53, 54-56, 57-62; III: 54-58, 129
animal studies and, I: 114, 123; II: 3-4, 51-53, 54-56, 57-62, 92-93; III: 33, 34, 35, 54-58, 62-63, 67-69, 129
anti-estrogenicity and, II: 62; III: 67-69
biological consequences of activation, II: 57; III: 62
blood abnormalities, I: 125
cacodylic acid acute toxicity, I: 188
cacodylic acid carcinogenicity, I: 118, 119, 187
cacodylic acid chronic exposure, I: 188-189
cacodylic acid developmental toxicity, I: 189
cacodylic acid genotoxicity, I: 187-188
cacodylic acid mechanism of action, II: 50; III: 49-50
cacodyhc acid mechanism of toxicity, II: 50-51
cacodylic acid pharmacokinetics, I: 186-187
cacodylic acid renal toxicity, II: 50-51
cacodylic acid reproductive toxicity, I: 189
cacodylic acid toxicity summary, II: 50
cacodylic acid toxicokinetics, II: 50; III: 48
characteristics of, I: 111-114
combinatorial interactions, II: 57-58
DNA binding capability and transcription activation of. II: 56-57; III: 58-61
evidentiary role, I: 228
free radicals and, II: 60; III: 64-65
generalizability, I: 112, 113, 114, 118, 122-123, 160
growth/differentiation signaling. III: 62-63
growth factor and, II: 59
hepatic abnormalities. I: 124-125, 688
human health relevance of toxicology, III: 35-36
inconsistencies in, II: 57-62
ligand-independent activation, II: 58
male-mediated disorders, I: 593-594
multiple forms of, II: 57
nervous system and, I: 161
nonhuman primates, I: 151
picloram in, I: 118, 119, 125, 190-192; III: 51
protein kinases and, II: 60-62; III: 65-67
redox signaling, III: 64-65
signaling interactions, II: 59-62; III: 62-69
structural and functional aspects of, II: 54-56; III: 54-58
TCDD acute toxicity, II: 75-76
TCDD biologic plausibility and, I: 3, 133-138, 452-453
TCDD carcinogenicity and, I: 3, 116, 118, 138-142, 439; II: 3, 65-68
TCDD cardiovascular toxicity, I: 171; II: 76; III: 74-75
TCDD dermal toxicity, I: 173-174; II: 76
TCDD developmental toxicity, I: 123-124, 156-157, 159-160; II: 3, 71, 72-73; III: 92-105
TCDD disease outcomes, II: 3; III: 39-43, 71-105
TCDD endocrine effects. III: 83-84
TCDD gastrointestinal toxicity, I: 169-170
TCDD hepatotoxicity and, I: 124-125, 151-156, 457; II: 3-4, 73-75; III: 76-79
TCDD immunotoxicity, I: 119-122, 146-151; II: 3, 68-71; III: 85-92
TCDD-induced wasting syndrome, I: 162-166; II: 76-77; III: 80-83
TCDD lethality, III: 71-73
TCDD mechanism of action, II: 3, 54-65; III: 51-53, 54-58, 62-63, 67-69
TCDD mechanism of toxicity, II: 65-77
TCDD metabolic toxicity, I: 166-169
TCDD neurotoxicity, I: 160-166; II: 3, 75; III: 84-85
TCDD pharmacokinetics, I: 127-133
TCDD renal toxicity, II: 77; III: 75-76
TCDD reproductive toxicity, I: 123-124, 156-159; II: 3, 71-72; III: 92-105
TCDD respiratory tract toxicity, I: 170
TCDD teratogenicity and, I: 159-160
TCDD toxicity update summary, II: 51-53
TCDD toxicokinetics, II: 3, 53-54; III: 4-5, 33
toxicity, potential health risks and contributing factors, III: 106, 107, 108
transcriptional-independent responses, II: 58-59
AIDS/HIV, I: 338, 527, 541, 695; II: 326
Air Force. See U.S. Air Force
Air Force Health Study (AFHS), I: 62-63, 260, 272, 622; II: 284, 293-295, 336; III: 23, 25, 29, 239, 438-439, 495, 505, 514
appropriation for, I: 51
autoimmune disease in, I: 698
basal/squamous cell skin cancer in, III: 318, 321, 322
baseline mortality studies, II: 151
birth defects in offspring, II: 286, 293-295; III: 436, 438, 439
bone cancer in, III: 303
circulatory disease in, I: 703-705, 706; II: 336; III: 514, 517
data sources, I: 385-386; II: 150-151
diabetes mellitus in, I: 684; II: 330; III: 495, 498-500, 502
epidemiologic studies, II: 31, 32, 149, 150-152, 154-156, 293-295; III: 28-29, 206-207, 218, 237-240, 303, 309-310, 313-314, 318, 321 , 322, 339, 340, 385, 436, 438, 439, 446-447, 449, 452-453, 457-458 , 481, 486, 495, 498-500, 502, 505, 506, 507, 510, 513, 514, 517
exposure assessment in, I: 279-280, 281, 386; II: 4-5, 101, 103, 109; III: 6, 146-147, 157-158, 162
gastrointestinal ulcers in, I: 691; III: 510, 513
immune system disorders in, I: 696
infertility in, II: 280; III: 446-447, 449
lipid abnormalities in, I: 689; II: 333; III: 505, 506, 507
liver toxicity in, II: 332; III: 510, 513
low birthweight in, I: 626, 627; III: 457-458
melanoma in, III: 313-314
methodology, I: 230-231, 385-386, 445, 757-762
multiple myelomas in, I: 562; II: 244, 245
neurological disorders in, I: 659
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in, I: 541
participants, I: 722-723; II: 150-152
perinatal death in offspring, III: 452-453
peripheral nervous system disorders in, I: 665
porphyria cutanea tarda in, I: 681-682; II: 321-322; III: 481
recommendations for, I: 16-17, 722-724; II: 23, 24
reproductive outcomes in, I: 601, 612-613, 632, 633, 727; II: 293-295; III: 436, 438, 439, 446-447, 449, 452-453, 457-458
respiratory cancers in, I: 469; II: 201
respiratory disorders in, I: 711-712; III: 486
role of, I: 53
skin cancers in, II: 209
skin disorders in, I: 678
soft-tissue sarcoma in, I: 492-493; III: 309-310
spina bifida in offspring, II: 9, 295-296; III: 7, 8, 9-10, 438
spontaneous abortions in, II: 283-284
TCDD half-life estimates, I: 260-261; II: 104-105; III: 37, 50, 157-158
TCDD serum levels, I: 273, 281, 285, 656; II: 101, 103, 105, 109, 351, 356, 357; III: 146, 147
See also Operation Ranch Hand;
U.S. Air Force; Vietnam veterans
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), II: 331, 332; III: 45, 509, 510
Alaskan natives
Inuit, III: 50-51
See also Race/ethnicity
Alberta, Canada, II: 135-136, 232, 242, 246; III: 234-235, 319-320
Alberta Cancer Registry, III: 235
Alberta Health Care Insurance Plan, III: 235
Alcohol consumption, I: 507
ALL. See Leukemia
Allergies, II: 327, 329; III: 487-488
See also Immune system disorders
Alsea, Oregon, I: 42-43, 372-373, 598
ALT. See Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
American Association for the Advancement of Science, I: 29, 92
Herbicide Assessment Commission, I: 30-31
American Cancer Society, I: 334; II: 177, 181, 189, 191, 204, 205, 209, 211, 217, 223, 228, 231, 239, 245; III: 267, 282, 289, 292, 295, 296, 302, 304, 312, 322, 324, 329, 334, 343, 347, 351, 356, 362, 371, 377, 383
Cancer Prevention Study, II: 239; III: 229
American College of Epidemiology, II: 25
American Diabetes Association (ADA), III: 492, 493, 502
American Industrial Hygiene Association, II: 25
American Journal of Epidemiology, II: 281
American Legion, I: 60, 278-279, 399, 601-602, 626, 633; II: 113, 157
Vietnam veterans' epidemiologic studies, III: 212-213, 243
American Public Health Association, II: 25
American Thoracic Society Epidemiology Standardization Questionnaire, II: 136
d-Aminolevulinic acid synthetase, I: 153-154
Amitrole, I: 323
AML. See Leukemia
Angina, I: 708
See also Circulatory disorders
Animal studies; III: 394-396, 524
2,4-D carcinogenicity, I: 118-119, 176-178; II: 48; III: 47, 396
2,4-D chronic exposure, I: 179-180
2,4-D developmental toxicity, I: 124, 180-181; III: 46
2,4-D disease outcomes and mechanisms of toxicity, II: 48-49; III: 38-39, 44-47
2,4-D genotoxicity, I: 178-179
2,4-D immunotoxicity, I: 122-123, 181; III: 46, 423
2,4-D lethality, III: 44-45
2,4-D mechanism of action, II: 47-48; III: 44
2,4-D mechanism of toxicity, II: 48-49
2,4-D neurotoxicity, II: 48; III: 45-46, 473
2,4-D pharmacokinetics, I: 175
2,4-D reproductive toxicity, I: 124, 180, 181; III: 46
2,4-D toxicity profile update summary, II: 46
2,4-D toxicokinetics, II: 46-47; III: 43-44
2,4,5-T acute toxicity, I: 184
2,4,5-T carcinogenicity, I: 118, 119, 182-184; III: 396
2,4,5-T chronic exposure, I: 184
2,4,5-T developmental/reproductive toxicity, I: 124, 185; II: 49-50
2,4,5-T genotoxicity, I: 184
2,4,5-T immunotoxicity, I: 123
2,4,5-T mechanism of action, III: 47-48
2,4,5-T mechanism of toxicity, II: 49-50
2,4,5-T pharmacokinetics, I: 182
2,4,5-T toxicity profile update summary, II: 49
2,4,5-T toxicokinetics, II: 49; III: 47
Anthropometry. See Body weight
AOR. See Agent Orange Registry (AOR)
Apoptosis
Arctic
Inuit natives, III: 50-51
Argentina, III: 224
Arkansas, I: 373-374, 663; III: 234
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, I: 494
Army Chemical Corps. See U.S. Army Chemical Corps
Army Reserve Personnel Center, II: 152
Army. See U.S. Army
ARNT, II: 4, 45, 55, 56, 57, 58, 66; III: 38, 54-58, 63
Arsenic
respiratory cancer and latency, II: 268; III: 420
Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, I: 135, 153, 155-156, 170
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). See Ah receptor (AhR)
Asbestos
respiratory cancer and latency, II: 268; III: 420
Asia, III: 471
Asian Americans, II: 188
See also Race/ethnicity
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), II: 331, 333; III: 45, 509
Assembly of Life Sciences (ALS), I: 62, 63
Association of Birth Defect Children, II: 292
AST. See Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Asthma, I: 708, 711, 713
See also Respiratory disorders
Ataxia, I: 658
See also Motor/coordination dysfunction;
Neurobehavioral toxicity
Atlanta Congenital Defects Program, I: 387
Atlanta, Georgia, II: 241, 296; III: 229
CDC Birth Defects Study, II: 9; III: 438
Atlantic Ocean, III: 108
Australia, I: 61, 91, 340, 406, 418, 444, 470, 488-489, 537, 546, 614-615, 633, 702, 710; II: 113, 132, 149, 160, 202, 293; III: 216-217, 218, 237, 244-245
Air Force veterans, III: 244
Australian National Service Vietnam veterans, III: 273, 286
Bureau of Statistics Health Interview Survey, 1989-1990, III: 245, 485, 511, 517
Department of Defense, III: 244, 245
Department of Veterans Affairs, III: 244, 245
Electoral Commission rolls, III: 245
Health Insurance Medicare, III: 245
herbicide use by forces, III: 137-138
lung cancer mortality in Vietnam veterans, III: 424
National Death Index, III: 245
Navy veterans, III: 244
Victorian Cancer Registry, III: 232
Vietnam veterans epidemiologic studies, III: 9, 273, 285-286, 290, 294, 295, 298, 299, 303, 310, 311, 314, 315, 327, 329, 339, 340,343, 346, 349, 353, 355, 359, 365, 380, 389, 469, 486, 489, 500,506, 512-513, 517
See also Tasmania
Autoimmune disease, I: 697-699
See also Immune system disorders;
Systemic autoimmune disease;
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Autoimmunity, I: 693, 697-699; II: 7, 21, 327, 329; III: 487-488
See also Immune system disorders
B
Baltic Sea, II: 329; III: 108, 236, 272, 285, 358, 484, 515
Basal/squamous cell skin cancer
biologic plausibility, III: 322
epidemiologic studies, III: 317-322, 323
herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 323
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 321, 323
herbicides association with, III: 317-322, 323
incidence, III: 319-320
mortality studies, III: 319, 321
scientific literature update, III: 319-320
Vietnam veterans and, III: 323
See also Melanoma;
Skin cancer
BASF, I: 312-313, 444, 530, 550, 558; II: 130-131, 238, 318-319, 325, 330-331, 332-333, 334, 336; III: 153, 154, 174, 221-222, 269-270, 273, 297, 349, 484, 495, 506, 511
Aktiengesellschaft, III: 221
Dioxin Investigation Programme, II: 131
Occupational Safety and Employee Protection Department, II: 131
Basic helix-loop-helix (BHLH), II: 54, 55, 56
Bayer, III: 154
Beck's Depression Inventory, I: 650, 651
Benefits. See Compensation, veterans
BHLH. See Basic helix-loop-helix (BHLH)
Bias, methodological. See Methodological bias
Binghamton, New York, III: 234
Biochemical warfare, I: 29, 45
Biologic plausibility, II: 88, 92; III: 2, 124, 128
Ah receptor-TCDD interaction, I: 3, 133-137, 439, 452-453; III: 129
altered sperm parameters, I: 634; III: 451
animal studies, I: 228; II: 176; III: 460-462, 474-475
basal/squamous cell skin cancer, III: 322
birth defects, II: 298; III: 444
bladder cancer, III: 351
brain tumors, I: 525; III: 362
breast cancer, II: 217; III: 327, 329
carcinogenicity, I: 116-118, 119, 146, 176-178, 182-184, 187, 190-191, 439, 451; II: 176; III: 394-397
childhood cancer, I: 630; II: 300
chloracne, I: 678; II: 320-321; III: 480
circulatory disorders, I: 708; III: 518
diabetes mellitus, I: 692; II: 335; III: 502-503
evidentiary role of, I: 111, 114, 223-224, 240-241, 434; II: 88, 92, 176; III: 23
female reproductive system cancers, I: 512; III: 334
fetal/neonatal/infant death, I: 624; III: 453
gastrointestinal tract cancers, III: 281-282
gastrointestinal ulcers, III: 513-514
genitourinary tract cancers, I: 521-522
genotoxicity, I: 178-179, 184, 187-188, 191
hepatobiliary cancer, I: 452-457; III: 286, 288
Hodgkin's disease, I: 557; III: 377
hyperlipidemia, I: 692
immunotoxicity, I: 122, 146-151, 181, 192, 699; III: 491
infertility, I: 634; II: 282; III: 451
laryngeal cancer, III: 295
liver disorders, I: 691-692; II: 335; III: 513-514
low-birthweight outcomes, I: 628; III: 458
lung cancer, III: 302
male-mediated reproductive outcomes, I: 593-595; III: 451
melanoma, III: 317
motor/coordination dysfunction, I: 661; III: 475
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, I: 460; III: 292
neurobehavioral disorders, II: 314; III: 474-475
neuropsychological disorders, I: 658
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, I: 549; III: 366
peripheral nervous system disorders, I: 666
porphyria cutanea tarda, I: 679, 682; II: 323; III: 482
prostate cancer, III: 343
renal cancers, III: 356
renal toxicity, I: 179-180
reproductive outcomes, I: 123-124, 180-181, 185, 189, 192, 605, 618, 628; II: 300-301; III: 458, 460-462
respiratory cancers, I: 472
respiratory disorders, I: 713; III: 486
skin cancer, I: 503
soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 500; III: 311
testicular cancer, III: 347
See also TCDD biologic plausibility
Biological samples, I: 20-21, 729-730
Biomarkers
chloracne as, I: 4, 10, 172-173, 262, 401, 672-674; II: 318
exposure assessment and, I: 259-262, 280-284; II: 101-104; III: 146-147
research recommendations, I: 17, 725; II: 25
sperm parameters as, I: 631
Bionetics Research Laboratory, I: 30
Birth defects
biologic plausibility, III: 444
definition of, I: 605-606; II: 286; III: 435
epidemiologic studies, II: 140, 286-296; III: 436, 437-438, 443
epidemiology, I: 606; II: 286; III: 435-436
evaluation of epidemiologic data, I: 615-618
herbicide association first reports, I: 1
herbicide association in, I: 13-14, 618; II: 7, 11, 20, 286-296; III: 436-444
herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 608-609; II: 140, 287-288, 297; III: 437
herbicide occupational exposure studies, I: 607-608; II: 286-287, 297; III: 437
Ranch Hand participants' children and, II: 293-296; III: 436, 438, 439
risk factors of, I: 606-607; II: 298; III: 444
scientific literature update, III: 437, 439-443
Seveso, Italy, study, II: 287; III: 436
summary, II: 295-296
TCDD biologic plausibility in, I: 618; II: 298; III: 460-461
Vietnam veterans' children and, I: 609-615, 618; II: 288-296, 297, 298; III: 435, 436, 437-438
See also Cleft lip/palate;
Neural tube disorders;
Reproductive disorders;
Spina bifida;
Teratogenicity
Birth Defects Study, II: 9, 290-291, 296; III: 147, 436, 438, 439
See also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Births. See Birth defects;
Low birthweight;
Perinatal death;
Preterm delivery (PTD)
Bladder cancer
biologic plausibility, III: 351
epidemiologic studies, I: 515-517; II: 225-227; III: 347-351
epidemiology; II: 223; III: 347
herbicide association in, I: 12, 521, 576; II: 7, 12, 21, 225-227, 250; III: 3, 10, 21, 132, 347-351
herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 349, 350-351
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 348, 350
histopathology, I: 513
incidence, I: 513
incidence, data by age/gender/race, for selected age groups, III: 347
risk factors, I: 513-514
scientific literature update, II: 226-227; III: 348-349
Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 513, 517, 522; II: 223, 226; III: 349, 351
See also Genitourinary cancers
Body mass index (BMI), II: 281; III: 499, 502
Body weight
loss of and TCDD, II: 3
Boehringer-Ingelheim, I: 313; III: 153-154
Bone cancer
biologic plausibility, III: 304
children and, I: 628
chondrosarcomas of the skull, III: 2, 10, 266, 304
epidemiologic studies, III: 303-305
herbicide association in, I: 13, 473-474, 577; II: 6, 11, 20, 204-205, 249-250; III: 7, 10, 303-305
herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 303, 305
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 303, 305
incidence of, data by gender/race, for selected age groups, III: 302
scientific literature update, II: 204-205; III: 303
Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 473, 474; II: 204
Vietnam veterans studies, III: 303, 305
Boston Hospital for Women, II: 291-292
Brain tumors, I: 339
2,4-D exposure and, I: 119, 176-177
agricultural workers and, I: 320; II: 136
biologic plausibility, III: 362
clinical features, I: 522
epidemiologic studies, II: 136, 229-230; III: 356-361
epidemiology, I: 522-523; II: 228-229; III: 356
herbicide association in, I: 12, 525, 576; II: 7, 12, 21, 229-230, 250; III: 8, 12, 21, 356-362
herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 358, 361
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 357-358, 360
incidence, data by gender/race, for selected age groups, III: 356
scientific literature update, II: 229-230; III: 357-359
Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 525; II: 228-229, 230
Vietnam veterans studies, III: 358-359, 361
Breast cancer
agricultural workers and, I: 510
biologic plausibility, II: 217; III: 327, 329
epidemiologic studies, II: 214-216, 217; III: 324-328
epidemiology, I: 505, 506-507; II: 213-214; III: 322, 324
herbicide association in, I: 13; II: 6, 11, 12, 20, 89, 213-217, 249-250; III: 7, 10, 324-329
herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 511, 512; III: 328
herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: 214-216; III: 324-326, 328
histopathology, I: 505-506
incidence in US women, data by race, for selected age groups, III: 324
risk, estimated, II: 218
risk factors, I: 507
scientific literature update, III: 326-327
Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 505, 511, 213, 216-217; III: 329
Vietnam veterans studies, III: 326, 328
See also Reproductive system cancers, women
British Columbia, Canada, III: 10, 227-228, 338, 439-440, 447-448, 449, 452, 453, 457
Cancer Incidence File, III: 227
Death File, III: 227
Division of Vital Statistics, III: 452, 457
Health Surveillance Registry, III: 227, 439
Bronchitis, I: 708, 711, 713
See also Respiratory disorders
Bronchus cancer. See Lung cancer
Brown, Jesse, II: 24; III: 24, 25
Bureau of Labor Statistics, I: 79, 80
Bureau of the Census, III: 231
n-Butyl esters, I: 27
C
Cacodylic acid, I: 88-89; II: 4; III: 5, 19, 32, 135, 136, 137, 218
acute toxicity, I: 188
animal studies, I: 185-189; II: 50-51; III: 34, 38, 48, 49-50, 396
carcinogenicity, I: 118, 119, 187; II: 40; III: 396
chemical properties/structure, I: 111, 114, 186; II: 38; III: 32
chronic exposure, I: 188-189
developmental toxicity, I: 124, 189
dimethylarsenic radical formation and, II: 4
domestic use, I: 185-186
kidney toxicity, I: 125; II: 42
mechanism of action, II: 50; III: 38, 49-50
mechanisms of toxicity, II: 50-51
pharmacokinetics, I: 186-187
renal toxicity, II: 50-51
reproductive toxicity, I: 124, 189; II: 42
toxicity update summary, II: 50
toxicokinetics, II: 50; III: 32-33, 48
Vietnam formulations, I: 186
volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, III: 136
Calcium
homeostasis of and 2,4,5-T, II: 4
See also Irvine, California
Ca Mau peninsula, Vietnam, I: 100, 104
Camp Dram, New York, I: 25-26, 89
Canada, I: 11, 319-320, 323, 374-375, 443, 467-468, 537-539, 620, 650; II: 8, 132, 135-136, 140, 219-220, 243, 248; III: 226, 232,303, 309, 335, 344, 348, 353
Census of Agriculture, 1971, II: 135
Census of Population, 1971, II: 135
Central Farm Register, 1971, II: 135
Central Farm Register, 1981, II: 135
Mortality Data Base, II: 135; III: 227
Mortality Study of Canadian Male Farm Operators, II: 135-136; III: 224
Saskatchewan Cancer Foundation, II: 139
Saskatchewan Hospital Services Plan, II: 139
Statistics Canada, III: 227
See also Alberta, Canada;
British Columbia, Canada;
Manitoba, Canada;
New Brunswick, Canada;
Ontario, Canada;
Saskatchewan, Canada
Cancer
age-specific incidence, I: 436-438
agricultural workers and, I: 320-323, 443; II: 136, 137-138
biologic plausibility, I: 116-118, 119, 434; II: 176; III: 394-397
children and, I: 14, 594-595, 628-631
clinical features, I: 433-436
epidemiologic studies, I: 45, 317, 320-323, 325-326, 367, 383-384, 391-393, 443-445; II: 133-138, 147-148
epidemiology, I: 433, 435-438, 442, 525; II: 175; III: 265-266
herbicide association, insufficient evidence for determining, I: 13-14, 577-578; II: 249-250; III: 393
herbicide association, limited/suggestive evidence of, I: 10-12, 574-576; II: 247-249; III: 393
herbicide association, no evidence of, I: 12-13, 576-577; II: 250; III: 393-394
herbicide association, sufficient evidence of, I: 8-10, 572-574; II: 175, 176, 247; III: 390, 392
herbicide environmental exposure epidemiologic studies, I: 444, 469; II: 147-148
herbicide exposure measures, H: 175, 176; III: 265-266
herbicide occupational exposure studies, I: 443-444; II: 133, 134
herbicide/pesticide applicators and, I: 320-321, 323, 325-326, 443, 447, 466-468, 488, 491; II: 137-138
herbicides, categories of association in, I: 572
mortality studies, I: 442-445; II: 133, 134, 136, 137, 263; III: 410-411, 421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 427, 429
multistage model, I: 142-143, 434, 439
P450 induction to, I: 144-145, 170
phenoxy herbicide association in, I: 483; III: 422, 423, 429
research priorities, I: 19, 727
research recommendations, I: 19, 727
risk assessment, I: 442-443, 578; II: 251, 276; III: 430-431
site groupings for ICD-9 cancer codes, III: 537-539
TCDD animal studies, I: 138-142; II: 176; III: 394, 396
TCDD genotoxicity, I: 143-144
TCDD in initiation/promotion, I: 116, 142-143, 434, 439
TCDD in P450 induction to, I: 144-145
Vietnam civilians, II: 148
Vietnam veterans, expected incidence, I: 439-440, 442, 452, 460-461, 473, 475, 501, 505, 513, 522, 526, 564; II: 176-177; III: 266-267
Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 391-393, 401, 402-403, 405, 436-438, 444-445, 578; II: 251, 276; III: 397, 430-431
See also Latency effects in cancer studies;
specific cancers;
specific cancer sites
Carcinogen(s)
2,4,5-T as, I: 118, 119, 182-184; II: 40; III: 396
cacodylic acid as, I: 118, 119, 187; II: 40; III: 396
herbicides as, I: 3, 40; II: 273, 275; III: 426, 428, 430
mechanism of action, I: 434
picloram as, I: 118, 119, 190-191; II: 40; III: 396
TCDD as, I: 3, 116-118, 434, 439; II: 3, 39-40, 65-68; III: 394, 396
See also Cancer
Cardiovascular system disorders
cardiomegaly, I: 703
circulatory disorders, I: 699-709
lipid abnormalities in, I: 688
TCDD in, I: 171; II: 76; III: 74-75
See also Circulatory disorders;
Myocardial infarction
Case-control studies
agricultural/forestry workers, I: 326-341; II: 138-140; III: 185-195, 228-232
evidentiary role of, I: 234-235, 727; II: 94-95, 178, 179, 180, 188; III: 130
herbicide environmental exposure, II: 144-146, 148-149, 184, 186, 190, 193, 241; III: 201-204
herbicide exposure assessment for, I: 256-257, 727
herbicide occupational exposure, II: 122-127, 138-140, 183, 184, 186, 188, 190, 193, 200, 222, 240; III: 173, 175, 185-196
paper/pulp workers, II: 126-127, 200
Vietnam veterans, II: 155-157, 159-160, 187, 223; III: 208-217
Causality
statistical association vs., I: 7, 227, 239, 246; II: 5, 19, 97, 247; III: 6, 20, 132-133, 390
CDC. See Centers for Disease Control (CDC);
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
CDDs. See Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs)
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
TCDD and, II: 69-70
Cell proliferation
Cellular retinoic acid binding protein, type II (CRABP-II), II: 73
Census Bureau. See Bureau of the Census
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), I: 19, 40-41, 51; III: 363, 517
Agent Orange action/research, I: 57-62, 63-64; II: 28; III: 25
Agent Orange Study, I: 276-278; II: 102
