INDEX
A
α1-antitrypsin
definition, 528
See also Acute-phase proteins;
Proteins
Abbott Laboratories. See Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories (ROSS)
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome/human immunodeficiency virus (AIDS/HIV), 37, 39, 398, 449-450, 543-544, 545, 547
exercise effects on, 375
exercise practical recommendations for, 375-376
sports, close-contact, transmission of, findings, 374-375
vitamin A deficiency and, 282, 283, 284
vitamin C and E supplementation effects on, 263, 290, 294-295
wasting syndrome of, exercise effects on, 375
See also AIDS-related complex (ARC);
Diseases and disorders;
Emerging infections;
Infectious diseases and disorders
Acquired immunity. See Antigen-specific immunity
ACTH. See Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Activation phase, 517-519, 521
definition, 527
See also Antigen-specific immunity;
Immune response (IR)
Active nonspecific defense mechanisms, 512-513
See also Host defense mechanisms;
Nonspecific immunity
See also α1-antitrypsin;
C-reactive protein (CRP);
Haptoglobin;
Orosomucoid;
Proteins
Acute-phase reactions, 3, 6, 11, 13-14, 126, 132-133, 133-134, 514-515
See also Immunity;
Nonspecific immunity
Acute-phase response, 13, 133, 361, 391-392
See also Liver
Adaptive immunity. See Antigen-specific immunity
ADH. See Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)
Adipogenesis inhibitory factor. See Interleukin-11 (IL-11)
Adrenal gland. See Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA); Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system
Adrenalectomy (ADX), 424
glucocorticoid treatment in animals after, 418-419
interleukin-1 lethality in animals after, 416-418, 419
See also Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA);
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system;
Surgical procedures
Adrenocorticosteroid (CS), 411, 415, 416-417, 418, 419, 421, 422
See also Glucocorticoids;
Hormones
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), 71, 72, 74, 189-190, 394, 410-411, 412, 414, 415, 452, 454, 463, 470
See also Hormones
Adrenoglucocorticoid regulation, 189-190
See also Immune function
Adults
Vitamin A doses and toxicity, considerations for, 281-282, 284-285
See also Demographics
Africa
measles unusual manifestations, 547
sub-Saharan, Vitamin A deficiency in, 281, 282
Age and aging, 68
bereavement and elderly subjects, immunological response to, 211
exercise and age-related immunity, studies review, 212, 376-377
immune response and, summary, 290
nutritional supplementation to boost immunity, 214
vitamin C supplementation effects on immune response, clinical trials, 263, 292-293
vitamin E supplementation effects on immune response, clinical trials, 263, 291-292
See also Demographics
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 43-44, 102, 537, 538, 539
See also Department of Health and Human Services
Agriculture Department, U.S. See U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
AIDS/HIV. See Acquired immune deficiency syndrome/human immunodeficiency virus (AIDS/HIV)
AIDS-related complex (ARC), 375
See also Acquired immune deficiency syndrome/human immunodeficiency virus (AIDS/HIV);
Diseases and disorders
Air Force. See U.S. Air Force (USAF)
Airplanes
flight over several time zones, biologic rhythms effects of, 451, 464-465
ALA. See α-linolenic acid (ALA)
Alcohol use and abuse
immune function role of, 66-67
α-linolenic acid (ALA), 305, 306, 308-309, 310, 311
See also Saturated fatty acids
Allergen
definition, 527
Allergy, 524
definition, 527
time-dependent changes in, 460-462
See also Anaphylactic reaction;
Antigen-specific immunity;
Arthus reactions;
Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH);
Diseases and disorders;
Histamine;
Hypersensitivity, immediate;
Hypersensitivity reactions
Allograft. See Surgical procedures
Altitude, high
immune function effects of exposure, 80
See also High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE);
Stress and stressors
American Heart Association, 264
branch chain amino acid (BCAA), 42, 43
coxsackievirus viral evolution and selenium deficiency, changes in, 349
doses and toxicity of, 110
immune function role of, 49-51, 105, 110
military personnel supplementation, conclusions, 128
military situations, special concerns in, 110
See also Arginine;
Glutamine;
Nutrients;
Proteins
Anaphylactic reaction
definition, 527
See also Allergy
Anaphylatoxin (C3a), 209
definition, 528
See also Complement system
Anemia, 10
iron deficiency, supplementation for, impact on infectious disease risk, 264, 328
military personnel deployment and, recommendations, 130
military recruits screening for and iron supplementation, 328-329
military women in basic combat training, iron status of, 62-63
military women recruits, prevalence of, 150
See also Diseases and disorders;
Iron, dietary
Anergy, 237
See also Immune response (IR)
Animals
adrenalectomized animals, glucocorticoid treatment of, 418-419
adrenalectomized animals, interleukin-1 lethality to, 416-418
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, abnormal, conditions lethal to animals, 417
mice as natural hosts of emerging infections, 546, 547-548
monkeys, Ebola-Reston outbreak in, 38, 543
Anthrax, 6
See also Biological warfare
Antibiotics
resistant organisms, disease introduction/dissemination factor, 545
See also Drugs
definition, 528
functions of, 522-523
inflammatory reactions, participation of, 522-523
See also Antigen-specific immunity;
Fragment-antibody (Fab);
Fc (crystalline fragment);
Immunity;
Immunoglobulin;
Immunoglobulin A (IgA);
Immunoglobulin D (IgD);
Immunoglobulin E (IgE);
Immunoglobulin G (IgG);
Immunoglobulin M (IgM);
Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH). See Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), 520
Antigens, 209
definition, 528
See also Immune response (IR)
Antigen-specific immunity, 238, 512, 520, 522-524
See also Activation phase;
Allergy;
Antibodies;
Antigens;
B-cells;
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI);
Cognitive phase;
Discrimination of self from nonself;
Diversity;
Effector phase;
Humoral immunity (HI);
Hypersensitivity reactions;
immunity;
Memory;
Self-limitation;
Specificity;
T-cells
delayed-type hypersensitivity response to tetanus toxoid using beverage supplement, SFAS study, 178, 179
peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation using supplementation, SFAS study, 178, 179
See also β-carotene;
Vitamin C;
Vitamin E
Apodemis aggrarious, 546
Arachidonic acid (AA), 305, 306, 307-308, 312
See also Saturated fatty acids
ARC. See AIDS-related complex (ARC)
Arginine, 4, 7-8, 14, 42, 51, 111, 127
doses and toxicity, 111
See also Amino acids (AAs);
Nutrients
Arginine vasopressin (AVP), 410-411, 412, 413-414, 415
See also Vasopressin (VP)
Army, U.S.
See U.S. Army
Arthus reactions
definition, 528
See also Allergy;
Hypersensitivity reactions
Ascorbic acid. See Vitamin C
Asia
Southeast, Vitamin A deficiency epidemiology, 281
southern, Vitamin A deficiency epidemiology, 281
Asthma
allergic, children with, circadian rhythms in, 462
allergic, time-dependent changes in, 455, 456, 460-462
bronchial, biologic rhythms role in, 449, 461
vitamin C and E supplementation effects on lung function in, studies review, 263, 295-296
See also Diseases and disorders;
Respiratory diseases and disorders
Athletes and athletics, 68
exercise, practical guidelines for, 377-379
immune response, infection, and exercise relationship, studies of, 365-370
infection, effects on physical performance, studies of, 373-374
marathon runners immune function effects of exertion, study findings, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 371, 372
nutrient supplements and exercise, review of studies, 378-379
sports, close-contact, and transmission of HIV, findings, 374-375
upper respiratory tract infection susceptibility and exercise, studies of, 371-373
ATSDR.
See Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
Autoimmune disease
definition, 528
linolenic acid (n-3 PUFA) management of, clinical trials findings, 310-311
See also Diseases and disorders;
Immune function
AVP.
See Arginine vasopressin (AVP)
B
Bacillus Calmette-Guirin (BCG) vaccination, 241, 459
See also Vaccines and vaccination
Bacteria.
See Microbes; Microbial virulence
Bangkok, Thailand
infectious disease risk in, 545
Basophil, 443
definition, 528
See also White blood cells (WBC)
β-carotene, 7, 14, 109, 127, 134
See also Antioxidants
B-cell growth factors, 224-225
See also Cytokines;
Interleukin-4 (IL-4);
Interleukin-6 (IL-6);
Interleukin-14 (IL-14)
B-cell growth factor-2. See Interleukin-5 (IL-5)
biologic rhythms and, 445, 450-451, 464, 466, 467, 470
definition, 528
overview of, 521-522
See also Antigen-specific immunity;
B-cell growth factors;
Lymphocytes
B-cell stimulatory factor-2. See Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
BCG. See Bacillus Calmette-Guirin (BCG) vaccination
Bereavement
elderly persons and, immunologic responses to, 210, 211
See also Emotional stress;
Mortality
Beverages
antioxidant supplementation using, Special Forces Assessment and Selection study, 178, 179
See also Food
Bifidobacterium bifidum, 320
Biochemistry, 25
cytokines nature, 222
glutamine, physiologic biochemistry of, 266-268
Biologic rhythms. See Chronobiology; Chronopharmacology; Chronotherapeutics; Circadian rhythms; Circannual rhythms; Circaseptan rhythms
Biological warfare
military immunization against, 6
military personnel threat from biologic agent, 140
See also Anthrax
Biotechnology, 6
military personnel use of products to sustain immune function, risks and benefits, 106
Blood
collection of, blood lymphoid cell measurement in whole-blood cultures, experimental methods, 251
cytokines and markers in, development and field testing, future research, 133-134
donors of, blood lymphoid cell measurement in whole-blood cultures, experimental methods, 250
volume of, and lymphocyte proliferation in whole-blood cultures, experimental methods, 251, 253
See also Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs);
Phagocytes;
Plasma cells;
Platelets;
Serum;
White blood cells (WBC);
Whole-blood cultures
Blood diseases and disorders. See Anemia, iron deficiency; Blood
B-lymphocytes. See B-cells
Board on Military Supplies, viii
See also National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
Body composition. See Body weight (BW); Lean body mass
Body fat, 24
Ranger I study, percent change in, 168
Ranger II study, percent change in, 172
Special Forces Assessment and Selection Course study, percent change during, 176
Body mass. See Lean body mass
Body temperature
immune response factors, 210-211
Ranger I and II studies, percent change in, 168
Special Forces Assessment and Selection Course studies, loss during, 175
Bone marrow
biologic rhythms and white blood cell numbers/functions, 440, 441, 446, 447, 450, 451
transplants, glutamine supplementation effects on patients, 263, 269-270
See also Blood
Bosnia
military personnel psychological stress effects on, 142
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), 39, 545
See also Diseases and disorders;
Emerging infections;
Infectious diseases and disorders
Breast cancer
menstrual cycle effects on surgery survival rates, 466
See also Cancer;
Diseases and disorders
Breastfeeding
Vitamin A deficiency risks for lactating women, 263, 280-281, 282
See also Infants;
Women
BSE. See Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
β-thalassemia, 325-326
See also Diseases and disorders
Burma
malaria in World War II troops, 23, 140
Burns
glutamine supplementation, effects on, 263, 268-269
See also Diseases and disorders;
Injuries
Business. See Commerce
C
C3a. See Anaphylatoxin (C3a)
Cachexin. See Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
Cairo, Egypt
infectious disease risk in, 545
Calciferols. See Vitamin D
Calories
deficiency reduction effects, Norwegian Ranger Training Course, 188
intake during Ranger I and II training studies, 167
Cancer
vitamin C and E supplementation effects on, study findings, 263, 290, 293
See also Breast cancer;
Diseases and disorders
exercise and Gatorade use, findings, 378-379
metabolism of, acute-phase reaction effects on, 361
Cardiomyopathy. See Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM); Keshan disease (KD)
Carotenoids, 51-52
See also Nutrients;
Vitamins
Catabolism, 2, 3, 18, 20, 36, 49, 105, 361, 391
See also Metabolism
Catecholamines, 70
Norwegian Ranger Training Course, changes during, 189
See also Hormones;
Immune function;
Neuropeptide function
Cathepsin
definition, 528
CD4+ cells, 104, 208, 445, 468
definition, 528
See also Helper cells;
T-cells
definition, 528
See also Suppressor cells;
T-cells
CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI), 3, 4, 108, 111, 113, 233, 291, 292, 337, 339, 516
allograft rejection and biologic rhythms in, 459-460
assessment methodologies, review of, 229-244
assessment methods, advantages/disadvantages of, 47-48
biologic rhythms in, 439, 459-460
B vitamins and, 54-55
field assessment methods, 12-13
nutrients role in, 263
See also Antigen-specific immunity;
Humoral immunity (HI);
Immune response (IR);
Immunity;
T-cells
Center for Environmental Health Research (CEHR), 143
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 44, 114, 146
Central America
Vitamin A deficiency epidemiology, 281
Central nervous system (CNS), 34, 42, 114
endocrine and immune systems and, bidirectional communication among, 409-411
endocrine and immune systems and, effects of cytokines biologic rhythms, 452-453
glutamine physiologic biochemistry and brain, 266
See also Neuroendocrine function
See also Cytokines;
Interleukin-8 (IL-8);
Macrophages
Chemotaxis
definition, 529
See also Phagocytes
Children
asthmatic, circadian rhythms in, 462
dengue hemorrhagic fever in, studies review, 546-547
Menkes disease and copper deficiency in, 65, 339
Vitamin A deficiency and, 263, 280-281, 283-284
See also Demographics
China
field immunology studies data, 146
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in, 546
malaria in World War II troops, 23, 140
selenium deficiency and Keshan (KD) disease, 65-66, 127, 341, 548
See also Manchuria
Chronobiology
allergy, cutaneous, time-dependent changes in, 460-462
allograft rejection and, 459-460, 475
asthma, allergic, time-dependent changes in, 460-462
cell-mediated immunity, and, 439, 459-460
cytokines and their inhibitors and, rhythms in, 76-77, 362, 452-454
environmental stimuli response, effects of, 438
exercise, modification of immune system rhythms, 362, 438, 467-468
food uptake, time of, effects on immune system rhythms, 362, 468-469
genetically fixed biologic rhythms, 362, 437, 438, 440, 450
humoral immune response and, 77, 362, 439, 454-456
immune system and, 75-79, 362, 437-476
light-dark changes, effects on, 362, 438, 440, 459, 473
menstrual cycle, changes in immune system-related variables during, 465-466
neuroendocrine-immune system interactions, role of, 438, 440, 462, 470-475
seasonal changes in immune response, 362, 440, 466-467
shift workers, biologic rhythms and, 451, 455, 464-465, 469
sleep rhythms and immunity, 362, 451, 462-465, 474-475
temperature changes and immune response, 362, 440
vaccination, effects on, 362, 456-459
white blood cells number and function, rhythms in, 76, 362, 441-452
See also Chronopharmacology;
Chronotherapeutics;
Circadian
rhythms;
Circannual rhythms;
Circaseptan rhythms
Chronopharmacology
biologic rhythms in immune function, implications for, 78-79, 475-476
See also Chronobiology
Chronotherapeutics
biologic rhythms in immune function, implications for, 78-79, 462, 475-476
See also Chronobiology
Circadian rhythms, 75-79, 439, 441, 442, 443, 444, 453, 454-459, 460-465, 467-469, 470-476
rheumatoid arthritis, urinary neopterin excretion of, and, 447-448
See also Chronobiology;
