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Suggested Citation:"11. References." National Research Council. 1986. Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem-Solving: Concepts and Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/645.
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Suggested Citation:"11. References." National Research Council. 1986. Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem-Solving: Concepts and Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/645.
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Suggested Citation:"11. References." National Research Council. 1986. Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem-Solving: Concepts and Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/645.
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Suggested Citation:"11. References." National Research Council. 1986. Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem-Solving: Concepts and Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/645.
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Suggested Citation:"11. References." National Research Council. 1986. Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem-Solving: Concepts and Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/645.
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Suggested Citation:"11. References." National Research Council. 1986. Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem-Solving: Concepts and Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/645.
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Suggested Citation:"11. References." National Research Council. 1986. Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem-Solving: Concepts and Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/645.
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Suggested Citation:"11. References." National Research Council. 1986. Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem-Solving: Concepts and Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/645.
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Suggested Citation:"11. References." National Research Council. 1986. Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem-Solving: Concepts and Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/645.
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Suggested Citation:"11. References." National Research Council. 1986. Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem-Solving: Concepts and Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/645.
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Suggested Citation:"11. References." National Research Council. 1986. Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem-Solving: Concepts and Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/645.
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Suggested Citation:"11. References." National Research Council. 1986. Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem-Solving: Concepts and Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/645.
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Suggested Citation:"11. References." National Research Council. 1986. Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem-Solving: Concepts and Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/645.
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Suggested Citation:"11. References." National Research Council. 1986. Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem-Solving: Concepts and Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/645.
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Suggested Citation:"11. References." National Research Council. 1986. Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem-Solving: Concepts and Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/645.
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Suggested Citation:"11. References." National Research Council. 1986. Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem-Solving: Concepts and Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/645.
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Suggested Citation:"11. References." National Research Council. 1986. Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem-Solving: Concepts and Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/645.
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Suggested Citation:"11. References." National Research Council. 1986. Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem-Solving: Concepts and Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/645.
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Suggested Citation:"11. References." National Research Council. 1986. Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem-Solving: Concepts and Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/645.