birth defects research, I: 387-389, 609-612; II: 289
exposure opportunity index, I: 274-276, 611-612; II: 290-291; III: 147-148
research methodology, I: 728
validation study, I: 59, 260-261, 281-284, 285, 387, 742-743; II: 103, 104; III: 240
See also Cerebrospinal Malformation (CSM) Study;
General Birth Defects Study (GBDS);
Selected Cancers Study;
Vietnam Experience Study (VES)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), II: 9
epidemiologic studies, II: 113, 155-156; III: 26, 207-209, 218, 240
TCDD half-life investigation, II: 104-105
See also Birth Defects Study;
Vietnam Experience Study (VES)
Central nervous system (CNS). See Cognitive/ neuropsychiatric disorders;
Motor/ coordination dysfunction;
Neurologic disorders
Cerebrospinal Malformation (CSM) Study, I: 610; II: 289-290
Cerebrovascular disease, I: 702
stroke, I: 658, 659, 660
Cervical cancer, I: 13, 505, 509, 510, 512; II: 6; III: 329, 330, 332
Chemical production. See Herbicides;
Industrial accidents;
Production workers
Chemicals and chemical industry
Agent Orange product liability litigation, I: 34-35
CDD contamination in production, I: 91, 126
hexachlorophene production, I: 40; II: 128
production workers exposure studies, I: 303-318; II: 114-118, 128-135, 171-175, 182-183, 191, 193-197, 206-207, 232, 237-238, 273-274, 275; : 170-178, 218, 219-224, 284, 363-364, 378-379, 386-387, 420, 423, 426, 429
See also Herbicides;
Industrial accidents
Chemoreception
characteristics of, I: 133-134
dioxin-responsive enhancers in, I: 135-136
estrogen-mediated, I: 145
TCDD dose-response linearity, I: 137-138
TCDD hepatotoxicity and, I: 154-155
TCDD-induced wasting syndrome and, I: 164
See also Ah receptor (AhR)
Child mortality studies, II: 147
See also Deaths;
Mortality studies
Children
spina bifida in Vietnam veterans' offspring, II: 9-10, 296, 298, 309; III: 7, 8, 9-10, 21, 24-25, 437-438
Children, cancer in, I: 14, 594-595, 628-631; II: 7, 11, 20
epidemiologic studies, II: 299
epidemiology, II: 298
herbicide association in, II: 299-300
scientific literature update, II: 299-300
Seveso, Italy, study, II: 299
Vietnam veterans' offspring, II: 299
See also Wilm's tumor
China, I: 458; II: 188, 320; III: 159, 289
See also Shanghai, China
Chloracne, I: 39
animal studies, I: 173-174; III: 480
biological plausibility, II: 320-321; III: 480
chemical production workers and, I: 308, 310, 316
clinical features, I: 672-673
diet and, I: 174
epidemiologic studies, I: 674-678; II: 318-320; III: 479-480
epidemiology, II: 317-318; III: 478-479
herbicide association in, I: 10, 678; II: 5, 6, 20, 318-321; III: 6, 7, 20, 24, 479-480
scientific literature update, II: 318-320; III: 480
Seveso, Italy, accident and, I: 366-367
skin cancer and, I: 502
TCDD biomarker for, I: 4, 10, 28, 172-173, 262, 401, 672-674; II: 3, 318
Vietnam veterans and, II: 317, 318, 321; III: 479, 480
Vietnam veterans compensation for, I: 50, 51, 55, 56; II: 24, 28-29, 30, 31
See also Skin sensitivity
Chlordane, I: 91
Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs), II: 63-64, 65
2-[4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy]propanoic acid (MCPP), II: 133, 195-196
4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), II: 113, 133, 188, 193, 195-196, 207; III: 218, 225
Chlorodibenzodioxins, I: 28
Chlorophenols, I: 9; III: 150, 151, 154, 218, 222, 223, 422, 423, 429
Chondrosarcomas of the skull. See Bone cancer
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). See Leukemia
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). See Leukemia
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), II: 129
See also Respiratory disorders
Circulatory disorders
biologic plausibility, III: 518
definition, II: 335, 337; III: 514
epidemiologic studies, I: 700-707; II: 335-337; III: 514-518
epidemiology, III: 514
herbicide association in, I: 14, 708; II: 7, 11, 21, 335-337; III: 3, 8, 514-518
morbidity studies, II: 336
mortality studies, II: 335
research methodology, I: 699-700; II: 335
scientific literature update, II: 336-337; III: 515-518
Vietnam veterans and, II: 336; III: 514
See also Angina;
Cardiovascular system disorders;
Depressive disorders;
Hypertension;
Myocardial infarction
Cleanup efforts. See Hazardous materials disposal and cleanup
Cleft lip/palate, I: 373-374, 375, 611, 612
See also Birth defects
Clinton, William J., III: 24
CLL. See Leukemia
CMI. See Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
CML. See Leukemia
CNS. See Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders;
Motor/coordination dysfunction
Coast Guard. See U.S. Coast Guard
Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders
herbicide association in, I: 657-658; II: 7, 11, 20, 307-309; III: 468-469
herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 651-653; II: 148
herbicide occupational exposure studies, I: 649-651
scientific literature update, II: 307-308; III: 469
Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 653-656; II: 308
See also Encephalopathy;
Neurasthenia;
Neurobehavioral toxicity;
Neurologic disorders;
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Cohort studies
agricultural/forestry workers, I: 318-323; II: 118-122, 135-138; III: 178-182, 224-226
definition, I: 229
herbicide environmental exposure, II: 141-147, 190, 218; III: 197-201
herbicide exposure assessment for, I: 254-256; II: 105-107, 178, 179, 180
herbicide occupational exposure, II: 107-108, 114-122, 130-133, 182-183, 186, 190, 192, 193, 218, 222, 240; III: 170-185, 196
methodology, I: 229-232
Ranch Hand cohort, II: 109, 150-152, 154-156, 201
Vietnamese civilians cohort, II: 108-109
Vietnam veterans, II: 149-160, 187, 218; III: 206-217
Colon cancer
agricultural workers and, I: 328-329
epidemiologic studies, III: 276-278
herbicide association in, I: 12-13, 576-577; II: 7, 12; III: 8, 21
See also Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers
Colorado, III: 47
Colorectal cancer, I: 446
Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 447, 450, 451, 452
See also Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers
Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides, II: 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 264-266; III: 17, 18, 19,23, 412
epidemiologic studies of Vietnam Veterans, recommendations, II: 24-25
Compensation, veterans, I: 227
congressional legislation, I: 47, 50-51; II: 28-29; III: 26-27
Department of Veterans Affairs, I: 55-56; II: 24, 30-31; III: 28
product liability litigation, I: 34-35
Confidence intervals, I: 244
Congress. See Legislation;
U.S. Congress
Congressional hearings
Agent Orange and, II: 27-28; III: 25
Connecticut
Con Thieu province, Vietnam, I: 96; III: 139
COPD. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Corticosterone
Cox Proportional Hazard, III: 499, 502
CRABP-II. See Cellular retinoic acid binding protein, type II (CRABP-II)
CSM. See Cerebrospinal Malformation (CSM) Study
Cytochrome P450. See P450
Cytogenetics
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma studies, III: 365-366
Czechoslovakia, I: 317, 649, 675, 688
See also Prague, Czechoslovakia
D
2,4-D. See 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)
Data sources
Agent Orange Registry, I: 20, 53, 56, 729; II: 153
agricultural/forestry worker studies, I: 265-266, 318-341
animal studies, I: 111-114, 228
biological stored samples as, I: 20-21, 729-730
case reports, I: 235-236
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention studies, I: 387-391; II: 113, 155-156; III: 207-209, 218, 240
chemical production workers, I: 303-318
computerized databases, I: 735-736; II: 24-25, 31
Department of Veterans Affairs epidemiologic studies, I: 393-399; II: 152, 153; III: 209-212, 218, 240-243
epidemiologic controlled studies, I: 228-237; II: 150-153
epidemiologic studies as, I: 737-738
herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 267-269, 372-375, 383-384
herbicide exposure reconstruction model, I: 725-726
herbicide non-military exposures, I: 4-5, 222-223, 241-242
herbicide/pesticide applicators, I: 266-267, 323-326
HERBS tapes, I: 20, 62, 85, 96-98, 273-279, 287, 291, 602, 725; III : 146, 148
International Register of Workers Exposed to Phenoxy Herbicides and Their Contaminants, I: 313-314
mandated efforts, I: 20-21
organization of, I: 737
paper/pulp mill workers, I: 341, 364
presentations/reports to committee, I: 739-756; II: 343-348; III: 533-536
randomized controlled trials, I: 227-228
reproductive outcomes, I: 593-595
research future recommendations, I: 287-289, 291, 722-725, 729-730
review of, I: 244-245
self-reports, I: 270-271
state government, I: 60
state-sponsored Vietnam veteran studies, I: 400-405, 495-496; III: 213-215, 243-244
TCDD production workers, I: 264-265
troop location, I: 273-279, 287
Vietnam casualties, I: 82-83
Vietnamese civilian health outcomes, I: 371-372
Vietnam military herbicide use, I: 84-85
Vietnam veteran demographics, I: 79, 80-84
Vietnam veteran exposure assessment use, I: 270-287
Vietnam veteran reproductive outcomes, I: 601
women veterans, I: 83-84; II: 152-153
See also Death certificates;
Epidemiologic studies;
Military records;
Questionnaires
DBCP. See Dibromochloropropane (DBCP)
Death certificates, I: 236-237; II: 128, 136, 137-138, 151; III: 470
See also Data sources
Deaths
2,4-D lethality, III: 44-45
Australian Vietnam veterans' lung cancer deaths, III: 424
female reproductive system cancer deaths, by cancer site, III: 329
Finland male herbicide applicators' respiratory cancer mortality, II: 271
Germany herbicide/chemical production workers' cancer mortality, III: 423, 429
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma mortality, III: 429
prostate cancer mortality, III: 426, 427
respiratory cancer mortality, III: 421, 422, 423
Seveso, Italy, male cancer mortality, II: 271, 275; III: 422, 427
TCDD lethality, III: 71-73
See also Child mortality studies;
Mortality studies;
Perinatal death
Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC), II: 24-25
See also Department of Defense, U.S. (DoD)
Defoliants
Agent Orange as, I: 90
military applications, I: 25, 26; III: 135, 137
Vietnam herbicide mission maps, I: 99-100
Vietnam tactical role of, I: 85
See also Herbicides
Dekonta Company, II: 329
Demographic data, Vietnam veterans, I: 79, 80-84
DEN. See Diethylnitrosamine (DEN)
Denmark, I: 317, 443, 444, 454, 463, 477, 480, 509, 510, 537, 553, 565, 567; II: 131-134, 139-140, 183, 194-195, 207, 209-210, 212, 215, 232, 238; III: 223, 224, 307, 313, 318, 325, 330-331
Cancer Registry, III: 232
Central Population Register, II: 133, 139, 224; III: 352
Danish National Institute for Social Research, II: 140
National Cancer Register, II: 133, 139, 215, 224; III: 325, 352
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), II: 45, 48, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57-58, 60, 61, 64, 74,
75; III: 34, 35, 39, 42, 43, 48, 49, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58-61, 65, 67, 69, 75, 77, 83, 90, 91, 98, 99, 103, 104, 109
Department of Agriculture, U.S. (USDA), I: 35, 39, 443; II: 178, 219, 224, 229, 238-239, 248; III: 230, 335, 352
Department of the Air Force, U.S.
Vietnam herbicide use by military, response, II: 31-32; III: 28-29
Department of Defense, U.S. (DoD), I: 17, 27, 29, 31, 78; II: 24; III: 138, 139, 140
Environmental Services Group, III: 148
herbicide spray mission records, I: 84-85
herbicide use precautions, I: 95
military records, I: 78, 724-725
See also Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC)
Department of Veterans Affairs, U.S. (DVA), I: 2, 8, 17, 18, 20, 50-51, 284; II: 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 26, 27, 89, 153, 176, 181, 187, 218, 249, 260, 278, 305, 312; III: 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 12, 17, 18, 20, 24, 25, 26, 125, 132, 266, 303, 304, 390, 407, 434, 468, 478, 519
Agent Orange controversy and, I: 33, 53-54; II: 29-31; III: 28-29
Agent Orange Coordinator, II: 31
Death Beneficiary Identification and Record Location System (BIRLS), II: 151, 152, 153; III: 238, 241, 242
health care in, I: 54; II: 28; III: 27
military records, I: 78-79, 724-725; II: 151, 152, 153
mortality studies, II: 101, 152-153, 156-157; III: 146
outreach activities, I: 56; II: 31; III: 28
Patient Treatment File (PTF), III: 242
recommendations for, I: 724-725, 726-730; II: 24-25
research efforts, I: 54-55; II: 29-30; III: 27-28
veterans' advocacy groups and, I: 61
Vietnam veteran compensation and benefits, II: 24, 30-31; III: 28
Vietnam veterans' epidemiologic studies, I: 50, 393-399, 445, 469-470, 493-495, 543-547, 562; II: 101, 113, 156-157, 201-202; III: 218, 209-212, 240-243
women veterans epidemiologic studies, II: 152-153
See also Agent Orange Registry (AOR);
Agent Orange Task Force;
Environmental Agents Service (EAS);
Environmental Epidemiology Service (EES)
Depressive disorders, I: 650, 651
See also Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders;
Neurobehavioral toxicity
Dermal toxicity
Desiccant herbicides, I: 88-89; III: 136
See also Herbicides
Detroit, Michigan, II: 241; III: 229
Developmental disorders
2,4-D in, I: 180-181; II: 42; III: 46
2,4,5-T in, I: 185; II: 42, 49-50
cacodylic acid in, I: 189; II: 42
neurological, I: 660
TCDD in, I: 123-124, 149, 156-157, 159-160, 185; II: 3, 41-42, 71, 72-73; III: 92-105
See also Low birthweight
Diabetes mellitus, I: 683-685, 691, 692, 698; II: 7
biologic plausibility, III: 502-503
diagnostic criteria, III: 493, 494
epidemiologic concerns, III: 494
epidemiologic studies, II: 330-331; III: 494-502
epidemiology, II: 330; III: 491-492, 493
herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 497
herbicide exposure and, II: 332-333; III: 2, 11-12, 125, 494-503
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 496
pathogenetic diversity of, III: 494
peripheral neuropathy and, relationship, III: 471-472
prevalence, data by age/race/gender, III: 492
scientific literature update, II: 330-331; III: 496, 497
Vietnam veterans and, II: 330; III: 2, 11-12, 495, 497, 498, 500, 502
Diamond Shamrock Corporation, I: 34, 35
Diazinon, I: 91
Dibenzofurans, I: 126
Dibromochloropropane (DBCP), II: 279
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); II: 4, 18; III: 5, 19, 135, 136, 137
acute toxicity. I: 179
Agent Orange and, I: 27
Agent White and, I: 90
altered sperm parameters, I: 632
animal studies, I: 174-181; II: 46-49; III: 34, 36-37, 38-39, 43-47, 396, 462, 475
carcinogenicity, I: 118-119, 176-178, 439; II: 40, 48; III: 47, 396
chemical properties, I: 114, 175; II: 38; III: 32
chemical structure, I: 111, 114
chronic exposure, I: 179-180
developmental toxicity, I: 124, 180-181; II: 42; III: 46
disease outcomes, III: 34, 38-39, 44-47
domestic use, I: 174-175, 177-178
formulations, I: 175
half-life of, II: 4
immunotoxicity, I: 122, 181; II: 41; III: 46, 524
infertility and, II: 280-282
ingestion of, I: 653
kidney toxicity. I: 125; II: 42
lethality, III: 44-45
liver toxicity, I: 125; II: 42; III: 524
mechanism of action, II: 47-48; III: 44
mechanisms of toxicity, II: 48-49
metabolism, I: 115, 116
military field tests, I: 26
neurobehavioral disorders and, II: 305; III: 475
neuropsychiatric outcomes and, I: 649, 650, 653
neurotoxicity, II: 48; III: 45-46
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and, I: 256-257, 574
occupational exposure, I: 36, 37, 310-311, 321; III: 218, 224, 225, 226
peripheral neuropathy and, II: 312; III: 473
pharmacokinetics, I: 175
porphyria cutanea tarda and, II: 322
reproductive toxicity, I: 124, 180-181, 597-598; II: 41, 280-282; III: 46, 460, 461-462
role of, I: 88
teratogenic potential, I: 30, 92
therapeutic application, I: 659
toxicokinetics, II: 46-47; III: 32-33, 36-37, 43-44
volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, III: 136
See also Herbicides
Diet
breast cancer and, I: 507
cancer risk and, I: 442
chloracne and, I: 174
gastrointestinal cancers and, I: 446
TCDD interactions, II: 64
Diethylnitrosamine (DEN)
TCDD and, II: 67
Digestive disorders. See Metabolic and digestive disorders
Dimethylarsenic radical
cacodylic acid and formation of, II: 4
Dioxin. See 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD);
Dioxin-responsive enhancers;
Dioxin toxic equivalent factors (Teq factors)
Dioxin congeners, II: 105-107; III: 158-159
Dioxin Registry, I: 36-37
Dioxin-responsive enhancers, I: 135-136
Dioxin toxic equivalent factors (Teq factors), II: 106, 107; III: 99, 106, 107, 108, 158, 159
Diseases and disorders. See Health outcomes of herbicide exposure;
Military health care;
specific cancers;
specific cancer sites;
specific diseases and disorders
DMDC. See Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC)
DNA. See Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
DoD. See Department of Defense, U.S. (DoD)
Domestic herbicide use
2,4-D, I: 174-175
2,4,5-T, I: 181-182
agricultural use, I: 24, 35, 39, 174-175, 181
pet cancers and, I: 119, 177-178
picloram, I: 189
TCDD contamination in, I: 91
See also Agricultural/forestry workers
Dopaminergic system, I: 163-164, 165
Dormagen, Germany, III: 154
Dose-response relationship
2,4-D pharmacokinetics, I: 175
animal fetal mortality, I: 159
research recommendations, I: 19, 727
TCDD-chloracne, I: 673; II: 318
TCDD dermal application, I: 128-129
TCDD-exposed workers and, I: 445
TCDD-immune system processes, I: 696
TCDD immunotoxicity, I: 122
TCDD threshold, I: 137-138
TCDD tissue distribution, I: 130
Dow Chemical Company, I: 34, 35, 307-312, 461-462, 529, 558, 598, 607, 620, 674; II: 115-116, 130, 178, 191, 193, 207, 232, 238, 286; III: 152-153, 172-174, 220-221, 270-271, 357-358, 387, 484, 511, 516
DVA. See Department of Veterans Affairs, U.S. (DVA)
Dystonia, I: 658
See also Motor/coordination dysfunction
E
EAS. See Environmental Agents Service (EAS)
East Germany. See German Democratic Republic
EES. See Environmental Epidemiology Service (EES)
EGF. See Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
EGFR. See Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)
Electrical transformers, I: 364-365, 444, 626, 675
Electrophoretic mobility shift gene (EMSA)
TCDD and, II: 66
Emphysema, I: 708, 713
See also Respiratory disorders
EMSA. See Electrophoretic mobility shift gene (EMSA)
Encephalopathy, I: 649
See also Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders
Endocrine system, I: 150-151
TCDD toxicity, III: 83-84
England See United Kingdom
Environmental Agents Service (EAS), II: 31; III: 28
See also Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA)
Environmental Epidemiology Service (EES), II: 29
See also Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA)
Environmental herbicide exposure
accidental exposures, I: 364-365, 368-370; II: 141-143, 144, 148
acute and subacute transient peripheral neuropathy and, II: 312-313
agricultural areas exposure, I: 372-375
Alsea, Oregon, I: 39, 42-43, 372-373, 598; II: 149
assessment strategies, I: 262-263, 267-270; III: 144-145, 156-157
basal/squamous cell skin cancer and, III: 323
birth defects and, I: 608-609; II: 140, 287-288; III: 437
birthweight. low, and, III: 459
bladder cancer and, I: 516-517; III: 349, 350-351
bone cancer and, III: 303, 305
brain tumors and, I: 523; III: 358, 361
breast cancer and, III: 328
breast cancer estimated risk, II: 218
cancer risk factor. I: 442
cancer studies, I: 442, 444, 454-455, 469; II: 147-148, 179-180, 184
chloracne and, I: 676-677
circulatory disorders and, I: 701-702
diabetes and, III: 497
epidemiologic studies, I: 3, 301, 365-384, 469; II: 3, 6-7, 140-149; III: 197-205, 218, 232-236, 271-272, 275, 277, 279-281, 283, 285, 287-288, 290, 291, 297-298, 301, 303, 305, 309, 316, 323, 328, 333 , 336, 338, 342, 344, 345, 349, 350-351, 353, 354, 358, 361, 365, 369, 373, 375, 380, 382, 388-389, 392, 437, 454, 455, 456, 459, 467, 497, 520
evidentiary role of research on, I: 4-5, 222-223, 241-242
female reproductive system cancers and, I: 511; III: 333
gastrointestinal tract tumors and, II: 179-180; III: 271-272, 275, 277, 279-281
hepatobiliary cancers and, I: 454-455; II: 184, 185, 186; III: 283, 285, 287-288
Hodgkin's disease and, II: 236; III: 373, 375
immune modulation and, I: 693-694
infant death and. III: 456
leukemia and, I: 568-570; III: 388-389, 392
lipid/lipoprotein disorders and, III: 520
lung cancer and, III: 297-298, 301
melanoma and, III: 316
motor/coordination dysfunction and, I: 658-659
multiple myeloma and, I: 562; II: 243; III: 380, 382
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, II: 189; III: 290, 291
neonatal death and, I: 621; III: 455
neural tube defects, II: 297; III: 437
neurobehavioral disorders association studies, II: 306; III: 467
neuropsychiatric outcomes and, I: 651-653; II: 148
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and, I: 540-541; II: 234; III: 365, 369
ovarian cancer and, III: 333
peripheral nervous system disorders and, I: 663-665
porphyria cutanea tarda and, I: 680-681
preterm birth and, III: 459
prostate cancer and, II: 221, 222; III: 336, 338, 342
renal cancers and, III: 353, 354
respiratory cancers and, I: 469; II: 190, 193, 200-201
soft-tissue sarcomas and, I: 491-492; II: 207-208; III: 319
spontaneous abortion and, I: 598-599
stillbirth and, I: 620; III: 454
testicular cancer and, III: 344, 345
uterine cancer and, III: 333
Vietnam exposure studies, III: 156-157
Washington residents, II: 149
See also Herbicide exposure assessment;
Herbicides;
Seveso, Italy;
Times Beach, Missouri
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), I: 39, 59-60, 93
Alsea, Oregon, I: 42-43
Science Advisory Board (SAB), II: 32; III: 29
TCDD cancer potency estimate, I: 138
Times Beach, Missouri, I: 41; III: 234
Vietnam military use of herbicides, response, II: 32; III: 29-30, 136
Enzyme induction
liver, I: 155-156
lung, I: 170
porphyria, I: 153-154
EPA. See Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Epidemiologic studies
acute and subacute transient peripheral neuropathy, II: 312-314
aging effects control, II: 261-262; III: 409
agricultural/forestry workers, I: 318-323, 326-341; II: 118-120, 135-137, 183, 197-198, 232-234, 238-239, 241-243; III: 178-195, 224 -232, 335, 364-365, 379-380, 387-388
Air Force personnel involved in herbicide spraying, II: 31-32; III: 28-29
altered sperm parameters, I: 632; III: 445-449, 450
autoimmunity, I: 697-698; II: 7; III: 488-491
basal/squamous cell skin cancer, III: 317-322, 323
birth defects, I: 607-618; II: 7, 140, 286-296; III: 436, 437-438, 443
bladder cancer, I: 515-517; II: 7, 225-227; III: 7, 10, 347-351
bone cancer, I: 472-473; II: 6, 204-205; III: 7, 10, 303-305
brain tumors, I: 523; II: 7, 136, 229-230; III: 8, 12, 356-361
breast cancer, II: 6, 176, 213-217, 218; III: 7, 10, 324-328
cancer, I: 45, 59, 317, 320-323, 367, 383-384, 391-393, 401, 402-403, 435-445, 574; II: 133-138, 147-148, 175, 176; III: 265-266
cancer latency issues, II: 260-276; III: 407-431
case-control studies, I: 326-341; II: 94-95, 118-127, 138-140, 144-146, 148-149, 155, 157, 159-160, 183-184, 186-187, 188, 190, 193, 200, 222-223, 240-241; III: 173, 175, 185-195, 201-204, 208-217, 228-232
cervical cancer, III: 332
chemical industry production workers, I: 303-318; II: 114-118, 128-135, 191, 193-197, 206-207, 232, 237-238; III: 170-178, 218, 219-224, 363-364, 378-379, 386-387
childhood cancer, I: 628-630; II: 7, 299-200
chloracne, I: 674-678; II: 5, 6, 318-320; III: 6, 7, 479-480
chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy, II: 310-311
circulatory disorders, I: 700-707; II: 7, 335-337; III: 8, 514-518
cleft lip/palate, I: 373-374, 375
cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders, II: 7, 307-308; III: 468-469
cohort studies, I: 229-232; II: 105-109, 135-138, 141-147, 154-160, 178, 179, 180, 182-183, 186, 187, 190, 192-193, 204, 218, 222, 240; III: 170-185, 196-197, 200-1, 206-208, 217
colon cancer, I: 12, 328-329, 576-577; II: 7; III: 8, 276-278
congressionally mandated, I: 50; II: 5
controlled observational, I: 228
cost of, I: 727
cytogenetic studies, III: 365-366
diabetes mellitus, I: 684-685; II: 7, 330-331; III: 494-502
evaluation of, I: 300-301, 591-592, 737-738; II: 5, 93-94; III: 129-130