Circaseptan rhythms
Circannual rhythms, 75-76, 77, 440-441, 451, 456, 466-467, 476
See also Chronobiology
Circaseptan rhythms, 75, 77, 440, 456, 459-460, 476
See also Chronobiology;
Circadian rhythms
Circumventricular organs (CVOs), 74
Civil War
Vitamin A deficiency in Union and Confederate Armies, 282
Civilian research, 14, 23, 27, 134
See also Research
CMNR. See Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR)
CNS. See Central nervous system (CNS)
Cobalamine. See Vitamin B12
definition, 529
See also Antigen-specific immunity;
Immune response (IR)
Colony stimulating factors
definition, 529
See also Cytokines;
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF);
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF);
Macrophage/monocyte colony stimulating factor (MCSF)
Columbia, Maryland, 308
Combat
environmental factors during, immune function effects of, 101
training, physiological and immunological impact of, research objectives, 164
See also Military operations;
Military personnel
Commerce
international, infectious disease introduction/dissemination factor, 545, 546
Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR), vii, 1, 2, 6, 14, 17, 20, 21, 30, 33, 62, 63, 81, 82, 99, 100, 104, 106, 117, 119, 120, 144, 146, 171, 362, 497-498, 499, 502, 503, 504, 506
history of, summary, viii
recommendations, 8-13, 129-133
report organization, ix
research, future recommendations for, 13-14, 133-134
tasks and procedures review, viii-ix
See also Food and Nutrition Board (FNB);
Institute of Medicine (IOM);
National Academy of Sciences (NAS);
Not Eating Enough
Complement system, 516-517, 523, 539
definition, 529
vitamin C supplementation effects on marathon runners, study findings, 378
See also Anaphylatoxin (C3a);
Immunity;
Nonspecific immunity;
Proteins;
Ultramarathon
Concanavalin A (ConA), 464
definition, 529
amino acids supplements and immune function, military operations, 128
cytokines (recombinant) use by military, and immune function, 126
energy total intake and immune function, military operations, 126-127
field studies of immune function by military, 126
glutamine and immune function, military operations, 128-129
health (general) status and immune function, military implications, 126
iron excess and deficiency and immune status, military operations, 128
military personnel deployment and nutritional status, 127
nutritional supplements and immune function, military implications, 7-8, 128-129
nutritional supplements, excess use by military, safety problems, 128
nutrition and immune function, military implications, 7, 125-129
pharmacologic agents use by military, and immune function, 126
polyunsaturated fatty acids supplements and immune function, military operations, 128
stressors encountered by military and immune function, 126
vaccination (prophylactic) use by military, and immune function, 126
vitamins A, C, and E supplements and immune function, military operations, 128
Copper
doses and toxicity, 113
immune function role of, 3, 4, 7, 38, 41, 42, 64-65, 113, 115, 127, 339-340
military situations, special concerns in, 113
zinc interactions with, 340
See also Minerals;
Nutrients
Corticosterone (CORT), 414, 415, 418-419, 420, 421
See also Hormones
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 70-71, 72, 74, 75, 392, 394, 395, 396, 410-411, 412-414, 415, 421, 423
See also Hormones
Cortisol, 364-365, 456-457, 470
See also Glucocorticoids;
Hormones
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 322
Coxsackievirus B (CVB), 341-351
C-reactive protein (CRP), 11-13, 47, 48, 104, 120, 132-133, 391, 537
definition, 529
See also Acute-phase proteins;
Proteins
CRH. See Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
CRP. See C-reactive protein (CRP)
CVB. See Coxsackievirus B (CVB)
Cytokines, 3, 4, 6, 8-9, 23, 25, 32, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 74-75, 203, 409-410
action mode of, 222
action principles of, 222-223
biochemistry of, 222
biologic rhythms in cytokines and their inhibitors, 76-77, 362, 438, 452-454, 462, 475
circulating, assays of, overview and methodological issues, 540-542
classification of, 224-226
clinical use of, 227
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, sample types and preparation for, 226
experimentation with, 223
field testing of appropriate markers in urine and blood, 13-14, 133-134
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, counter-regulation of, 362, 416-421
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, immune regulation by, 410-416
immune function index, use as, military nutrition research ideas, 119-120
inflammation, systemic, neuroendocrine consequences, 392, 393, 397
military use of drugs and, 126, 129
nature of, 222
pleiotropic principle of, 222-223
recombinant, military administration of and immune function, conclusions, 126
redundancy of, 223
synergistic principle of, 223
See also B-cell growth factors;
Chemotactic agents;
Colony stimulating factors;
Cytotoxic/cytostatic inducers and effectors;
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF) ;
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF);
Hematopoietic growth and differentiation factors;
Immune function;
Inflammatory cytokines;
Inhibitory/regulatory factors;
Interferon-α (INF-α);
Interferon-gamma (INF-γ);
Interferons;
Interleukin-1 (IL-1);
Interleukin-2 (IL-2);
Interleukin-3 (IL-3);
Interleukin-4 (IL-4);
Interleukin-5 (IL-5);
Interleukin-6 (IL-6);
Interleukin-7 (IL-7);
Interleukin-8 (IL-8);
Interleukin-9 (IL-9);
Interleukin-10 (IL-10);
Interleukin-11 (IL-11);
Interleukin-12 (IL-12);
Interleukin-13 (IL-13);
Interleukin-14 (IL-14);
Interleukin-15 (IL-15);
Interleukins;
Lymphokines;
Macrophage/monocyte colony stimulating factor (MCSF);
Monokines;
Nonspecific immunity;
Proinflammatory cytokines;
Proteins;
T-cell growth factors;
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF);
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α);
Tumor necrosis factor-β (TNF-β)
Cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor. See Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
Cytolytic/cytotoxic reactions, 524
See also Hypersensitivity reactions
Cytotoxic/cytostatic inducers and effectors, 224, 225, 522
See also Cytokines;
Interleukin-12 (IL-12);
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α);
Tumor necrosis factor-β (TNF-β)
Cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor. See Interleukin-12 (IL-12)
Cytotoxic reactions. See Cytolytic/cytotoxic reactions
D
Death. See Mortality
Defense and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine, 143
Defense Department. See Department of Defense (DoD)
Defense Women's Health Research Program (DWHRP94), 150
Defensins
definition, 529
See also Neutrophils;
Proteins
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 141, 470, 471
Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), 148, 149, 177, 290, 291, 292, 307, 308, 309-310, 339, 524
antioxidant supplementation, response to tetanus toxoid, Special Forces Assessment and Selection study, 178, 179
cutaneous, use as nutritional status indicator, 209
definition, 529
skin testing, overview, 539
vitamin B and, 55
See also Allergy;
Hypersensitivity reactions
Demographics
disease, infectious, introduction and dissemination factors, 544-545
See also Adults;
Age and aging;
Children;
Infants;
Mortality;
Population density;
Population migration;
Urban areas;
Women
De novo studies/samples, 222, 240, 242, 267
See also Diseases and disorders;
Infectious diseases and disorders
Dengue hemorrhagic fever, 38
children with, nutrition role, 38, 546-547
Thailand studies of, 547
See also Diseases and disorders;
Emerging infections;
Infectious diseases and disorders
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 48, 61, 170, 254, 266, 269, 270, 293, 318, 319, 323, 324, 338-339, 340, 348, 350, 440, 441, 539
Department of Agriculture, U.S. See U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Department of Defense (DoD), viii, 6, 20
Department of Health and Human Services, 43-44, 102
See also Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
Desert terrain
military training immunological/physiological effects of, 169, 170, 172, 173
See also Environment
Determinants. See Epitopes
Developing countries
Vitamin A deficiency in, 280-281
Dexamethasone, 418-419
DHA. See Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
DHEA. See Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Diarrheal diseases, 23, 39, 140
See also Diseases and disorders;
Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases and disorders;
Infectious diseases and disorders;
Shigella
Dietary intervention. See Nutritional intervention
Dietary supplements. See Nutrients;Nutritional supplements
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), 341
See also Diseases and disorders
Dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), 242
Diphtheria, 39
glutamine supplementation and delayed-type hypersensitivity response to, SFAS study, 177-178
Soviet Union, former, reemergence of, 545
See also Diseases and disorders;
Infectious diseases and disorders
Discrimination of self from nonself, 517
definition, 529
See also Antigen-specific immunity;
Immune response (IR)
Diseases and disorders
host defense (long-term) and, military nutrition research ideas, 120
immunology development of new concepts and assessment techniques, 36
Vitamin A deficiency relationship to, 281, 282
See also Acquired immune deficiency syndrome/human immunodeficiency virus (AIDS/HIV);
AIDS-related complex (ARC);
Allergy;
Anemia;
Asthma;
Autoimmune disease;
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE);
Breast cancer;
Β-thalassemia;
Burns;
Cancer;
Dengue;
Dengue hemorrhagic fever;
Diarrheal diseases;
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM);
Diphtheria;
Ebola;
Ebola-Reston;
Emerging infections;
Eye diseases and disorders;
Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases and disorders;
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS);
Hemolytic uremic syndrome;
High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE);
Immunity;
Immunodeficiency disorder;
Infectious diseases and disorders;
Inflammation;
Injuries;
Keshan dis-
ease (KD);
Malaria;
Measles;
Menkes syndrome;
Nonspecific immunity;
Nutritionally-acquired immune dysfunction syndromes (NAIDS);
Pneumonia;
Post-viral fatigue syndrome (PVFS);
Respiratory diseases and disorders;
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA);
Shigella;
Sick euthyroid syndrome;
Trauma;
Upper respiratory infections (URI);
Upper respiratory tract infections (URTI);
Urticaria
Diversity, 517
definition, 530
See also Antigen-specific immunity;
Immune response (IR);
Lymphocyte repertoire
DNA. See Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
DNFB. See Dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 60, 114, 118, 306, 308, 309, 311
See also Saturated fatty acids
Doubly labeled water (DLW) method, 24, 26, 166
military personnel intervention to sustain immune function, risks and benefits, 105-106
military personnel use and immune function, conclusions, 126
military personnel use, recommendations, 129
See also Antibiotics
DTH. See Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)
Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, 146
DWHRP94. See Defense Women's Health Research Program (DWHRP94)
E
''Eat to Win.'' See "Performance Nutrition"/"Eat to Win"
Ebola
See also Diseases and disorders;
Emerging infections;
Infectious diseases and disorders
Ebola-Reston
See also Diseases and disorders;
Emerging infections;
Infectious diseases and disorders
E. coli. See Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Ecology
changes in, infectious disease introduction/dissemination factor, 544, 546
EFAs. See Essential fatty acids (EFAs)
"Effect of Prolonged Exhaustive Military Activities on Man," 145-146
definition, 530
See also Antigen-specific immunity;
Immune response (IR)
Effector cells
in vitro assessment of response, methodology review, 243
See also T-cells
Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, 165
Egypt. See Cairo, Egypt
definition, 530
fat (dietary) and types/concentration of, immune response effects of, 311-312
See also Prostaglandins
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 60, 113, 114, 118, 305-306, 308, 309, 311
See also Saturated fatty acids
Elderly. See Age and aging
Electrolytes
exercise and Gatorade use, findings, 378-379
ELISA. See Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Emerging infections
definition of, 544
immunity and, overview, 543-548
introduction and dissemination of, 544-548
military personnel exposure risk, 543, 544, 546, 548
nutritional status role in, 545-548
See also Acquired immune deficiency syndrome/human immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS/HIV);
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE);
Dengue hemorrhagic fever;
Diseases and disorders;
Ebola;
Ebola-Reston;
Hantavirus;
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS);
Hemolytic uremic syndrome;
Infectious diseases and disorders
Emotional stress
immune function effects of, 80-81, 210-211
See also Bereavement;
Stress and stressors
Endemic cardiomyopathy. See Keshan disease (KD)
Endocrine system
central nervous and immune systems and, bidirectional communication among, 409-411
central nervous and immune systems and, effects of cytokines biologic rhythms, 452-453
See also Neuroendocrine function
Endogenous pyrogen. See Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
Endothelial cells, 361, 392, 422
Energy intake/expenditure
deficit in military personnel, stress indices and PHA-stimulated T-cell proliferation, relation, 28, 147
immune function and, military operations/training, 21, 24, 30, 33
immune function and total intakes, conclusions, 126-127
Ranger I and II studies, results from, 166, 167
Special Forces Assessment and Selection Course studies, 175
England
asthma and lung function, vitamin C and E supplementation study, 296
bovine spongiform encephalopathy in, 545
See also Sheffield, England
Environment
biologic rhythms, effects of, 362, 438, 449
biologic rhythms, effects on response to, 438
See also Desert terrain;
Environmental pollution;
Jungle terrain;
Land use;
Mountain terrain;
Swamp terrain
Environmental pollution
combat and exposure, immune function effects, 101
immune function effects of exposure to, 81
military operations/training exposure, immune function effects, 101
See also Environment;
Stress and stressors
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 12-13, 48, 539, 541
cytokines measurement with, 226
cytokines sample types and preparation, 226
definition, 530
Enzymes. See Cathepsin; Lysozyme
Eosinophil, 443
definition, 530
See also White blood cells (WBC)
Eosinophil-differentiating factor. See Interleukin-5 (IL-5)
EPA. See Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
Epidemiology, 36
cancer effects of vitamin C and E supplementation, findings, 293
Thailand, dengue hemorrhagic fever studies, 547
vitamin A deficiency, review of, 280-281
Epitopes
definition, 530
See also Lymphocyte repertoire
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), 11-13, 47, 48, 104, 133
Escherichia coli (E. coli), 39, 61, 320, 321, 322, 327, 393, 423, 438, 439, 545
Essential fatty acids (EFAs), 306, 310
See also Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intake (ESADDI), 108-114
Europe
glutamine supplementation effect on hospital stay, trial results, 269
northern arctic regions, extreme temperatures effects on immune function, 101
Vitamin A deficiency epidemiology, 281
Euthyroid, sick, syndrome. See Sick euthyroid syndrome
Exercise
acute, and immune response, 361, 364-367
age-related immunity and, study findings, 211-212, 376-377
AIDS/HIV and, 375-376
chronic, and immune response, 367-371