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11 References Ackerman, B. A., S. Rose-Ackerman, J. W. Sawyer, and D. W. Henderson. 1974. The Uncertain Search for Environmental Quality. Free Press (Macmillan), London. Alexander, M. 1971. Microbial Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Anderson, R. M., and R. M. May, eds. 1982. Population Biology of Infectious Diseases. Dahlem Konferenzen. Springer, Berlin. Andreae, M. O., and H. Raemdonck. 1983. Dimethyl sulfide in surface oceans and marine atmosphere: A global view. Science 221:744-747. Andrews, R. N. L., P. Cromwell, G. A. Enk, E. G. Farworth, J. R. Hibbs, and V. L. Sharp. 1977. Substantive Guidance for Environmental Impact Assessment: An Explor- atory Study. The Institute of Ecology, Washington, D.C. Anonymous. 1980. Biological Evaluation of Environmental Impacts. FWS/OBS-80/26. U.S. Council on Environmental Quality and Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. Anonymous. Undated. Post-development Audits to Test the Effectiveness of Environmental Impact Prediction Methods and Techniques. Final Report. Project Appraisal for Devel- opment Control, Environmental Impact Assessment and Planning Unit, Department of Geography, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland. Baker, H. G. 1974. The evolution of weeds. Annul Rev. Ecol. Syst. 5:1-24. Baker, H. G., and G. L. Stebbins. 1965. The Genetics of Colonizing Species. Academic Press, New York. Baker, J. M. 1976. Biological monitoring Principles, methods and difficulties. Pp. 41- 53 in J. M. Baker, ed. Marine Ecology and Oil Pollution. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Baldwin, I. T., and J. C. Schultz. 1983. Rapid changes in tree chemistry induced by damage: Evidence for communication between plants. Science 221:227-280. Barber, R. T., and F. P. Chavez. 1983. Biological consequences of El Nino. Science 222: 1203-1210. BarTons, K. C. 1981. Are Pesticides Really Necessary? Regnery Gateway, Chicago. 116

REFERENCES 117 Bar-Shalom, Y. 1976. Caution, probing, and the value of information in the control of uncertain systems. Ann. Econ. Soc. Meas. 5:323-337. Baxter, R. M., and P. Glaude. 1980. Environmental Effects of Dams and Impoundments in Canada: Experience and Prospects. Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 205. Beanlands, G. E., and P. N. Duinker. 1983. An Ecological Framework for Environmental Impact Assessment in Canada. Institute for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dal- housie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, and Federal Environmental Assessment Review Office, Ottawa, Ont. Beanlands, G. E., W. J. Erckmann, G. H. Orians, J. O'Riordan, D. Policansky, M. H. Sadar, and B. Sadler, eds. In press. Cumulative Environmental Effects: A Binational Perspective. Canadian Environmental Assessment Research Council, Ottawa, Ont., and National Research Council, Washington, D.C. Beddington, J. R. 1974. Age structure, sex ratio, and population density in the harvesting of natural populations. J. Appl. Ecol. 11:915-924. Beddington, J. R.9 rapporteur. 1984a. Management under uncertainty. Group report. Pp. 227-244 in R. M. May, ed. Exploitation of Marine Communities. Dahlem Konferenzen. Springer, Berlin. Beddington, J. R. 1984b. The response of multispecies systems to perturbations. Pp. 209- 225 in R. M. May, ed. Exploitation of Marine Communities. Dahlem Konferenzen. Springer, Berlin. Belovsky, G. E. 1984. Moose and snowshoe hare competition and a mechanistic explanation from foraging theory. Oecologia 61: 150-159. Berg, K. 1938. Studies on the bottom animals of Esrom Lake. K. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. Nat. Mat. Afd. 9(8):1-255. Berry, J. A. 1975. Adaptation of photosynthetic processes to stress. Science 188:644-650. Berryman, A. A. 1981. Population Systems: A General Introduction. Plenum, New York. Beverton, R. J. H. 1983. Science and decision-making in fisheries regulation. Pp. 919- 938 in G. D. Sharpe and J. Csirke, eds. Proceedings of the Expert Consultation to Examine Changes in Abundance and Species Composition of Neritic Fish Resources. FAO Fishery Report 291. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. Beverton, R. J. H., rapporteur. 1984. Dynamics of single species. Group report. Pp. 13- 58 in R. M. May, ed. Exploitation of Marine Communities. Dahlem Konferenzen. Springer, Berlin. Birch, L. C. 1957. The meanings of competition. Am. Nat. 91:5-18. Biswell, H. H. 1974. Effects of fire on chaparral. Pp. 321-364 in T. T. Kozlowski and C. E. Ahlgren, eds. Fire and Ecosystems. Academic Press, New York. Bjorkman, O., and J. Berry. 1973. High-efficiency photosynthesis. Sci. Am. 229(4):80- 93. Bobrov, R. A. 1955. Use of plants as biological indicators of smog in the air of Los Angeles County. Science 121:510-511. Bodaly, R. A., R. E. Hecky, and R. J. P. Fudge. 1984. Increases in fish mercury levels in lakes flooded by the Churchill River diversion, northern Manitoba. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 41 :682-691. Boersma, P. D. In press. Seabirds reflect petroleum pollution. Science. Bond, G. 1967. Fixation of nitrogen by higher plants other than legumes. Annul Rev. Plant Physiol. 18: 107-126. Borisov, V. M. 1978. The selective effect of fishing on the population structure of species with a long life cycle. J. Ichthyol. 18:896-904. Bormann, F. H., G. E. Likens, D. W. Fisher, and R. S. Pierce. 1968. Nutrient loss accelerated by clear-cutting of a forest ecosystem. Science 159:882-884.

1 18 KINDS OF ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE AND THEIR APPLICATIONS Brinkhurst, R. O. 1974. The Benthos of Lakes. St. Martin's Press, New York. Brittingham, M. C., and S. A. Temple. 1983. Have cowbirds caused forest songbirds to decline? BioSeienee 33:31-35. Bromenshenk, J. J., S. R. Carlson, J. C. Simpson, and J. M. Thomas. 1985. Pollution monitoring of Puget Sound with honey bees. Science 227:632-634. Brooks, J. L., and S. I. Dodson. 1965. Predation, body size, and composition of the plankton. Science 150:28-35. Brown, J. H. 1984. On the relationship between abundance and distribution of species. Am. Nat. 124:255-279. Brown, J. H. In press. Discussion: Cumulative impacts in terrestrial communities. In G. E. Beanlands, W. J. Erckmann, G. H. Orians, J. O'Riordan, D. Policansky, M. H. Sadar, and B. Sadler, eds. Cumulative Environmental Effects: A Binational Perspective. Canadian Environmental Assessment Research Council, Ottawa, Ont., and National Research Council, Washington, D.C. Bryson, R. A., and T. J. Murray. 