evidentiary role of, I: 224-225, 228-237, 300, 305; II: 175, 176; III: 265, 266
female reproductive system/breast cancers, I: 508-511; II: 6, 211-213; III: 7, 10, 330-334
gastrointestinal tract cancers, I: 446-447; II: 7, 177-181; III: 8, 12, 268-281
gastrointestinal ulcers, I: 691; II: 334; III: 510-513
hepatic enzyme disorders, I: 686-688
hepatobiliary cancers, I: 453-455; II: 6, 176, 181-187; III: 7, 10, 282-288
herbicide environmental exposures, I: 365-384; II: 140-149, 189, 190, 193, 200-201, 207-208, 218, 221, 222, 234, 236, 241, 243, 287-288, 297, 306, 312-313; III: 197-205, 218, 232-236, 275, 277, 279-281, 283, 285, 287-288, 290, 291, 297-298, 301, 303, 305, 309, 316, 323 , 328, 333, 336, 338, 342, 344, 345, 349, 350-351, 353, 354, 358, 361, 365, 369, 373, 375, 380, 382, 388-389, 392, 437, 454, 455, 456 , 459, 467, 497, 520
herbicide exposure assessment for, I: 251-259; II: 99-109; III: 142-146
herbicide exposure indices development, II: 107-109
herbicide exposure levels, II: 175
herbicide exposure reconstruction model and, I: 725, 726-728
herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: 107-198, 112, 113-140, 188-189, 190, 191-199, 206-207, 214-216, 218, 219-220, 222, 232-234, 235-236, 237-243, 286-287, 297, 306, 312; III: 170-196, 218, 219-232 , 274-280, 282-283, 284, 287, 290, 291, 293-294, 296-297, 300-301, 303, 305, 308-309, 312, 316, 317, 321, 323, 324-326, 328, 332-333, 335-336, 337, 338, 341, 344, 345, 348, 350, 353, 354, 378-379, 360 , 363-365, 367-369, 372-373, 374-375, 378-380, 381-382, 386-388, 391-392, 437, 450, 454, 455, 456, 459, 467, 483-485, 489, 491, 496 , 510-512, 515-516, 520
herbicide/pesticide applicators, I: 323-326; II: 31-32, 120-122, 137-138, 198-200; III: 182-185, 226-228
Hodgkin's disease, I: 9, 329, 331, 335-336, 341, 384, 391, 393, 549-553, 549-556, 574; II: 5, 6, 138, 235-236; III: 6, 7, 372-376
immune modulation, I: 693-696
immune system disorders, II: 7, 327-329; III: 488-491
infant death, III: 456
infertility, I: 632-633; II: 7, 280-282; III: 445-449, 450
kidney cancer, I: 515; II: 7, 139-140, 224-225; III: 352-355
laryngeal cancer, II: 202-203; III: 293-295
latency (cancer) issues, II: 260-276; III: 407-431
leukemia, I: 13, 332-333, 334-335, 564-571, 577-578; II: 7, 136, 245-247; III: 7, 10, 385-390, 391-392
lipid abnormalities, I: 688-690; II: 7, 333-334; III: 504-506, 520-521
liver cancer, I: 13, 329, 391, 393
liver toxicity, II: 332-333; III: 510-513
low birthweight, I: 626-627; II: 7; III: 456-457, 459
lung cancer, III: 296-298, 300-301
melanoma, III: 313-317
motor/coordination dysfunction, I: 658-661; II: 7, 309-310; III: 469-470
multiple myeloma, I: 11-12, 331, 334, 335, 336, 341, 557-563, 576; II: 6, 138-139, 176, 237-244; III: 7, 8, 9, 377-383
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, I: 459; II: 6, 176, 187-189; III: 7, 10, 290-291
neonatal death, III: 455
neural tube defects numbers, II: 297
neurobehavioral disorders, II: 305-308, 309-311, 312-314; III: 457
neurological disorders, I: 365-366, 642-648; II: 141
neuropsychiatric disorders, I: 649-657; II: 7, 148; III: 468-469
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, I: 9, 328, 329, 330, 331, 333-334, 335-338, 383, 384, 391-393, 401, 528-548, 573-574: II: 5, 6, 134-135, 136, 138, 139, 231-234; III: 6, 7, 362-371, 428-430
NRC Commission on Life Sciences, I: 63
ovarian cancer, III: 333
pancreatic cancer, III: 280-281
paper/pulp workers, II: 126-127, 200, 243; III: 196, 232
perinatal death, I: 620-624; II: 7, 285-286; III: 451-453, 454, 455, 456
peripheral nervous system disorders, I: 662-666; II: 6, 7, 310-311, 312-314; III: 7, 8, 470-471, 473
porphyria cutanea tarda, I: 680-682; II: 5, 6, 129, 321-323; III: 7, 8, 481-482
proportionate mortality studies, I: 232-233
prostate cancer, I: 11, 518-519, 575-576; II: 6, 176, 219-223; III : 7, 8, 9, 335-342, 426-428
Ranch Hand cohort, II: 31, 32, 109, 150-152, 154-156, 201, 209, 280, 283-284, 286, 293-295, 321-322, 330, 332, 336; III: 28-29, 206-207 , 218, 237-240, 309-310, 313-314, 318, 321, 322, 339, 340, 385, 436 , 438, 439, 446-447, 449, 452-453, 457-458, 481, 486, 495, 498, 502
recommendations, I: 15-20, 721-725, 731: II: 24-25; III: 23
rectal cancer, III: 278-279
reproductive outcomes, I: 41-42, 311-312, 321, 364-365, 368, 370, 371-375, 387-388, 389-390, 591-592; II: 280-282, 283-284, 285, 286-296; III: 436, 437-438, 443, 445-449, 450, 451-453, 454, 455, 456-457, 459
resolution in, I: 242-243
respiratory cancers. I: 10-11, 364, 461-472, 575; II: 6, 176, 189-203; III: 7, 8, 9, 418, 420-426
respiratory disease, I: 709-713; II: 7, 324-326; III: 483-486
Seveso, Italy, population studies, I: 44-45, 365-368, 444, 454-455, 469, 491-492, 503, 511, 517, 523, 540, 568-570, 571, 598-599; II: 141-143, 148, 200-201, 206, 207-208, 209, 210, 211-212, 213, 216, 221, 225, 226-227, 228, 230, 234, 236, 243, 245, 246, 287, 299-300, 312-313; III: 197-200, 218, 232-233, 283, 285, 290, 296, 297-298, 299, 303, 307, 309, 314, 318, 324-326, 327, 330, 331, 332, 336, 338 , 344, 348, 349, 352, 353, 356, 358, 363, 365, 372, 373, 380, 385, 386, 388-389, 390, 408, 414, 420, 422, 427, 436, 449, 495, 505
skin cancer, I: 502-503; II: 7, 209-211; III: 8, 10, 312-313
soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 8, 311, 326-328, 329-330, 335-336, 337, 339-340, 384, 391, 393, 395-396, 401, 403, 476, 477-500, 572-573, 574; II: 5, 6, 132, 134-135, 205-208; III: 6, 7, 306-311
sperm abnormal parameters, II: 7; III: 445-449, 450
spina bifida, II: 6; III: 7, 8, 9-10, 437-438
spontaneous abortion, I: 42, 336-337, 372-373, 405-406, 596-605: II: 7, 283-284
state-sponsored, I: 399-405, 495-496, 546; II: 153, 158-159, 161, 202, 292; III: 213-215, 243-244
stillbirth, III: 454
stomach cancer, III: 274-275
strength of evidence in assessment of, I: 238-241
TCDD biomarkers, I: 259-262; II: 101-105, 318
testicular cancer, I: 405, 519; II: 7, 153, 227-228; III: 7, 10, 343-346
Times Beach, Missouri, I: 368-370; II: 144; III: 200-201, 218, 234, 283
uterine cancer. III: 333
Vietnam environmental herbicide exposure, II: 144-145; III: 201-202 , 218, 234, 283
Vietnamese in, I: 370-372, 599-601; II: 108-109, 144-145, 148, 287-288; III: 217, 245, 283
Vietnam veterans in, I: 50, 57-59, 62-63, 384-418; II: 149-161, 189, 190, 201-202, 204, 205, 208, 209, 212, 213, 216, 217, 218, 221, 223, 224, 235, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 234, 235, 236, 244, 245, 246, 278, 283, 285, 286, 288-296, 299, 300-301, 305, 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 317, 318, 321-322, 323, 330, 332, 333, 336; III : 206-217, 236-245, 275, 277-278, 279, 281, 283, 285-286, 288, 290 , 291, 294-295, 298, 301, 303, 305, 309-310, 312, 316, 317, 323, 326, 328, 333, 336, 338, 339, 340, 342, 343-344, 345-346, 349, 351 , 353, 355, 358-359, 361, 363, 365, 370-371, 372, 373, 376, 380, 382, 385, 386, 389, 392, 435, 436, 437-438, 445, 446, 450, 454, 456 , 456, 457, 459, 467, 468, 469, 470, 473, 475, 479, 480, 481, 482, 485-486, 489, 491, 495, 497, 498, 500, 502, 505-506, 512-513, 516518, 523
See also Exposure assessment
Epidemiology
acute lymphocytic leukemia, III: 383
acute myeloid leukemia, III: 383-384
birth defects, I: 606; II: 286; III: 435-436
bladder cancer, II: 223; III: 347
bone cancer, I: 472-473; II: 204; III: 302
brain tumors, I: 522-523; II: 228-229; III: 356
breast cancer, I: 505, 506-507; II: 213-214; III: 322, 324
cancer, I: 433, 435-438, 442, 525; II: 175; III: 265-266
children, cancer in, II: 298
chloracne, II: 317-318; III: 478-479
chronic lymphocytic leukemia, III: 384-385
chronic myeloid leukemia, III: 385
circulatory disorders, III: 514
diabetes mellitus, II: 330; III: 491-492, 493
female reproductive system cancers, I: 505, 506-508; II: 211; III: 329-330
gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers, I: 445-447; II: 177; III: 267-268
gastrointestinal ulcers, II: 334; III: 508-509
hepatobiliary cancers, I: 452-455; II: 181-182; III: 282
Hodgkin's disease. I: 526, 527-528; II: 231; III: 371-372
immune system disorders, II: 326-327; III: 487-488
infertility, II: 279; III: 444-445
kidney cancer, I: 513, 514; II: 223; III: 351-352
laryngeal cancer, III: 292
leukemia, I: 564; II: 245; III: 383-385
lipid abnormalities, II: 333; III: 503-504
liver disorders, II: 331-332; III: 509-510
low birthweight, I: 625-626; III: 454, 455, 456
lung cancer, III: 295-296
malignant lymphomas, II: 231
multiple myeloma, I: 526, 528; II: 236-237; III: 377
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, I: 458-459; II: 187-188; III: 288-289
neurobehavioral toxicity, II: 304-305, 307; III: 466
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, I: 526, 527; II: 231; III: 362
porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), II: 321; III: 480-481
prostate cancer, I: 513, 514-515; II: 217, 219; III: 334
respiratory cancers, I: 460-461; II: 189-191
respiratory disorders, III: 482-483
skin cancer, I: 501-502; II: 209; III: 312, 313
soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 475; II: 205; III: 304, 306
spontaneous abortion, II: 282-283
stillbirth/neonatal deaths/infant death, III: 451
testicular cancer, I: 515; II: 223-224; III: 343
See also Epidemiologic studies
Epidermal growth factor (EGF), I: 145, 154; II: 59, 73-74; III: 77, 97
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), II: 67; III: 78, 80, 97
Epigenetic events. See Apoptosis;
Cell proliferation;
Enzyme induction;
Intracellular communication
Epstein-Barr virus, I: 528; II: 188
Erbon, I: 309; II: 128; III: 219
EROD. See Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD)
Erythrocyte sedimentation, I: 696
Estrogen
hepatic binding, I: 154
receptor mediated responses, I: 145
receptor signaling, III: 65-67
transduction pathway, TCDD interaction, II: 4
Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), I: 153, 155; II: 52, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 69, 74; III: 40, 42, 51, 52, 53, 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 91, 96
European registry, II: 197
Evidence of herbicide association. See Herbicide association, insufficient evidence for determining;
Herbicide association, limited/suggestive evidence;
Herbicide association, limited/suggestive negative evidence;
Herbicide association, sufficient evidence
Executive Order 11850, II: 27; III: 25
Experimental studies
evaluation of, II: 92-93
Exposure assessment. See Herbicide exposure assessment;
Herbicide exposure reconstruction model
Exposure reconstruction model. See Herbicide exposure reconstruction model
F
Farmers. See Agricultural/forestry workers
Federal government in herbicide management/ research, I: 45-60; II: 27-32; III: 25-30
Federal Register, II: 30; III: 28
Federation of American Scientists, I: 29
Finland, I: 324, 364, 383-384, 443, 444, 467, 492, 541, 561; II: 134, 137, 140, 179, 183, 188-189, 198, 207, 220, 226, 229-230, 233, 235, 243, 246, 269, 271; III: 226, 232, 234, 348, 372, 422, 472
Finnish Cancer Registry, II: 137
Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations, II: 140
Social Insurance Institution, II: 137
Florida, I: 324, 467; II: 199; III: 226
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), II: 279, 280, 282; III: 41, 68, 72-73, 444, 445
Food crops, I: 89
Agent Orange in destruction of, I: 62, 90
as military target, I: 27, 31, 87, 97, 98-100, 106
Foreign veterans, II: 113, 160, 202, 293; III: 9, 216-217, 218, 244-245, 273, 285-286, 290, 294, 295, 298, 299, 303, 310, 311, 314,315, 327, 329, 339, 340, 343, 346, 349, 353, 355, 359, 365, 380,389, 413, 423, 424, 469, 485, 486, 489, 500, 506, 512-513, 517
Forestry workers. See Agricultural/forestry workers
Forests
2,4,5-T spraying, I: 42-43
defoliant early field tests in, I: 26
Vietnam forests, I: 31-32, 62, 90, 104; III: 137
See also Agricultural/forestry workers;
Lumber industry;
Mangrove forests
Forest Service, U.S., I: 42
Fort Detrick, Maryland, I: 25
Free radicals, II: 4
TCDD and, II: 60
Frierfjord, Norway, III: 236
FSH. See Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Fungicides, I: 91
G
Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), II: 331-332; III: 509, 510
Gamma rays
respiratory cancer and latency, II: 268; III: 418
Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, III: 508-514
cacodylic acid in, I: 188
TCDD in, I: 169-170
See also Ulcers, gastrointestinal
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers
epidemiology, I: 445-447; II: 177; III: 267-268
herbicide association in, I: 12, 447-451, 576-577; II: 7, 12, 21, 177-180, 250; III: 8, 12, 21, 268-282
herbicide environmental exposure and, II: 179-180; III: 271-272, 275, 277-278, 279, 280-281
herbicide occupational exposure and, II: 178-179; III: 268-271, 274 -275, 276-277, 278-279, 280
incidence, data by type/gender/race/ selected age group, III: 267
pancreatic cancer, epidemiologic studies, III: 280-281
rectal cancer, epidemiologic studies, III: 278-279
scientific literature update, II: 178-180; III: 268-273
Vietnam veterans and, I: 446, 452; II: 177, 180, 181; III: 272-273 , 275, 277-278, 279, 281
See also Colon cancer;
Colorectal cancer;
Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders
GBDS. See General Birth Defects Study (GBDS)
Gender
acute lymphocytic leukemia incidence, data by gender, III: 384
acute myeloid leukemia incidence, data by gender, III: 384
bladder cancer incidence, data by gender, III: 347
bone cancer incidence, data by gender, III: 302
brain cancer incidence, data by gender, III: 356
cancer studies and, II: 180, 181, 183, 190, 191, 204-205, 234, 242, 243, 246
chronic lymphocytic leukemia incidence, data by gender, III: 384
chronic myeloid leukemia incidence, data by gender, III: 384
diabetes prevalence, data by gender, III: 492
gastrointestinal tract cancer incidence, data by type and gender, III: 267
Hodgkin's disease incidence, data by gender, III: 372
laryngeal cancer incidence, data by gender, III: 292
leukemia incidence, data by type and gender, III: 384
liver/intrahepatic bile duct cancers incidence, data by gender, III : 282
lung cancer incidence, data by gender, III: 296
melanoma incidence, data by gender, III: 313
multiple myeloma incidence, data by gender, III: 377
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer incidence, data by gender, III: 289
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma incidence, data by gender, III: 362
renal cancers incidence, data by gender, III: 352
soft-tissue sarcoma incidence, data by gender, III: 306
See also Demographic data, Vietnam veterans;
Men;
Women veterans
General Accounting Office, I: 52-53, 96; III: 139, 140
General Birth Defects Study (GBDS), I: 610, 626; II: 289, 290; III : 438, 439
See also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
General Services Administration, I: 77
Genetic alteration
cacodylic acid in, I: 119, 187-188
cancer mechanism, I: 433-434
picloram in, I: 191
reproductive outcomes, male-mediated, I: 593-594
TCDD in, I: 118, 142, 143-144, 439
Genetic factors
Ah receptor-mediated events and, I: 134
cancer risk and, I: 10
porphyria cutanea tarda and, I: 10, 679
Genetics. See Cytogenetics;
Genetic alteration
Geneva Protocol, I: 45; II: 27; III: 25
Genitourinary cancers, II: 223-224
See also Bladder cancer;
Kidney cancer;
Prostate cancer;
Testicular cancer
Georgia. See Atlanta, Georgia
German Democratic Republic, III: 226
Germany, I: 312-313, 326, 443, 477, 508-509, 530, 565, 675-676; II: 105, 108, 130-131, 149, 308, 319-320, 322, 323, 328, 331, 333; III : 221, 222, 223, 224,
232, 234, 235, 240, 269, 284, 308, 326, 332, 337, 357, 364, 365,379, 386, 422, 423, 429, 470, 481, 483, 490, 506, 510-511, 515
German Cancer Research Center, III: 495, 506
herbicide exposure assessment, III: 153-154, 158, 159-160
See also Dormagen, Germany;
German Democratic Republic;
Hamburg, Germany;
Ludwigshafen, Germany;
Uerdingen, Germany
GGT. See Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)
GI. See Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders;
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers
Givaudan Company, I: 43
Glucocorticoid receptor, I: 154
Great Britain. See United Kingdom
Ground/perimeter spraying, I: 20, 24, 74, 85, 90, 91, 94-96, 100, 272, 286, 287, 288-289; III: 138-140
See also Herbicide application methods;
Herbicides
Growth factors
epidermal, I: 145, 154; II: 59
TCDD induction of, I: 136-137; II: 4, 59; III: 62-63
tumor necrosis, II: 59
Guillain-Barré syndrome, II: 10, 312
H
Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, I: 125, 126, 151
hepatic enzyme induction and, I: 155
Hamburg, Germany, II: 195, 214-215, 329; III: 153, 223, 324-325, 515
Hancock County, Ohio, III: 229
Hanoi, Vietnam, II: 148
Hawaii, I: 60, 400, 603; II: 292; III: 243
Hazardous materials disposal and cleanup
Agent Orange surplus disposal, I: 93-94
Nitro, West Virginia, accident efforts, I: 38
Seveso, Italy, I: 43-44, 367-368
See also Incineration, of Agent Orange
HBV. See Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
HC. See Hydrocortisone (HC)
HD. See Hodgkin's disease (HD)
HDLP. See High-density lipoprotein (HDLP) receptors
Headaches, I: 650, 660
Health and Human Services, U.S., Department of, I: 57-59
Health care. See Military health care
Health outcomes of herbicide exposure
2,4-D outcomes, II: 48-49; III: 34, 38-39, 44-47
2,4,5-T outcomes, II: 49; III: 48
cacodylic acid outcomes, II: 50-51; III: 34, 50
categories of evidence for assessing, I: 227-237
categories of herbicide association in, I: 5-8, 221, 223-225, 246-247; II: 4-14, 19-22, 97; III: 6-15, 19-22, 132, 390, 392-394
disease outcomes of, II: 37; III: 33-35, 38-43, 44-47, 48, 50, 71-105
early herbicide research, I: 29-32, 35-36; II: 19-23; III: 19-23
early TCDD research, I: 28-29
evaluating exposure reconstruction model and, I: 289-290
evidence insufficient for determining herbicide association in, I: 13-14, 19, 247, 457, 460, 473-474, 512, 521, 571, 577-578, 605, 618, 624, 627, 630, 634, 657, 666, 691, 699, 708, 713, 727; II: 6-7, 11-12, 20-21, 22, 97, 181-187, 249-250, 282, 284, 285-286, 298, 300, 325, 329, 334-335, 337; III: 7-8, 10-12, 21, 132, 133, 292, 304, 316, 322, 327, 332, 334, 346, 349, 351, 355, 390, 393, 444, 449, 453, 458, 459, 473-474, 486, 491, 503, 507, 513, 518, 522
evidence limited/suggestive of herbicide association in, I: 10-12, 19, 247, 472, 519-521, 563, 574-576, 727; II: 6, 8-10, 20, 22, 97, 247-249, 298, 300, 323; III: 7, 8-10, 20-21, 133, 295, 299, 340, 342, 383, 393, 444, 458, 474, 482, 519
evidence of no association of herbicides in, I: 12-13, 224, 247, 447-451, 503, 521, 525, 576-577; II: 7, 12-13, 21-22, 97, 177-181, 250-251; III: 8, 12, 21-22, 133, 359, 393-394, 522
evidence sufficient for herbicide association in, I: 8-10, 246-247, 500, 548, 556-557, 572-574, 678, 682; II: 5, 6, 8, 19, 20, 21, 97, 247, 320; III: 6, 7, 8, 20, 132-133, 311, 366, 373, 374, 390, 392, 480, 519
research priorities, I: 19, 726-727
research update, II: 37
statistical association of herbicide exposure, II: 88, 90-91; III: 1-2, 6, 124, 126-127
TCDD outcomes, III: 34-35, 71-105
toxicity potential health risks, estimation of, III: 105-108
Vietnam veterans' increased risk of disease, II: 14, 22-23, 88, 91, 218, 223, 251, 276, 283, 298, 300-301, 321, 323; III: 12-13, 14-15 , 22-23, 124, 127-128, 329, 334, 343, 397, 430-431, 444, 462, 475-476, 491, 503, 507-508, 525
See also Epidemiologic studies;
specific cancers;
specific cancer sites;
specific diseases and disorders
Healthy worker effect, I: 230
Hearing loss, I: 659-660
Helicobacter pylori, II: 334; III: 268, 362, 509
Helicopters
herbicide delivery use, I: 26, 86, 87, 93, 94; III: 135, 137, 138
Hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), I: 172; II: 63, 75-76, 77; III: 71, 72, 82
Hepatitis B infection, I: 453
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), II: 182, 183
Hepatitis C infection, I: 453
Hepatitis C virus, II: 182
Hepatobiliary cancers
biologic plausibility, III: 286, 288
epidemiologic studies, III: 282-288
epidemiology, I: 452-455; II: 181-182; III: 282
incidence, data by gender/race, for selected age groups, III: 282
herbicide association and, I: 13, 577; II: 2, 6, 11, 12, 20, 89, 182-187, 249-250; III: 7, 10, 282-288
herbicide environmental exposure and, II: 184; III: 283, 285, 287-288
herbicide occupational exposure and, II: 182-184; III: 282-283, 284, 287
risk estimates, II: 186-187
scientific literature update, III: 284-286
Vietnam veterans and, II: 181, 185, 187; III: 283, 285-286, 288
See also Liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma, II: 148
Hepatotoxicity
TCDD and, II: 3, 73-75; III: 76-79
Herbicide application methods
military early research, I: 25-26
Operation Ranch Hand use, I: 85-87; III: 135, 136, 137, 138, 139
Vietnam use, I: 1, 3, 24, 27, 74, 85-87, 94-96; III: 135-142
See also Aerial spraying;
Ground/ perimeter spraying;
Herbicides;
Professional herbicide/pesticide applicators
Herbicide association, insufficient evidence for determining
altered sperm parameters and, I: 14, 634; II: 7, 20; III: 449, 458
basal/squamous cell skin cancer and, III: 322, 393
basis for finding of, I: 13, 247, 577; II: 6-7, 11-12, 20-21, 22, 97, 249-250; III: 7-8, 10-12, 21, 133, 393
birth defects and, I: 14, 605; II: 7, 20, 298, 300; III: 444, 458
bladder cancer and, III: 7, 10, 132, 349, 351, 393
bone cancer and, I: 13, 473-474, 577; II: 6, 20, 205; III: 7, 10, 304, 393
breast cancer and, II: 217; III: 7, 10, 327, 393
chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy, II: 311, 314
circulatory disorders and, I: 14, 708; II: 7, 21, 337; III: 518, 522
cognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders and, I: 14, 657-658; II: 7, 20, 308-309, 314; III: 473-474
diabetes mellitus and, I: 14, 691, II: 7, 21, 335; III: 503, 522
female reproductive system/breast cancers and, I: 13, 14, 512, 577; II: 6, 20, 213; III: 7, 10, 332, 334, 393
gastrointestinal tract ulcers and, I: 14, 691; II: 335; III: 513, 522
hepatic enzyme abnormalities and, I: 14, 691
hepatobiliary cancers and, I: 13, 577; II: 6, 20, 187; III: 7, 10, 286, 393
immune system disorders and, I: 14, 699; II: 7, 21, 329; III: 491, 522
infertility and, I: 14, 634; II: 7, 282, 300; III: 449, 458
leukemia and, I: 13, 571, 577-578; II: 7, 20, 247; III: 7, 10, 390, 39
lipid abnormalities and, I: 14, 691; II: 7, 21, 335; III: 507, 522
liver cancer and, I: 13, 457, 577
liver toxicity and, II: 335; III: 513, 522
low birthweight and, I: 14, 627; II: 7, 20; III: 458
melanoma and, III: 316
metabolic and digestive disorders and, II: 334-335
motor/coordination dysfunction and, I: 14, 661; II: 7, 21, 310, 314; III: 474
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer and, I: 13, 460, 577; II: 6, 20, 189; III: 7, 10, 292, 393
neurobehavioral disorders, II: 314; III: 473-474
neuropsychiatric outcomes and, I: 14, 657, 666; II: 7, 20, 308-309, 314; III: 473-474
perinatal death and, I: 14, 624; II: 7, 20, 285-286, 300; III: 453, 458
peripheral nervous system disorders and, I: 14, 666; II: 21; III: 474
renal cancer and, I: 13, 521, 577; II: 7, 20, 225; III: 7, 10, 355, 393
research recommendations, I: 19, 727
respiratory disorders and, I: 14, 713; II: 7, 21, 325; III: 486, 522
skin cancers, II: 210-211; III: 8, 10, 21, 393
spontaneous abortions and, I: 14, 605; II: 7, 20, 284, 300
testicular cancer and, I: 13, 521, 577; II: 7, 20, 228, III: 7, 10, 346, 393
Vietnam veterans' children, cancer in, I: 14, 630; II: 7, 20, 300
Herbicide association, limited/suggestive evidence
acute and subacute transient peripheral neuropathy, II: 314; III: 7, 8, 21, 474
basis for finding of, I: 10-12, 247, 574-575; II: 6, 8-10, 20, 22, 97, 247-249; III: 7, 8-10, 20-21, 133, 393
cancer, I: 10-12, 519-521, 574-576; II: 247-249; III: 393
laryngeal cancer, III: 295, 393
multiple myeloma, I: 10, 11-12, 563, 574, 576; II: 6, 20, 244; III : 7, 8, 9, 20, 383, 393
neurobehavioral disorders, II: 314
peripheral neuropathy, II: 6
porphyria cutanea tarda, II: 6, 323; III: 7, 8, 20, 482, 519
prostate cancer, I: 11, 519-521, 575-576; II: 6, 20, 223; III: 7, 8, 9, 20, 340, 342, 393