chronic, and natural killer cell activity, studies review, 367-368
chronic, and neutrophil function, studies review, 361, 368-369
chronic, and T-cell function, studies review, 361, 369-370
immune function combined effects of health, exercise, and stress, 6, 21
immune-related biologic rhythms, modification by, 362, 438, 467-468, 474-475
immune response to, mechanisms behind, 364-365
immune system effect of, 67, 68-69
immunity, infection, and, relationship, 363-364
infection effect on performance and recovery ability, 67-68, 69, 361, 373-374
infection, recommendations during, 374
military personnel physical fitness maintenance and, recommendations, 129
respiratory infection incidence, immune responses, and, relationship, 211, 212
upper respiratory tract infections risk and, 361, 371-373
upper respiratory tract infections risk and, J curve, 371-373
upper respiratory tract infections risk and, public health recommendations, 373
vitamin C and E supplementation effects during, 263, 290, 296-297
See also Physical activity;
Physical fitness;
Stress and stressors
Ex vivo studies/samples, 189, 190, 236, 239, 254, 541
definition of, 235
Eye diseases and disorders
Vitamin A deficiency (adult), clinical manifestations of, 279, 280, 282
See also Diseases and disorders
F
Fab. See Fragment-antibody (Fab)
Fat, dietary
eicosanoid types/concentration and immune response, effects of, 311-312
immune response effects of, mechanisms, 311-312
intake, American Heart Association recommendations, 264
intake, immune response and, 264
lipoproteins, serum, and immune response, effects of, 311
membrane fluidity and immune response, effects of, 312
oxidative stress and immune response, effects of, 312
See also Fatty acids
Fatty acids, 305-306
dihomo-gamma linolenic acid (DGLA), 306
free fatty acids (FFAs), 306
immune function role of, 3, 41, 42, 55-60, 118, 305-312
immune response effects of, mechanisms for mediating, 311-312
intake amount and immune response role, 57-59, 264, 306-307
See also α-linolenic acid (ALA);
Arachidonic acid (AA);
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA);
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA);
Fat, dietary;
Linoleic acid (n-6 PUFA);
Linolenic acid (n-3 PUFA);
Nutrients;
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs);
Saturated fatty acids;
Unsaturated fatty acids
Fc (crystalline fragment)
definition, 530
See also Antibodies
Field research, 2, 5, 6, 7, 11-12, 17, 20
blood lymphoid activity in vitro measurement, whole-blood cultures use, applications for, 249-259
cytokine markers testing, 13-14, 133-134
immune function and nutrition, conclusions, 126
immune function assessment, methodological issues, 44-46, 102-105, 132-133
immune function assessment, technical issues for, 102-103
immune function effects of multiple stressors, elite military troops, 21
military awareness of civilian research, recommendations, 133
See also Research
Field training exercises (FTX), 165, 166, 171
See also Military training
Finland
seasonal changes in biologic rhythms, summary, 467
First Special Warfare Training Group, 174
Fish oils
fatty acids and immune function and, 58-59, 60, 309-311
Flight. See Airplanes
Flow cytometry
in vitro assessment of cell types, methodology review, 243-244
Fluid Replacement in Heat Stress, 132
Folic acid
doses and toxicity of, 108
immune function role of, 3, 4, 7, 54-55, 108, 127
military situations, special concerns in, 108
See also Nutrients;
Vitamins
Food
deprivation of, military rations reduced consumption, immune function effects of, 100
survey of knowledge and attitudes, military operations, 24
uptake time, modification of immune-related biologic rhythms by, 362, 468-469
uptake time, shift workers biologic rhythms, 469
See also Beverages;
Fish oils;
Military food and rations;
Oils and oilseeds;
Operational rations;
Vegetable oils
Food and Nutrition Board (FNB), vii, viii, ix, 116
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) Subcommittee on Upper Safe Levels, 116
See also Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR);
Institute of Medicine (IOM);
National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
Foreign military personnel
Norwegian Ranger Training program, 31-35, 137, 145, 185-190
See also Military personnel
Fort Benning, Georgia, 164, 169, 172, 173
Ranger Training Brigade, 165
Fort Bliss, Texas, 165
Fort Bragg, North Carolina
Special Warfare Training Center, 164
Fort Detrick, Maryland, 143
Fragment-antibody (Fab)
definition, 530
See also Antibodies
G
Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases and disorders, 114
glutamine and, relationship to, 270-271
See also Diseases and disorders
Gatorade
exercise and, use by athletes, findings, 378-379
GCSF. See Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF)
Genetic diseases and disorders. See Menkes syndrome
Genetics
biologic rhythms, genetically fixed, 362, 437, 438, 440, 450
immediate early gene (c-fos), 412-413, 414
immune responses, factors affecting, 210-211
GH. See Growth hormone (GH)
GI. See Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases and disorders
Glucocorticoids, 70, 410-411, 412, 421
adrenalectomized animals treatment with, study findings, 418-419
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, abnormal, animals with, treatment with, 417
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and protective role of, 422-423
See also Adrenocorticosteroid (CS);
Cortisol;
Hormones
Glutamine, 265-266
bacterial translocation, 270
biochemistry, physiologic, of, 266-268
bone marrow transplant patients, supplementation effects on, 263, 269-270
burn patients, supplementation effects on, 263, 268-269
doses and toxicity of, 110-111
gastrointestinal tract and, animal and human studies, 270-271
hypersensitivity, delayed-type, response to tetanus toxoid using supplement, SFAS study, 177-178
immune function role of, 4, 7-8, 14, 38, 42, 49-51, 110-111, 117, 127, 128, 268-270
infection resistance, supplementation effects on, 263, 268-269
military situations, special concerns in, 110-111, 117
lymphocyte, peripheral, proliferation during supplementation, SFAS study, 174, 177
postoperative patients, supplementation effects on, 263, 269-270
supplementation and exercise, study findings, 378
See also Amino acids (AAs);
Nutrients
Glycoproteins. See α1-antitrypsin; C-reactive protein (CRP); Haptoglobin; Orosomucoid; Proteins
GnRH. See Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Gonadal steroids, 147, 174, 465
See also Hormones
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 73, 398
See also Hormones
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF), 225
definition, 529
See also Colony stimulating factors;
Cytokines;
Granulocytes;
Hematopoietic growth and differentiation factors
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF), 32, 187, 225
definition, 529
See also Colony stimulating factors;
Cytokines;
Granulocytes;
Hematopoietic growth and differentiation factors
Granulocyte nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye reduction, 324
Granulocytes
Norwegian Ranger Training Course, changes during, 187-188
See also Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF);
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF);
Immune function;
Phagocytes
Growth hormone (GH), 73, 399, 468-469, 470, 471, 472-473
See also Hormones
H
Haiti
U.S. military personnel, infectious disease risk, 545
U.S. military personnel, stressors in deployment, 100, 142
Hantavirus, 546
See also Emerging infections;
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), 38, 544, 546
See also Diseases and disorders;
Emerging infections;
Infectious diseases and disorders;
Hantavirus
Haplotypes. See Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotypes
Haptoglobin
definition, 530
See also Acute-phase proteins;
Proteins
Health
general health status, conclusions, 126
general health status optimizing, recommendations, 8-9, 129-130
immune function, stress, and, summary, 500-503
See also Diseases and disorders;
Immune function;
Immune response;
Immunity;
Infectious diseases and disorders;
Metabolism;
Nutrition;
Physiology;
Public health
Helicobacter pylori, 320
Helper cells
definition, 530
See also CD4+ cells;
T-cells
Helsinki Declaration of 1975, Revised 1983, 250
Hemolytic uremic syndrome, 39, 545
See also Diseases and disorders;
Emerging infections;
Infectious diseases and disorders
Hemophilus influenzae, 320
Hematopoietic growth and differentiation factors, 224, 225
See also Cytokines;
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF);
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF);
Interleukin-3 (IL-3);
Interleukin-5 (IL-5);
Interleukin-11 (IL-11);
Macrophage/monocyte colony stimulating factor (MCSF)
Hepatic function. See Liver
HI. See Humoral immunity (HI)
High altitude. See Altitude, high
High-altitude-pulmonary edema (HAPE), 80
See also Altitude, high;
Diseases and disorders
High-molecular weight B-cell growth factor. See Interleukin-14 (IL-14)
definition, 531
See also Allergy
HIV. See Acquired immune deficiency syndrome/human immunodeficiency virus (AIDS/HIV)
See also Adrenocorticosteroid (CS);
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH);
Catecholamines;
Corticosterone (CORT);
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH);
Cortisol;
Glucocorticoids;
Gonadal steroids;
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH);
Growth hormone (GH);
Sex steroids;
Testosterone;
Thymosin;
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH);
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH);
Vasopressin (VP)
Hospitals and hospitalization
glutamine supplementation, effects on length of stay, 269
Host defense mechanisms. See Immune function; Immune response (IR); Immunity
lymphocyte proliferation in whole-blood cultures, duration of labeling by, 254, 255, 256
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). See Acquired immune deficiency syndrome/human immunodeficiency virus (AIDS/HIV)
Human Nutrition Research Center, 5
See also U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Humidity
extremes, military operational exposure to, immune function effects of, 101
See also Stress and stressors
Humoral immunity (HI), 12, 233, 263, 517, 518, 519, 521
assessment of, methodologies review, 229-244
assessment of, methods advantages/disadvantages of, 47
biologic rhythmicity of, 77, 362, 439, 454-456
secondary response, assessment measures, 537-538
See also Antigen-specific immunity;
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI);
Immune response (IR);
Immunity
Hypersensitivity, delayed. See Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)
Hypersensitivity, immediate
definition, 531
See also Allergy
Hypersensitivity reactions, 523-524
definition, 531
types of, 524
See also Allergy;
Antigen-specific immunity;
Arthus reactions;
Cytolytic/cytotoxic reactions;
Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH);
Immune complex reactions
Hypophysectomy (HYPOX)
interleukin-1 lethality and, 416-418, 419, 420-421
See also Surgical procedures
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA), 417, 418, 420, 421, 458, 472
abnormal, animals with, conditions producing lethal effects in, 417
cytokine counter-regulation by, 362, 461-421
cytokine regulation of, 410-416
glucocorticoids protective role, 422-423
immune system activation of, effects of, 362, 416-421
inflammatory stress and immune system, 74, 75, 362-363, 409-425
interleukin-1 β role of, 411, 414, 416, 418-419, 420, 422
interleukin-1 central actions, and, 413-414
interleukin-1 effects elucidation using lipopolysaccharides, 415-416
interleukin-1 locus of origin role in, 414-415
interleukin-1 regulation of, 410, 411-416, 417, 418, 423, 424
interleukin-6 regulation of, 410, 411, 415
pituitary-adrenal axis without hypothalamic regulation, 420, 421
sympathoadrenal responses protective role in, 423-425
tumor necrosis factor-α regulation of, 410, 411
See also Adrenalectomy (ADX);
Hypophysectomy (HYPOX);
Neuroendocrine function
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, 69, 398
inflammation, systemic, effects on, 70-71, 72, 392-396;
See also Adrenalectomy (ADX);
Hypophysectomy (HYPOX);
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA);
Neuroendocrine function
Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid system
inflammation, systemic, and regulation, 71, 72, 73, 397-398
inflammatory disease, regulation in, 71, 397-398
stress, hormonal responses, 69
See also Neuroendocrine function
Hypothalamus. See Hypophysectomy (HYPOX); Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA); Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system
HYPOX. See Hypophysectomy (HYPOX)
I
Immediate hypersensitivity. See Hypersensitivity, immediate
IMMUNAID®, 214
Immune assessment, 24, 25, 40, 43-46, 47-48
advanced tests of, 539-542
antibody response to immunization with novel antigen, overview, 538
basic tests of, 537-539
complement assays (CH50), 539
cytokines (circulating) and soluble receptors assays, 540-542
deficiency, focused tests of, 538
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, overview, 539, 541
field assessment methods, 11-13, 17, 20, 102-105
field conditions, assessment of during, 6, 44-46
functional assays, 539
granulocyte nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction, overview, 539
hypersensitivity, delayed, skin testing for, overview of, 539
in vitro immune assessment, methodologies review, 240, 242-244
in vivo immune assessment, methodologies review, 240, 241-242
isohemagglutinins titer, overview, 539
lymphocyte proliferation/function assays, 43, 539
methodological issues in, 235-244
military field measures, recommendations, 132-133
military methods for evaluating immunological functions, summary, 500
military nutrition laboratory research, methods for, 102-105
natural killer cell activity assessment, overview of, 542
plasma and serum affect assays, overview, 540
radiolabeled chromium, in vivo release of, 542
secondary humoral response assessment, overview, 537-538
serum assessment tests, overview, 537, 538-539
study design considerations, 44-46
test system selection and development, 239-244
white blood cell count, assessment use of, 540-541
whole-blood assessments of immune function, overview of, 538, 539-542
See also Immune function;
Immune response (IR);
Immunity
Immune complex reactions, 524
See also Hypersensitivity reactions;
Immune response (IR)
Immune function
alcohol use effects on, 66-67
altitude, high, effects on, 80
amino acids role in, 49-51
Army Ranger studies of, 18, 20, 21
Army training courses, nutrition and, 29-33
biologic rhythms in, and nutrition, 75-79
biologic rhythms in, overview, 437-476
biologic rhythms in, potential clinical relevance, 77-78
biologic rhythms in white blood cells, 76, 362, 441-452
biotechnology products use by military personnel and, risks/benefits of, 106
chronopharmacology and, 78-79, 470-475
chronotherapeutics and, 78-79, 470-475
circadian rhythms in, factors interacting with, 78
copper effects on, animal/human studies review, 339-340
cytokines as index of, military nutrition research ideas, 119-120
emotional stress effects on, 80-81
exercise effects on, 67, 68-69
fatty acids amount intake and, 57-59
fatty acids role in, 55-60, 305-312
glutamine and, 268-270
humidity extremes exposure in military operations, effects on, 101
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation by, 362, 411-416, 416-421
infections/injuries increases in military operations, effects on, 101
inflammatory stress and, 74-75, 362-363, 409-425
iron deficiency, effects on, 254, 323-325
iron excess, effects on, 264, 325-326
military nutrition laboratory research methods, 17, 20, 102-105
military operations and nutrients, special concerns for, 108-113
military operations, environmental factors during, effects on, 101