1977. Climates of Hunger. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. Buck, W. B. 1979. Animals as monitors of environmental quality. Vet. Human Toxicol. 21 :277-284. Bull, D. 1982. A Growing Problem: Pesticides and the Third World Poor. Oxfam, London. Cain, S. A. 1938. The species-area curve. Am. Midl. Nat. 20:573-581. Cairns, J., Jr. 1977. Effects of temperature changes and chlorination upon the community structure of aquatic organisms. Pp. 129-144 in M. Marois, ed. Towards a Plan of Actions for Mankind. Vol. 3. Biological Balance and Thermal Modifications. Pergamon Press, Oxford, Eng. Cairns, J., Jr. 1980. The Recovery Process in Damaged Ecosystems. Ann Arbor Sciences, Ann Arbor, Mieh. Cairns, J., Jr., and K. L. Dickson. 1980. Risk analysis for aquatic ecosystems. Pp. 73-83 in Biological Evaluation of Environmental Impacts. FWS/OBS-80/26. U.S. Council on Environmental Quality and Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. Cairns, J., Jr., G. R. Larra, R. E. Sparks, and W. T. Walter. 1973. Developing biological information systems for water quality management. Water Res. Bull. 9:81-99. Cameron, R. D., K. R. Whitten, W. T. Smith, and D. D. Roby. 1979. Caribou distribution and group composition associated with construction of the trans-Alaska pipeline. Can. Field Nat. 93: 155-162. Campbell, R. W., and R. J. Sloan. 1977. Natural regulation of innocuous gypsy moth populations. Environ. Entomol. 6:315-322. Campbell, R. W., and R. J. Sloan. 1978. Natural maintenance and decline of gypsy moth outbreaks. Environ. Entomol. 7:389-395. Carpenter, R. A. 1976. The scientific basis of NEPA Is it adequate? Environ. Law Reporter 6:50014-50019. Carpenter, S. R., and J. F. Kitchell. 1984. Plankton community structure and limnetic primary production. Am. Nat. 124: 159- 172. Carson, R. 1962. Silent Spring. Houghton Mifflin, Boston. Caswell, H., and P. A. Werner. 1978. Transient behavior and life history of teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris Huds.). Ecology 59:53-66. Caswell, H., F. Reed, S. N. Stephenson, and P. A. Werner. 1973. Photosynthetic pathways and selective herbivory, a hypothesis. Am. Nat. 107:465-480. Chapra, S. C., and K. H. Reckhow. 1983. Engineering Approaches for Lake Management. Vol. 2. Ann Arbor Sciences, Ann Arbor, Mieh.

REFERENCES 119 Charnov, E. L., and G. H. Orians. 1973. Optimal Foraging: Some Theoretical Explorations. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. Christensen, S. W., W. Van Winkle, and J. S. Mattice. 1976. Defining and determining the significance of impacts: Concepts and methods. Pp. 191-219 in R. K. Sharma, J. D. Buffington, and J. T. McFadden, eds. Proceedings of a Workshop on the Biological Significance of Environmental Impacts. NR-CONF-002. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Com- mission, Washington, D.C. Clark, L. R., P. W. Geier, R. D. Hughes, and R. F. Morris. 1967. The Ecology of Insect Populations in Theory and Practice. Methuen, London. Clark, W. C. In press. The cumulative impacts of human activities on the atmosphere. In G. E. Beanlands, W. J. Erckmann, G. H. Orians, J. O'Riordan, D. Policansky, M. H. Sadar, and B. Sadler, eds. Cumulative Environmental Effects: A Binational Perspective. Canadian Environmental Assessment Research Council, Ottawa, Ont., and National Research Council, Washington, D.C. Cody, M. L. 1969. Convergent characteristics in sympatric species: A possible relation to interspecific competition and aggression. Condor 71:223-239. Cody, M. L. 1974. Competition and the Structure of Bird Communities. Princeton Uni- versity Press, Princeton, N.J. Connell, J. H. 1975. Some mechanisms producing structure in natural communities: A model and evidence from field experiments. Pp. 460-490 in M. L. Cody and J. M. Diamond, eds. Ecology and Evolution of Communities. Harvard University Press, Cam- bridge, Mass. Connell, J. H. 1978. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science 199:1302- 1310. Connell, J. H. 1980. Diversity and the convolution of competitors, or the ghost of com- petition past. Oikos 35:131-138. Connell, J. H. 1983. On the prevalence and relative importance of interspecific competition: Evidence from field experiments. Am. Nat. 122:661-696. Connell, J. H., and E. Orias. 1964. The ecological regulation of species diversity. Am. Nat. 98:399-414 Connister, R. Z. 1964. The mechanism of prey digestion in the spotted crab, Cancer ocellatus. J. Am. Syst. Assoc. 42:36-54. Connor, E. F., and E. McCoy. 1979. The statistics and biology of the species-area rela- tionship. Am. Nat. 113:791-833. Cooke, A. S. 1973. Shell-thinning in avian eggs by environmental pollutants. Environ. Pollut. 4:85-157. Cooper, C. F., and P. H. Zedler. 1980. Ecological assessment for regional development. J. Environ. Manage. 10:285-296. Council on Environmental Quality. 1978. Regulations for Implementing the Procedural Provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act. Reprint 43 FR 55978-56007, November 29, 1978, 40CFR Parts 1500-1508. Washington, D.C. Courtenay, W. R., Jr., and J. R. Stauffer, Jr., eds. 1984. Distribution, Biology, and Management of Exotic Fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Md. Cowell, E. B. 1978. Ecological monitoring as a management tool in industry. Ocean Manage. 4:273-285. Cowell, E. B., and W. J. Syratt. 1979. A technique for assessing ecological damage to the intertidal zone of rocky shores for which no previous baseline data is available. Pp. 29-39 in Proceedings of the Ecological Damage Assessment Conference. Society of Petroleum Industry Biologists, Los Angeles. Cowie, R. J. 1977. Optimal foraging in great tits (Paws major). Nature 268:137-139.