research recommendations, I: 19, 727
respiratory cancers, I: 10-11, 472, 574, 575; II: 6, 20, 203; III: 7, 8, 9, 20
spina bifida, II: 6, 298, 300; III: 7, 8, 9-10, 21, 444, 458
Herbicide association, limited/suggestive negative evidence
basis for finding of, I: 12-13, 224, 247, 576-577; II: 7, 12-13, 21, 97, 250; III: 8, 12, 21-22, 133, 393-394, 522
brain tumors, I: 12, 525, 576; II: 7, 21, 230; III: 8, 12, 21, 359, 394
gastrointestinal tract cancers, I: 12-13, 447-451, 576-577; II: 7, 21, 177-181; III: 8, 12, 21, 268, 273, 282, 394
skin cancer, I: 12, 503, 576; III: 21
urinary bladder cancer, I: 12, 521, 576; II: 7, 21, 227; III: 21
Herbicide association, sufficient evidence
basis for finding of, I: 8-10, 246-247, 572; II: 5, 6, 8, 19, 20, 21, 97, 247; III: 6, 7, 8, 20, 132-133, 390, 392
cancer and, I: 8-10, 572-574; II: 247; III: 390, 392
chloracne and, I: 10, 678; II: 5, 6, 20, 320; III: 6, 7, 20, 480, 519
Hodgkin's disease and, I: 8, 9-10, 556-557, 573-574; II: 5, 6, 20, 236; III: 6, 7, 20, 373, 374, 390
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and, I: 8-9, 10, 548, 573-574; II: 5, 6, 20, 234; III: 6, 7, 20, 366, 390
porphyria cutanea tarda and, I: 10, 682; II: 5, 6, 20; III: 20
soft-tissue sarcoma and, I: 8, 9-10, 500; II: 5, 6, 20, 208; III: 6, 7, 20, 311, 390
Herbicide exposure assessment
agricultural/forestry workers studies, III: 154-155
biomarkers for, I: 17, 259-262, 280-284; II: 101-104
cancer studies use, I: 436-439
case-control studies use, I: 256-257
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Agent Orange Study, I: 58; II: 102
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention exposure opportunity index, I: 274-276, 611-612; III: 147-148
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention validation study, I: 59, 260-261, 281-284, 387; II: 103, 104
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vietnam Experience Study, II: 101; III: 240
cohort studies use, I: 254-256; II: 107-109
cumulative exposure, III: 144
current estimates, I: 284-287
data sources (existing) limitations, I: 14-15, 290-291
definition of, methodological issues, II: 4-5; III: 5-6
Department of Veterans Affairs mortality studies, II: 101
difficulties in, I: 14-15, 222, 247-248, 284, 286-287
dioxin congeners, recent literature, II: 106-107; III: 158-159
environmental studies use, I: 262-263, 267-270; III: 156-157
epidemiologic studies evaluation and, II: 99-101; III: 142-146
evidentiary role of, I: 4, 15, 250-253
exposure-dose relationship, I: 252-253
ground spraying, I: 288-289; III: 138-140
historic exposure reconstruction, I: 17-18, 19-20, 254, 255-256, 725-726, 728; III: 143
indices development, II: 107-109; III: 161-162
individual differences, I: 261, 286
job exposure matrix, I: 259-262
literature update, II: 104-109; III: 157-162
methodological issues, II: 4-5; III: 5-6
misclassification bias in, I: 17, 257-259, 724
non-military settings and, I: 4-5, 15, 222-223, 241-242
occupational studies use, I: 262-267, 269-270; II: 107-108; III: 150-156
paper/pulp mill workers, I: 266-267; III: 155-156
process perspective, I: 252-253
Ranch Hand study use, I: 386; II: 109; III: 145-147
research recommendations, I: 16-18, 287-290, 291, 721-722, 724-725
risk assessment use, I: 14-15, 247-248, 250, 578; III: 14-15
sawmill workers, III: 10, 156, 227-228, 338, 439-440, 447-448, 449, 452, 453, 457
self-reports, I: 270-271
serum TCDD in, I: 19, 20-21, 261, 282-285, 289, 290, 725, 742-743; III: 159-161
Seveso, Italy, accident, I: 267-268, 285, 598-599; III: 156
state-sponsored studies, I: 400, 401-402, 403-404
Stellmans' study, I: 278-279, 284
strategies for, I: 253-254; III: 144-145
TCDD exposure levels for epidemiological studies, II: 105-106; III : 159-161
TCDD half-life investigation, II: 104-105; III: 157-158
Times Beach, Missouri, case, I: 268, 368-369
Vietnamese population, I: 108-109, 269, 731; III: 156-157
Vietnam military records in, I: 271-280
Vietnam service as element of, I: 271, 284-287; II: 101-104; III: 146-150
Vietnam spray data, I: 273-279
Vietnam troop movement data in, I: 95-96, 273-279, 287
workshop on, I: 746-747
See also Environmental herbicide exposure;
Herbicides;
Occupational herbicide exposure
Herbicide exposure reconstruction model
data sources, I: 725-726
epidemiologic research and, I: 726-728
recommendations, I: 15-16, 17-20, 287-290, 291, 721-722, 725-728; II: 25
Request for Proposals (RFP), II: 25-26
See also Herbicide exposure assessment;
Herbicides
Herbicide/pesticide applicators. See Professional herbicide/pesticide applicators
Herbicides
action of, I: 88
acute and subacute transient peripheral neuropathy and, II: 2, 312-313; III: 7, 8, 473
agricultural role of, I: 24, 35, 39, 174-175, 181
Air Force research activities, II: 31-32; III: 28-29
basal/squamous cell skin cancer association, III: 317-322, 323
biological plausibility, II: 88, 92, 176, 217, 282, 298, 300; III: 2, 23, 124, 128, 281-282, 286, 288, 292, 295, 302, 304, 311, 317, 322, 327, 329, 334, 343, 347, 351, 356, 362, 366, 377, 383, 390, 444, 451, 453, 458, 460-462, 467, 480, 482, 486, 491, 502-503, 507, 513-514, 518, 522-525
birth defects association, II: 286-298; III: 436-444
bladder cancer association, II: 225-227; III: 7, 10, 132, 347-351
bone cancer association, II: 204-205; III: 7, 10, 303-305
brain tumors association, II: 229-230; III: 8, 12, 356-362
breast cancer association, II: 213-217; III: 7, 10, 324-329
cancer latency issues, II: 2, 13-14, 175, 260-276; III: 3, 12-14, 407-431
cancer risk and development, II: 13-14, 175; III: 12-14, 265-266
carcinogenicity, I: 118-119; II: 175; III: 265-266
cervical cancer association, III: 332
chemistry of, II: 38
childhood cancer association, II: 299-300
chloracne association, II: 318-320; III: 6, 7, 479-480
chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy and, II: 310-311
circulatory disorders association, II: 335-337; III: 3, 514-518
cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders and, II: 307-309; III: 468-469
congressional hearings, II: 27-28; III: 25
congressional legislation on, II: 28-29; III: 26-27
Department of Veterans Affairs activities, II: 29-31; III: 27-28
developmental toxicity, I: 124
diabetes mellitus association, II: 330-331, 334-335; III: 2, 11-12, 125, 494-503
disease outcomes of exposure, III: 6-15, 33-35, 38-43, 44-47, 48, 50, 71-105
early concerns about, I: 29-32, 35-36, 17-19; II: 26; III: 25
environmental exposure studies, I: 140-149, 184, 186, 189, 190, 193, 200-201, 221, 222, 234, 236, 241, 243, 287-288, 306, 312-313; II: 271-272, 275, 277, 279-281; III: 197-205, 218, 232-236, 283, 285, 287-288, 290, 291, 297-298, 301, 303, 305, 309, 316, 323, 328, 333, 336, 338, 342, 344, 345, 349, 350-351, 353, 354, 358, 361, 365, 369, 373, 375, 380, 382, 388-389, 392, 437, 454, 455, 456, 459, 467, 497, 520
Environmental Protection Agency research activities, II: 32; III: 29-30
evidence insufficient for determining association in health outcomes, I: 13-14, 19, 247, 457, 460, 473-474, 512, 521, 571, 577-578, 605, 618, 624, 627, 630, 634, 657, 666, 691, 699, 708, 713, 727; II: 7, 11-12, 20-21, 22, 97, 181-187, 189, 205, 210-211, 213, 217, 225, 228, 247, 282, 284, 285-286, 298, 300, 308-309, 310, 311, 314, 325, 329, 334-335, 337; III: 7-8, 10-12, 21, 132, 133, 286, 292, 304,316, 322, 327, 332, 334, 346, 349, 351, 355, 390, 393, 444, 449, 453, 458, 473-474, 486, 491, 503, 507, 513, 518, 522
evidence limited/suggestive of association in health outcomes, I: 10-12, 19, 247, 472, 519-521, 563, 574-576, 727; II: 6, 8-10, 20, 22, 97, 203, 223, 244, 298, 300, 314, 323; III: 7, 8-10, 20-21, 133, 295, 299, 340, 342, 383, 393, 444, 458, 474, 482, 519
evidence of no association in health outcomes, I: 12-13, 224, 247, 447-
451, 503, 521, 525, 576-577; II: 7, 12-13, 21, 22, 97, 181, 227, 230; III: 8, 12, 21-22, 133, 268, 273, 282, 359, 393-394, 522
evidence sufficient of association in health outcomes, I: 8-10, 246-247, 500, 548, 556-557, 572-574, 678, 682; II: 5, 6, 8, 19, 20, 21, 97, 208, 234, 236, 320; III: 6, 7, 8, 20, 132-133, 311, 366, 373, 374, 390, 392, 480, 519
exposure assessment issues, II: 4-5, 99-109; III: 5-6, 135-162
federal government response to concerns over military use of in Vietnam, II: 27-32; III: 25-30
female reproductive cancers association, II: 211-213; III: 7, 10, 330-334
gastrointestinal tract cancers association, II: 177-181; III: 8, 12, 268-282
gastrointestinal ulcers association, II: 334-335; III: 510-514
hepatobiliary cancer and, II: 2, 176, 181-187; III: 7, 10, 282-288
Hodgkin's disease association, II: 235-236; III: 6, 7, 372-376
immune system disorders and, II: 327-329; III: 3, 488-491
immunotoxicity, I: 122-123
infertility association, II: 280-282; III: 445-451
International Agency for Research on Cancer research activities, III: 30
laryngeal cancer and, II: 202-203; III: 292-295
latency and cancer risk, II: 13-14, 175, 260-276; III: 3, 12-14, 265, 407-431
leukemia association, II: 245-246; III: 7, 10, 385-390, 391-392
lipid abnormalities association, II: 333-335; III: 504-508, 520-521
liver toxicity association, II: 332-333, 334-335; III: 510-514
low birthweight and, III: 456-458, 459
lung cancer and, III: 296-302, 421, 422, 423, 424
mechanism of action, II: 36; III: 33, 38, 44, 47-48, 49-50, 53-71
mechanisms of toxicity, II: 37
melanoma association, III: 313-317
metabolic and digestive disorders association, II: 330-335; III: 3
military research and development, I: 25-26
military (U.S.) use ban, I: 32, 45
motor/coordination dysfunction and, II: 309-310; III: 469-470
multiple myeloma association, II: 237-244; III: 7, 8, 9, 377-383
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer and, II: 2, 176, 187-189; III: 7, 10, 290-292
neural tube defects associated with herbicides, numbers, II: 297
neurobehavioral disorders and, II: 305, 306, 314; III: 3, 467, 468 , 473-476
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma association, II: 231-234; III: 6, 7, 362-371 , 428-430
occupational exposure settings, I: 36-38; III: 150-156
occupational exposure studies, II: 113-140, 182-184, 186, 188-189, 190, 191-200, 214-216, 219-220, 222, 232-234, 235-236, 237-243, 286-287, 306, 312; III: 170-196, 218, 219-232, 268-271, 274-281, 282-283, 284, 287, 290, 291, 293-294, 296-297, 300-301, 303, 305, 308-309, 312, 316, 317, 321, 323, 324-326, 328, 332-333, 335-336, 337, 338, 341, 344, 345, 348, 350, 353, 354, 357-358, 360, 363-365, 367-369, 372-373, 374-375, 378-380, 381-382, 386-388, 391-392, 437, 450, 454 , 455, 456, 459, 467, 483-485, 489, 491, 496, 510-512, 515-516, 520
Operation Ranch Hand volume use, data by herbicide type, III: 136
ovarian cancer association, III: 333
perinatal death association, II: 285-286; III: 451-454, 455, 456
porphyria cutanea tarda association, II: 321-323; III: 7, 8, 481-482
preterm birth and, III: 456-458, 459
prostate cancer association, II: 2, 176, 217-223, 273-275; III: 7, 8, 9, 335-343, 426-428
renal cancer association, II: 224-225; III: 7, 10, 352-356
reproductive toxicity, I: 124; II: 278-301; III: 434-435
research recommendations, II: 23-24; III: 23
respiratory cancers and, II: 189-203, 268-273; III: 7, 8, 9, 418, 420-426
respiratory disorders association, II: 335-337; III: 3, 483-486
skin cancers association, II: 209-211; III: 8, 10, 312
soft-tissue sarcomas association, II: 205-208; III: 6, 7, 306-311
spontaneous abortions association, II: 283-284
statistical association with diseases, II: 88, 90-91; III: 1-2, 6, 124, 126-127
TCDD contamination of, I: 2, 3, 27, 91-92, 114, 126-127; II: 2, 3, 26; III: 3, 4, 5, 140-142
testicular cancer association, II: 227-228; III: 7, 10, 343-347
time-related factors and cancer risk, II: 263-264, 270, 271, 273, 274; III: 411-412, 421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 427, 429
toxicity profiles update, II: 45-77; III: 43-108
toxicokinetics, II: 35, 36, 38-39; III: 32-33, 36-37, 43-44, 47, 48, 50-53
types of, I: 88
uterine cancer association, III: 333
Vietnam use by U.S. military, I: 1, 3, 24, 27, 74, 84-96, 98-107, 286; II: 1, 2, 26-27; III: 135-142
Vietnam veterans' cancer risk and latency, II: 276; III: 12-13, 430-431
Vietnam veterans' disease increased risk, II: 14, 22-23, 88, 91, 298, 300-301, 321, 323; III: 12-13, 14-15, 22-23, 124, 127-128, 329 , 334, 343, 430-431, 444, 462, 475-476, 491, 503, 507-508, 525
Vietnam veterans' exposure concerns, II: 26-32
Vietnam veterans' exposure studies, II: 149-161, 185, 187, 189, 190, 201-202, 204, 205, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213, 216-217, 218, 221, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 234, 235, 236, 244, 245, 246, 278, 280, 283, 285, 286, 288-296, 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 318-320, 321-323, 324-326, 327-329, 330-337; III: 206-217, 236-245, 272-273, 275, 277-278, 279, 281, 282-283, 287-288, 290, 291, 294-295, 298, 301, 303, 305, 309-310, 312, 316, 317, 323, 326, 328, 333, 336, 338, 339, 340, 342, 343-344, 345-346, 349, 351, 353, 355, 358-359, 361, 363, 365, 370-371, 372, 373, 376, 380, 382, 385, 386, 389, 392, 435, 436, 437-438, 445, 446, 450, 454, 455, 456, 457, 459, 467, 468, 469, 470, 473, 475, 479, 480, 481, 482, 485-486, 489, 491, 495, 497, 498, 500, 502, 505-506, 512-513, 516-518, 521
See also Aerial spraying;
Agent Orange;
Agricultural herbicides;
Chemicals and chemical industry;
Defoliants;
Desiccant herbicides;
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid;
Domestic herbicide use;
Environmental herbicide exposure;
Ground/perimeter spraying;
Herbicide application methods;
Herbicide exposure assessment;
Herbicide exposure reconstruction model;
Occupational herbicide exposure;
Phenoxy herbicides;
Professional herbicide/ pesticide applicators;
Selective herbicides;
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCCD);
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)
HERBS tapes, I: 20, 97-98, 602, 725; II: 108-109
exposure assessment use, I: 273-279, 287, 291; III: 146, 148
Hercules, Inc., I: 35
2,2'4,4',5,5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl (HxCB), II: 64, 65
1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (HxCDD), II: 64, 65, 67
Hexachlorophene, I: 40; II: 128; III: 218, 219, 234
HI. See Humoral immunity (HI)
High-density lipoprotein (HDLP) receptors, II: 333, 334; III: 501, 503, 520-521
Highway workers, I: 326
Historic exposure reconstruction, I: 17-18, 19-20, 254, 255-256, 725-726, 728; III: 143
HIV-I. See AIDS/HIV
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, II: 108
Hodgkin's disease (HD)
agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 328, 329, 331, 335-336, 341, 550-553; II: 138
biologic plausibility, I: 557; III: 377
chemical industry workers and, I: 549-550
epidemiologic studies, II: 138, 235-236; III: 372-376
epidemiology, I: 526, 527-528; II: 231; III: 371-372
herbicide association in, I: 8, 9-10, 556-557, 574; II: 5, 6, 20, 138, 235-236, 247; III: 6, 7, 20, 24, 372-376
herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 384; II: 236; III: 373, 375
herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: 235-236; III: 372-373 , 374-375
histopathology, I: 526-527
incidence, data by race/gender, for selected age groups, III: 372
research recommendations, I: 19, 727
scientific literature update, II: 235-236; III: 372-373
Vietnam veterans and, I: 258, 526, 554-556; II: 231, 236; III: 372, 373, 376
Vietnam veterans' compensation, II: 24, 30, 31
See also Malignant lymphomas
Hoffman-Taff, I: 40
Hormonal system
estrogen-mediated responses, I: 145, 154
TCDD carcinogenesis and, I: 116, 145
TCDD in, I: 156-159
TCDD-induced wasting syndrome and, I: 165
Hormones. See Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH);
Luteinizing hormone (LH);
Testosterone
Hourglass spray system, I: 25
House Committee on Veterans Affairs, II: 27; III: 25
H.R. 1565, II: 28
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-I). See AIDS/HIV
Humoral immunity (HI)
TCDD and, II: 69-70
Hydatidiform mole, I: 30, 600-601
See also Reproductive disorders
See also Reproductive disorders
Hydrocortisone (HC), II: 73
Hypercholesterolemia, I: 690
See also Lipid abnormalities
Hyperlipidemia, I: 152-153, 688, 692
See also Lipid abnormalities
Hypertension, I: 705, 706, 707, 708
See also Circulatory disorders
Hyperthyroidism
TCDD-induced, I: 168
See also Metabolic and digestive disorders
Hypoglycemia
TCDD-induced, I: 166-168
See also Metabolic and digestive disorders
See also Reproductive disorders
I
IARC. See International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ICD. See International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
Iceland, III: 228, 319, 338, 339, 344, 353
Association of Vegetable Farmers, III: 228
Cancer Registry, III: 228, 338
Committee on Toxic Substances, III: 228
Farmers' Association of Iceland, III: 228
Horticultural College, III: 228
Horticulturist's Association, III: 228
Market Gardeners Association Pension Fund, III: 228
National Registry, III: 228
Register of Deaths, III: 228
I Corps, I: 52, 96, 98, 394, 493-494, 542, 543, 546; II: 201; III: 139, 140, 241
mortality study, I: 233
II Corps, I: 542
III Corps, I: 59, 104, 276, 281-282, 542, 543; II: 228; III: 148, 344
IL. See Interleukin-1;
Interleukin-4
ILO. See International Labor Organization
Immune system disorders
2,4-D toxicity, I: 181, II: 41; III: 46, 524
cell-mediated immunity, II: 69-70
cellular immunity, I: 147
endocrine system and, I: 150-151
herbicide toxicity, I: 122-123; II: 7, 11, 21, 327-329; III: 3, 488-491
humoral immunity, I: 147-148; II: 69-70
immune modulation in, I: 692-696, 698-699
macrophage function, I: 148
picloram toxicity, I: 192; II: 41
research methodology, I: 692
scientific literature update, II: 328-329; III: 489-491
suppression in, I: 693; II: 326, 329
TCDD toxicity. I: 119-122, 146-151, 338; II: 3, 40-41, 68-71, 328-329; III: 85-92, 488, 489, 490, 491
See also Allergies;
Autoimmune disease;
Autoimmunity;
Systemic autoimmune disease;
Systemic lupus erythematosus;
Viral infection
Immunoglobulin antibodies, I: 693, 696, 697
Incineration, of Agent Orange, I: 93-94
Indiana, III: 47
Industrial accidents, I: 316-317; III: 224, 232-233
BASF, I: 312-313, 444, 530, 550, 558; III: 153, 221
Nitro, West Virginia, I: 38-39, 305-307, 597, 607, 686, 700; III: 152-153, 220
Industrie Chimiche Meda Societa Anonima, I: 43
Infant deaths. See Perinatal death
Infertility, I: 631-634; II: 7, 11
biologic plausibility, II: 282; III: 451
epidemiologic studies, II: 280; III: 445-449, 450
epidemiology, II: 279; III: 444-445
herbicide association in, II: 278, 280-282; III: 445-451
new studies summary, II: 280-281; III: 446-449, 450
Vietnam veterans and, III: 445, 446, 450
See also Reproductive disorders
Influenza, I: 713
See also Respiratory disorders
Institute of Medicine (IOM), I: 2, 20, 57, 62-64, 742, 743-744; II: 1, 2, 17, 24, 25, 27; III: 1, 2, 5-6, 17, 23, 24, 25, 125, 150
Interagency Working Group on the Long-Term Health Effects of Phenoxyherbicides and Contaminants, I: 46
Interleukin-4, II: 70-71
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), II: 152, 153
Social Security database, II: 151; III: 238
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), I: 8, 12-13, 246, 264-265, 270, 313-314, 478, 479, 499, 565, 573, 577, 731; II: 101, 107, 131-135, 178-179, 196, 206, 212, 215, 220, 226, 232, 269; III: 20, 151, 175-177, 218, 222-223, 268, 269, 284, 290, 293, 296, 303, 306, 307, 308, 310, 311, 314, 319, 325, 326, 331, 337, 344, 348, 353, 357, 364, 378, 379, 386, 422-423, 424, 425, 429, 484, 511, 516
herbicide exposure assessment in occupational studies, III: 151-152 , 154
Vietnam military use of herbicides, response, III: 30
International Classification of Diseases (ICD), II: 325; III: 265
ICD-9 cancer codes, SEER program site groupings for, III: 537-539
International Labor Organization (ILO), II: 324
International Register of Workers Exposed to Phenoxy Herbicides and Their Contaminants, I: 313-314; II: 131-135, 220, 232, 235, 238, 245; III: 175-177, 218, 222-223
International Society of Exposure Analysis, II: 25
Intracellular communication
Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), I: 625, 626; III: 455, 457
See also Reproductive disorders
IOM. See Institute of Medicine (IOM)
Iowa, I; 11, 37, 60, 318-319, 332, 333, 334-335, 374, 400, 447, 495, 534, 550, 560, 567, 603, 660, 677; II: 8, 138-139, 219, 239, 248, 292; III: 224, 229, 234, 243, 335
Iowa Health Registry, II: 138-139
Ireland, Republic of, II: 136, 230, 233, 242, 246; III: 224-225, 363
Agricultural Institute, II: 136
Central Statistics Office of Ireland, II: 136
IRS. See Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
Irvine, California, III: 533
Italy, I: 320-321, 338-340, 340-341, 384, 486-487, 492, 523, 537, 552, 553, 561, 566, 632; II: 183, 229; III: 9, 224,
230, 232, 234, 235, 271, 284-285, 294, 297, 299, 337, 358, 364, 373, 379-380, 387, 388, 516
Forli Province, III: 230
National Statistics Institute, II: 141
Novara Province, III: 225
See also Lombardy, Italy;
Milan, Italy;
Seveso, Italy
IUGR. See Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR)
J
Japan, II: 237
Job exposure matrix, I: 256
Johnston Island, I: 93
K
Kansas, I: 9, 37, 335-336, 487, 490, 550; II: 231; III: 363
Kaposi's sarcoma, I: 338, 487, 695
See also Soft-tissue sarcoma
Khe Sanh-Thonh Son Lam area, Vietnam, I: 96; III: 140
Kidney cancer
biologic plausibility, III: 356
children and, I: 628
epidemiologic studies. I: 515; II: 224-225; III: 352-355
epidemiology, I: 513, 514; II: 223; III: 351-352
herbicide association in, I: 13, 521, 577; II: 7, 11, 20, 139-140, 224-225, 249-250; III: 7, 10, 352-356
herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 353, 354
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 353, 354
histopathology, I: 513
incidence, data by race/gender, for selected age groups, III: 352
risk factors, I: 514
scientific literature update, II: 224-225; III: 353, 355
Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 522; II: 223, 224, 225; III: 353, 355
See also Genitourinary cancers;
Wilm's tumor
Kidneys
2,4-D toxicity in, I: 125, 179-180; II: 42
cacodylic acid toxicity in, II: 42
Korea, III: 240
L
Laos, I: 106
Laryngeal cancer, I: 461, 470-471; II: 202-203
biologic plausibility, III: 295
epidemiologic studies. III: 293-295
epidemiology, III: 292
herbicide exposure and, III: 293-295
herbicide occupational exposure studies, III: 293-294
incidence, data by race/gender, for selected age groups, III: 292
scientific literature update, III: 293-294, 295
Vietnam veterans studies, III: 294-295
See also Respiratory cancers
Latency effects in cancer studies, I: 231-232, 434, 435, 436-438, 494, 495, 727; II: 2, 13-14, 175; III: 3, 12-14, 266, 407-408
aging effects control, II: 261-262; III: 409
arsenic and, II: 268; III: 420
asbestos and, II: 268; III: 420
data limitations, III: 413, 414, 415, 416
data requirements, II: 264, 265, 266; III: 412, 414, 415, 416
epidemiologic studies, analysis of, II: 261-266: III: 408-412
epidemiologic studies, new, III: 419
gamma rays and, II: 268: III: 418
literature review results, II: 266-267; III: 416-418, 420-424, 426-427, 429
measurement errors, II: 263-264; III: 411-412
mortality and incidence studies for examining. II: 263: III: 410-411, 421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 427, 429
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, III: 428-430
potential problems with. II: 264, 265, 266; III: 413, 414, 415, 416
prostate cancer, II: 273-275; III: 426-428
relative risks, II: 264, 265, 266, 271, 275, 351; III: 412, 413, 414, 415, 418, 420, 422, 426-427, 428, 430-431
respiratory cancer, II: 268-273; III: 418, 420-426
smoking and, II: 268; III: 418
time-related factors, II: 262, 263-264; III: 411-412, 421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 427, 429
Vietnam veterans, relevancy for, II: 276, 351; III: 12-13, 430-431
See also Cancer
Lawn care products, I: 119, 177-178
LDL. See Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors
Legal issues
Agent Orange manufacturers' liability, I: 34-35
federal government liability, I: 34