military operations, nutritional supplements for, safety/regulatory considerations for, 18, 20, 107-118
military operations, nutrition and, military operational missions applications of, 1, 2, 22-29
military operations, rations reduced consumption during, effects on, 100
military operations, stress factors and compromise of, 17, 18, 20, 21, 100-101
military operations, stress factors and, research, 22-29
military operations, stress factors and, study models, 144-146
military operations sustainment of, and nutrition, viii-ix, 100-121
military personnel biotechnology products use for, risks/benefits of, 106
military personnel, nutritional intervention for, risks/benefits of, 18, 20, 105
minerals, trace, effects on, 60-66, 264, 337-351
neuroendocrine system and, bidirectional communication of, 409-411
neuroendocrine system and, biologic rhythms effects on relationship, 438, 440, 462, 470-475
Norwegian Ranger Training Course, immune function during, studies, 31-32, 33-35, 185-190
nutrients role in, 49-55, 108-115
nutrition and, Army's interest, 22-29, 139-152
nutrition and, military evaluation methods, summary, 500
nutrition and, military implications, conclusions, 125-129, 362, 497-506
nutrition and, military implications, future research recommendations, 133-134, 503-506
nutrition and, military implications, recommendations, 129-133
nutrition role in, 2-6, 19-82, 46-67, 203
nutritional intervention for military personnel, risks/benefits of, 18, 20, 105
nutritional intervention/supplementation and, 7-8, 10-11, 148-150
nutritional supplements for military operations, safety/regulatory considerations for, 18, 20, 107-118
pathogen response factors, 44-45
pharmacological intervention for military personnel, risks/benefits of, 105-106
physical activity (prolonged moderate-to-heavy) in military operations, effects on, 100
proteins role in, 49-51
psychological stress during military operations, effect on, 101
selenium effects on, animal/human studies review, 340-351
sleep deprivation during military operations, effects on, 80, 101
smoking and environmental pollutants effects on, 81
stress factors, combined, effects on, 81
stress factors, effects on, 79-81
stress, health status, and, summary, 500-503
stressful conditions and sustainment of, military nutrition research, 119-121
study design considerations, 44-46
temperature extremes exposure in military operations, effects on, 79, 101
Vitamin A role in, 279-285
vitamins role in, 51-55
whole blood measures of, overview, 538, 539-542
women, military, and, research areas, 120-121
women, physically active, and immune function, civilian research, 14
zinc effects on, studies review, 338-339
See also Adrenoglucocorticoid regulation;
Autoimmune disease;
Catecholamines;
Cytokines;
Granulocytes;
Health;
Immune assessment;
Immune response (IR);
Immunity;
Immunoglobulin;
Immunosuppression;
Interleukins;
Lymphocytes;
Monocytes;
Neuropeptide function;
Phagocytes;
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
Immune response (IR)
acute, exercise and, mechanisms behind, 364-365
aging, vitamins C and E supplementation effects, 263, 291-293
AIDS/HIV patients, vitamins C and E supplementation effects, 263, 290, 294-295
asthma and lung function, vitamins C and E supplementation effects, 263, 295-296
cancer, vitamins C and E supplementation effects, 263, 290, 293
circannual variations in, 362, 466-467
definition of, 531
effector cell response, in vitro assessment, 243
eicosanoid type/concentration and dietary fat, effects on, 311-312
exercise, acute, and, studies review, 361, 364-367
exercise, changes in biologic rhythms from, 362, 438, 467-468
exercise, respiratory infection incidence, and, relationship, 211, 212
exercise stress, vitamins C and E supplementation effects, 263, 290, 296-297
fat, dietary, mediating mechanisms for, 311-312
fat intake amount and, 264, 306-310
flow cytometry in vitro assessment of cell types, methodology, 243-244
food uptake, time of, modification of biologic rhythms by, 362, 468-469
in vitro assessment of, methodologies review, 233, 240, 242-244
in vivo assessment of, methodologies review, 233, 240, 241-242
linoleic acid (n-6 PUFA) intake, effects on, 307-308
linolenic acid (n-3 PUFA) intake, effects on, 308-310
lipoproteins, serum, and dietary fat, effects on, 311
membrane fluidity and dietary fat, effects on, 312
menstrual cycle, changes in related variables during, 465-466
nonnutritional factors influencing, 37, 206, 210-212
nutrient excesses and, 206, 209-210
nutrients role in, 36, 37, 263
nutrition and, current knowledge on, 205-214
nutrition and, general concepts, 206
nutritional altered status and 206, 207-210
nutritional deficiencies and, 206, 207-209
nutritional status, immunological tests as indicators of, 209
oxidative stress and dietary fat, effects on, 312
proliferative response, in vitro assessment methodologies, 242-243
research methodology, 11-13
respiratory infection incidence, exercise and, 211, 212
seasonal changes in, 362, 440, 466-467
undernutrition and, 203
viral evolution, role of, 547
vitamin C, role in, 263, 289-290, 292-297
vitamin E, role in, 263, 289-292, 294-297
See also Activation phase;
Anergy;
Antigens;
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI);
Cognitive phase;
Discrimination of self from nonself;
Diversity;
Effector phase;
Health;
Humoral immunity (HI);
Immune assessment;
Immune complex reactions;
Immune function;
Immunity;
Memory;
Self-limitation;
Specificity
exercise, chronic, and, studies review, 367-371
exercise, infection, and, relationship, introduction, 363-364
infections, emerging, and nutritional status and, 37-39, 543-548
nutrients, immunostimulant, 214
nutritional fixes and superimmunity, 148-150
nutritional supplements/intervention use to boost, 206, 213-214
sleep, biologic rhythms of, and, 462-465
See also Acute-phase reactions;
Antibodies;
Antigen-specific immunity;
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI);
Complement system;
Diseases and disorders;
Health;
Humoral immunity (HI);
Immune as-
sessment;
Immune function;
Immune response (IR);
Immunology;
Immunosuppression;
Inflammatory reactions;
Nonspecific immunity;
Surface immunity
Immunization.
See also Vaccines and vaccination
Immunodeficiency disorder
nutritionally acquired, vitamin A deficiency classification as, 263, 283-284
See also Diseases and disorders
Immunoglobulin, 32, 454-455, 456
definition, 531
Norwegian Ranger Training Course, plasma level changes, 187
See also Antibodies;
Immune function;
Immunoglobulin A (IgA);
Immunoglobulin D (IgD);
Immunoglobulin E (IgE);
Immunoglobulin G (IgG);
Immunoglobulin M (IgM);
Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA)
Immunoglobulin A (IgA), 455, 456, 537
definition, 531
See also Antibodies Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA)
Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
definition, 531
See also Antibodies
Immunoglobulin E (IgE), 294-295, 455-456, 461, 462
definition, 531
See also Antibodies
Immunoglobulin G (IgG), 455, 456, 537
definition, 531
See also Antibodies
Immunoglobulin M (IgM), 455, 456
definition, 532
See also Antibodies
Immunology, 222
Immunology
Army Special Operations Training impact, research objectives, 164-165
Army Special Operations Training impact, research results, 165-178
elderly persons and bereavement, responses to, 210, 211
elderly persons and exercise, responses to, 211
nutritional status indicators, use of immunological tests, 209
See also Immunity
Immunosuppression
military operational stressors, inflammatory responses to, 141-144
peripheral, induction by inflammatory/immune/infectious stress, 362, 421-425
temporary, nutritional intervention effects on, Army Special Operations Training, assessment model, 163-178
temporary, nutritional intervention effects on, Special Forces Assessment and Selection, assessment model, 174-178
temporary, Ranger training nutritional effects on, assessment model, 165-174
See also Immune response (IR)
IMPACT®, 214
Inborn immunity. See Nonspecific immunity
Indexes
cytokines as index of immune function, military nutrition research ideas, 119-120
Industry
advances in, infectious disease introduction/dissemination factor, 545
INF-α. See Interferon-α (INF-α)
INF-γ. See Interferon-γ (INF-γ)
Infants
iron status and infections susceptibility, clinical study findings, 326
respiratory morbidity and serum retinol concentration, relationship, 213-214
vaccination of, biologic rhythms effects on immunity gained, 457-458
Vitamin A deficiency and, 263, 280-281
See also Breastfeeding;
Demographics
Infections. See Infectious diseases and disorders
Infectious diseases and disorders, 2, 3, 5, 7-8, 26
dissemination factors, 39, 544-545
emerging infections, and nutritional status and immunity, 37-39
exercise during, recommendations, 374
exercise, immunity, and, relationship, introduction, 363-364
exercise performance during, effects of, 67-68, 69, 361, 373-374
glutamine supplementation effects on resistance, 263, 268-269
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation against, 362, 416-421
immune responses, factors affecting, 210-211
immunosuppression, peripheral, effects of stress, 362, 421-425
introduction factors, 39, 544-545
iron status influence on susceptibility to, 14, 134, 264, 317-318
military operations, increases in, immune function effects of, 101
military personnel resistance to, intervention benefits/risks, 18, 20, 23, 105
military personnel, risks of, 19, 140
Ranger studies, rates in, 149
selenium deficiency and susceptibility to, 340
selenium, effect on pathogen virulence, animal studies review, 264, 338, 341-351
susceptibility, increased, mechanisms of, Army-USDA cooperative research, 146-148
See also Acquired immune deficiency syndrome/human immunodeficiency virus (AIDS/HIV);
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE);
Dengue;
Dengue hemorrhagic fever;
Diarrheal diseases;
Diphtheria;
Diseases and disorders;
Ebola;
Ebola-Reston;
Emerging infections;
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS);
Hemolytic uremic syndrome;
Malaria;
Measles;
Pneumonia;
Respiratory diseases and disorders;
Upper respiratory infections (URI);
Upper respiratory tract infections (URTI);
Vaccines and vaccination
Inflammation
antidiuretic hormone inappropriate secretion, syndrome of, overview, 396-397
anti-inflammatory effects induced by immune/infectious/inflammatory stress, 362, 421-425
chronic, and neuroendocrine consequences, 391-392
diseases with, linolenic acid (n-3 PUFA) management of, clinical trials findings, 310-311
growth hormone, effects of, 73-74
growth hormone in sepsis, 399
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system activation, effects of, 70-71, 72, 362, 392-396, 416-421
military operational stressors, immune suppression and response to, 141-144
pituitary-gonadal system regulation, effects of, 73, 398-399
pituitary-thyroid system regulation in inflammatory disease, 71, 397-398
stress and the immune system, 74-75, 362-363, 409-425
systemic, neuroendocrine consequences of, 70-74, 361, 391-399
See also Diseases and disorders;
Inflammatory reactions
Inflammatory cytokines, 224, 361, 392
See also Cytokines;
Interferon-γ (INF-γ);
Interleukin-1 (IL-1);
In-
terleukin-8 (IL-8);
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)
Inflammatory reactions, 515
antibodies participation in, 522-523
See also Immunity;
Inflammation;
Nonspecific immunity
Influenza virus
infant vaccination, biological rhythms effects on immunity gained, 457-458
sleep deprivation effects on response to, animal study, 465
Inhibitory/regulatory factors, 224, 225
See also Cytokines;
Interferon-α (INF-α);
Interferon-γ (INF-γ);
Interleukin-10 (IL-10);
Interleukin-13 (IL-13);
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)
Injuries, 26
military operations increases in, immune function effects of, 101
See also Burns;
Diseases and disorders
Innate immunity. See Nonspecific immunity
Institute of Medicine (IOM), vii, x, 1
See also Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR);
Food and Nutrition Board (FNB);
National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
Interactions of Nutrition and Infection, 36
Interferon-α (INF-α), 463, 475
See also Cytokines;
Inhibitory/regulatory factors;
Interferons
Interferon-β2. See Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
Interferon-γ (INF-γ), 392, 394, 449, 451, 453, 513
production of, in vitro measurement use of whole-blood cultures, experiments methods/results, 257-259
See also Cytokines;
Inflammatory cytokines;
Inhibitory/regulatory factors;
Proinflammatory cytokines
Interferons
definition, 532
See also Cytokines;
Proinflammatory cytokines
Interleukin-1 (IL-1), 74, 75, 224, 392, 394, 397, 398, 452, 453, 454, 463, 464, 466, 513
central actions of, 413-414
definition, 532
endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide use to elucidate effects of, 415-416
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation by 410, 411-416, 417, 418, 423, 424
interleukin-1α (IL-1α), 224
interleukin-1β (IL-1β), biologic rhythms and, 453, 454
interleukin-1β (IL-1β), role in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, 411, 414, 416, 418-419, 420, 422
interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), 392
lethality of, and adrenalectomy/hypophysectomy, 416-418, 419, 420-421
locus of origin, role of, 414-415
See also Cytokines;
Inflammatory cytokines;
Interleukins;
Proinflammatory cytokines
Interleukin-2 (IL-2), 25, 48, 209, 224, 225, 392, 394, 453, 454, 463, 464
definition, 532
See also Cytokines;
Interleukins;
Lymphokines;
Soluble interleukin-2 receptors (sIL-2R);
T-cell growth factors
Interleukin-3 (IL-3), 225
definition, 532
See also Cytokines;
Hematopoietic growth and differentiation factors;
Interleukins
Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
definition, 532
See also B-cell growth factors;
Cytokines;
Interleukins;
Lymphokines;
T-cell growth factors
Interleukin-5 (IL-5), 225
definition, 532
See also Cytokines;
Hematopoietic growth and differentiation factors;
Interleukins;
Lymphokines
Interleukin-6 (IL-6), 13, 25, 28, 74, 133, 147, 392, 394, 397, 398, 410, 411, 415, 452, 453-454, 513
definition, 532
See also B-cell growth factors;
Cytokines;
Interleukins;
Lymphokines;
Proinflammatory cytokines
Interleukin-7 (IL-7)
definition, 532
See also Cytokines;
Interleukins;
T-cell growth factors
Interleukin-8 (IL-8), 513
definition, 533
See also Chemotactic agents;
Cytokines;
Inflammatory cytokines;
Interleukins;
Proinflammatory cytokines
Interleukin-9 (IL-9)
definition, 533
See also Cytokines;
Interleukins;
Lymphokines;
T-cell growth factors
Interleukin-10 (IL-10), 453-454
definition, 533
production of, in vitro measurement use of whole-blood cultures, experiments methods/results, 257-259
See also Cytokines;
Inhibitory/regulatory factors;
Interleukins
Interleukin-11 (IL-11), 225
definition, 533
See also Cytokines;
Hematopoietic growth and differentiation factors;
Interleukins
Interleukin-12 (IL-12)
definition, 533
See also Cytokines;
Cytotoxic/ cytostatic inducers and effectors;
Interleukins
Interleukin-13 (IL-13)
definition, 533
See also Cytokines;
Inhibitory/regulatory factors;
Interleukins;
Lymphokines
Interleukin-14 (IL-14)
definition, 533
See also B-cell growth factors;
Cytokines;
Interleukins
Interleukin-15 (IL-15)
definition, 533
See also Cytokines;
Interleukins;
Lymphokines;
T-cell growth factors
Interleukins
definition, 532-533
Norwegian Ranger Training Course, changes during, 187
See also Cytokines;
Immune function;
Interleukin-1 (IL-1);
Interleukin-2 (IL-2);
Interleukin-3 (IL-3);
Interleukin-4 (IL-4);
Interleukin-5 (IL-5);
Interleukin-6 (IL-6);
Interleukin-7 (IL-7);
Interleukin-8 (IL-8);
Interleukin-9 (IL-9);
Interleukin-10 (IL-10);
Interleukin-11 (IL-11);
Interleukin-12 (IL-12);
Interleukin-13 (IL-13);