120 KINDS OF ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE AND THEIR APPLICATIONS Crawley, M. J. 1983. Herbivory: The Dynamics of Plant-Animal Interactions. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, Eng. Crow, M. E., and F. B. Taub. 1979. Designing a microcosm bioassay to detect ecosystem level effects. Int. J. Environ. Stud. 13: 141-147. Darwin, C. 1859. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Pres- ervation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Existence. John Murray, London. Davidson, D. W., J. H. Brown, and R. S. Inouye. 1980. Competition and the structure of granivore communities. BioScience 30:233-238. Davidson, D. W., R. S. Inouye, and J. H. Brown. 1984. Granivory in a desert ecosystem: Experimental evidence for indirect facilitation of ants by rodents. Ecology 65:1780-1786. Dayton, P. K. 1971. Competition, disturbance, and community organization: The provision and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky intertidal community. Ecol. Monogr. 41:351-389. Dayton, P. K. 1984. Processes structuring some marine communities: Are they general? Pp. 181-197 in D. R. Strong, Jr., D. Simberloff, L. Abele, and A. Thistle, eds. Ecological Communities: Conceptual Issues and the Evidence. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. Dayton, P. K. 1985. Ecology of kelp communities. Annul Rev. Ecol. Syst. 16:215-245. Dayton, P. K. In press. Cumulative impacts in the marine realm. In G. E. Beanlands, W. J. Erckmann, G. H. Orians, J. O'Riordan, D. Policansky, M. H. Sadar, and B. Sadler, eds. Cumulative Environmental Effects: A Binational Perspective. Canadian Environ- mental Assessment Research Council, Ottawa, Ont., and National Research Council, Washington, D.C. DeMott, W. R., and W. C. Kerfoot. 1982. Competition among cladocerans: Coexistence of Bosmina and Daphnia. Ecology 63: 1949- 1966. Diamond, J. M., and M. E. Gilpin. 1982. Examination of the "null" model of Connor and Simberloff for species co-occurrences on islands. Oecologia 52:64-74. Dickman, M. 1968. The relation of freshwater plankton productivity to species composition during induced successions. Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Dillon, P. J., and F. H. Rigler. 1974. The phosphorus-chlorophyll relationship in lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 19:767-773. Doberstyn, E. B. 1984. Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum. Experientia 40:1311-1317. Dodd, A. P. 1959. The biological control of prickly pear in Australia. Pp. 565-577 in A. Keast, R. L. Crocker, and C. S. Christian, eds. Biogeography and Ecology in Australia. Monographiae Biologicae. Vol. 8. W. Junk, The Hague. Drury, W. B., and I. C. T. Nisbet. 1973. Succession. J. Arnold Arbor. 54:331-368. Duggins, D. O. 1980. Kelp beds and sea otters: An experimental approach. Ecology 61:447- 453. Duinker, P. N., and G. E. Beanlands. 1983. Ecology and Environmental Assessment: An Annotated Bibliography. Institute for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, and Federal Environmental Assessment Review Office, Ottawa, Ont. Dunlap, T. R. 1981. DDT: Scientists, Citizens, and Public Policy. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. Eberhardt, L. L. 1976. Quantitative ecology and impact assessment. J. Environ. Manage. 4:27-70. Eberhardt, L. L. 1978. Appraising variability in population studies. J. Wildl. Manage. 42:207-238. Ebersole, J. P. 1977. The adaptive significance of territoriality in the reef fish Eupoma- centrus leucostictus. Ecology 58:914-920.

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This volume explores how the scientific tools of ecology can be used more effectively in dealing with a variety of complex environmental problems. Part I discusses the usefulness of such ecological knowledge as population dynamics and interactions, community ecology, life histories, and the impact of various materials and energy sources on the environment. Part II contains 13 original and instructive case studies pertaining to the biological side of environmental problems, which Nature described as "carefully chosen and extremely interesting."

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