South Korean Vietnam veterans, I: 62
Times Beach, Missouri, I: 41
Legislation
epidemiologic studies on Agent Orange, II: 28; III: 26
federal, I: 45-60; III: 26-27
health care associated with Agent Orange, II: 28
Public Law 96-151, I: 50, 52, 57; II: 28; III: 26, 240
Public Law 97-72, I: 50; II: 28; III: 26
Public Law 98-542, I: 50-51; II: 28-29; III: 26-27
Public Law 99-272, I: 50; II: 28; III: 26
Public Law 102-4, I: 2, 7, 20, 21, 51, 572, 721, 728-730; II: 1, 5, 17, 19, 29, 97, 247; III: 1, 6, 14, 17, 20, 124, 132, 390, 397, 462, 475, 519, 525
Public Law 102-585, II: 28; III: 26
Public Law 103-452, II: 28; III: 26
Public Law 104-110, III: 26
Public Law 104-204, III: 24, 26
Public Law 104-262, III: 26
Veterans' Health Programs Extension and Improvement Act of 1979, III: 240
Vietnam veterans' compensation, I: 47, 50-51, 55-56; II: 28-29; III: 26-27
Leiomyosarcomas, I: 475
See also Soft-tissue sarcoma
Lethality. See Deaths
Leukemia
acute lymphocytic leukemia, III: 383, 384
acute myeloid leukemia, III: 383-384
agricultural workers and, I: 13, 332-333, 334-335, 566-568; II: 136; III: 387-388
biologic plausibility, III: 390
children and, I: 628
chronic lymphocytic leukemia, III: 384-385
chronic myeloid leukemia, III: 384, 385
epidemiologic studies, I: 564-572; II: 136, 245-247; III: 385-390, 391-392
epidemiology, I: 564; II: 245; III: 383-385
herbicide association in, I: 13, 571, 577-578; II: 7, 11, 20, 245-247, 249-250; III: 7, 10, 385-390, 391-392
herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 388-389, 392
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 386-388, 391-392
incidence, data by type/race/gender, for selected age groups, III: 384
production workers and, I: 564-566; III: 386-387
pulp/paper workers and, I: 568
risk factors, I: 564
scientific literature update, II: 245-246; III: 386-389
Seveso, Italy, studies, I: 13, 568-570, 571, 577; III: 385, 386, 388-389, 390
TCDD biologic plausibility in, I: 571; III: 390
Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 564, 570, 571-572; II: 245, 246
Vietnam veterans studies, III: 385, 386, 389, 392
Leydig cells, II: 71, 279; III: 445
LH. See Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Lindane, I: 91
Lipid abnormalities, I: 688-690, 692
biologic plausibility, III: 507
epidemiologic studies, I: 45; II: 333, 334; III: 504-506, 520-521
epidemiology, II: 333; III: 503-504
herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 520
herbicide exposure association with, II: 7, 21, 333-334; III: 504-508, 520-521
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 520
scientific literature update, II: 334; III: 504-506, 520, 521
TCDD in, I: 152-153, 259-260; II: 333, 334; III: 505, 506, 507
Vietnam veterans and, II: 333; III: 505-506, 521
See also Hypercholesterolemia;
Hyperlipidemia;
Liver disorders;
Metabolic and digestive disorders
Listeria
TCDD exposure and, II: 68
Liver cancer
children and, I: 628
epidemiologic studies, I: 453-455
herbicide association in, I: 13, 457, 577
picloram in, I: 190
research recommendations, I: 19, 727
risk factors, I: 453
Seveso, Italy, studies, I: 454-455
TCDD in, I: 116, 138-139, 142, 143
Vietnam veterans and, I: 391, 393, 455, 457
See also Hepatobiliary cancers
Liver disorders
2,4,5-T in, II: 42; III: 524
biologic plausibility, III: 513-514, 524
enzyme activity, I: 155-156, 685-687, 691-692
epidemiologic studies, I: 45; II: 332-333; III: 510-513
epidemiology, II: 331-332; III: 509-510
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 510-512
herbicides in, I: 125; II: 332-333; III: 510-514
picloram chronic toxicity, I: 191-192; II: 42; III: 524
scientific literature update, II: 332-333; III: 510-513
Seveso, Italy, studies, I: 367
TCDD in, I: 115, 124, 129-130, 151-156, 155, 165-166; II: 42, 331-333; III: 509
Vietnam veterans and, II: 332; III: 512-513
See also Lipid abnormalities;
Metabolic and digestive disorders
Low birthweight
biologic plausibility, III: 458
definition, I: 625
epidemiologic studies, III: 456-457, 459
epidemiology, I: 625-626; III: 454, 455, 456
herbicide association in, I: 14, 627-628; II: 7, 11, 20; III: 456-458, 459
herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 459
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 459
risk factors, I: 625-626
scientific literature update, III: 457, 459
Vietnam veterans exposure studies, III: 457, 459
See also Preterm delivery (PTD);
Reproductive disorders
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors, I: 154-155; II: 333, 334; III: 503
Ludwigshafen, Germany; III: 153, 154, 269, 297, 484, 511
Lumber industry
sawmill workers' herbicide exposure, III: 10, 156, 227-228, 338, 439-440, 447-448, 449, 452, 453, 457
See also Forests
Lung cancer
2,4-D in, I: 177
agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 466
biologic plausibility, III: 302
cacodylic acid and, I: 187
environmental exposure studies, III: 297-298, 301
epidemiologic studies, II: 139; III: 296-298, 300-301
epidemiology, III: 295-296
herbicide association in, I: 472; II: 6; III: 296-302
herbicide/pesticide applicators and, I: 326, 466-468; II: 139
incidence, data by gender/race, for selected age groups, III: 296
latency and, III: 421, 422, 423, 424
occupational exposure studies, III: 296-297, 300-301, 421, 423
paper/pulp mill workers and, I: 364, 468
production workers and, I: 461-466; III: 421, 423
scientific literature update, III: 296-298
Seveso, Italy, studies, I: 469; III: 296, 297-298, 299, 422
Vietnam veterans and, I: 469-470, 472; III: 298, 301, 424
See also Respiratory cancers
Luteinizing hormone (LH), II: 279, 280, 281, 182; III: 41, 72-73, 444-445
Lymphocytic leukemia. See Leukemia
M
Maine, I: 60, 400, 603; II: 292; III: 243
Malignant lymphomas
2,4-D exposure and, I: 119, 177-178
epidemiology, II: 231
See also Hodgkin's disease (HD);
Multiple myeloma;
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)
Mangrove forests, I: 31, 62, 90, 104
See also Forests
Manitoba, Canada, II: 135-136, 232, 242, 246
March of Dimes, II: 286: III: 435
Marine Corps. See U.S. Marine Corps
Maryland. See Fort Detrick, Maryland
Massachusetts, I: 60, 400-401, 405-406, 445, 470, 496, 602-603, 613, 620, 621, 622; II: 202, 291; III: 243, 244, 303, 310, 315, 339, 346, 349, 353
Cancer Registry, III: 244
Mast cells, I: 693
MC-1 spray system, I: 25
MCPA. See 4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA)
MCPP. See 2-[4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy] propanoic acid (MCPP)
Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System, I: 735
Mekong Delta. Vietnam. II: 104
Melanoma
biologic plausibility, III: 317
epidemiologic studies, III: 313-317
herbicide association with, III: 313-317
herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 316
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 316, 317
incidence of, III: 313, 315
mortality studies, III: 314-315, 316
scientific literature update, III: 314-315
Vietnam veterans studies, III: 316, 317
See also Basal/squamous cell skin cancer;
Skin cancer
Melatonin
TCDD-induced wasting syndrome and, I: 165
Men
Finland male herbicide applicators' respiratory cancer mortality, II: 271
Germany herbicide/chemical production workers' male cancer mortality, III: 423, 429
herbicide/chemical production workers' male cancer mortality, III: 423, 426, 429
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma male mortality, III: 429
prostate cancer incidence, data by race, for selected age groups, III: 334
prostate cancer mortality, III: 426, 427
Seveso, Italy, male cancer mortality, II: 271, 275; III: 422, 427
testicular cancer incidence, data by race, for selected age groups, III: 343
See also Gender
Metabolic and digestive disorders
biological plausibility, II: 335; III: 513-514
epidemiologic studies, II: 330-331, 332-335; III: 510-513
epidemiology, III: 508
herbicides association in, II: 7, 11, 21, 330-331, 332-335; III: 3, 510-514
herbicides occupational exposure and, III: 510-512
scientific literature update, III: 510-513
Vietnam veterans and, III: 510, 512-513
See also Diabetes mellitus;
Hyperthyroidism;
Hypoglycemia;
Lipid abnormalities;
Liver toxicity;
Ulcers, gastrointestinal
Methodological bias
biological stored samples, analysis, I: 20-21, 729-730
cancer studies, I: 436
controlling for, I: 33, 226-227, 234-235, 242-246
healthy worker effect, I: 230
herbicide exposure assessment, I: 17, 257-259, 286-287, 291, 724
latency studies, II: 263-264; III: 408-412
proportionate mortality studies, I: 233
reproductive outcome studies, I: 591-592, 601
self-reports, I: 270-271; II: 109, 150
Methodology
Agent Orange Study, I: 58-59, 63-64; II: 2
Agent Orange Working Group, I: 19, 728
Alsea, Oregon, investigation, I: 372-373, 598
American Legion Agent Orange study, I: 602
assessment of strength of evidence, I: 238-241; II: 88-97; III: 124-133
BASF study, I: 312-313
biologic plausibility, II: 88, 92; III: 124, 128
burden of proof approach, I: 226-227, 245
cancer expected incidence, I: 439-440
cancer studies, I: 435-440, 442-443, 445; II: 175, 176; III: 265-266
case-control studies, I: 234-235, 256-257, 326-341; II: 94-95; III: 130
case reports, I: 235-236
Centers for Disease Control epidemiologic studies, I: 19, 387-393, 498, 728
Centers for Disease Control Birth Defects Study, I: 611-612
circulatory disease studies, I: 699-700, 705-706, 707; II: 335
cohort studies, I: 229-232, 254-256, 318-323
confidence intervals, I: 244
controlled observational studies, I: 228
Department of Veterans Affairs studies, I: 393-399, 494-495
disease latency effects, I: 231-232, 434, 436-438, 494, 495, 727; II: 351-357
dose-response relationship, I: 239-230, 252; II: 89
Dow studies, I: 307-312
epidemiologic studies evaluation, I: 300-301; II: 93-94; III: 129-130
evidence categories, I: 227-237; III: 132
experimental studies evaluation, II: 92-93
health outcome categories for herbicide association, I: 5-8, 223-225, 246-247; II: 97; III: 132
herbicide environmental exposure assessment, I: 262-263, 269-270; III: 156-157
herbicide exposure assessment strategies, I: 251-259, 270-287; III: 144-145
herbicide exposure reconstruction model evaluation, I: 18, 289-290, 726; II: 25
herbicide exposure, statistical association with diseases, II: 88, 90-91; III: 1-2, 6, 126-127
herbicide occupational exposure assessment, I: 262-264, 269-270; III: 150-156
immune system research, I: 692
indirect adjustment, I: 229
information management, I: 735-738
judgment in, I: 245-246; II: 96; III: 131-132
latency and cancer studies, II: 261-266, 351; III: 407-416
meta-analysis, I: 225, 237-238, 242-243
neurological assessment, I: 14, 641-642, 649
neuropsychiatric studies, I: 657
new evidence integration, II: 96; III: 132
NIOSH studies, I: 303-305; II: 350-351, 356, 357
Nitro, West Virginia, industrial accident studies, I: 305-307
NRC Commission on Life Sciences, I: 63
odds ratio determination, I: 234, 239; II: 90; III: 126-127
Office of Technology Assessment, I: 19, 728
paper/pulp mill worker studies, I: 341, 364
publication bias, II: 95-96; III: 131
Ranch Hand study, I: 230-231, 385-386, 498, 757-762
random misclassification and latency, II: 263-264; III: 411-412
relative risk assessment, I: 229, 239, 258; II: 90, 351, 356; III: 126, 127
reproductive outcome studies, I: 591-592
respiratory disease studies, I: 708-709, 712-713; II: 324
risk assessment, I: 225-226; II: 89; III: 127-128
sample size and disease frequency, I: 231, 242-243, 440, 499
Selected Cancers Study, I: 234-235, 498
standardized mortality ratio, I: 229-230
statistical significance/power, I: 226-227, 243
TCDD biomarkers, I: 259-262
Times Beach studies, I: 368-370
toxicologic studies evaluation, III: 128-129
type I error, I: 243
type II error, I: 243
Vietnam veterans disease risk estimation and latency, II: 349-357
Vietnam veterans serum TCDD mean maximum estimation, II: 349-350
See also Data sources;
Methodological bias;
Research needs;
Risk assessment methodology
2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, I: 700
6-Methyl-1,3,8-trichlorodibenzofuran, I: 153
Michigan, I: 374, 375, 383; II: 113, 153, 161, 202, 308; III: 159, 160, 218, 221, 234, 235, 243, 270, 357-358, 363, 373, 387, 388, 484, 511, 516
Department of Management and Budget's Vietnam-era Bonus List, II: 153, 161, 202, 208, 221, 225, 230, 234, 236, 246; III: 308, 336, 353, 489
Department of Public Health, II: 161
See also Detroit, Michigan;
Tecumseh, Michigan
Midland, Michigan, III: 152, 221, 234
Midwest Research Institute, I: 29-30
Milan, Italy, II: 243; III: 232
Military health care
Agent Orange legislation, II: 28; III: 26, 27
Department of Veterans Affairs activities, II: 29; III: 27
Military occupation specialty code (MOS), II: 153; III: 242
Military operations
Agent Orange surplus disposal, I: 93-94
herbicide early research, I: 25-26; II: 27-32; III: 25-30
herbicide (strategic) use ban, I: 32, 45
herbicide use precautions, I: 95
South Vietnam tactical zones, I: 98
Vietnam distribution of personnel, I: 81, 82
Vietnam herbicide applications, I: 1, 3, 24, 27, 74, 84-96, 98-107, 286; II: 26-27; III: 135-142
Vietnam herbicides aerial spraying, I: 27, 85-91; II: 26; III: 135, 137, 138
Vietnam herbicides ground spraying, I: 94-96; II: 26; III: 138-140
Vietnam herbicides use early objections, I: 29, 31-32; II: 26-27
Vietnam troop movements, I: 52-53, 96, 273-279, 287
Vietnam, U.S. involvement, I: 75-76, 84
See also Military records;
Operation Ranch Hand
Military personnel. See Demographic data, Vietnam veterans;
Foreign veterans;
Military health care;
Military occupation specialty code (MOS);
Military operations;
Operation Ranch Hand;
U.S. Air Force;
U.S. Army;
U.S. Army Chemical Corps;
U.S. Coast Guard;
U.S. Marine Corps;
U.S. Navy;
U.S. Special Forces;
Vietnam veterans;
Women veterans
Military records, I: 742-743
herbicide exposure assessment use, I: 271-280, 287-288; II: 101; III: 138, 140
herbicide spray missions records, I: 27, 62, 84-85, 104-106
HERBS tapes, I: 62, 96-98; III: 146, 148
research recommendations, I: 17, 724-725
Vietnam casualties, I: 82-83
Vietnam herbicide ground spraying, I: 94, 95
Vietnam service identification in, II: 24-25, 175
Vietnam veterans in, I: 75-80, 106; II: 150-153
Minnesota, I: 37, 326, 332, 333, 468; II: 47, 137-138, 178, 199, 325; III: 226-227, 229, 440-441
Department of Agriculture, II: 137; III: 226, 440
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, I: 641
Miscarriages. See Spontaneous abortion
Missouri, I: 621, 626, 664-665, 681; II: 280; III: 500
See also Times Beach, Missouri;
Verona, Missouri
Models and modeling. See Herbicide exposure reconstruction model;
Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models
Monsanto Company, I: 34, 35, 38, 305-307, 444, 674, 700; II: 114-115, 179, 182, 193, 204, 207, 220, 236; III: 152, 171-172, 220, 348
Mortality. See Child mortality studies;
Deaths;
Mortality studies;
Perinatal deaths
Mortality of Vietnam Veterans: The Veteran Cohort Study, III: 273, 285-286
Mortality studies, II: 130
basal/squamous cell skin cancer, III: 319, 321
cancer, I: 442-445; II: 133, 134, 136, 137, 185
circulatory disorders, II: 335
death certificate data, I: 236-237; II: 136, 137-138
female reproductive cancers statistics, II: 211
Finland respiratory cancer mortality and latency, II: 271; III: 422
latency results, II: 263; III: 410-411, 421, 422, 423
methodology, I: 229-233, 435
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and latency, III: 429
prostate cancer and latency, II: 273, 274, 275, 276; III: 426, 427
Ranch Hand baseline mortality studies, II: 151
respiratory cancer mortality and latency, II: 270, 271; III: 421, 422, 423, 424
Seveso, Italy, children study, II: 147
Seveso, Italy, males cancer mortality and latency, II: 271, 275; III: 422, 427
standardized mortality ratio, I: 229-230
women veterans, II: 152-153, 201
See also Child mortality studies;
Deaths;
Perinatal deaths
MOS. See Military occupation specialty code (MOS)
Motor/coordination dysfunction
epidemiologic studies, II: 309-310; III: 469-470
herbicide association in, I: 661-662; II: 4, 7, 11, 21, 309-310; III: 469-470
herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 658-659
herbicide occupational exposure studies, I: 658
scientific literature update, II: 309-310; III: 470
Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 662; II: 309, 310
See also Ataxia;
Dystonia;
Neurobehavioral toxicity;
Neurological disorders; Parkinsonism;
Stroke
Motor/sensory/coordination problems, I: 14, 658-662
MPTP, I: 661
Multiple myeloma, I: 331, 334, 335, 336, 341
agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 558-561; II: 138-139, 238-239, 241-243, III: 379-380
biologic plausibility, I: 563; III: 383
epidemiologic studies, I: 331, 334, 335, 336, 341, 557-563; II: 138-139, 237-244; III: 377-383
epidemiology, I: 526, 528; II: 236-237; III: 377
herbicide association in, I: 10, 11-12, 563, 574, 576; II: 6, 8, 20, 89, 236-244, 247; III: 7, 8, 9, 20, 24, 377-383
herbicide environmental exposure and, II: 241, 243; III: 380, 382
herbicide occupational exposure and, II: 237-243; III: 378-380, 381-382
histopathology, I: 527
incidence, data by race/gender, for selected age groups, III: 377
paper/pulp workers and, II: 143
production workers and, II: 237-238; III: 378-379
risk estimates, II: 240-241
scientific literature update, III: 378-380
Vietnam veterans' compensation, II: 24, 30, 31
Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 563; II: 231, 244
Vietnam veterans studies, III: 380, 382
See also Malignant lymphomas
Myeloid leukemia. See Leukemia
Myocardial infarction, I: 708
See also Cardiovascular disorders;
Circulatory disorders
N
NAS. See National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
Nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer
biologic plausibility, III: 292
clinical description, I: 457-458
epidemiologic studies, II: 6, 187-189; III: 290-291
epidemiology, I: 458-459; II: 187-188; III: 288-289
herbicide association in, I: 13, 19, 460, 577; II: 2, 6, 11, 12, 20, 89, 187-189, 249-250; III: 7, 10, 290-292
herbicide environmental exposure and, II: 189; III: 290, 291
herbicide occupational exposure and, II: 188-189; III: 290, 291
incidence, data by race/gender, for selected age groups, III: 289
scientific literature update, III: 290
treatment, I: 458
Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 460
Vietnam veterans studies, II: 189; III: 290, 291
Nasal olfactory mucosa, I: 130
National Academy of Sciences (NAS), I: 2, 28-29, 31, 43, 47, 51, 55, 57; II: 1, 17, 25, 29, 30, 63; III: 1, 23, 28, 146
National Cancer Institute (NCI), I: 9, 30, 37, 439; II: 231; III: 218, 363
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), III: 266
ICD-9 cancer codes, SEER program site groupings for, III: 537-539
National Death Index, II: 130, 152, 153
National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG), III: 492, 493
National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey HI (NHANES III), III: 498
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), III: 499
National Institute for Occupational Safety and ' Health (NIOSH), I: 8, 12, 36-37, 260, 264, 270, 285, 303-305, 443, 478, 479, 499, 564, 573, 577, 650-651, 686, 731; II: 13, 95, 101, 103, 105, 114-115, 128-129, 132, 178, 196, 206, 221, 229, 269, 270, 272, 273, 274, 275, 280, 309, 322, 350-351, 356, 357; III: 11, 12, 131, 144, 162, 170-171, 218, 219-220, 306, 310, 420, 421, 424, 425, 426, 428, 445, 449, 469, 481, 500, 502
National Institutes of Health (NIH), I: 92
National Library of Medicine, I: 735
National Medical Expenditures Survey (NMES), III: 243
National Occupational Mortality Surveillance System, III: 231, 470
National Personnel Records Center, I: 17, 77, 385, 724; II: 150, 152; III: 237, 242
National Research Council, I: 20, 62-64
National Technical Information Service, III: 29
National Toxicology Program, I: 139-141
National Veterans Legal Services Project, I: 60
National Vietnam Veterans Birth Defects/ Learning Disabilities Registry and Data Base, I: 741-742; II: 292-293
National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study, I: 79, 83, 655
Navy. See U.S. Navy
NCHS. See National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)
NCI. See National Cancer Institute (NCI)
NDDG. See National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG)
Nebraska, I: 9, 37, 332, 333-334, 535; II: 139, 231, 233-234, 241; III: 229, 363
Nebraska Lymphoma Study, II: 139
Neonatal death. See Perinatal death
Netherlands, I: 316-317, 323, 325-326, 443, 464, 468, 477, 558; II: 132-133, 179, 196, 199, 220, 226, 232, 238, 243, 269; III: 10, 223, 226, 230, 236, 348, 441-442, 490
Central Bureau of Statistics, II: 133
herbicide exposure assessment, III: 150-151
National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, II: 132-133
See also Rotterdam, Netherlands
Neural tube disorders, II: 297; III: 437-438
See also Birth defects;
Reproductive disorders;
Spina bifida
Neurasthenia, I: 649
See also Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders
Neurobehavioral toxicity
2,4-D, I: 180; II: 305; III: 473, 474
biologic plausibility, II: 314; III: 474-475
definition, II: 304
epidemiologic studies, II: 306, 307-308, 309-310, 311, 312-313, 314; III: 467-473
epidemiology, II: 304-305, 307; III: 466, 468
evidence in epidemiologic studies, II: 314; III: 473-474
herbicide association, II: 305-314; III: 3, 467-475
herbicide environmental exposure studies, II: 306; III: 467
herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: 306; III: 467
TCDD, II: 305, 307-308, 309, 310-311, 314; III: 469, 470-471, 474, 475
Vietnam veterans' increased risk, II: 305, 306, 314; III: 475-476
See also Ataxia;
Cognitive/ neuropsychiatric disorders;
Depressive disorders;
Motor/coordination dysfunction;
Neurological disorders;
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) disorders;
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD);
Stroke
Neuroblastoma, I: 594
children and, I: 628
Neurologic disorders
2,4-D in, I: 179; II: 48; III: 45-46, 473, 474
assessment issues, I: 14, 641-642
biologic plausibility, III: 474-475
childhood cancer, I: 628
classification of, I: 640; II: 304-305
cognitive and neuropsychiatric effects, I: 649-658; III: 468-469
epidemiologic studies, I: 44-45, 643-648; II: 141, 305, 307, 309; III: 467-473
herbicide association in, I: 14, 657, 661, 666; III: 467-476
herbicide occupational exposure studies and, I: 649-651, 658, 662-663; III: 467
motor/coordination dysfunction, I: 14, 658-662; III: 469-470
peripheral nervous system disorders, I: 662-666; III: 470-473
Seveso, Italy, studies, I: 365-366, 523; II: 141
TCDD in, I: 160-166; II: 3, 75; III: 84-85, 469, 470-471, 474, 475
Vietnam veterans' compensation, I: 55
Vietnam veterans' offspring and, I: 609, 660
Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 658, 662, 666; III: 475-476
See also Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders;
Motor/coordination dysfunction;
Neurobehavioral toxicity;
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) disorders
Newark, New Jersey, II: 128-129; III: 219, 220
New Brunswick, Canada, III: 234
New Hampshire, I: 341, 364; III: 232
New Jersey, I: 656, 695; II: 280; III: 243, 500
Agent Orange Commission, I: 60, 280-281, 401-402, 741; II: 292
See also Newark, New Jersey
New Mexico, I: 60, 402; III: 243
New York, I: 60, 364-365, 402-403, 444, 470, 495, 626; II: 202
See also Binghamton, New York;
Camp Drum, New York
New Zealand, I: 329-331, 373, 486, 490, 535-536, 552, 560-561; II:132, 134, 242; III: 226, 229
See also Northland, New Zealand
NHANES III. See National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey III (NHANES III)
NHIS. See National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)
NHL. See Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)
Nickel
respiratory cancer and latency, II: 269; III: 420
NIH. See National Institutes of Health (NIH)
NIOSH. See National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Nitro, West Virginia
industrial accident, I: 38-39, 305-307, 597, 607, 686, 700; II: 287; III: 152, 220, 318