Interleukin-14 (IL-14);
Interleukin-15 (IL-15);
Lymphokines
In vitro studies/samples, 143, 144, 148, 149, 170, 178, 188, 189, 190, 235, 236, 237, 239, 240, 268, 269, 270, 292, 293, 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 338, 378, 412, 420, 437, 445-446, 454, 464, 472, 473, 539
blood lymphoid cells functional activity measurement, whole-blood cultures use, 233, 249-259
cytokine production in whole-blood cultures, experiments methods/results, 257-259
effector cell response development, immune response assessment methodologies, 243
flow cytometry assessment of cell types, methodology, 243-244
immune response assessment, methodologies review, 233, 242-244
lymphocyte proliferation in whole-blood cultures, experiments methods/results, 251-257
proliferative response, immune response assessment methodologies, 242-243
soluble interleukin receptors release in whole-blood cultures, experiments methods/results, 258-259
whole-blood cultures use to measure blood lymphoid cells functional activity, 233, 249-259
In vivo studies/samples, 44, 45, 147, 223, 233, 236, 237, 239, 291, 292, 293, 310, 311, 321, 322, 324, 364, 412, 420, 437, 454, 464, 541, 542, 547
immune response assessment, methodologies review, 233, 241-242, 243
Iron, dietary, 10
anemia in military personnel, recommendations, 130
bacterial virulence factors regulated by iron, listing, 322
deficiency and immune function, 8, 61, 128, 264, 323-325
deficiency/excess, clinical data, 326-328
deficiency, military implications of, 328-329
doses and toxicity, 112
excess and immune function, 8, 61-62, 128, 264, 325-326
host defenses and, 317-329
immune function role of, 3, 4, 7, 38, 41, 42, 60-63, 112, 115, 127
infection susceptibility, influence of, 14, 134, 264, 317-318
iron-responsive element (IRE), 319
metabolism of, 318-319
microbes acquisition of, summary of, 320-323
military female recruits, deficiency prevalence in, 150
military personnel and iron status, 62-63
military situations, special concerns in, 112
See also Anemia;
Minerals;
Nutrients
J
Japan
biologic rhythms, seasonal changes in, 467
elderly persons and exercise, immunity effects, 370, 377
petrochemical firm impure 1-tryptophan, 28-29
pulmonary edema (high-altitude), 80
Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging Metabolic Research Unit, 291
Johns Hopkins University
Institutional Review Board, 250
Journal of the American Medical Association, 363
Jungle terrain
military training, immunological/physiological effects of, 169, 172, 173
See also Environment
K
Kampala, Uganda
prisoners with night blindness and Vitamin A deficiency, 282
Keshan disease (KD), 65-66, 127, 341, 342
See also Diseases and disorders
Korea
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in, 544, 546
Korean hemorrhagic fever. See Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)
Korean War
UN troops and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, 544
Kramer, Tim R., 146
Kuby, Janis, 222
Kwashiorkor. See Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)
L
Laboratories
interleukin-6 and acute stress response, laboratory-based studies, future research recommendations, 133
military nutrition laboratory research methods, 17, 20, 102-105
See also Research
Lactation. See Breastfeeding
Lactobacillus spp., 320
Lagos, Nigeria
infectious disease risk in, 545
Land use
changes in, infectious disease introduction/dissemination factor, 544
See also Environment
cytokines (proinflammatory) effects on, 105
military personnel loss and deployment, recommendations, 130
Legionella pneumophila, 320
Lethality. See Mortality
Leukocytes. See White blood cells (WBC)
Leukocytic endogenous mediator. See Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
Leukotrines. See Eicosanoids
Light-dark changes
biologic rhythms and, 362, 438, 440, 459, 473
Linoleic acid (n-6 PUFA), 305-306
intake amount and immune function, 57-58
intake amount and immune response, 307-308
See also Fatty acids;
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
Linolenic acid (n-3 PUFA), 305-306
autoimmune/inflammatory diseases management with, clinical trials findings, 310-311
intake amount and immune function, 58-59
intake amount and immune response, 308-310
See also Fatty acids;
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
Lipocortins, 422
See also Proteins
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), 392, 399, 413, 417-418, 421, 422-423, 424
hypophysectomized rats, effects on survival of, 419, 420
interleukin-1 effects elucidation, use of, 415-416
Lipoproteins. See Serum lipoproteins
Listeria, 327
Listeria monocytogenes, 104, 214
Liver
function and systemic inflammation, 361, 391-392, 398
See also Acute-phase response
Long-Life Ration Packet (LLRP), 5, 30, 171
See also Military food and rations;
Operational rations
Louisiana State University, 5, 20
LPS. See Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
Lung function
vitamin C and E supplementation effects on asthma and lung function, 295-296
Lymphocyte activating substance. See Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
Lymphocyte repertoire
definition, 533
See also Diversity;
Epitopes
antigens and mitogens response, nutritional status indicator, 209
biologic rhythms and, 438, 443, 444-446, 447, 448, 449, 450, 465, 466, 467
blood volume and proliferation in whole-blood cultures, methods, 251, 253
3H-thymidine labeling duration, for proliferation in whole-blood cul-
tures, experiment methods/results, 254, 255, 256
mitogenic response changes during Norwegian Ranger Training Course, 187
peripheral, antioxidant supplementation effects, Special Forces Assessment and Selection study, 178, 179
peripheral, biologic rhythms and, 446, 449, 452
peripheral, glutamine supplementation effects, Special Forces Assessment and Selection study, 177
peripheral, proliferation during Special Forces Assessment and Selection studies, 176
peripheral, Ranger I and II studies, changes in proliferation during, 170
proliferation in response to PHA, measurement use of whole-blood cultures, methods/results, 251-257
proliferation studies, 25, 43, 376, 539
shipping/holding effects on proliferation in whole-blood cultures, 256-257
whole-blood cultures, proliferation in, in vitro measurement use, experiment methods/results , 249-251-257
zinc intake dose/response curve, and stimulation response of, 210
See also B-cells;
Immune function;
Lymphocyte repertoire;
Lymphokines;
Memory cells;
Mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs);
Null cells;
T-cells
Lymphokines
definition, 533
See also Cytokines;
Interleukin-2 (IL-2);
Interleukin-4 (IL-4);
Interleukin-5 (IL-5);
Interleukin-9 (IL-9);
Interleukin-13 (IL-13);
Interleukin-14 (IL-14);
Interleukin-15 (IL-15);
Interleukins;
Lymphocytes
Lymphopoietin I. See Interleukin-7 (IL-7)
Lymphotoxin. See Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
Lysozyme
definition, 533
M
Macrophage/monocyte colony stimulating factor (MCSF), 225
definition, 529
See also Colony stimulating factors;
Cytokines;
Hematopoietic growth and differentiation factors;
Monocytes
Macrophages, 41, 361, 392, 422
biologic rhythms and, 438, 459, 466
definition, 533
viral infections resistance, and, 547
See also Chemotactic agents;
Monocytes;
Phagocytes
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotypes, 238, 519, 520, 521
definition, 533-534
See also Proteins
Malaria
China-Burma, incidence in World War II troops, 23, 140
parasitemia, iron supplementation and increases in, 327-328
splenomegaly prevalence as indicator of clinical malaria frequency, 327
See also Diseases and disorders;
Infectious diseases and disorders
Malnutrition, 2, 3, 18, 20, 40, 43, 105
cytokine-induced, 140
immune responses to, 207
T-cells in malnourished v. well-nourished subjects, 208
See also Nutrition;
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)
Manchuria
Hantavirus illness in, 37
See also China
Marasmus. See Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)
Martek Biosciences Corporation (ARASCO Oil), 308
Mason, John, 144
Mast-cell growth-enhancing factor. See Interleukin-9 (IL-9)
Maternity
Vitamin A deficiency risks for pregnant women, 263, 280-281, 282
See also Women
Meal, Ready-to-Eat (MRE), 5, 29, 30, 163, 166, 171, 174
See also Military food and rations;
Operational rations
Measles
Africa outbreak, unusual manifestations, 547
See also Diseases and disorders;
Infectious diseases and disorders
Medical procedures. See Surgical procedures
Medicine. See Antibiotics; Drugs; Vaccines and vaccination
Membrane fluidity
fat, dietary, and, immune response effects of, 312
Memory, 517
definition, 534
See also Antigen-specific immunity;
Immune response (IR)
Memory cells
definition, 534
See also Lymphocytes
See also Diseases and disorders
Menstrual cycle
immune system variables, changes during, 465-466
See also Women
Merieux multitine tests, 148
Merrill's Marauders
World War II troops infectious disease exposure, 23, 140
acute-phase reaction effects on, 361, 391-392
cytokines (proinflammatory) effects on, 105
iron metabolism, overview, 318-319
See also Catabolism;
Health;
Nutrition
cytokine, circulating, assays, issues concerning, 540
cytokine production in vitro, use of whole-blood cultures, experiment methods, 257-259
effector cell response development, in vitro assessment, 243
field measures, 11-13, 102-105, 132-133
flow cytometry in vitro assessment of cell types, 243-244
immune function and nutrition, future research recommendations, 133-134
immune function assessment, issues in, 102-105, 132-133
immune response assessment, methodologies review, 233, 242-244
in vitro assessment of immune response, 240, 242-244
in vivo assessment of immune response, 241-242
lymphocyte proliferation in vitro measurement, whole-blood cultures use, experiment methods, 251-257
military awareness of civilian research, recommendations, 133
military nutrition laboratory research methods, 102-105
proliferative response, in vitro assessment, 242-243
research protocols design, recommendations, 133
soluble interleukin receptors release in vitro, measurement use of whole-blood cultures, experiment methods, 258-259
whole-blood cultures use for blood lymphoid cell activity in vitro measurement, experiment methods, 250-259
Mexico City, Mexico
infectious disease risk in, 545
MHC haplotypes. See Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotypes
Microbes
adaptation/change of, infectious disease introduction/dissemination factor, 545
antibiotics resistance of, disease introduction/dissemination factor, 545
iron acquisition by, 320-323
See also Viral evolution
Microbial virulence
bacterial virulence factors regulated by iron, listing, 322
iron acquisition by microbes, overview, 264, 320-323
minerals, trace, and pathogen virulence, 264
selenium effect on pathogen, animal studies review, 264, 338, 341-351
See also Viral evolution
Microorganisms. See Microbes; Viral evolution
Migration. See Population migration
Military bases and camps. See Camp Merrill, Georgia; Dugway Proving Grounds, Utah; Eglin Air Force Base, Florida; Fort Benning, Georgia; Fort Bliss, Texas; Fort Bragg, North Carolina; Fort Detrick, Maryland
Military deployment. See Military operations
Military food and rations, 29-30, 337
See also Long-Life Ration Packet (LLRP);
Meal, Ready-to-Eat (MRE);
Operational rations;
Military personnel;
Military Recommended Dietary Allowance (MRDA)
Military Nutrition and Biochemical Division (MND), vii, 1, 17, 20
See also U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM)
Military Nutrition Division (MND), vii, 1, 14, 20, 134
See also U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM)
Military research
cytokines as immune function index, research ideas, 119-120
disease conditions and long-term host defense, research ideas, 120
immune function assessment, appropriate methods, 102-105
immune function assessment, methodological issues, 102-105
immune function assessment, technical issues for, 102-103
immune function sustainment under stressful conditions, research ideas, 119-121
nutrition laboratory research methods, 17, 20, 102-105
nutritional supplement use by military personnel, research ideas, 119
operational rations supplementation, research on justification for, 119-120
stress factors and sustainment of immune function, research ideas, 119-120
stress factors, operational, military study models, 144-146
women, military, and immune function, research areas, 120-121
See also Military personnel;
Research
Military operations
cytokines (recombinant) administration during, conclusions, 126
deployed personnel, immune function and nutrition of, Army interest, 139-152
deployment and anemic personnel, recommendations, 130
deployment and immune function field assessment, recommendations, 132-133
deployment and lean body mass losses, recommendations, 130
deployment and nutritional status optimization, conclusions, 127
deployment of physically active women, and immune function, civilian research use, 134
energy intake (total) and immune function, conclusions, 126-127
environmental factors during, immune function effects of, 101
glutamine use and immune function during, conclusions, 128-129
health (general) status and immune function during, conclusions, 126
health (general) status optimization for, recommendations, 129-130
high-risk military groups, nutrition education program, recommendations, 130-131
humidity extremes exposure during, immune function effects, 101
immune function and nutrition during, conclusions, 125-129
immune function and nutrition during, future research recommendations, 133-134
immune function and nutrition during, recommendations, 129-133
immune function and nutrition during, research methodology, 132-133
immune function assessment field measures, conclusions and recommendations, 126, 132-133
infection/injury increases during, immune function effects, 101
iron excess/deficiency and immune function during, conclusions, 128
medicines and procedures use during, conclusions and recommendations, 126, 129
nutrients and immune function effects of, conclusions, 127
nutrition and immune function sustainment during, 1, 100-121
nutritional status and immune function during, conclusions, 126-128
nutritional status optimization during, recommendations for, 130-131
nutritional supplements and immune function during, conclusions, 128-129
nutritional supplements and Military Recommended Dietary Allowance for, recommendations, 131
nutritional supplements in rations for, recommendations, 131
nutritional supplements use during, conclusions and recommendations, 128, 131-132
nutritional supplements use during, safety/regulatory considerations, 18, 20, 108-113
physical activity (prolonged moderate-to-heavy) during, immune function effects of, 100
physical fitness maintenance of personnel for, recommendations, 129
psychological stress during, immune function effects of, 101
psychological stress during, minimization methods, recommendations for, 130
rations reduced consumption during, immune function effects of, 100
sleep deprivation during, immune function effects of, 101
stressors during, and immune suppression and inflammatory responses, 141-144
stressors during, effects on immune function, 17, 20, 100-101, 126
stressors during, study models for, 144-146
temperature extremes exposure during, immune function effects of, 101
vaccination (militarily relevant) creation and evaluation, recommendations for, 129
vaccination use for, conclusions, 126
See also Combat;
Operational rations
biotechnology products administration to sustain immune function, risks and benefits, 106
civilian research applicability to, 23, 27
deployment of anemic personnel, recommendations, 10, 130
deployment, lean body mass loss and, recommendations, 130
deployment, nutritional status optimization, 7, 127
high-risk personnel, nutrition education programs recommendations, 130-131
immune function and hazards or operational settings, 17, 18, 20, 21
immune function assessment field measures, recommendations, 132-133
infections, emerging, exposure risk, 543, 544, 546, 548
infectious disease threats facing, 19, 140
iron deficiency, implications for, 328-329
iron status of, 62-63
nutritional immunology, militarily useful evaluation methods, summary, 500
nutritional immunology, militarily useful issues, 362, 497-506
nutritional intervention to sustain immune function, benefits and risks, 18, 20, 105-106
nutritional supplements use and abuse by, 10-11, 131-132, 150-152
nutritional supplements use under field conditions, safety/regulatory considerations, 18, 20, 107-118
pharmacological interventions to sustain immune function, risks and benefits, 105-106
physical fitness maintenance, recommendations, 129
psychological stress, minimizing, recommendations, 9, 130
recruits, exercise and infection resistance, practical guidelines, 377-379
recruits, iron-deficiency anemia screening and iron supplementation, recommendation, 328-329
stress, health status, and immune function, issues for, summary, 500-503
See also Combat;
Foreign military personnel;
Military food and rations;
Military operations;
Military Recommended Dietary Allowance (MRDA);
Military research;
Military training;
Operational rations;
U.S. Army;
U.S. Army Ranger Training Courses;
U.S. Army Special Forces;
U.S.Navy;
U.S. Navy Seals;
Women in military
Military rations. See Long-Life Ration Packet (LLRP); Meal, Ready-to-Eat (MRE); Military food and rations; Operational rations
Military Recommended Dietary Allowance (MRDA), 7, 10, 105, 107, 108-114, 116, 117, 127, 128, 130, 131
See also Military food and rations;
Military personnel;
Operational rations;
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
Military training
Army training courses, nutrition and immune function, 29-33
environmental factors during, immune function effects, 5, 22, 29, 101
immunological status during, 31-32
Norwegian Ranger Training program, 31-32, 33-35
nutrition education program for high-risk personnel, recommendations for, 130-131
sleep deprivation during, biologic rhythms and immune response, 362, 474-475
See also Field training exercises (FTX);
Military personnel;
Special Forces Assessment and Selection (SFAS);
U.S. Army Basic Combat Training (BCT);
U.S. Army Ranger Training Courses;
U.S. Army Special Operations Training Program
See also Copper;
Iron, dietary;
Nutrients;
Selenium;
Zinc
Mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs), 446
See also Lymphocytes
Models and modeling
Army Special Operations Training nutritional intervention effects assessment, 163-178
military, immune function effects of operational stressors, 144-146
Ranger training studies of nutritional intervention, 165-174
Special Forces Assessment and Selection Training studies of nutritional intervention, 174-178
Monocyte colony stimulating factor (MCSF). See Macrophage/monocyte colony stimulating factor (MCSF)
biologic rhythms and, 443, 450, 456, 466
Norwegian Ranger Training Course, changes during, 188
See also Immune function;
Macrophage/monocyte colony stimulating factor (MCSF);
Macrophages;
Phagocytes;
White blood cells (WBC)
Monokines
definition, 534
See also Cytokines
Mortality
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, abnormal, conditions lethal to animals, 417
interleukin-1 lethality, and adrenalectomy/hypophysectomy, 416-418, 420-421
See also Bereavement;
Demographics
Mountain terrain
military training immunological/physiological effects of, 169, 170, 172, 173
See also Environment
MRDA. See Military Recommended Dietary Allowance (MRDA)
MRE. See Meal, Ready-to-Eat (MRE)
Mucor, 327
Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, 295
Multicolony stimulating factor. See Interleukin-3 (IL-3)
Multiple nutrients for cellular synthesis (MN-CS), 38, 41, 42
See also Nutrients
Multiple nutrients for protein synthesis (MN-PS), 38, 41, 42
See also Nutrients
Multi-Test CMI, 177
See also Skin tests
Musculoskeletal system
glutamine physiologic biochemistry, 266-267
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 241
N
n-3 PUFA. See Linolenic acid (n-3 PUFA)
n-6 PUFA. See Linoleic acid (n-6 PUFA)
NAD. See Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
NAIDS. See Nutritionally-acquired immune dysfunction syndromes (NAIDS)
National Academy of Sciences (NAS), vii, viii
See also Board on Military Supplies;
Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR);
Food and Nutrition Board (FNB);
Institute of Medicine (IOM)
National Cancer Institute
Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, 224
National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey I (NHANES I), 296
NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Natural killer (NK) cells, 38, 48, 53, 337, 339, 519
biologic rhythms and, 438, 449, 451, 459, 464, 466, 467, 468
elderly persons and exercise, and activity of, 377
exercise, chronic, and activity of, studies review, 361, 367-368
exercise, chronic, and, cross-sectional studies, 367-368
exercise, chronic, and, prospective studies, 368
immune function assessment use, overview, 238-239, 542
lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK cells), 268
Navy. See U.S. Navy
NBT test. See Granulocyte nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye reduction
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae), 320, 321, 322
Neisseria meningiditis (N. meningiditis), 320, 321
Neopterin
definition, 534
rheumatoid arthritis subjects, urinary excretion of, circadian rhythms in, 447-448
See also Proteins
Nepal
pregnant women with night blindness, 282
Neuroendocrine function and endocrine and central nervous systems
biologic rhythms role in neuroendocrine-immune system relationship, 438, 440, 462, 470-475
immune system, bidirectional communication with, overview, 409-411
inflammation, systemic, consequences of, 70-74, 361, 391-399
See also Central nervous system (CNS);
Endocrine system;
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA);
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system;
Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid system;
Pituitary-gonadal system
Neuropeptide function
Norwegian Ranger Training Course, effect during, 188-189
See also Catecholamines;
Immune function;
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
Neutrophils, 42, 319, 324, 325, 450, 464, 467
biologic rhythms and, 443, 450
definition, 534-535
exercise, chronic, and function of, studies review, 361, 368-369
See also Defensins;
White blood cells (WBC)
Neutrophil-activating peptide. See Interleukin-8 (IL-8)
Neutrophil chemoattractant factor. See Interleukin-8 (IL-8)
Neutrophil chemotactic factor. See Interleukin-8 (IL-8)
New Zealand
neonatal iron deficiency and supplementation, and E. coli infection, 327
N. gonorrhoeae. See Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae)
NHANES I. See National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey I (NHANES I)
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), 268
Nigeria. See Lagos, Nigeria
Nitric oxide, 422-423
definition, 535
Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test. See Granulocyte nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye reduction
NK cells. See Natural killer (NK) cells
NK-cell stimulating factor. See Interleukin-12 (IL-12)
N. meningiditis. See Neisseria meningiditis (N. meningiditis)
Nonspecific immunity, 238, 511, 512-517
definition, 535
See also Active nonspecific defense mechanisms;
Acute-phase reactions;
Complement system;
Cytokines;
Diseases and disorders;
Immunity;
Inflammatory reactions;
Passive defense mechanisms
North Africa
World War II troops exposure to infectious disease, 23, 140
North America, 55
arctic regions, extreme temperature effects on immune function, 101
Hantavirus in, 546
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
''Effect of Prolonged Exhaustive Military Activities on Man'' workshop, 145-146
North Carolina. See Fort Bragg, North Carolina
Norwegian Defense Research Establishment, 143
Norwegian Military Academy, 33, 137, 185, 186
Norwegian Ranger Training Course
adrenoglucocorticoid regulation of phagocyte function, animal studies, 189-190
calorie deficiency, effect of reducing, 188
catecholamines effects during, 189
granulocyte functions during, 187-188
immune function and nutrition and, studies, 31-32, 33-35, 101, 185-190
immune function parameter changes, 186-187
immunoglobulin plasma levels during, 187
interleukins during, 187
leukocyte number changes during, 186-187
lymphocyte mitogenic response during, 187
monocytes pattern during, 188
neuropeptide effect during, 188-189
nutritional intervention studies, 137
operational stress, military models of, 145
phagocyte function changes during, 187-188
phagocyte function regulation by adrenoglucocorticoid, animal studies, 189-190
vasoactive intestinal peptide changes during, 188-189
Not Eating Enough, 30
Nucleotides
coxsackievirus evolution and selenium deficiency, changes in, animal studies review, 349
Null cells
definition, 535
See also Lymphocytes
Nurses' Health Study, 295
Nutrients, 2, 3, 4, 10-11, 41, 42
deficiencies in, immune response and, 206
dose-response curve for optimal intake, 206
doses to sustain immune function, 108-115
excesses in, immune responses to, 8, 206, 209-210
immunostimulant nutrients, 214
military conditions, special concerns, 108-115
military rations supplementation, recommendations, 131
supplementation and immune function under field conditions, safety/regulatory considerations, 18, 20, 107-118
toxicity concerns of, 108-115
See also Amino acids (AAs);
Arginine;
Carotenoids;
Copper;
Fatty acids;
Folic acid;
Glutamine;
Iron, dietary;
Minerals;
Multiple nutrients for cellular synthesis (MNCS);
Multiple nutrients for protein synthesis (MN-PS);
Nutrition;
Nutritional intervention;
Nutritional supplements;
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs);
Proteins;
Retinol;
Selenium;
Vitamin A;
Vitamin B1;
Vitamin B2;
Vitamin B6;
Vitamin B12;
Vitamin C;
Vitamin D;
Vitamin E;
Vitamins;
Zinc
Nutrition
altered status, immune response in, 206, 207-210
Army training courses, immune function and, 29-33
cytokines and, possible correlations and investigations, 221-227
cytokines potential for assessing effects on immune function, 203
deficiencies in, immune responses to, 206, 207-209
dengue hemorrhagic fever role of, studies review, 547
immune function and, Army's interest, 22-29, 139-152
immune function and, assessment rationale, 237
immune function and, general concepts, 206, 498-500
immune function and, military evaluation methods, summary, 500
immune function and, military field operations, viii-ix, 1, 22-29, 100-121
immune function and, military implications, conclusions, 125-129, 362, 497-500
immune function and, military implications, future research recommendations, 133-134, 503-506
immune function and, military implications, recommendations, 129-133
immune function role of, 10-82, 46-67, 205-214
immune response and, interaction, current knowledge, 36-37
immune system biologic rhythms and, 75-79
immunological tests as indicators of, 209
infections, emerging, role of, 37-39, 545-548
iron status and infection susceptibility, overview, 264, 317-318
military personnel (deployed), status of, 7, 9
See also Health;
Malnutrition;
Metabolism;
Nutrients;
Nutritional intervention;
Nutritionally acquired immune dysfunction syndromes (NAIDS);
Nutritional supplements;
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
Nutritional intervention, 2, 18, 20
Army Special Operations Training physiological/immunological impact, assessment model, 163-178
immune sustainment and potential superimmunity, and, 148-150
immunity, boosting by, 206, 213-214
immunosuppression, temporary, effects of, 163-178
military field conditions use of, safety/regulatory considerations, 18, 20
military personnel's immune function and, risks/benefits, 18, 20, 105
Ranger training, immunological effects of, 165-174
Special Forces Assessment and Selection, immunological effects of, model, 174-178
See also Nutrients;
Nutrition;
Nutritional supplements
Nutritionally acquired immune dysfunction syndromes (NAIDS), 110, 114, 498, 506
See also Diseases and disorders;
Nutrition
aging effects of, vitamin C and E, 263, 291-293
AIDS/HIV effects of, vitamin C and E, 263, 290, 294-295
Army researchers responsibility to publicize findings on, 150-152
Army training programs, immune function and, 30-32
asthma and lung function effects of, vitamin C and E, 263, 295-296
cancer effects of, vitamin C and E, 263, 290, 293
excess consumption, risks of, 8, 128
exercise stress effects of, vitamin C and E, 263, 290, 296-297
immune function of military personnel in field, safety/regulatory considerations, 18, 20, 107-118
immune function role of, 7-8, 10-11, 108-115, 128-129
immune response effects of, vitamin C, 263, 290, 292-297
immune response effects of, vitamin E, 263, 290, 291-297
immunity, boosting by use, 206, 213-214
military operational rations and, research on justification, 110-120
military personnel use and abuse of, 10-11, 28-29, 119, 131-132
military rations supplementation, recommendations, 131
military situations, special concerns for, 108-115
See also Nutrients;
Nutrition;
Nutritional intervention
O
Oils. See Fish oils; Vegetable oils
Oils and oilseeds
fatty acids and immune function and, 55, 58, 308-309
Operational missions, military. See Military operations
Operational rations, 2, 5, 6, 10-11, 18, 20
Army Special Operations Training, nutritional intervention and immunosuppression, 163-178
modification of, cautionary note, 118
reduced consumption of, immune function effects, 100
supplementation and immune function, research on justification for, 119-120
supplementation of, recommendations, 131
See also Long-Life Ration Packet (LLRP);
Meal, Ready-to-Eat (MRE);
Military food and rations;
Military personnel;
Military Recommended Dietary Allowance (MRDA)
Operation Everest II, 144
Operations. See Surgical procedures
Oppenheim, Joost, 224
Opsinization
definition, 535
Opsonins
definition, 535
See also Opsinization;
Serum
Organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis (OVLT), 413-414, 416
Orosomucoid
definition, 535
See also Acute-phase proteins;
Proteins
Oxidative burst
definition, 535
See also Respiratory burst
Oxidative stress
exercise and, vitamin C and E supplementation effects on, 296-297
fat, dietary, and, immune response effects of, 312
selenium deficiency and, animal studies review, 340, 345
See also Stress and stressors
P
P40. See Interleukin-9 (IL-9)
P600. See Interleukin-13 (IL-13)
Panama
military personnel, prophylaxis use against infectious disease, 100, 145
U.S. military personnel, infectious disease risk, 545
Papua New Guinea
malaria parasitemia increases, iron supplementation and, 327-328
Parainfluenza 3 virus, 340
Paraventicular nuclear (PVN), 412-413, 414, 415, 416
Passive defense mechanisms, 512
See also Nonspecific immunity
Pasturella multocida, 340
Pathogens. See Microbes; Microbial virulence; Viral evolution
PBMCs. See Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)
PCR. See Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
PEM. See Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 5, 20, 148, 152
"Performance Nutrition"/"Eat to Win", 152
Performance, physical, 7
exercise performance during infection, studies review, 361, 373-374
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), 45, 58, 250, 253, 254, 255, 291, 292, 306, 307, 308, 310, 473
See also Blood
Peromyscus meniculatas, 546
Persian Gulf
military personnel, psychological stress effects on, 100, 142
Phagocytes
adrenoglucocorticoid regulation of in animal studies, 189-190
definition, 535
Norwegian Ranger Training Course, changes during, 187-188
See also Blood;