NMES. See National Medical Expenditures Survey (NMES)
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)
2,4-D in, I: 256-257
age of onset, I: 436
agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 530-540; II: 135, 138, 139, 232-234; III: 364-365
biologic plausibility, III: 366
cytogenefic studies, III: 365-366
epidemiologic studies, I: 328, 329, 330, 331, 333-334, 335-338, 383, 384, 391-393, 401, 528-540, 573-574; II: 134-135, 138, 139, 231-234; III: 362-371
epidemiology, I: 526, 527; II: 231; III: 362
herbicide association in, I: 8-10, 548, 573-574; II: 5, 6, 20, 102, 108, 231-234, 247; III: 6, 7, 20, 24, 362-371
herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 540-541; II: 234; III: 365, 369
herbicide occupational exposure and, II: 232-234; III: 363-365, 367-369
histopathology, I: 526
incidence, data by race/gender, for selected age groups, III: 362
latency issues, III: 428-430
paper/pulp workers and, I: 540
production workers and, I: 9, 529-530, 548; II: 232; III: 363-364, 429
research recommendations, I: 19, 727
scientific literature update, II: 232-234; III: 363-366
Selected Cancers Study and, I: 234-235
Vietnam veterans and, I: 9, 401, 526, 541-548, 549; II: 231-232, 234; III: 363, 365, 370-371
Vietnam veterans' compensation, I: 51, 55-56; II: 24, 29, 30, 31
See also Malignant lymphomas
Nonmelanoma skin cancer. See Basal/ squamous cell skin cancer; Skin cancer
North America, II: 197; III: 510
Northeast Pharmaceutical and Chemical Corporation, I: 40
Northland, New Zealand, III: 234
Central Population Register, III: 225, 442
Medical Birth Registry, III: 225, 442
Population Registry, III: 236
See also Frierfjord, Norway
Null hypothesis, I: 225
O
Occupational herbicide exposure, I: 5, 303
acute and subacute transient peripheral neuropathy and, II: 312
agricultural/forestry workers, II: 183-184, 197-198, 232-234, 238-239, 241-243; III: 178-195, 224-232, 284-285, 335, 364-365, 379-380, 387-388
basal/squamous cell skin cancer and, III: 321, 323
birth defects and, II: 286-287; III: 437
bladder cancer and, III: 348, 350
bone cancer and, III: 303, 305
brain tumors and, III: 357-358, 360
breast cancer and, II: 214-216; III: 324-326, 328
breast cancer estimated risk, II: 218
cancer mortality, I: 443-444; II: 133, 134, 136, 137
cancer risk factor, I: 442; II: 133-135
cervical cancer and, III: 332
circulatory disorders and, III: 515-516
diabetes mellitus and, III: 496
epidemiologic studies, I: 303-365; II: 3, 6-7, 113-140; III: 170-196, 218, 219-232, 268-271, 274-280, 282-283, 284, 287, 290, 291, 293-294, 296-297, 300-301, 303, 305, 308-309, 312, 316, 317, 321, 323, 324-326, 328, 332-333, 335-336, 337, 338, 341, 344, 345, 348, 350, 353, 354, 357-378, 360, 363-365, 367-369, 372-373, 374-375, 378-380, 381-382, 386-388, 391-392, 437, 450, 454, 455, 456, 459, 467, 483-485, 489, 491, 496, 510-512, 515-516, 520
exposure assessment strategies, I: 253-256, 258-259, 262-267, 269-270; II: 5, 99-101, 107-108; III: 144-145, 150-156
exposure indices development, II: 107-108; III: 161-162
female reproductive system cancers and, III: 332-333
gastrointestinal/digestive disorders and, III: 510-512
gastrointestinal tract tumors and, II: 178-179; III: 268-271, 274-280
hepatobiliary cancer and, II: 182-184, 185, 186; III: 282-283, 284, 287
Hodgkin's disease and, II: 235-236; III: 372-373, 374-375
immune system disorders and, III: 489, 491
infant death and, III: 456
infertility and, III: 450
laryngeal cancer and, III: 293-294
leukemia and, III: 386-388, 391-392
lipid abnormalities and, III: 520
low birthweight and, III: 459
lung cancer and, III: 296-297, 300-301, 421, 422, 423, 424
multiple myeloma and, II: 237-243; III: 378-380, 381-382
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer and, II: 188-189; III: 290, 291
neonatal death and, III: 455
neural tube defects numbers, II: 297
neurobehavioral disorders association studies, II: 306; III: 467
non-Hodgkin's disease and, II: 232-234; III: 363-365, 367-369, 429
ovarian cancer and, III: 333
production workers, II: 182-183, 191, 193-197, 206-207, 232, 237-238; III: 170-178, 219-224, 284, 363-364, 378-379, 386-387, 420, 423, 426, 429
professional herbicide/pesticide applicators, II: 198-200; III: 182 -185, 226-228
prostate cancer and, II: 219-220, 222; III: 335-336, 337, 338, 341, 426, 427
pulp/paper workers, I: 37-38, 267, 341, 364, 443, 447, 454, 468, 516, 523, 540, 561-562, 568; II: 126-127, 184, 200, 243; III: 196, 232
renal cancers and, III: 353, 354
research recommendations, I: 15-16, 731
respiratory cancers and, II: 190, 191-200
respiratory disorders and, III: 483-485
sawmill workers, III: 10, 156, 227-228, 338, 439-440, 447-448, 449, 452, 453, 457
skin cancer and, III: 312
soft-tissue sarcomas, II: 206-207; III: 308-309
stillbirths and, III: 454
testicular cancer and, III: 344, 345
uterine cancer and, III: 333
Vietnam veteran exposure vs., I: 4, 285, 290
See also Herbicide exposure assessment;
Herbicides
Occupations. See Agricultural/forestry workers;
Highway workers;
Leather tanners;
Paper/pulp industry workers;
Production workers;
Professional herbicide/pesticide applicators;
Railroad workers;
Tannery workers
Odds ratio, I: 224, 234; II: 90; III: 126-127
Office of Technology Assessment, I: 19, 50, 52, 57, 728; II: 28; III: 26
OGTT. See Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
Ohio, I: 336, 550
See also Hancock County, Ohio
Olshan, Andrew, III: 25
Ontario, Canada, II: 199
Operation Ranch Hand, I: 3, 4, 15, 16-17, 24, 74; II: 5, 14, 18, 23, 54, 251, 293; III: 6, 11, 12, 22, 23, 37, 50, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139
application techniques, I: 25, 85-86, 87-88
epidemiologic studies, II: 31, 32, 150-152, 154-156; III: 28-29, 237, 438-439, 498
herbicide formulations, I: 88-91
herbicide surplus disposal, I: 93-94
herbicide volume used, data by type, III: 136
number of military personnel in, I: 94, 273
objectives, I: 85
operations data, I: 86, 87, 92, 106-107
questionnaires, self-administered, II: 109, 151
suspension of, I: 27, 31, 32, 92-93; II: 109
targeting procedures, I: 86
See also Air Force Health Study (AFHS)
Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), III: 498, 500
Oregon, I: 336-337, 341; II: 149; III: 230, 232, 234
See also Alsea, Oregon
Outreach activities
Vietnam veterans and, II: 31; III: 28
Ovarian cancer, I: 338-339, 506, 510-511; III: 333
herbicide association in, I: 13, 512; II: 6; III: 333
See also Reproductive system cancers, women
P
P450, I: 130, 144-145, 170, 709; II: 56, 70, 72, 74, 76; III: 220
PACER HO, I: 93
PAI-2. See Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-2)
Pancreatic cancer. See Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers
Paper/pulp industry workers
cancers in, I: 443,454, 468, 516, 523, 540, 568; II: 200
chemical exposures in, I: 37-38, 267; III: 155-156
epidemiologic studies, I: 38, 341,364; II: 126-127, 184, 200, 243; III: 196, 232
hepatobiliary cancer, II: 184
multiple myeloma and, II: 243
Parkinsonism, I: 661; II: 140, 149, 309-310; III: 469-470, 475
See also Motor/coordination dysfunction
PCBs. See Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
PCDDs. See Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs)
PCDFs. See Polychlorinated dibensofurans (PCDFs)
PCMR. See Proportionate cancer mortality ratio (PCMR)
PCP. See Pentachlorophenol (PCP)
PCT. See Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT)
Pennsylvania, I: 60, 403, 562; II: 244; III: 243
1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PnCDD), II: 64, 65
2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran (PnCDF), II: 64, 65
Pentachlorophenol (PCP), II: 320; III: 221, 511, 516
Pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (PROD)
TCDD and, II: 64
PEPCK. See Hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)
Perimeter spraying. See Ground/perimeter spraying
Perinatal death
biologic plausibility, III: 453, 458
definitions, I: 618-619; II: 284; III: 451
descriptive epidemiology, I: 619-620; II: 284-285; III: 451
epidemiologic studies, I: 620-624; II: 285-286; III: 451-453, 454, 455, 456
herbicide association in, I: 14, 624; II: 7, 11, 20, 278, 285-286; III: 451-454, 455, 456
herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 454, 455, 456
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 454, 455, 456
risk factors, I: 619-620
scientific literature update, II: 285; III: 452-453, 454, 456
TCDD biologic plausibility in, I: 624
Vietnam veterans and, II: 285; III: 454, 455, 456
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) disorders, I: 55, 662-666; II: 304, 312
acute and subacute transient peripheral neuropathy, II: 2, 6, 89, 311-314; III: 7, 8, 473
chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy, II: 89, 310-311; III: 470-472
epidemiologic studies, II: 310-311, 312-314; III: 470-473
herbicide association with, I: 666; II: 2, 6, 10, 11, 21, 89, 310-314; III: 7, 8, 21, 470-473
herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 663-665; II: 312-313
herbicide occupational exposure studies, I: 662-663; II: 312
methodology, II: 311-312
scientific literature update, II: 310-311; III: 471, 473
Seveso, Italy, residents and, II: 312-313
Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 666; II: 311, 313
See also Neurobehavioral toxicity;
Neurological disorders
Pesticide/herbicide applicators. See Professional herbicide/pesticide applicators
Pesticides. See Agricultural herbicides;
Desiccant herbicides;
Fungicides;
Herbicides;
Insecticides;
Phenoxy herbicides;
Selective herbicides
Pharmacokinetics
2,4-D, I: 175
2,4,5-T, I: 182
cacodylic acid, I: 186-187
picloram, I: 190
TCDD, I: 127-133, 260-261, 284; II: 53-54; III: 161
TCDD4-induced wasting syndrome, I: 162-166
Phenoxy herbicides, I: 8, 9, 10, 11, 27; III: 150, 151, 154, 222, 223, 422, 423, 429
action of, I: 27
See also Herbicides
Phenoxypropionic acids, I: 327
Phytar 560-G, I: 89
Picloram, I: 88, 90, 91; II: 4; III: 5, 19, 135, 136, 137, 218
acute toxicity, I: 191
animal studies, I: 189-192; III: 50, 396, 460
biologic plausibility, III: 460, 524
carcinogenicity, I: 118, 119, 190-191; II: 40; III: 396
chemical properties/structure, I: 111, 114-115, 189; II: 38; III: 32
chronic exposure, I: 191-192
developmental/reproductive toxicity, I: 192; II: 42; III: 460
domestic use, I: 189
genotoxicity, I: 191
immunotoxicity, I: 122-123, 192; II: 41
liver toxicity, I: 125; II: 42; III: 524
pharmacokinetics, I: 190
toxicity profile update, II: 51; III: 50
volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, III: 136
PKC. See Protein kinase C (PKC)
Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-2), II: 74
Plasmodium
TCDD exposure and, II: 68
Plausibility. See Biologic plausibility
Pleurisy, I: 711, 713
See also Respiratory disorders
PMR. See Proportionate mortality ratios (PMRs)
Pneumoconiosis, I: 713
See also Respiratory disorders
Pneumonia, I: 710, 713
See also Respiratory disorders
PNS. See Peripheral nervous system (PNS) disorders
Pointman Project, I: 60, 280, 401-402, 656
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), II: 64, 67, 68, 182, 329; III: 236, 515
Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), I: 126, 327; II: 53, 64, 133, 149, 320, 329; III: 153, 154, 156, 160, 221, 223, 236, 511, 515, 516
Polychlorinated dibensofurans (PCDFs), II: 53, 64, 68, 149, 320, 329; III: 153, 154, 160, 223, 236
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils, I: 148
Population characteristics. See Age and aging;
Gender;
Deaths;
Demographic data, Vietnam veterans;
Perinatal death;
Race/ethnicity
Porphyria, I: 153-154
Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT)
biological plausibility, II: 323; III: 482
clinical features, I: 679
epidemiologic studies, I: 680-682; II: 6, 129, 321-323; III: 481-482
epidemiology, II: 321; III: 480-481
herbicide association in, I: 10, 682; II: 5, 6, 10, 20, 129, 321-323; III: 7, 8, 20, 24, 481-482
scientific literature update, II: 322-323; III: 482
Vietnam veterans' compensation, I: 50, 55; II: 24, 28-29, 30, 31
Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 682-683; II: 321, 322, 323; III: 481, 482
See also Skin sensitivity
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), I: 397-398, 653-656, 658; II: 304, 308
See also Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders
Prague, Czechoslovakia, III: 224
Preterm delivery (PTD), III: 454, 455, 456-458, 459
See also Low birthweight
PROD. See Pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (PROD)
Production workers
bladder cancer, I: 513-517
brain cancer, I: 523
cancer mortality, I: 443-444; II: 133, 134, 270, 273, 274; III: 423, 426, 429
chemical industry production workers studies, I: 303-318; II: 114-118, 128-135, 171-175, 182-183, 191, 193-197, 206-207, 232, 237-238, 273-274, 275; III: 170-178, 219-224, 363-364, 378-379, 386-387, 422, 423, 426, 429
chloracne, I: 674-676
circulatory disorders, I: 700-701
diabetes mellitus, I: 684
epidemiologic studies, I: 36-37, 303-318; II: 113, 114-118, 128-135, 182-183, 191, 193-197, 232, 237-238; III: 170-178, 219-224, 284, 363-364, 378-379, 386-387
female reproductive/breast cancer, I: 508-510
gastrointestinal tract cancers, I: 447
gastrointestinal ulcers, I: 691
German herbicide employees, exposure assessment, II: 4-5, 105, 108; III: 423, 429
hepatic enzyme dysfunction, I: 686, 687
hepatobiliary cancers, I: 453-454, 455; II: 182-183; III: 284
herbicide exposure assessment, I: 264-265; II: 103, 105, 107-108; III: 150-154
Hodgkin's disease, I: 9
immune system disorders, I: 697-698
International Register of Workers Exposed to Phenoxy Herbicides, II: 131-135; III: 175-177, 222-223
latency and cancer, II: 269, 270, 272, 273-274, 275; III: 422, 423, 426, 429
leukemia, I: 564-566, 570-571; III: 386-387
lipid abnormalities, I: 688-689
multiple myeloma, I: 557-578; II: 237-238; III: 378-379
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancers, I: 458, 459
neurologic/neuropsychiatric disorders, I: 649, 650-651, 662-663
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, I: 9, 529-530, 548; II: 134, 135, 232; III : 363-364, 429
porphyria cutanea tarda, I: 680; II: 129
prostate cancer, I: 518; II: 273-274, 275; III: 426, 427
renal cancer, I: 515
reproductive outcomes, I: 596-598, 607, 620, 621
respiratory cancer, I: 10, 461-466, 471; II: 191, 193-197, 269, 270, 272; III: 423
respiratory disorders, I: 709-710
skin cancer, I: 502
soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 8, 477-479, 499; II: 132, 134-135, 206-207
testicular cancer, I: 519
See also Industrial accidents
Professional herbicide/pesticide applicators
cancer in, I: 320-321, 323, 325-326, 443, 447, 466-468, 488, 491; II: 137-138, 198-200; III: 422
epidemiologic studies, I: 323-326, 447, 466-468; II: 120-126, 137-140; III: 182-185, 226-228
Finland respiratory cancer mortality and latency, II: 271; III: 422
herbicide exposure assessment, I: 266-267; II: 107-108; III: 155
reproductive outcomes, I: 324-325
See also Herbicide application methods;
Herbicides
Prolactin, I: 165
Proportionate cancer mortality ratio (PCMR), II: 179, 183, 197-198, 203, 204-205, 207, 210, 212, 216, 219, 224, 226, 227, 229, 233, 235, 246
Proportionate mortality ratio (PMR), I: 232-233; II: 161, 180, 185, 208, 225, 230, 234, 236, 242, 246; III: 417-418, 428
Prostate cancer
biologic plausibility, III: 343
epidemiologic studies, I: 518-519; II: 6, 219-223; III: 335-342
epidemiology, I: 513,514-515; II: 217, 219; III: 334
herbicide association in, I: 10, 11, 519-521, 575-576; II: 2, 6, 8-9, 20, 89, 217-223, 247; III: 7, 8, 9, 20, 335-343
herbicide environmental exposure studies, II: 221, 222; III: 336, 338, 342
herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: 219-220, 222; III: 335-336, 337, 338, 341
histopathology, I: 513
incidence, data by race, for selected age groups, III: 334
latency issues, II: 13, 14; III: 426-428
mortality and latency, II: 273, 274, 275; III: 426, 427
research recommendations, I: 19, 727
risk, estimated, II: 222-223
scientific literature update, III: 336-339
Seveso, Italy, male mortality and latency, II: 275, III: 336, 338, 427
Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 11, 518, 519, 522; II: 221, 223; III: 343, 431
Vietnam veterans studies, III: 336, 338, 339, 340, 342
See also Genitourinary cancers
Protein kinase C (PKC), II: 4, 52, 59, 60, 61, 62; III: 65-67, 105
Psychiatric disorders
assessment for, I: 641
epidemiologic studies, I: 649-657
herbicide association in, I: 14, 657
posttraumatic stress disorder, I: 397-398, 653-656, 658
PTD. See Preterm delivery (PTD)
PTSD. See Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Public concern, I: 1, 2, 23-24, 29-32, 35-36, 39
federal government response to, I: 45-60; II: 27-32; III: 25-30
Public Law 96-151, I: 50, 52, 57; II: 28; III: 26, 240
Public Law 97-72, I: 50; II: 28; III: 26, 240
Public Law 98-542, I: 50-51; II: 28-29; III: 26-27
Public Law 99-272, I: 50; II: 28; III: 26
Public Law 102-4, I: 2, 7, 20, 21, 51, 572, 721, 728-730; II: 1, 5, 17, 19, 29, 97, 247; III: 1, 6, 14, 17, 20, 124, 132, 390, 397, 462, 475, 519, 525
Public Law 102-585, II: 28; III: 26
Public Law 103-452, II: 28; III: 26
Public Law 104-204, III: 24, 26
Pulmonary system
TCDD absorption, I: 129
Vietnam veterans' disorders, I: 402
See also Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD);
Respiratory cancers;
Respiratory disorders
Q
QSAR models. See Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models
Quail Run mobile home park, I: 268, 369-370, 455, 665, 681, 687, 694; II: 144, 184; III: 200-201, 234, 283
Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models, III: 106
Questionnaires, II: 109, 136, 150, 292
R
RA. See Retinoic acid (RA)
Race/ethnicity
acute lymphocytic leukemia incidence, data by race, III: 384
acute myeloid leukemia incidence, data by race, III: 384
bladder cancer incidence, data by race, III: 347
bone cancer incidence, data by race, III: 302
brain tumor incidence, data by race, III: 356
breast cancer incidence, data by race. III: 324
cancer studies and, II: 179, 180, 181, 183, 214, 219, 227, 237
chronic lymphocytic leukemia incidence, data by race, III: 384
chronic myeloid leukemia incidence, data by race, III: 384
diabetes prevalence, data by race, III: 492
female reproductive system cancer incidence, data by race, III: 330
gastrointestinal tract cancer incidence, data by race and cancer type, III: 267
Hodgkin's disease incidence, data by race, III: 372
laryngeal cancer incidence, data by race, III: 292
leukemia incidence, data by type and race, III: 384
liver/intrahepatic bile duct cancer incidence, by race, III: 282
lung cancer incidence, data by race, III: 296
melanoma incidence, data by race, III: 313
multiple myeloma incidence, data by race, III: 377
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer incidence, data by race. III: 289
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma incidence, data by race, III: 362
prostate cancer incidence, data by race, III: 334
renal cancers incidence, data by race, III: 352
soft-tissue sarcoma incidence, data by race, III: 306
testicular cancer incidence, data by race, III: 343
Vietnam veterans, I: 81, 82, 83, 84; II: 180
See also Alaskan natives;
Asian Americans;
Demographic data, Vietnam veterans
Radiation exposure, I: 564, 595
Radon daughters
respiratory cancer and latency, II: 268; III: 418
Railroad workers, I: 323-324, 467, 486, 649-650, 658
Ranch Hand study. See Air Force Health Study (AFHS)
RARb. See Retinoic acid receptor b (RARb)
Reagan, Ronald, III: 26
Rectal cancer. See Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers
Registries. See Agent Orange Registry (AOR);
Dioxin Registry;
European registry;
National Vietnam Veterans Birth Defects/Learning Disabilities Registry and Data Base
Regression analysis, II: 281
Relative risk, I: 224, 229, 230, 239, 258; II: 90, 178, 264, 265, 266, 271, 275, 297, 351, 356; III: 126-127, 412, 413, 414, 415, 418, 420, 422, 426-427, 428, 430-431
Renal cancer
See Kidney cancer
Renal toxicity
cacodylic acid and, II: 50-51
Reproductive disorders
2,4-D in, I: 180-181; II: 42, 280-282; III: 46, 460, 461-462
2,4,5-T in, I: 185; II: 42, 280-282, 287; III: 462
animal studies, I: 123-124; III: 460-462
biologic plausibility, II: 300; III: 444, 451, 453, 458, 460-462
cacodylic acid in, I: 189; II: 42
epidemiologic studies, III: 436, 437-438, 443, 445-449, 450, 451-453, 454, 455, 456-457, 459
herbicide association in, I: 13-14, 605, 634; II: 6, 7, 278-279, 300-301; III: 3, 434-435, 436-444, 445-454, 455, 456-458, 459
male-mediated, I: 593-595; III: 444-451
methodological approach to study of, I: 591-592
occupational risk factors, I: 594-595
picloram in, I: 192; II: 42; III: 462
Ranch Hand study, I: 758-762; II: 293-295; III: 436, 438, 439, 446-447, 449, 452-453, 457-458
research recommendations, I: 727
TCDD in, I: 123-124, 156-159; II: 3, 41-42, 71-72, 282, 285-286; III: 92-105, 446-449, 460-461, 462
Vietnam veterans' increased disease risk, II: 278, 298, 300-301; III: 444, 462
See also Birth defects;
Hydatidiform mole;
Hydrocephalus;
Hypospadias;
Infertility;
Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR);
Low birthweight;
Neural tube defects;
Perinatal death;
Preterm delivery (PTD);
Reproductive system cancers, women;
Sperm parameter disorders;
Spontaneous abortion
Reproductive system cancers, women, I: 13, 14, 505-512, 577; II: 6
biologic plausibility, III: 334
epidemiologic studies, I: 508-512; II: 211-213; III: 330-334
epidemiology, I: 505, 506-508; II: 211; III: 329-330
herbicide association in, I: 13, 14, 512, 577; II: 6, 11, 20, 211-213, 249-250; III: 7, 10, 330-334
herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 333
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 332-333
histopathology, I: 506
incidence and mortality statistics, II: 211; III: 329-330
scientific literature update, II: 212; III: 331-332
Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 512; II: 211, 213; III: 334
Vietnam veterans studies, III: 333
See also Breast cancer;
Ovarian cancer;
Reproductive disorders;
Uterine cancer
Request for Proposals (RFP), II: 25, 26; III: 6, 126, 150
Research
Department of Veterans Affairs efforts, II: 29-30; III: 27-28
experimental studies update, II: 43-45
herbicide exposure and cancer latency, literature review, II: 266-275; III: 416-431
herbicide exposure assessment strategies, recent literature, II: 104-109; III: 157-162
publication bias, II: 95-96; III: 131
Research needs
biomarkers, I: 17, 725; II: 25
cost of, I: 727
health outcome priorities, I: 19, 726-727
herbicide exposure assessment, I: 4, 15, 16-17, 287-290, 291, 721-722, 724-728
herbicide occupational exposure data, I: 731
Hodgkin's disease, I: 19, 727
military records, I: 17, 724-725; II: 24-25
motor/coordination dysfunction, I: 660-661
neurobehavioral functioning, I: 657
recommendations, I: 15-21, 721-731; II: 23-24; III: 23
research management, I: 16, 17-18, 723-724, 726
risk assessment, I: 731
serum mandated testing, I: 21, 730
Vietnamese population studies, I: 731
Respiratory cancers
agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 466; II: 197-198
arsenic and, latency, II: 268; III: 420
asbestos and. latency, II: 268; III: 420
epidemiologic studies, I: 461-472; II: 189-203
epidemiology, I: 460-461; II: 189-191
Finland male herbicide/pesticide applicators' mortality and latency, II: 271; III: 422
gamma rays and, latency, II: 268; III: 418
herbicide association in, I: 10-11, 19, 574-575; II: 6, 8, 20, 89, 189-203, 247, 269-273; III: 7, 8, 9, 20, 24
herbicide environmental exposure and, II: 190, 193, 200-201
herbicide occupational exposure and, II: 190, 191-200
latency issues, II: 13-14, 268-273; III: 418, 420-426
literature review, II: 269-272; III: 420-424
nickel and, latency, II: 269; III: 420
paper/pulp workers and, I: 468-469; II: 200
production workers and, I: 461-466; II: 191, 193-197; III: 420, 422, 423, 42
professional herbicide/pesticide applicators, II: 198-199
radon daughters and, latency, II: 268; III: 418
relative mortality and latency, II: 270; III: 421, 422, 423, 424