Chemotaxis;
Granulocytes;
Immune function;
Macrophages;
Monocytes
Phagocytosis
definition, 535
Pharmacokinetics, 475
Pharmacologic agents. See Antibiotics; Drugs; Vaccines and vaccination
Physical activity
immune response, factors influencing, 210-211
moderate-to-heavy and prolonged during military operations, immune function effects, 100, 142-143
women, physically active, and immune function, civilian research and military use, 14, 134
See also Exercise;
Stress and stressors
Physical fitness, 9
military personnel maintenance, recommendations, 129
See also Exercise;
Physical activity
Physiology
Army Special Operations Training impact on, 163-178
Ranger training impact on, studies results, 165-174
Special Forces Assessment and Selection impact on, studies results, 174-178
See also Health
Phytohemagglutinin (PHA), 170, 209, 210, 292, 308, 323, 376, 451, 464, 473
cytokine production in response to, whole-blood cultures experiments, 257-259
definition, 535
energy deficit and, military operations studies, 28, 147
lymphocyte proliferation in response to, whole-blood cultures experiments, 251-257
soluble interleukin receptors release in response to, whole-blood cultures experiments, 258-259
Pituitary gland. See Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA); Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system; Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroidsystem; Pituitary stalk section (PSS)
Pituitary-gonadal system
inflammation, systemic, and regulation, 73, 398-399
See also Neuroendocrine function
Pituitary stalk section (PSS), 420, 421
Plasma cells, 540
definition, 535
See also Blood
Plasmodia, 328
Plasmodium berghei, 328
See also Blood
Pleiotropy
definition, 535
Pneumonia, 5
lobar, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion and, 396-397
See also Diseases and disorders;
Infectious diseases and disorders
Pollution. See Environmental pollution
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 347
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes. See Neutrophils
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). See Neutrophils
Polypeptide molecules. See Inflammatory cytokines
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), 4, 7, 38, 41, 42, 305-306
doses and toxicity of, 110, 111
immune function role of, 55-56, 105, 110, 111, 118, 127
intake amount and immune function, 57-59
military situations, special concerns in, 110, 111
military supplementation, conclusions, 128
See also Essential fatty acids (EFAs);
Fatty acids;
Linoleic acid (n-6 PUFA);
Linolenic acid (n-3 PUFA);
Nutrients
Population. See Age and aging; Adults; Children; Demographics; Infants; Population density; Population migration; Women
Population density
high-density locations, infectious disease introduction/dissemination factor, 545
See also Demographics
Population migration
rural to urban, infectious disease introduction/dissemination factor, 544-545
See also Demographics
Post-viral fatigue syndrome (PVFS), 373-374
See also Diseases and disorders
Pre-B-Cell growth factor. See Interleukin-7 (IL-7)
Pregnancy. See Maternity
Proinflammatory cytokines, 2, 18, 20, 41
definition, 536
disease (infectious) resistance, effects of, 105
lean body mass effects of, 105
metabolic activity and, effects of, 105
thermoregulatory mechanisms, effects of, 105
See also Cytokines;
Interferon-gamma (INF-γ);
Interferons;
Interleukin-1 (IL-1);
Interleukin-6
(IL-6);
Interleukin-8 (IL-8);
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
Properdin
definition, 536
Prostaglandins
vitamin E and, 53
See also Eicosanoids
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), 3, 46, 55, 110, 112, 205, 283
children and, 36
kwashiorkor, 205
marasmus, 205
zinc and immune function and, 64
See also Malnutrition
Proteins
apo proteins B and E (apo B and E), 311
doses and toxicity of, 110
immune function role of, 3, 4, 7, 23, 49-51, 110, 127
metabolism of, acute-phase reaction effects on, 361
metabolism of and growth hormone, 399
military situations, special concerns in, 110
See also α1-antitrypsin;
Acute-phase proteins;
Amino acids (AAs);
Complement system;
C-reactive protein (CRP);
Cytokines;
Defensins;
Haptoglobin;
Lipoproteins;
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotypes;
Neopterin;
Nutrients;
Orosomucoid;
Serum lipocortins;
Siderophores;
Soluble receptors
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 321-322
Bosnia, military personnel effects on, 142
military minimizing methods, recommendations, 130
military operations and, immune function effects of, 101, 141-142
See also Stress and stressors
Public health
upper respiratory tract infections risk and exercise, recommendations, 373
See also Health
Purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test, 241, 453, 459
See also Skin tests
Pyridoxine. See Vitamin B6
R
RA. See Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Ranger Training Courses. See U.S. Army Ranger Training Courses
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 142
See also Sleep
RDA. See Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
anemia, nutritional, treatment prior to military deployment, 130
health and nutritional status optimization, military operations, 8-10, 129-131
immune function future research recommendations for military, 13-14, 133-134
immune responses, nutritionally induced, field measures military research, 132-133
lean body mass significant losses and military deployment, 130
military increased use of civilian research on immune function and nutrition, 133
nutrition education programs development for high-risk military personnel, 130-131
nutritional supplement and Military Recommended Dietary Allowance, 131
nutritional supplement provision through military rations, 131
nutritional supplements use and abuse by military personnel, military concerns, 131-132
nutritional supplements use, military operations, 10-11, 131-132
physical fitness maintenance by military personnel, 129
prophylatic medications and procedures use by military, 129
psychological stress of military personnel, minimizing methods, 130
research methodology for military, 11-13, 132-133
research protocols careful design, 133
vaccines, oral, for military, research efforts to create and evaluate, 129
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), 27, 52, 107, 108-114, 116, 164
Dietary Reference Intakes, 164
vitamin A recommendations, 281
vitamin C recommendations, 290
vitamin E recommendations, 290
See also Military Recommended Dietary Allowance (MRDA)
REM. See Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
Reproductive system. See Menstrual cycle
Research
Army Special Operations Training physiological and immunological impact, objectives, 163-165
Army Special Operations Training physiological and immunological impact, results, 165-178
civilian research use by military, recommendations, 133, 134
immune function future research recommendations for military, 13-14, 18, 133-134
infection increased susceptibility, mechanisms of, Army-USDA cooperative research data, 146-148
iron status influence on infection risk, future recommendations, 134
military use of civilian research, recommendations, 133, 134
nutrients influence on immune status, future recommendations, 134
nutrition and immune function, military implications, new directions for, 503-506
nutritional intervention effects on immunosuppression, assessment model, 163-178
nutritional supplements, publicized findings of Army research, 150-152
protocols design, recommendations, 13, 133
Ranger training physiological/immunological impact, studies results, 165-174
Special Forces Assessment and Selection physiological/immunological impact, studies results, 174-178
women (physically active) and immune function, future recommendations, 134
See also Civilian research;
Field research;
Laboratories
Respiratory burst
definition, 536
See also Diseases and disorders;
Oxidative burst
Respiratory diseases and disorders
infant morbidity from, serum concentration relationship, 213-214
infection incidence, exercise, and immune responses, relationship, 211, 212
See also Asthma;
Diseases and disorders;
Infectious diseases and disorders;
Upper respiratory infections (URI);
Upper respiratory tract infections (URTI)
Reston, Virginia
Ebola-Reston outbreak in monkeys, 38, 543
Retinol
infant respiratory morbidity and serum concentration of, 213-214
See also Nutrients
Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 347, 348
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 396, 454, 456, 472, 475
circadian rhythms in urinary neopterin excretion of patients with, 447-448
See also Diseases and disorders
Rhizopus, 327
Ribonucleic acid (RNA), 319, 338-339, 341, 345, 347, 350, 396, 412, 413, 416, 422
"Role of Protein and Amino Acids in Sustaining and Enhancing Performance," 117
Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories (ROSS), 165, 174
RT-PCR. See Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
Russia
infection, emerging, in, 37
S
SAA. See Serum amyloid antecedent (SAA)
Saccharomyces cervisiae, 320
Safety and regulatory considerations
nutrients or dietary supplements use to sustain immune function under field conditions, 107-118
Salmonella, 328
Salmonella typhimurium, 328
Scandinavia
infection, emerging, in, 37
Seasons
immune response to biologic rhythms, and, 362, 466-467
Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), 36, 206, 215, 455, 370, 521, 522
definition, 532
See also Antibodies;
Immunoglobulin;
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
Selenium
China, endemic juvenile cardiomyopathy (Keshan disease) and deficiency, 65-66, 548
deficiency, role in viral evolution, 547-548
doses and toxicity, 113-114
immune function role of, 3, 4, 7, 38, 42, 65-66, 113-114, 115, 127, 340-351
military situations, special concerns in, 113-114
pathogen virulence, effect on, animal studies review, 264, 338, 341-351
See also Minerals;
Nutrients
Self-limitation, 517
definition, 536
See also Antigen-specific immunity;
Immune response (IR)
Serratia marcescens, 322
Serum
cytokines, circulating, assays, review of, 540
immune status assessment tests, overview of, 537, 538-539
See also Blood;
Opsonins
Serum amyloid antecedent (SAA), 391
Serum lipoproteins
high-density (HDL), 311
serum, and dietary fat, immune response effects of, 311
See also Proteins
Serum opsonized zymosan (SOZ), 187-188, 189
Serum thymulin activity
nutritional status, use as indicator of, 208, 209
Sex steroids
inflammation, systemic, neuroendocrine effects of, 398, 399
See also Hormones;
Testosterone
Sexual orientation
homosexual/bisexual men (HIV positive), vitamins C and E supplementation effects, 294-295
Sheffield, England
vitamin A deprivation experiment during WWII, 282
See also England
See also Diarrheal diseases;
Diseases and disorders
Shigella dysenteriae type, 322
Shipping
blood, whole, cultures use, holding and shipping effects on lymphocyte proliferation, experiment results, 256-257
Sick euthyroid syndrome, 397-398
See also Diseases and disorders
Siderophores
definition, 536
See also Proteins
Skin diseases and disorders. See Arthus reactions; Urticaria
Skin tests, 241, 242, 460-461, 539
See also Multi-test CMI;
Purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test
Sleep
biologic rhythms of, and immunity, 462-465
deprivation, effects on biologic rhythms, 464-465, 474-475
deprivation, effects on response to influenza virus, animal study, 465
deprivation, immune function and, military operations/training, 30, 32, 101, 142
deprivation, immune function effects of, 80
deprivation in military training, biologic rhythms and immune response, 362, 474-475
wakefulness and, patterns in, biologic rhythms in, 451, 464-465
See also Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep;
Stress and stressors
Smoking. See Tobacco use
Social activity
biologic rhythms and routine of, 362, 438
Soldier System Command (SSCOM), 22, 165
Soluble interleukin-2 receptors (sIL-2R)
release of, in vitro measurement use of whole-blood cultures, experiments methods/results, 258-259
See also Interleukin-2 (IL-2);
Soluble receptors
Soluble receptors, 392, 411-412, 438, 453, 454, 540-542
See also Proteins;
Soluble interleukin-2 receptors (sIL-2R)
Somalia
U.S. military personnel, infectious disease risk, 545
U.S. military personnel, stress factors for, 100, 142
Somatomedin C
growth hormone and, response, 399
South America
Vitamin A deficiency epidemiology, 281
South Pacific
Vitamin A deficiency epidemiology, 281
Soviet Union
former, diphtheria reemergence in, 545
Special Forces Assessment and Selection (SFAS), 21, 22, 23, 24-26, 28, 29, 30, 31-32, 147, 148, 149
body fat (percent) change during, studies, 176
body weight loss during, studies, 175
energy deficit relation to stress indices and T-lymphocyte proliferation, 147
energy expenditure and intake during, studies, 175
nutritional intervention effects on temporary immunosuppression, studies results, 174-178
peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation during glutamine supplementation study, 177
peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation during, studies, 176
physiological and immunological impact of, studies results, 174-178
Special Forces Assessment Schools, 137
See also Military training;
U.S. Army Special Forces
Special Operations Training Program. See U.S. Army Special Operations Training Program
Specificity, 517
definition, 536
See also Antigen-specific immunity;
Immune response (IR)
Sports. See Athletes and athletics
Staphylococcus aureus, 55, 268
Streptococcal pneumonia, 166
Streptococcus, 177
Streptococcus mutans, 320
Streptomyces cerevisiae, 320
Stress and stressors
cytokines potential for assessing effects on immune function, 203
health and, 67-81
hormonal responses to, 69-70
immune function effects of combined stressors, 6, 81
immune function, health status, and, summary, 500-503
immune function sustainment under, military nutrition research areas, 119-121
military high-risk personnel, nutrition education programs for, recommendations, 130-131
military operational settings and immune function, 100-101
military operational stressors, immune suppression and inflammatory responses, 141-144
military operational stressors, models for studying, 144-146
military personnel and immune function, conclusions, 126
military personnel energy deficit relation to stress indices and T-lymphocyte proliferation, 147
See also Altitude, high;
Emotional stress;
Environmental pollution;
Exercise;
Humidity;
Oxidative stress;
Physical activity;
Psychological stress;
Sleep;
Temperature;
Tobacco use
Substance abuse. See Alcohol use and abuse
Suppressor cells
definition, 536
See also CD8+ cells;
T-cells
Surface immunity, 518
definition, 4
See also Immunity
Surgical procedures
allograft rejection, biologic rhythms in, 459-460
postoperative patients, glutamine supplementation effects on, 263, 269-270
transplants, kidney, biologic rhythms and, 460, 475
See also Adrenalectomy (ADX);
Hypophysectomy (HYPOX)
Swamp terrain
military training immunological/physiological effects of, 170
See also Environment
Sympathoadrenal responses
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, protective role in, 423-425
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)
inflammation, systemic, and, 396-397
See also Vasopressin (VP)
T
T3. See Triiodothyronine (T3)
T4. See Thyroxine (T4)
T-cell growth factors, 224-225
See also Cytokines;
Interleukin-1α (IL-1α);
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β);
Interleukin-2 (IL-2);
Interleukin-4 (IL-4);
Interleukin-7 (IL-7);
Inter-
leukin-9 (IL-9);
Interleukin-15 (IL-15)
biologic rhythms and, 446, 447, 450-451, 453, 454, 456, 459, 466, 467, 468, 470
definition, 536
exercise, chronic, and function of, studies review, 361, 369-370
malnourished v. well-nourished subjects, proportion in, 208
proliferation, 170-171
proliferation and energy deficit, military personnel, 28, 147
See also Antigen-specific immunity;
CD4+ cells;
CD8+ cells;
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI);
Effector cells;
Helper cells;
Lymphocytes;
Suppressor cells;
T-cell growth factors
Technology
advances in, infectious disease introduction/dissemination factor, 545
immune function assessment methods, technical issues, 102-103
See also Biotechnology
Temperature
blood, whole, cultures use, holding/shipping effects on lymphocyte proliferation, 256-257
extremes, military operations exposure to, immune function effects of, 79, 101
immune responses, factors influencing, 210-211
immune responses to, biologic rhythms and, 362, 440
See also Stress and stressors
Ranger I serum concentration changes during study, 169
Ranger II serum concentration changes during study, 172
See also Hormones;
Sex steroids
Tetanus toxoid
antioxidant supplementation and delayed-type hypersensitivity response to, SFAS study, 178, 179
glutamine supplementation and delayed-type hypersensitivity response to, SFAS study, 177-178
TGF-β. See Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)
Thailand
dengue hemorrhagic fever studies, summary, 547
field immunology studies data, 146
women with zinc deficiency, 45
See also Bangkok, Thailand
Thermoregulatory mechanisms, 2, 18, 20, 105
Thiamine. See Vitamin B1
Thromboxanes. See Eicosanoids
Thymosin
definition, 536
See also Hormones
Thyroid. See Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid system; Sick euthyroid syndrome
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 71, 397, 469, 470, 474
See also Hormones
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 71, 397, 398, 470, 474
See also Hormones
Thyroxine (T4)
effects of systemic inflammation, 71
inflammatory disease and, 397, 398
Time zones
flight over several time zones, biologic rhythms effects of, 451, 464-465
T-lymphocytes. See T-cells
Tobacco use
immune function effects of, 81
See also Stress and stressors
Tocopherol equivalents (TE), 114
See also Vitamin E
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), 113, 114, 266-267, 269
See also Nutrition
Trace minerals. See Copper; Iron, dietary; Minerals; Selenium; Zinc
Training. See Military training; Special Forces Assessment and Selection (SFAS); U.S. Army Basic Combat Training (BCT); U.S. Army Ranger Training Courses; U.S. Army Special Operations Training Program
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), 225, 392
See also Inhibitory/regulatory factors
Transplants. See Surgical procedures
Transportation. See Airplanes; Shipping
Trauma
physical, and immune responses, 210-211
thermal, and immune responses, 210-211
See also Diseases and disorders
Travel
international, infectious disease introduction/dissemination factor, 545, 546
TRH. See Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
inflammatory disease and, 397, 398
Ranger I serum concentration changes during study, 169
Ranger II serum concentration changes during study, 173
TSH. See Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), 39, 74, 306-307, 308, 309, 392, 453, 454, 463, 513
definition, 536
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation by, 410, 411, 415, 417
See also Cytokines;
Proinflammatory cytokines
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), 392, 394, 397, 398, 410, 411
production of, in vitro measurement use of whole-blood cultures, experiments methods/results, 257-259
See also Cytokines;
Cytotoxic/cytostatic inducers and effectors;
Inflammatory cytokines
Tumor necrosis factor-β (TNF-β), 225
See also Cytokines;
Cytotoxic/cytostatic inducers and effectors
U
Uganda. See Kampala, Uganda
United Nations, 545
Korean War, troops in, and Korean hemorrhagic fever, 544
United States
Southwest, Four Corners Region, Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in, 546
Vitamin A deficiency epidemiology, 281, 282
Unsaturated fatty acids, 305-306
See also Fatty acids
Upper respiratory infections (URI), 5, 37, 68
See also Diseases and disorders;
Infectious diseases and disorders;
Respiratory diseases and disorders;
Upper respiratory tract infections (URTI)
exercise and risk of, J curve review, 371-373
exercise and risk of, public health recommendations, 373
exercise, heavy and moderate, and risk of, review of studies, 361, 371-373
military recruits and athletes risk of, practical guidelines, 377
See also Diseases and disorders;
Infectious diseases and disorders;
Respiratory diseases and disorders;
Urban areas
high population density, infectious disease introduction/dissemination factor, 545
See also Demographics
Urine
cytokines and markers in, development and field testing, future research, 133-134
Urticaria
definitions, 536
See also Diseases and disorders
U.S. Air Force (USAF), 152
Academy, 367
U.S. Armed Forces, 175
U.S. Army, ix, 17, 20, 21, 29-33, 82, 99, 130, 137, 141, 497
Army Operational Medicine Program, 3, 22, 24-26, 139, 141
Assistant Surgeon General, viii
female recruits, iron deficiency and anemia prevalence in, 150
Human Dimensions Teams (HDT), 142
infection increased susceptibility mechansisms, USDA cooperative research data, 146-148
Natick Research Laboratory, 30
nutrition and immune function, interest in 22-29, 139-152
nutrition and sustainment of immune function in field, answers to questions, 100-121
nutrition supplements research, responsibility to publicize findings, 150-152
U.S. Army Basic Combat Training (BCT), 20, 21, 24-26, 28, 31-32, 62, 116, 148
energy deficit relation to stress indices and T-lymphocyte proliferation, 147
See also Military training;
U.S. Army
U.S. Army Medical Research and Material Command (USAMRMC), viii, 1, 14, 22, 62, 134, 166
Commander, vii
See also U.S. Army
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 23, 140, 499, 502
See also U.S. Army
U.S. Army Ranger Training Brigade (RTB), 29, 146, 164, 165, 166, 171, 173, 174
See also U.S. Army;
U.S. Army Ranger Training School
U.S. Army Ranger Training Courses, 9, 18, 22, 34, 80, 81, 119, 130, 137, 144-145, 146, 163
body fat percent change during studies, 168, 172
body weight percent change during studies, 168
caloric intake during studies, 167
energy balance during studies, 167
energy deficit relation to stress indices and T-lymphocyte proliferation, 147
energy expenditure during studies, 166
infection rates in, 149
Norwegian Ranger training program studies comparison, 34
nutritional intervention effects on temporary immunosuppression, studies results, 165-174
peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation change during studies, 170
physiological and immunological impact of, studies results, 165-174
Ranger I Course (RGR-I), 5-6, 21, 22, 24-26, 27, 28, 29-30, 31-32, 33, 110, 120, 147, 148, 149
Ranger II Course (RGR-II), 5-6, 20, 21, 22-23, 24-26, 27, 28, 30, 31-32, 33, 100, 147, 148, 149
U.S. Army Ranger Training School, 5, 140
See also U.S. Army;
U.S. Army Ranger Training Brigade (RTB);
U.S. Army Ranger Training Courses
U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), vii, viii, ix, 1, 2, 5, 14, 20, 30, 62, 99, 134, 146, 165, 166, 171, 173, 174
See also Military Nutrition and Biochemical Division (MNBD);
Military Nutrition Division (MND);
U.S. Army
U.S. Army Special Forces, 2, 10
immune status, and nutritional impact on, ix, 17, 18, 20, 99, 125, 237
nutrition education programs, recommendations, 130-131
Vietnam War study, 144
See also Military personnel;
Special Forces Assessment and Selection (SFAS);
U.S. Army
U.S. Army Special Operations Training Program, 3, 18, 22, 81, 177
nutritional intervention effects on temporary immunosuppression, assessment model, 163-178
physiological and immunological impact of, research objectives, 164-165
physiological and immunological impact of, research results, 165-178
See also Military training;
Special Forces Assessment and Selection (SFAS);
U.S. Army;
U.S. Army Ranger Training Courses;
U.S. Army Special Forces
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), 22, 151, 165
Human Studies Review Committee, 250
infection increased susceptibility mechanisms, Army cooperative research data, 146-148
See also Human Nutrition Research Center
U.S. Navy, 144
See also Military personnel
U.S. Navy Seals, 145
See also Military personnel
Utah. See Dugway Proving Ground, Utah
V
Vaccines and vaccination
antigen, novel, antibody response to, assessment methods, 538
biologic rhythms in response to, 362, 454, 456-459
hepatitis B antigen and, biologic rhythms and, 456
infants, biologic rhythms, effects on immunity gained, 457-458
influenza vaccination trials, and biologic rhythms, 457
military personnel intervention to sustain immune function, risks and benefits, 105-106
military use of, 6, 9, 126, 129
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) vaccine and biologic rhythms, 457
See also Bacillus Calmette-Guirin (BCG) vaccination;
Infectious diseases and disorders
Vasoactive intestinal peptides (VIP), 34
Norwegian Ranger Training Course, changes during, 188-189
See also Immune function;
Neuropeptide function
Vasopressin (VP)
neuroendocrine effects of systemic inflammation, 70-71, 72, 392, 394, 395, 396, 397
See also Arginine vasopressin (AVP);
Hormones;
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)
Vegetable oils
fatty acids and immune function and, 55, 57
Vibrio anguillarum, 322
Vibrio cholerae, 321-322
Vibrios, 320
Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus), 321-322, 327
Vietnam War, 144
Viral evolution
immune system role in, 547
infectious disease introduction/dissemination factor, 545
selenium and, animal studies review, 264, 338, 341-351, 547-548
See also Microbes;
Microbial virulence
Virginia. See Reston, Virginia
Virulence. See Microbial virulence
Virus. See Microbes; Microbial virulence; Viral evolution
Vitamin A, 263
adults, considerations for, 284-285
deficiency, adult, clinical manifestations, 280
deficiency, adult, epidemiology, 280-281
deficiency, adult, review of, 281-282
deficiency in children/infants, 263, 280-281, 283-284
doses and toxicity of, 109-110, 284-285
eye disorders in adults, clinical manifestations of deficiency, 280
immune function role of, 3, 4, 7, 8, 38, 41, 42, 51-52, 105, 107, 109-110, 114, 117, 127, 134, 279-285
immunodeficiency disorder (nutritionally acquired), characterization as, 263, 283-284
infants, deficiency risks for, summary, 263, 280-281
lactating women, deficiency risks for, 263, 280-281, 282
military situations, special concerns in, 109-110
military supplementation, conclusions, 128
pregnancy, deficiency risks for, 263, 280-281, 282
Recommended Dietary Allowance of, 281
women of childbearing age, risks to, 285
See also Nutrients;
Vitamins
Vitamin B1
doses and toxicity of, 108
immune function role of, 4, 38, 55, 108
military situations, special concerns in, 108
See also Nutrients;
Vitamins
Vitamin B2
immune function role of, 38
See also Nutrients;
Vitamins
Vitamin B6,
doses and toxicity of, 108
immune function role of, 3, 4, 7, 38, 42, 54-55, 108, 127
military situations, special concerns in, 108
See also Nutrients;
Vitamins
Vitamin B12
doses and toxicity of, 108
immune function role of, 7, 42, 54-55, 108, 127
military situations, special concerns in, 108
See also Nutrients;
Vitamins
Vitamin C
aging effects of supplementation, clinical trials, 263, 292-293
AIDS/HIV effects of supplementation, animal and human study findings, 263, 290, 294-295
asthma and lung function effects of supplementation, 263, 295-296
cancer effects of supplementation, experimental/epidemiological study findings, 263, 290, 293
doses and toxicity of, 108-109
exercise stress effects of supplementation, study findings, 263, 290, 296-297
immune function role of, 4, 7, 8, 14, 41, 42, 53-54, 105, 108-109, 117, 127, 134, 289-290
marathon runners, supplementation of, study findings, 378
military situations, special concerns in, 108-109
military supplementation, conclusions, 128
Recommended Dietary Allowance of, 290
See also Antioxidants;
Nutrients;
Vitamins
Vitamin D
doses and toxicity of, 110
immune function role of, 107, 110, 114
military situations, special concerns in, 110
See also Nutrients;
Vitamins
Vitamin E
aging effects of supplementation, clinical trials, 263, 291-292
AIDS/HIV effects of supplementation, animal and human study findings, 263, 290, 294-295
asthma and lung function effects of supplementation, 263, 295-296
cancer effects of supplementation, experimental/epidemiological study findings, 263, 290, 293
deficiency in, role in viral evolution, 547-548
doses and toxicity of, 110
exercise stress effects of supplementation, study findings, 263, 290, 296-297
fatty acids and, 57
immune function role of, 4, 7, 8, 14, 52-53, 105, 110, 114, 117, 118, 127, 289-290
military situations, special concerns in, 110
military supplementation, 128
Recommended Dietary Allowance of, 290
See also Antioxidants;
Nutrients;
Tocopherol equivalents (TE);
Vitamins
See also Carotenoids;
Folate;
Nutrients;
Vitamin A;
Vitamin B1;
Vitamin B2;
Vitamin B6;
Vitamin B12;
Vitamin C;
Vitamin D;
Vitamin E
V. vulnificus. See Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus)
W
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), 5, 166
Department of Medical Neurosciences, 141
Department of Respiratory Research, 144
Wasting syndrome
AIDS-related, exercise effects on, 375
Weather. See Humidity; Temperature
White blood cells (WBC), 25, 31, 108, 114, 225
biologic rhythms in number and function of, 76, 362, 441-452, 465
immune function assessment tests using, overview, 538, 540, 541
See also Basophil;
Blood;
Eosinophil;
Monocytes;
Neutrophils
WHO. See World Health Organization (WHO)
Whole-blood cultures
cytokine production assays, 43, 45, 257-259
immune function assessment tests using, overview, 538, 539-542
incubation duration of, measurement of lymphocyte proliferation in, methods, 253-254
lymphocyte proliferation in, experiments methods and results, 251-257
lymphoid, blood, cells functional activity in vitro measurement, and field study applications, 233, 249-259
lymphoid, blood, cells functional activity in vitro measurement, methods/results, 250-259
shipping/holding of, effects on lymphocyte proliferation, experiment methods/results, 256-257
soluble interleukin receptors release in, experiments methods/results, 258-259
See also Blood
Women
asthma effects of vitamin C and E supplementation, study findings, 295
breast cancer surgery survival rates, effects of menstrual cycle on, 466
physical fitness/activity and immune function, civilian research, 14, 134
Vitamin A risks to women, 285
See also Breastfeeding;
Demographics;
Maternity;
Menstrual cycle
Army recruits, iron deficiency and anemia prevalence in, 150
civilian research on immune function of physically fit/active women, military awareness of, 14, 134
immune function in, research areas, 120-121
iron deficiency implications for, 328
iron status of, 62-63
nutrition education programs, recommendations, 130-131
See also Military personnel;
Women
Work
schedule of, biologic rhythms effects of, 362, 438
shift workers, biologic rhythms and, 451, 455, 464-465, 469
Workshops, vii, viii, ix, 2, 18, 20, 21, 117, 137, 145-146, 362, 497
See also ''Effect of Prolonged Exhaustive Military Activities on Man"
World Health Organization (WHO), 36, 107
Expert Consultation, 116
Medical Research Council, 281
Vitamin A deprivation experiment during, 281-282
WRAIR. See Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR)
Y
Yersinia enterocolitica, 62, 326-327
Yersinia pestis, 321-322
Z
Zinc
copper interactions with, summary, 340
dose-response curve to assess recommended intake, 209, 210
doses and toxicity of, 112-113
immune function role of, 3, 4, 7, 38, 41, 63-64, 112-113, 115, 127, 337-339
military situations, special concerns in, 112-113
See also Minerals;
Nutrients