risk estimates, II: 190, 192-193
risk factors, I: 461
Seveso, Italy, men, lung cancer mortality, II: 271; III: 422, 424
Seveso, Italy, outcomes, I: 469
smoking and, latency, II: 268; III: 418
Vietnam veterans' compensation, I: 55; II: 24, 30, 31
Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 460-461, 469-470, 472; II: 190, 201-202, 203; III: 430-431
See also Laryngeal cancer; Lung cancer
Respiratory disorders
biologic plausibility, III: 486
epidemiologic studies, II: 324-326; III: 483-486
epidemiology, III: 482-483
herbicide association in, I: 14, 713; II: 7, 11, 21, 324-236; III: 3, 483-486
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 483-485
paper/pulp mill workers and, I: 341, 364
production workers and, I: 709-710
research methodology, I: 708-709, 712-713; II: 324
scientific literature update, II: 325; III: 483-486
TCDD in, I: 170, 472, 709-710, 712, 713-714; III: 484
Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 713-714; III: 485-486
See also Asthma;
Bronchitis;
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD);
Emphysema;
Influenza;
Pleurisy;
Pneumoconiosis;
Pneumonia;
Respiratory cancers;
Tuberculosis
Retinoic acid (RA), II: 73; III: 53, 73, 98
Retinoic acid receptor b (RARb), II: 73
RFP. See Request for Proposals (RFP)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA), II: 55, 58, 59, 62, 74, 75; III: 80, 82, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104
Risk assessment methodology, I: 5, 221, 246
EPA dioxin research, I: 59-60
predisposing factors, I: 731
relative risk determination, I: 224, 229, 258; II: 351, 356
standardized mortality ratio in, I: 229-230
strength of association in, I: 239
terminology, I: 224
Vietnam veterans' disease risk estimation, II: 349-357
Vietnam veterans' TCDD concentrations with time after exposure, II: 356-357
Vietnam veterans' TCDD serum levels back-extrapolated to measure dose, II: 357
Vietnam veterans' TCDD serum levels linear extrapolation, II: 356
Vietnam veterans' TCDD serum levels use to estimate disease risk, II: 350-357
Risk assessment, Vietnam veterans, I: 5, 14-15, 221, 225-226, 246, 247-248, 578; II: 14, 22-23, 91; III: 14-15, 22-23, 127-128, 475-476, 525
birth defects, I: 618; II: 298, 300-301
bone cancer, I: 474-475
breast cancer risk, II: 218; III: 329
cancer, I: 440, 442-443, 578; II: 251, 276; III: 397, 430-431
cancer in offspring, I: 630-631
chloracne. I: 678-679; II: 321
circulatory disorders, I: 708
diabetes mellitus, I: 692; III: 503
disease risk methodology, II: 349-357
female reproductive system cancers, I: 512; III: 334
fetal/infant death, I: 625
gastrointestinal cancers, I: 452
genitourinary tract cancers, I: 522
hepatic enzyme disorders, I: 692
hepatobiliary cancers, I: 457; II: 187
Hodgkin's disease, I: 557
immune system disorders, I: 699; III: 491
leukemia, I: 571-572
linear extrapolation of exposure and risk, II: 356
lipid abnormalities, I: 692; III: 507-508
low-birthweight outcomes, I: 628
motor/coordination dysfunction, I: 662
multiple myeloma, I: 563
nasal/nasopharyngeal, I: 460
neuropsychiatric outcomes, I: 658
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, I: 549
peripheral nervous system disorders, I: 666; II: 314
porphyria cutanea tarda, I: 682-683; II: 323
prostate cancer risk, II: 223; III: 343
reproductive outcomes, I: 634; II: 300-301
respiratory cancer, I: 472; II: 190, 192-193
respiratory disorders, I: 713-714
skin cancer, I: 505
soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 500
spina bifida in offspring, II: 298, 301
spontaneous abortion, I: 605
TCDD concentrations with time after exposure, II: 356-357
TCDD serum levels back-extrapolated to measure dose, II: 357
TCDD serum levels linear extrapolation, II: 356
TCDD serum levels use to estimate disease risk, II: 350-357
RNA. See Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Rotterdam, Netherlands, III: 236
Rung Sat Special Zone, Vietnam, I: 100, 104, 105, 106
Russia, II: 319
See also USSR
S
Salmonella
TCDD exposure and, II: 68
Saskatchewan, Canada, II: 135-136, 200, 232, 242, 246, 325; III: 232
Sawmills. See Lumber industry
Schistosoma haematobium, III: 347
Seasonal factors
herbicide distribution and, I: 26, 87
SEER program. See Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program
Selected Cancers Study
exposure assessment use, II: 101; III: 146, 231, 240
hepatobiliary cancers, II: 185; III: 283
Hodgkin's disease in, I: 554-556
liver cancer in, I: 455
methodology, I: 57, 234-235, 243, 258, 391-393, 440, 527
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, I: 459; II: 189
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in, I: 9, 541-543, 573; II: 231
soft-tissue sarcoma in, I: 493, 498
Selective herbicides, I: 24, 88
See also Herbicides
Self-Report Symptom Inventory, I: 641
Senate Committee on Veterans Affairs, II: 24, 27-28; III: 23-24, 25
Serontonergic system, I: 166
Serum levels, TCDD, I: 4, 19, 21, 261, 281-285, 289, 290, 725, 728, 729, 742-743; II: 4-5, 104-106; III: 140-142, 146-147
back-extrapolated serum TCDD as measure of dose, II: 357
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention validation study, I: 281-284; II: 103, 104
concentrations of TCDD with time after exposure, II: 356-357; III: 159-161
estimated mean maximum levels, II: 252-255
latency results, linear extrapolation from long exposure, II: 356
measurement technique, I: 260; II: 349-350
pharmocokinetics, I: 259-261
recommendations, I: 20-21
significance of, I: 4, 19, 261, 284-285, 289, 290, 725, 742-743; II: 4-5, 102-106, 108-109
testing, mandated, I: 728, 729
Vietnam veterans disease risk estimation, use for, II: 350-357
Services HERBS tapes. See HERBS tapes
Seveso, Italy; III: 9
accidental contamination in, I: 43; II: 140-141; III: 232-233
birth defects, II: 287; III: 436
bladder cancer, I: 517; II: 226-227; III: 348, 349
bone cancer, III: 303
brain tumors, I: 523; II: 230; III: 356, 358
breast cancer, II: 216; III: 324-326, 327
cancer incidence, II: 141, 148
cancer mortality, I: 444; III: 422, 424
childhood cancer, II: 299-300
child mortality study, II: 147
chloracne, I: 267-268, 366-367
circulatory disorders, I: 701-702
diabetes mellitus, III: 495
epidemiologic studies, I: 44-45, 63, 365-368; II: 113, 141-143, 148; III: 130, 197-200, 232-233, 283, 285, 290, 296, 297-298, 303, 307, 309, 314, 318, 325-326, 327, 330, 331, 332, 336, 338, 344, 348, 349, 352, 353, 356, 358, 363, 365, 372, 373, 380, 385, 386, 388-389, 390, 436, 449, 495, 505
exposure assessment, I: 267-268, 285, 598-599; II: 4-5, 103, 105-106; III: 150, 156, 158, 160-161, 162
female reproductive cancers, I: 511; II: 211-212, 213; III: 330, 331, 332
gastrointestinal tract tumors, II: 177, 180; III: 271, 273
gastrointestinal ulcers, I: 691
hepatic enzyme disorders, I: 686-687
hepatobiliary cancers, II: 184; III: 283, 285
Hodgkin's disease, II: 236; III: 372, 373
immune modulation, I: 695
infertility, III: 449
latency and cancer risk, II: 271, 272, 273, 274, 275; III: 13, 408, 414, 420, 422, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 430
leukemia, I: 13, 569-570, 571; II: 245-246; III: 385, 386, 388-389, 390
lipid abnormalities, I: 689; III: 505
liver cancer, I: 454-455
liver disorders, I: 367
lung cancer, I: 469; II: 271; III: 296, 297-298, 299, 422, 424
mortality studies, I: 652; II: 141, 271, 272-273, 275; III: 422, 424, 426, 427
multiple myeloma, I: 562; II: 243; III: 380
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, II: 189; III: 290
neurological disorders, II: 141
neuropsychiatric outcomes, I: 651-652
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, I: 540-541; II: 234; III: 363, 365
peripheral nervous system disorders, I: 663-664; II: 10, 312-313
porphyria cutanea tarda, I: 680-681
prostate cancer, I: 11; II: 9, 221, 248, 274, 275; III: 336, 338, 426, 427
renal cancer, II: 225; III: 352, 353
reproductive outcomes/toxicity, I: 598-599; II: 72; III: 436, 449
respiratory cancer, II: 200-201, 269, 272; III: 422, 424
respiratory outcomes, I: 710
response to accident, I: 43-44
skin cancer, I: 503; II: 12, 209, 210; III: 314, 318
soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 491-492; II: 206, 207, 208; III: 307, 309
SFR. See Standardized fertility ratio (SFR)
SGOT. See Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
SGPT. See Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Shanghai, China. II: 188
Silvex, I: 309, 324; II: 128: III: 219
Skaraborg, Sweden, III: 234
Skin cancer
animal studies, I: 141, 142-143
biologic plausibility for TCDD, I: 503
clinical features, I: 501, 502
epidemiologic studies. I: 502-503; II: 209-211; III: 312-313
epidemiology, I: 501-502; II: 209; III: 312, 313
herbicide association in, I: 12, 576; II: 7, 11-12, 21, 209-211, 249-250; III: 8, 10, 21, 312
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 312
TCDD in, I: 141, 142-143, 502-503; II: 209-211; III: 313-316, 317, 319, 320, 322
Vietnam veterans and, II: 209; III: 312
See also Basal/squamous cell skin cancer;
Melanoma
Skin sensitivity
2,4-D and, I: 181
picloram and, I: 192
TCDD and, I: 172-174
See also Chloracne;
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Sleep disorders, I: 650
SMRs. See Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs)
Social Security Administration, II: 130, 152, 153
Society for Epidemiologic Research, II: 25
Soft-tissue sarcoma (STS), I: 311, 314
age of onset, I: 436
agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 322, 326-328, 329-330, 335-336, 337, 339-340
biologic plausibility of TCDD in, I: 500; III: 311
case-control studies, I: 481-491
children and, I: 628
clinical features. I: 475, 476
epidemiologic studies, I: 231, 476, 477-500; II: 132, 134-135, 205-208; III: 306-310, 311
epidemiology, I: 475; II: 205; III: 304, 306
herbicide association in, I: 8, 9-10, 500, 572-573; II: 5, 6, 20, 205-208, 247; III: 6, 7, 20, 24, 306-310, 311
herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: 375, 383, 384; II: 207-208; III: 309
herbicide occupational exposure studies, III: 308-309
incidence, data by race/gender, for selected age groups, III: 306
pesticide applicators and, I: 491
production workers and, I: 8, 477-479, 499; II: 132, 134-135, 206-207
research recommendations, I: 19, 727
scientific literature update, II: 206-208; III: 308-310
Vietnam veterans and, I: 395-396, 401, 475, 492-498, 500; II: 205, 208; III: 309-310
Vietnam veterans' compensation, I: 51, 55, 56; II: 24, 29, 30, 31
See also Kaposi's sarcoma;
Leiomyosarcomas
South America, III: 510
Southeast Asia, II: 181, 188, 294, 295; III: 29, 237, 239, 241, 243, 282, 289, 318, 321, 452
South Korea, I: 61-62; II: 108-109
Soviet Union. See Russia;
USSR
Special Forces. See U.S. Special Forces
Sperm parameter disorders
altered sperm parameters, I: 631, 632, 633-634; II: 7, 11, 20; III : 444-451
See also Reproductive disorders
Spina bifida, I: 609, 611, 612; II: 6, 295-296
Vietnam veterans' offspring, II: 9-10, 296, 298, 309; III: 7, 8, 9-10, 21, 24-25, 437-438
See also Birth defects;
Neural tube defects
Spontaneous abortion, I: 592
agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 336-337
Alsea, Oregon, case, I: 42-43, 372-373, 598
definition, I: 595-596; II: 282
epidemiologic data, quality of, I: 603-605
epidemiologic studies, II: 283
epidemiology, II: 282-283
herbicide association in, I: 14, 605; II: 7, 20, 278, 283-284
herbicide environmental exposure and, I: 598-599
herbicide occupational exposure and, I: 596-598
maternal risk factors, I: 596
Ranch Hand participants, II: 283-284
risk factors, I: 594
scientific literature update, II: 283-284
Vietnamese civilians and, I: 599-601
Vietnam veterans' increased risk, II: 283
Vietnam veterans' wives and, I: 405-406, 601-603
See also Reproductive disorders
Standardized fertility ratio (SFR), III: 448
Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs)
cancer studies, II: 134, 136, 137, 178, 182, 183, 191, 193, 194, 195, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204, 206, 269, 270, 271, 273, 274; III: 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 429
role of, I: 229-230
State governments, I: 60
Vietnam veterans epidemiologic studies by, I: 399-405, 495-496; II:153, 158-159, 161, 202, 292; III: 213-215, 243-244
See also specific state
Stillbirth. See Perinatal death
Stomach
cancer, I: 446, 447; II: 7, 12; III: 274-275
TCDD effects in, I: 169
See also Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers
Streptococcus pneumoniae
TCDD exposure and, II: 68
Stroke
herbicide exposure risk, I: 658, 659, 660
See also Motor/coordination dysfunction;
Neurobehavioral toxicity
STS. See Soft-tissue sarcoma (STS)
Subcommittee on Hospitals and Health Care, III: 25
Substance abuse, I: 655
Suicide, I: 398, 650, 655-656
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, I: 336,439-440, 506; II: 205, 213; III: 229, 266, 313
ICD-9 cancer codes, site groupings for, III: 537-539
Sweden, I: 8, 9, 13, 37, 322-323, 326-329, 375, 443, 444, 447, 467, 479, 480, 481, 482-486, 490, 510, 528-529, 530-533, 539, 548, 551-553, 561, 572-573; II: 138, 183-184, 185, 197, 198, 199, 209, 215, 231, 233, 235-236, 242-243; III: 226, 228-229, 236, 271-272, 285, 297, 306, 308, 309, 310, 314, 315, 317, 319, 325, 338, 340, 349, 353, 358, 363, 372, 484, 515
Cancer Environment Register, III: 224
Cancer Registry, III: 224, 228, 229
Lund University Hospital, III: 229
Orebro Medical Center Hospital, III: 229
Regional Cancer Registry, II: 138; III: 228, 229
Umea Department of Oncology, II: 138; III: 228
University Hospital, Linkoping, II: 138; III: 228, 229
University Hospital, Umea, III: 228
See also Skaraborg, Sweden;
Umea, Sweden;
Uppsala, Sweden
Switzerland, II: 134
Systemic autoimmune disease, I: 697-699
See also Autoimmune disease;
Immune system disorders
Systemic lupus erythematosus, I: 697
See also Autoimmune disease;
Immune system disorders
T
2,4,5-T. See 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)
Movement Disorders Clinic, National Taiwan University Hospital, III : 231
Tasmania, I: 418, 603; II: 293; III: 244
TCDD. See Serum levels, TCDD;
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
TCDD biologic plausibility
Ah receptor in, I: 133-138
animal carcinogenicity studies, I: 138-146, 439; III: 394, 396
brain tumors and, I: 525
cancer, II: 176
cardiovascular toxicity, I: 171
childhood cancer and, I: 630
chloracne and, I: 172-174, 678; II: 320-321; III: 480
cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders and, II: 314
diabetes mellitus, III: 502-503
fetal/infant death and, I: 624
gastrointestinal toxicity, I: 169-170, 451; III: 513-514
genitourinary tract cancers and, I: 521-522
hepatobiliary cancers and, I: 457
Hodgkin's disease and, I: 557
immune system disorders and, I: 122, 146-151, 699; III: 523-524
leukemia and, I: 571
lipid abnormalities, III: 507
liver disease, III: 522-524
motor/coordination dysfunction and, I: 661; II: 314
multiple myeloma and, I: 563
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer and, I: 460
neurological disorders and, I: 160-166; III: 474, 475
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and, I: 549
peripheral neuropathy and, II: 314
porphyria cutanea tarda and, I: 682; II: 323
reproductive disorders and, I: 123-124, 156-159, 605, 618, 634; II: 282; III: 460-461, 462
respiratory toxicity, I: 170
skin cancer and, I: 503
soft-tissue sarcoma and, I: 500
See also Biologic plausibility;
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
T cell function, I: 147-148, 151; II: 3
autoimmunity and, I: 697
immune modulation and, I: 694, 695
TCDD and, II: 68-70
Vietnam veterans and, I: 698
TCP. See 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol (TCP)
TEC. See Toxic equivalent concentration (TEC)
Tecumseh, Michigan, III: 235, 388
TEFs. See Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs)
Teq factors. See Dioxin toxic equivalent factors (Teq factors)
Teratogenicity, I: 57, 62, 606-607
2,4-D, I: 180-181
2,4,5-T. I: 185, 373-374; II: 4
cacodylic acid, I: 189
picloram, I: 192
TCDD, I: 28, 30, 123, 159-160, 185, 368, 370, 372; III: 461
viral potential, I: 607
See also Birth defects
Testicular cancer, I: 405
biologic plausibility, III: 347
epidemiologic studies, I: 519; II: 153, 227-228; III: 343-346
epidemiology, I: 515; II: 223-224; III: 343
herbicide association in, I: 13, 521; II: 7, 11, 20, 227-228, 249-250; III: 7, 10, 343-347
herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 344, 345
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 344, 345
histopathology, I: 513
incidence, data by race, for selected age groups, III: 343
scientific literature update, II: 227-228; III: 344, 346
Vietnam veterans' risk, I: 519, 522; II: 153, 223-224, 227, 228
Vietnam veterans studies, III: 343-344, 345-346
See also Genitourinary cancers
Testimony, I: 739-756; II: 343-348; III: 533-536
Testosterone, I: 123, 157-158; II: 280, 281, 282
Tetrachlorobenzene, I: 28
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), III: 5, 19
acute toxicity, II: 75-76
Ah receptor interaction, I: 3, 114, 118, 122, 123, 133-138, 150, 151, 152, 159-160, 439, 452-453, 457; II: 3-4, 51-53, 54-56, 57-62, 176; III: 33, 34, 35, 53, 54-58-61, 62-69, 129
animal studies, I: 111-114, 138-142, 477; II: 3-4, 12, 51-77; III: 4-5, 33, 34-36, 37, 40-43, 54-58, 62-63, 67-69, 74-105, 128, 129, 130, 394, 396, 460-461, 474, 475, 482, 501, 522-523
anti-estrogenicity and, I: 512; II: 62; III: 67-69
autoimmunity and, I: 697-699
bioavailability, I: 128-129
biological consequences of activation, II: 57; III: 61-62
biomarkers, I: 4, 17, 259-262, 725; II: 101-104; III: 146-147
bladder cancer association, II: 225-227; III: 347-348
body burdens, III: 107-108
body temperature regulation and, I: 169
bone cancer association, II: 204-205; III: 303
brain distribution, I: 160-161
brain tumors association, II: 229, 230; III: 357, 358
breast cancer association, II: 215-217; III: 327, 329
carcinogenesis promoter capability, I: 116, 142-143, 434, 439
carcinogenicity, I: 28-29, 116-118, 138-146, 439, 451; II: 3, 39-40, 65-68, 175, 176; III: 265, 394, 396, 430-431
cardiovascular toxicity, I: 171; II: 76; III: 74-75
cell proliferation capability of, I: 145; II: 3, 67
chemical properties, I: 28, 114, 127
chemical significant interactions, II: 64-65; III: 69-71
chemical structure, I: 125-126; II: 38
chloracne and, I: 4, 10, 28, 172-173, 262; II: 3, 5, 6, 317-321; III: 479-480
circulatory disorders and, I: 701-708; II: 336-337; III: 514, 515-516, 518
cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders and, II: 308
concerns about, I: 1, 2, 23-24, 28-32, 35-36; II: 2, 17, 18, 19, 26-27; III: 3-5, 12, 13, 14
corticosteroids and, I: 168, 171-172
cytochrome P4501A2 and, I: 130, 144-145, 170, 709
dermal toxicity, II: 76; III: 73-74
developmental toxicity, I: 123-124, 149, 156-157, 159-160, 185; II: 3, 41-42, 71, 72-73; III: 92-105
diabetes mellitus and, I: 683; II: 330-331; III: 494, 495, 500-501, 502
dietary significant interactions, II: 64
dioxin categorization, I: 23n, 125
DNA binding capability and transcription activation and, II: 56-57; III: 58-61
dose-response relationships, I: 111-114, 122, 128-129, 130, 137-138, 445, 673, 696; II: 318
endocrine effects, III: 83-84
environmental exposure assessment, I: 262-263, 267-270; II: 140-149, 179-180, 184, 186. 190, 193, 200-201, 221, 222, 234, 236, 243; III: 156-157, 232-233, 234, 235-236, 297-298, 303
environmental persistence, I: 288
enzyme induction of, II: 3, 66-67
estrogen-mediation of carcinogenesis, I: 144-145
excretion, I: 132-133
exposure assessment issues, II: 4-5, 104-106; III: 140-142, 144, 157-158, 159-161
exposure sources, I: 127
fatty acid biosynthesis and, I: 168-169
female reproductive system/breast cancers and, I: 512; II: 211-213; III: 331, 332
free radicals, II: 59; III: 64-65
gastrointestinal toxicity, I: 169-170, 447-452, 690-692; II: 177-181; III: 268-272, 511
gastrointestinal ulcers and, II: 334-335; III: 510
genotoxicity, I: 118, 143-144; II: 3
growth factor and, II: 59
H4IIE-luc cells and, III: 107
half-life, I: 129, 260-261; II: 104-105; III: 157-158
hepatic enzyme disorders and, I: 155-156, 685-688, 691-692
hepatobiliary cancers and, I: 457; II: 181-187; III: 283-285
hepatotoxicity, II: 3, 73-75; III: 76-79
herbicide contaminant capacity, I: 2, 3, 27, 91-92, 114, 126-127; II: 2, 3, 26; III: 1, 3, 5, 6, 140-142
hexachlorophene manufacture and, I: 40
Hodgkin's lymphoma and, II: 5, 6, 235, 236; III: 372-373
hypoglycemia and, I: 166-168
immune modulation and, I: 694-696; II: 328-329; III: 488, 489, 490, 491
immunotoxicity, I: 119-122, 146-151, 338, 477; II: 3, 40-41, 68-71; III: 85-92
infertility association, II: 282
inflammatory responses and, I: 148
interactions, significant, III: 69-71
intracellular communication of, II: 3, 67-68
latency issues, II: 13-14, 269, 270, 272; III: 420, 421, 423, 424, 425, 426, 429, 431
lethality, III: 71-73
leukemia association, II: 246; III: 386-388, 390
lipid abnormalities and, I: 688-690; II: 333-334; III: 505, 506,507
liver toxicity, I: 115-116, 124, 138-139, 142, 143, 151-156, 165-166; II: 42, 331-333; III: 509
lung cancer and, III: 297-298, 299, 421, 423
mechanism of action, animal studies, II: 3, 54-65; III: 54-58, 62-63, 67-69
mechanisms of toxicity, II: 65-77
metabolism, I: 115-116, 131-133, 155
multiple myeloma association, II: 237-238, 243, 244; III: 378-380, 383
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer and, I: 460
neuropsychiatric outcomes and, I: 649-650, 651-652, 656, 657-658; II: 308
neurotoxicity, I: 160-166, 642; II: 3, 75; III: 84-85, 469, 470-471
non-Ah-mediated toxicity, I: 138
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and, I: 8, 9, 528-529, 574; II: 5, 6, 231-234; III: 364, 429
occupational exposure, I: 36-39, 262-267, 269-270, 303; II: 108-109, 113-140, 178-179, 190, 191-200, 219-220, 222, 232-234, 237-238; III: 153, 154, 155, 219, 220, 221-222, 223, 224, 284-285, 293, 296-297, 303
opioid antagonist capacity, I: 164
oral administration, I: 128
perinatal death association, II: 285-286
peripheral neuropathy and, II: 310-311, 314; III: 470-471
pharmacokinetics, I: 127-133, 160, 259-261, 284
porphyria cutanea tarda and, II: 5, 6, 321-323; III: 481-482
potential health risk estimating, II: 63-65; III: 105-108
prostate cancer association, II: 220-223, 273, 274, 275; III: 336-337, 425, 426
protein kinases and, II: 60-62; III: 65-67
Qsar model approach, III: 106
Ranch Hand study, II: 109; III: 50, 146-147
renal cancer association, II: 225; III: 353
renal toxicity, II: 77; III: 75-76
reproductive toxicity, I: 123-124, 156-159, 368, 371-372, 597, 599, 605; II: 3, 41-42, 71-72; III: 92-105, 446, 449
respiratory cancers and, II: 13-14, 189-203, 269, 270, 272
respiratory disorders and, I: 170, 472, 709-710, 712-714; III: 484
sensitivity interspecies and interindividual differences, II: 63-64; III: 108
skin cancer and, I: 141, 142-143, 502-503; II: 209-211; III: 313-316, 317, 319, 320, 322
soft-tissue sarcoma and, I: 477, 478, 490, 498-500; II: 5, 6, 205-208; III: 307, 308
solubility, I: 114, 115-116, 127
teratogenicity, I: 28-29, 30, 31, 123, 159-160, 185, 368, 370, 372; III: 461
testicular cancer association, II: 228; III: 346
tissue specificity, II: 64
toxic equivalency factors approach, II: 63; III: 106, 158, 159
toxic equivalent concentration approach, III: 107
toxicity, factors influencing, II: 63-65; III: 105-108
toxicity profile, III: 50-108
toxicity update summary, II: 51-53
toxicokinetics, animal studies, II: 3, 53-54; III: 4-5, 48
Vietnam amount used, I: 27, 106; II: 26
Vietnamese civilians' exposure, II: 108-109, 148; III: 156-157
Vietnam military exposure, I: 17, 26, 149-161; II: 21, 22, 181, 185, 187, 190, 201-202, 204, 205, 208, 209, 211, 212, 226, 276, 308; III: 146, 147, 237, 239, 240, 430-431
Vietnam veterans' compensation, II: 28-29; III: 26-27
wasting syndrome, I: 160-161, 162-166; II: 76-77; III: 80-83
See also Herbicides;
Serum levels, TCDD;
TCDD biologic plausibility
12-O-Tetradexanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), II: 76
Texas, I: 60, 403-404, 696; III: 243
TGF. See Transforming growth factor-α;
Transforming growth factor-β.
T-H Agricultural & Nutrition Company, I: 35
Thompson Chemicals Corporation, I: 35
Thyroid
TCDD effects, I: 168-169
thyroiditis, I: 697, 698
Times Beach, Missouri, I: 40-42, 268, 368-370, 693-694; II: 113, 144, 184; III: 200-201, 234, 283
Tissue distribution
TNF. See Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
Tobacco exposure and use, I: 11, 223, 442, 461, 463; II: 190-191, 197; III: 299
perinatal mortality and, I: 619-620
respiratory cancer and latency, II: 268; III: 418
Tollerud, David, III: 25
Topography, I: 25
Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs), II: 45, 52, 63; III: 37, 105, 106, 108
Toxic equivalent concentration (TEC), III: 105, 107
Toxicity
2,4-D profile update, II: 46-49; III: 43-47
2,4,5-T profile update, II: 49-50; III: 47-48
cacodylic acid profile update, II: 50-51; III: 48-50
contributing factors, III: 105-108
definition, II: 35
health risk estimation, III: 105-108
picloram profile update, II: 51; III: 50
TCDD profile update, II: 51-77; III: 50-108
Toxicokinetics, III: 32-36
2,4-D, II: 46-47; III: 32-33, 43-44
cacodylic acid, II: 50; III: 32-33, 48
definition, II: 35
literature update, II: 36; III: 36-37
previous reports summary, II: 38-39
TCDD, II: 53-54; III: 33, 53-53, 161
Toxicology
2,4-D profile update, II: 46-49; III: 43-47
2,4,5-T profile update, II: 49-50; III: 47-48
cacodylic acid profile update, II: 50-51; III: 48-50
disease outcomes, II: 37, 48-49, 50-151, 65-77; III: 33-35, 38-43, 44-47, 48, 50, 71-105
earlier reports summary, II: 37-42; III: 36
evaluation issues, III: 108-110
human health relevance, III: 35-36
literature update, II: 43-45; III: 36-43
mechanisms of toxic action, II: 36, 47-48, 50, 54-65; III: 33, 38, 44, 47-48, 49-50, 53-71
picloram profile update, II: 51; III: 50
studies evaluation, III: 128-129
summary, II: 35-37; III: 3-5, 32-36
TCDD profile update, II: 51-77; III: 50-108
toxicity profiles update, II: 45-77; III: 45-108
TPA. See 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)
Trail-Making Test, II: 308
Transforming growth factor-α, I: 145; II: 59, 74
Transforming growth factor-β, II: 59
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol (TCP), I: 28; II: 319; III: 152, 153, 219, 220, 223, 515
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T); II: 4, 18; III: 5, 19, 218, 219, 220, 223, 224, 226, 234
acute toxicity, I: 184
Agent Orange and, I: 27; II: 26
animal studies, I: 181-185; II: 49-50; III: 47-48, 396, 462
birth defects and, II: 287; III: 462
calcium homeostasis and, II: 4
carcinogenicity, I: 37, 118, 119, 182-184; II: 40; III: 396
chemical properties, I: 114, 182; II: 38; III: 32
chemical structure, I: 111, 114
chloracne and, I: 36
chronic exposure, I: 184
circulatory disorders and, I: 700-701
development of, I: 24, 26, 35, 181; III: 135, 136, 137, 138, 140
developmental toxicity, I: 185; II: 42, 49-50
disease outcomes, III: 48
domestic use, I: 181
environmental exposure events, I: 42-43
half-life of, II: 4
infertility and, II: 280-282
liver toxicity, I: 125; II: 42; III: 524
mechanisms of action, III: 33, 38, 47-48
mechanisms of toxicity, II: 49-50
military applications, I: 26, 88; II: 26
neurobehavioral toxicity, III: 475
pharmacokinetics, I: 182
porphyria cutanea tarda and, II: 322
reproductive toxicity, I: 185; II: 42; III: 462
respiratory disorders and, I: 709
suspension of use, I: 1, 39, 42-43, 92, 181-182
TCDD contamination of, I: 2, 3, 27, 91, 114, 126, 182; III: 140
teratogenicity, I: 30, 92, 373-374
toxicity profile update summary, II: 49
toxicokinetics, II: 49; III: 47
volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data, III: 136
See also Herbicides;
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
Triglyceride levels, I: 688-689; III: 520-521
Tuberculosis, I: 711
See also Respiratory disorders
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), I: 148; II: 59, 60; III: 87, 88
Twin studies, I: 398-399, 406, 703, 711
U
UDP glucuronyl transferase (UGT1), II: 74; III: 37, 52
Uerdingen, Germany, III: 154
UGT1. See UDP glucuronyl transferase (UGT1)
Ulcers, gastrointestinal, I: 690-692
epidemiologic studies, II: 334; III: 510-513
epidemiology, II: 334; III: 508-509
herbicide exposure association with, II: 334; III: 510-514
herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 510-512
scientific literature update, II: 334; III: 510-513
Vietnam veterans and, III: 512-513
See also Metabolic and digestive disorders
Uniroyal Inc., I: 35
United Kingdom, I: 315-316, 340, 382, 444, 462-463, 464, 477,479, 537, 565, 595, 689; II: 194, 196, 269; III: 223, 224, 420
England National Cancer Register, III: 232
herbicide exposure assessment, III: 151
See also Yorkshire, England
United Nations, I: 45
United Paperworkers International Union, III: 232
Update 1996. See Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1996
Uppsala, Sweden, III: 228
Urinary bladder cancer. See Bladder cancer
Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD), II: 321; III: 480, 481
U.S. Air Force, I: 81,113; III: 29, 138, 218, 237, 239, 339, 513, 517
Armstrong Laboratory, Population Research Branch, III: 29
Baseline Morbidity Report, II: 32
Baseline Mortality Report, 1982, II: 31
Follow-Up Examination Results, 1985, 1987, 1992, II: 32
Human Resources Laboratory records, II: 150, 152; III: 237
Military Personnel Center records, II: 151; III: 238
Mortality Updates, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1989, 1999, II: 32
Reproductive Outcomes, II: 32
Serum Dioxin Level Follow-Up Examination Results, II: 32
TCDD half-life investigations, II: 104-105
Vietnam casualties, I: 83
women veterans mortality studies, II: 152-153
See also Air Force Health Study (AFHS);
Operation Ranch Hand
U.S. Army, I: 81, 280, 281, 702; II: 140, 185
Army Chemical Corps Vietnam Veterans Health Study proposal, II: 24
Environmental Support Group (ESG), II: 152
Vietnam casualties, I: 83
Vietnam veterans studies, II: 201, 226, 244; III: 240, 241, 283, 294, 298, 313, 315, 318, 338, 339, 344, 346, 348, 365, 373, 380, 485, 512, 517
women veterans mortality studies, II: 152-153, 201
See also U.S. Special Forces
U.S. Army Chemical Corps, I: 13, 15, 16-17, 94-95, 272, 273, 286, 394, 470, 571, 703-704, 705, 711, 722-725; II: 5, 23, 24, 101, 103, 104, 201-202, 245; III: 6, 23, 138-139, 146-147, 241, 272, 298, 309, 314, 344, 358-359, 385, 389, 485, 512, 517
U.S. Coast Guard, I: 81
U.S. Congress, I: 2, 31, 46-52; III: 25-28, 237, 240
See also Congressional hearings;
Legislation
USDA. See Department of Agriculture, U.S. (USDA)
U.S. Marine Corps, I: 81, 96, 280, 545, 702, 710; II: 185, 201, 226, 244; III: 140
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in, I: 542, 545, 546-547
Vietnam casualties, I: 83
Vietnam veterans studies, III: 241, 242, 283, 294, 298, 309, 313, 315, 338, 339, 346, 348, 365, 373, 380, 485, 489, 512, 517
women veterans mortality studies, II: 152-153
U.S. Military Assistance Command, III: 138
U.S. Navy, I: 81, 280-281, 286; II: 185, 228; III: 339, 344
herbicide use in, I: 95; II: 104; III: 135, 139, 140
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma odds ratio in, I: 542
Vietnam casualties, I: 83
women veterans mortality studies, II: 152-153
U.S. Special Forces, I: 286; II: 103-104; III: 138
See also Russia
Uterine cancer, I: 506; III: 329, 333
herbicide association evidence, I: 13; II: 6, 211, 213; III: 333
See also Reproductive system cancers, women
V
VAO. See Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam (VAO)
Verona, Missouri, II: 128-129; III: 219, 220
Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptors, II: 333; III: 503
VES. See Vietnam Experience Study (VES)
Veterans. See Foreign veterans;
Vietnam veterans;
Women veterans
Veterans Administration. See Department of Veterans Affairs, U.S. (DVA)
Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam (VAO), II: 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 35, 45, 63, 65, 71, 89, 90, 91, 96, 97, 99, I 01, 102, 104, 107, 112, 132, 176, 179, 180, 181, 187, 190, 196, 207, 209, 210, 214, 218, 225, 228, 232, 236, 237, 246, 247, 249, 250, 266, 271, 278, 279, 286, 293, 296, 300, 305, 312, 323, 328, 357; III: 1, 2, 3, 5, 12, 32, 43, 85, 124, 125, 126, 132, 150, 157, 169, 220, 221, 223, 286, 303, 311, 320, 359, 389, 390, 416, 434, 435, 519, 522
background, II: 17-19; III: 17-23
basal/squamous cell skin cancer studies summary, III: 317-318, 321, 323
birth defects studies summary, III: 436-439
bladder cancer studies summary, II: 225-226; III: 347-348, 350-351
bone cancer studies summary, II: 204; III: 302, 305
brain tumor studies summary, II: 229; III: 356-357, 360, 361
breast cancer studies summary, III: 324-326, 328
childhood cancer studies summary, II: 299
chloracne studies summary, II: 318; III: 479-480
chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy studies summary, II: 310
circulatory disorders studies summary, II: 335-336; III: 514
cognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders studies summary, II: 307; III: 468-469
congressional hearings on Agent Orange, II: 27-28; III: 25
Department of Veterans Affairs Task Force, II: 4-26; III: 24-25
diabetes mellitus studies summary, II: 330; III: 496-497
federal government response to concerns over military use of herbicides in Vietnam, II: 27-32; III: 25-30
female reproductive cancers studies summary, II: 211-212; III: 330-331, 332, 333
gastrointestinal tract tumors studies summary, II: 177-178; III: 268, 274-281
gastrointestinal ulcers studies summary, II: 334; III: 510
health outcomes conclusions, II: 19-23; III: 19-20
hepatobiliary cancers studies summary, III: 282-283, 287-288
herbicide environmental exposure studies, II: 142-143, 144, 145-146; III: 197-202, 203-205, 275, 277, 279, 281, 283, 288, 291, 301, 316, 323, 328, 336, 342, 345, 350-351, 354, 369, 382, 392, 437, 454, 455, 456, 459, 479, 520
herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: 114, 115-116, 117-118, 119-120, 121-126; III: 170-174, 176-178, 180-182, 183-185, 188-196, 274-275, 276-277, 278-279, 280, 282-283, 286, 291, 294, 300-301, 305, 310, 312, 316, 317, 321, 323, 324-326, 328, 332, 333, 335-336, 345, 350, 354, 360, 367-369, 374-376, 381-382, 391-392, 454, 455, 456, 459, 496, 520
Hodgkin's disease studies summary, II: 235; III: 372, 374-375, 376
immune system disorders, studies summary, II: 327; III: 488-489
impact of report, II: 24-26; III: 23-25
infertility studies summary, II: 280; III: 445-446, 450
laryngeal cancer studies summary, III: 293, 294
legislation on Agent Orange, II: 28-29; III: 26-27
leukemia studies summary, II: 245; III: 385-386, 391-392
lipid abnormalities studies summary, II: 333; III: 504, 520, 521
liver toxicity studies summary, II: 332; III: 510
low-birthweight studies summary, III: 456-457, 459
lung cancer studies summary, III: 296, 300-301
melanoma studies summary, III: 313-314, 316, 317
metabolic and digestive disorders, studies summary, II: 330, 332, 333, 334
motor/coordination dysfunction studies summary, II: 309; III: 469-470
multiple myeloma studies summary, III: 377-378, 381-382
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer studies summary, III: 290, 291
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma studies summary, II: 231-232; III: 362-363, 367-369, 370-371
perinatal death studies summary, II: 285; III: 451, 454, 455, 456
peripheral neuropathy studies summary, III: 470-471, 473
porphyria cutanea tarda studies summary, II: 321-322; III: 481-482
prostate cancer studies summary, III: 335-336, 341, 342
renal cancer studies summary, II: 224; III: 352-353, 354, 355
research recommendations, II: 23-24; III: 23
respiratory disorders studies summary, II: 324-325; III: 483
skin cancer studies summary, III: 312
soft-tissue sarcomas studies summary, II: 205-206; III: 306-308
spontaneous abortion studies summary, II: 283
summary of, II: 37-42
testicular cancer studies summary, III: 343-344, 345-346
toxicology, overview, III: 36
Vietnam herbicides use by military, II: 26-27
Vietnam veterans' exposure studies, II: 154, 156-157, 158-159; III: 207-209, 210-217, 275, 278, 279, 281, 283, 288, 291, 305, 310, 312, 316, 317,
323, 326, 328, 336, 342, 345-346, 351, 355, 370-371, 376, 382, 437-438, 450, 454, 455, 456, 459, 497, 521
Vietnam veterans' increased disease risk, II: 22-23; III: 22-23
Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1996, III: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 32, 37, 43, 44, 50, 85, 106, 109, 125, 126, 132, 150, 157, 159, 169, 220, 221, 222, 223, 266, 286, 295, 298, 303, 309, 311, 319, 320, 339, 349, 359, 389, 390, 416, 417-418, 424, 426, 428, 434, 435, 444, 458, 519, 522, 533
background, III: 17-23
basal/squamous cell skin cancer studies summary, III: 317-318, 321, 323
birth defects studies summary, III: 436-439
bladder cancer studies summary, III: 347-348, 350
bone cancer studies summary, III: 302, 305
brain tumor studies summary, III: 356-357, 360, 361
breast cancer studies summary, III: 324-326, 327, 328
chloracne studies summary, III: 479-480
circulatory disorders studies summary, III: 514
cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders studies summary, III: 468-469
congressional hearings on Agent Orange, III: 25
Department of Veterans Affairs Task Force, III: 24-25
diabetes mellitus studies summary, III: 496
federal government response to concerns over military use of herbicides in Vietnam, III: 25-30
female reproductive system cancers studies summary, III: 330-331, 332, 333
gastrointestinal tract tumors studies summary, III: 268, 274-281
gastrointestinal ulcers studies summary, III: 510
health outcomes conclusions, III: 19-20
hepatobiliary cancers studies summary, III: 282-283, 287-288
herbicide environmental exposure studies, III: 197, 201, 203, 275, 277, 279, 283, 288, 323, 328, 336, 342, 345, 354, 369, 375, 382, 392
herbicide occupational exposure studies, III: 170, 172, 174, 175-176, 179, 183, 186-187, 274, 276, 278, 280, 282-283, 286, 291, 294, 300, 305, 316, 317, 321, 324-326, 328, 332, 333, 335-336, 345, 350, 354, 360, 367, 374, 381, 391, 496
Hodgkin's disease studies summary, III: 373, 374, 375, 376
impact of report, III: 23-25
infertility studies summary, III: 445-446
laryngeal cancer studies summary, III: 293, 294
legislation on Agent Orange, III: 26-27
leukemia studies summary, III: 385-386, 391, 392
lipid abnormalities studies summary, III: 504
liver disorders studies summary, III: 510
low-birthweight studies summary, III: 456-457
lung cancer studies summary, III: 296, 298, 300
melanoma studies summary, III: 313-314, 316, 317
motor/coordination dysfunction studies summary, III: 469-470
multiple myeloma studies summary, III: 377-378, 381, 382
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer studies summary, III: 290, 291
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma studies summary, III: 362-363, 367, 369, 370
perinatal death studies summary, III: 451
peripheral neuropathy studies summary, III: 470-471, 473
porphyria cutanea tarda studies summary, III: 481-482
prostate cancer studies summary, III: 335-336, 341, 342
renal cancers studies summary, III: 352-353, 354, 355
research recommendations, III: 23
respiratory disorders studies summary, III: 483
soft-tissue sarcoma studies summary, III: 306-308
testicular cancer studies summary, III: 343-344, 345
toxicology, overview, III: 36
Vietnam veterans' exposure studies, III: 206-207, 210, 213, 277, 281, 283, 326, 328, 333, 336, 342, 345, 355, 370, 376, 392
Vietnam veterans' increased disease risk, III: 22-23
Veterans' benefits. See Compensation, veterans
Veterans' compensation. See Compensation, veterans
Veterans' Dioxin and Radiation Exposure Compensation Standards Act of 1984. See Public Law 98-542
Veterans' Health Care Eligibility Reform Act of 1996. See Public Law 104-262
Veterans' Health Care, Training, and Small Business Loan Act of 1981. See Public Law 97-72
Veterans' Health Programs Extension and Improvement Act of 1979, III: 240
Vietnam, III: 533
herbicide latency issues, methodology, II: 13; III: 12-14
herbicide targeting in, I: 99-106
herbicide use in, concerns about, I: 29-32, 45; II: 1, 2, 4, 11, 17, 18, 26; III: 1, 2, 5, 12, 13, 17, 18, 25
research in, I: 30-31
troop movements in, I: 52-53, 96, 287
U.S. casualties in, I: 82-83
U.S. involvement, I: 75-76, 84
U.S. military herbicide use in, I: 1, 3, 24, 27, 84-85, 89-93, 94-96, 98-107, 286; II: 17, 18, 26, 27-32; III: 135-142
See also Ca Mau peninsula, Vietnam;
Con Thieu province, Vietnam;
Hanoi, Vietnam;
Ho Chi Mirth City, Vietnam;
Khe Sanh-Thonh Son Lam area;
Mekong Delta;
Rung Sat Special Zone;
Vietnamese
Vietnam Experience Study (VES), III: 26, 240, 512
birth defects in offspring, II: 288, 289, 290; III: 436, 438, 439, 445
cancer mortality in, I: 444-445
childhood cancer in, I: 629; II: 300
chloracne in, I: 677
circulatory disorders in, I: 702
exposure assessment use, II: 101; III: 146
hepatobiliary cancers, II: 185; III: 283
Hodgkin's disease in, I: 556
immune system disorders in, I: 696
infertility in, II: 280
liver cancer in, I: 455
low birthweight outcomes in, I: 626
lung cancer in, I: 469
methodology, I: 57-58, 281, 284, 389-391
multiple myeloma, II: 244
neonatal death in, I: 622
neurologic/neuropsychiatric outcomes in, I: 656
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in, I: 542-543
origins, I: 50
reproductive outcomes in, I: 601, 609, 610-611, 626, 632
respiratory cancer in, II: 201
respiratory disorders in, I: 710-711
spina bifida in offspring, II: 9
Vietnam Veterans Agent Orange Health Study, I: 741
acute and subacute transient peripheral neuropathy, II: 313; III: 473
advocacy groups, I: 60-61
Air Force research activities, II: 31-32; III: 28-29
altered sperm parameters in, I: 632, 634; III: 445, 446, 450
Australian, I: 61, 91, 406, 418, 444, 470, 496-497, 546, 614-615, 633, 702, 710; II: 113, 149, 160, 202, 293; III: 9, 216-217, 218, 237, 244-245, 273, 285-286, 290, 294, 295, 298, 299, 303, 310, 311, 314, 315, 327, 329, 339, 340, 343, 346, 349, 353, 355, 359, 365, 380, 389, 413, 424, 425, 469, 486, 486, 489, 500, 506, 512-513, 517
autoimmune disease in, I: 698, 699
basal/squamous cell skin cancer in, III: 323
birth defects in children of, I: 609-615, 618; II: 288-296, 298, 300; III: 435, 436, 437-438
bladder cancer in, I: 517; II: 223-224; III: 349, 351
bone cancer in, I: 473, 474-475; II: 204; III: 303, 305
cancer expected incidence, I: 439-440, 442, 446, 452, 461, 501, 505, 513, 522, 526, 564; II: 176-177; III: 266-267, 430-431
cancer in children of, I: 629, 630-631; II: 299
cancer mortality, I: 444-445
cancer studies, I: 391-393, 401, 402-403, 405, 436-438; II: 176-177; III: 266-267, 430-431
chloracne in, I: 677-679; II: 317, 318, 321; III: 479-480
chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy in, II: 311
circulatory disorders in, I: 702-705; II: 336; III: 516-518
class action suit, I: 34-35
cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders in, II: 318; III: 469
compensation for, I: 34-35, 47, 50-51, 55-56; II: 28-29, 30-31; III: 26-27, 28
congressional responses to concerns of, I: 46-52; II: 27-29; III: 25-28
defining, I: 78
developmental toxicity, II: 72
diabetes mellitus in, I: 684, 685, 698; II: 330; III: 495, 497, 498, 500, 502
disabilities discharges, I: 32
disease increased risk for, I: 14-15, 221, 225-226, 247-248, 578; II: 14, 22-23, 88, 89, 91, 218, 223, 251, 276, 298, 300-301, 314, 321, 323; III: 14-15, 22-23, 124, 127-128, 329, 334, 343, 397, 430-431, 444, 462, 475-476, 491, 503, 507-508, 525
distribution by branch of service, I: 81
Environmental Protection Agency research activities, II: 32; III: 29-30
epidemiologic studies, I: 50, 57-59, 62-63, 384-418; II: 3, 6-7, 28, 113, 149-161; III: 26, 206-217, 236-245, 272-273, 275, 277-278 , 279, 281, 283, 285-286, 288, 290, 291, 294-295, 298, 301, 303, 305, 309-310, 312, 316, 317, 323, 326, 328, 333, 336, 338, 339, 340 , 342, 343-344, 345-346, 349, 351, 353, 355, 358-359, 361, 363, 365, 370-371, 372, 373, 376, 380, 382, 385, 386, 389, 392, 435, 436, 437-438, 445, 446, 450, 454, 455, 456, 457, 459, 467, 468, 469, 470, 473, 479, 480, 481, 482, 485-486, 489, 491, 495, 497, 498, 500, 502, 505-506, 512-513, 516-518, 521
federal government activities/research on military use of herbicides, II: 27-32; III: 25-30
female reproductive system cancers in, I: 505, 511-512, 577; II: 211, 212; III: 333
gastrointestinal tract cancers in, I: 446; II: 177, 180-181
gastrointestinal ulcers in, I: 691, 692; III: 512-513
genitourinary tract cancers in, I: 513, 518, 522; II: 223-224; III: 272-273, 275, 277-278, 279, 281
health care of, II: 28, 29; III: 26, 27
health concerns of, I: 1, 32-34, 46-47; II: 17-24, 26-27; III: 17-30
hepatic enzyme disorders in, I: 687
hepatobiliary cancers in, I: 455, 457; II: 181, 185, 187; III: 283, 285-286, 288
herbicide exposure assessment issues, II: 4-5, 14, 17-24, 26-27; III: 2, 5-6, 142, 143, 146-150
herbicide exposure assessment strategies for, I: 270-284; II: 99-109; III: 144-145
Hodgkin's disease in, I: 526, 554-556, 557; II: 235, 236; III: 372, 373, 376
immune modulation in, I: 695-696, 699; III: 489, 491
infertility, I: 632, 633, 634; II: 280; III: 445, 446, 450
International Agency for Research on Cancer research activities, III: 30
laryngeal cancer in, III: 294-295
latency relevance for assessing herbicides' effect on cancer risk in, II: 276; III: 12-13, 430-431
legislation concerning herbicide exposure and health of, II: 28-29; III: 26-27
leukemia in, I: 13, 564, 570, 571-572; II: 245, 246; III: 385, 386, 389, 392
lipid abnormalities in, I: 689, 692; II: 333; III: 505-506, 521
liver toxicity in, II: 332; III: 512-513
military experiences, I: 75, 82, 272, 286, 399
motor/coordination dysfunction in, I: 659-660, 662; II: 309, 310; III: 469, 470
multiple myeloma in, I: 526, 562, 563; II: 244; III: 380, 382
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer in, I: 459, 460; II: 189; III: 290, 291
National Personnel Records Center listing, I: 17
neural tube defects in offspring, numbers, II: 297
neurobehavioral disorders in, II: 305, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314; III: 467, 468
neuropsychiatric outcomes, I: 653-656, 658; II: 308; III: 469
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in, I: 526, 541-548, 549; II: 234; III: 363, 365, 370-371
outreach activities; II: 31; III: 28
Parkinson's disease in, II: 309-310
perinatal deaths in offspring, II: 285; III: 454, 455, 456
peripheral nervous system disorders in, I: 665, 666; II: 311, 313; III: 473, 475
porphyria cutanea tarda in, I: 681, 682-683; II: 321-322, 323; III: 481, 482
prostate cancer in, I: 513, 518, 519, 522; II: 9, 217-218, 221, 223; III: 336, 338, 339, 340, 342
records-based exposure assessment, I: 271-280
records identification, II: 24-25
renal cancers in, III: 352, 353, 355
reproductive outcomes, I: 405-406, 418, 601-603, 609-615, 618, 620-622, 625; II: 71, 278, 300-301; III: 435, 436, 437-438, 445, 446, 450, 454, 455, 456, 457, 459
research recommendations, II: 23-25; III: 23
respiratory cancers in, I: 469-470, 472; II: 190, 201-202, 203
respiratory disorders in, I: 710-712, 713-714; III: 485-486
risk assessment for, I: 14-15, 221, 225-226, 247-248, 578; II: 14, 22-23, 89, 91, 251, 276, 298, 300-301, 314, 321, 323, 349-357; III: 14-15, 22-23, 124, 127-128, 430-431
serum testing, I: 20-21
skin cancer in, I: 501, 505; II: 209; III: 312
soft-tissue sarcoma in, I: 475, 492-498, 500; II: 205, 208; III: 309-310
South Korea, I: 61-62
spina bifida in offspring, II: 9-10, 296, 298, 301; III: 7, 8, 9-10, 21, 24-25, 437-438
spontaneous abortions in, I: 601-603, 605; II: 283
state-sponsored studies of, II: 152-153, 158-159, 161, 202, 292; III: 213-215, 243-244
suicide incidence, I: 655-656
testicular cancer in, II: 153; III: 343-344, 345-346
twin studies, I: 398-399, 406, 703, 711
Vietnamese veterans, Vietnamese studies of, III: 245
women, I: 50, 83-84; II: 152-153, 180, 181, 190, 201, 204, 205, 209, 211, 212, 213, 216-217, 218, 223, 226, 228, 229, 23
I, 245, 278, 280; III: 326-329, 333, 434-435
See also Air Force Health Study (AFHS);
Compensation, veterans;
Demographic data, Vietnam veterans;
Operation Ranch Hand;
Risk assessment, Vietnam veterans
Vietnam Veterans of America, I: 60
Vietnamese
birth defects and herbicide exposure, II: 287-288
epiderniologic studies, I: 599-601; II: 113, 144-145, 148, 184, 287-288; III: 202-202, 234, 283
herbicide environmental exposure, II: 144-145, 148, 287-288; III: 283
herbicide exposure assessment, I: 269, 370-372; II: 4-5, 108-109; III: 156-157
herbicide exposure indices development, II: 107-108
reproductive outcomes, I: 599-601, 608-609
research recommendations, I: 731
scientists in, studies of Vietnamese veterans, III: 245
Viral infection
immune system response, I: 692-693
TCDD-enhanced susceptibility, I: 149
teratogenic potential, I: 607
See also Immune system disorders
Vitamin A, I: 174
VLDL. See Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptors
W
Wales. See United Kingdom
War Research Service, I: 25
Washington State, I: 336-338, 341, 487-488, 535; II: 149, 241; III: 229, 230, 232, 234
Wasting syndrome
TCDD-induced, I: 162-166; II: 76-77; III: 80-83
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales, I: 641
West Germany, II: 328-329; III: 223, 337, 379, 387, 483, 506, 511, 515
West Virginia, I: 60, 404, 470, 496, 546, 621, 662-663, 686, 689, 700; II: 202; III: 243
See also Nitro, West Virginia
Western Europe, II: 268; III: 510
Wilm's tumor, I: 594
See also Children, cancer in; Kidney cancer
Wisconsin, I: 37, 60, 336, 404-405, 445, 455, 470, 496, 517, 523, 534, 546, 556, 560, 702, 710; II: 185, 202, 226, 229, 239, 241; III : 229, 243, 283, 313, 348
Women. See Breast cancer;
Cervical cancer;
Demographic data, Vietnam veterans;
Gender;
Ovarian cancer;
Reproductive disorders;
Reproductive system cancers, women;
Uterine cancer
breast cancer estimated risk, II: 218; III: 329
breast cancer expected incidence, I: 440, 461, 501, 505, 513, 522, 526, 564; II: 213
breast cancer in, II: 213, 216-217; III: 322, 324-328, 329
circulatory disease in, I: 702
epidemiologic studies, I: 50, 81, II: 28, 152-153, 180, 181, 190, 201, 204, 205, 209, 211, 212, 213-217, 218, 219-223, 226, 228, 229, 231, 245, 278, 280; III: 324-328, 333
mortality studies, I: 394-395, 470, 545; II: 152-153, 180, 201
reproductive outcomes, III: 434-435
reproductive system cancers m, II: 211, 212; III: 333
research recommendations, I: 728
statistics. I: 83-84
See also Reproductive system cancers, women
Women Veterans Health Programs Act of 1992. See Public Law 102-585
World Health Organization, II: 282; III: 30, 454, 492
Mortality Data Bank, I: 314; II: 132; III: 223, 378, 484-485, 512, 516
World War II; I: 25, 32, 82; II: 150, 268; III: 237, 420
X
Xenobiotic responsive elements (XREs), II: 56, 57, 58, 71; III: 66 , 67, 104
Y
Yorkshire, England, III: 234
