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Cumulative Index A AADI (adjusted acceptable daily intake), (6)171 2-AAF (2-acetylaminofluorene), (6)145 Abbreviations, definitions of, (6)218-219 Abortions, spontaneous, (see spontaneous abortions), (6) ABS, (see acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene). (4) Absorption, (1); (4); (6); (8); (9) of chemical agents. (1)29 extrapolation of, (8) 139- 140 gastrointestinal, (8) 122 measurement by DNA adducts, (9)7 process in GI tract, (6)210-211 rate of, (8) 121 rates, differences between species, (1)32, 53 skin, (8) 122- 123 systemic, (6)257 (see metabolism), (4) Acanthamoeba species, (1) 113 Acceptable daily intake (ADI), (3)2, 25; (5); (6) 171, 254, 257, 296, 410-411 aldicarb, (5) 12; (6)309 arsenic, (5)123 carcinogens, considerations of, (3)36-37 chronic exposure, (3)29-37 di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, (6)358, 410 dose-response methodology, (3)31-37 nitrofen, (6)379 187 no-adverse-effect level, (3)31 p-dichlorobenzene, (5)27 trichlorfon, (6)408 uncertainty factors, (3)36 Acceptable risk, (1)24 Acculturation and hypertension, (1)407-409 Acetaldehyde, (1)686-687; (6)50; (7)152- 153 effects on animals, ( / )687 effects on man, (1)686 Acetic acid (AA), (7) 134- 135 Acetone, chloroform precursors (2) 158 Acetonitrile, (4)202-906; (7)43 health effects, (4)204-205 metabolism, (4)203-204 SNARL, (4)205-206 TWA standard. (4)203 (see also nitrites). (4) 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), (6)145; (9)26, 27 Acetylcholinesterase (6)306; (9) inhibitors, (9) 146- 159 170 Acetylsalicylic acid toxicity, (/)37 ACGIH, (see American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) (1); (3); (6)105 Acicular crystals, (1) 144- 147, 158- 159 Acidity, high pH conditions (2)86 Acinetobacter, (2)309 Acneiform skin eruptions, iodine effects (3)306
188 CUMULATIVE INDEX A/C pipe, (see asbestos-cement pipe), (4) Acrocyanosis, (1)324 Acrolein, (1)553, 554-556, 798; (7)152 toxicity, (1)554-555 Acroosteolysis, (1)784 Acrylaldehyde, (see acrolein), (1) Acrylamide, (6)118, 297-303; (9)26-27, 61 -63 ADI, (6)410 carcinogenic risk estimate, (6)301-302, 410 carcinogenicity, (6)300 developmental effects, (6)302 health aspects in humans, (6)298-299 health aspects in other species, (6)299- 302 lifetime cancer risk estimate, (6)410 metabolism, (6)298 mutagenicity, (6)300 SNARL, (6)410 studies needed, (6)409 tumor incidence, (6)301 Acrylonitrile toxicity, (3)71-76 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene pipe, (4)4, 13 ACSL language, (8)232-233 Actinom!'ces, (2)309 Action potential (6) 111 Activated carbon. (see granular activated carbon), (2) Activated charcoal, (2)319 Acute diseases. waterborne, (4)5 bacteria. protozoa, and viruses implicated in, (4)137 defined, (4) 138 outbreaks of, (4) 140- 149 Acute effects, (7) of chlorophenols. (7) 170- 172 of chloropicrin. (7) 165- 166 of haloacetonitriles, (7)159 of haloacids, (7) 138- 139 of haloaldehydes. (7) 146- 147 of haloketones, (7) 155 of monochloramine. (7)93-94, 95 of trihalomethanes, (7) 117- 118 Acute exposure, (3); (9)58 risk estimation, (3)26-28 A:D ratio (ratio of adult to developmental toxicity), (6)28. 273 Additive, (3); (6) effects in drinking water, (3)27 risk, (6)242 Additives, food, ( / ) 15; (9) 123 Adenine arabinoside model, (8)58 Adenomas, hepatocellular, (8)459 Adenoviruses, (1)3, 88, 90, 96, 108 Adequate and safe intake, (3)372 chromium, (3)366, 372 copper, (3)313, 372 fluoride, (3)280, 372 manganese, (3)334, 372 molybdenum, (3)361, 372 potassium, (3)294, 372 selenium, (3)325, 372 sodium, (3)287, 372 ADI (acceptable daily intake), (I ) 15- 16, 492, 701; (3); (6) factors in calculating, (1)15 toxicological evaluation standard. (1) 15 (see acceptable daily intake), (3); (6) Adjusted acceptable daily intake (AADI), (6)171 Administered and delivered doses. (8)330. 447-455 Administered dose, (6)261, 262 Adrenal glands, (1) degeneration, ( / )724 necrosis, ( I )724 ADSIM language, (8)232 Adsorbed compounds. chemical changes, (2)323-324 Adsorbents, (2) adsorption efficiency, (2)337-356 chemical degradation, (2)340 physical degradation, (2)340 water treatment, analytical methods, (2)356-365 Adsorption, ( / ); (2) activated carbon, (2)262 absorbents efficiency (2)337-356 catalysis, on clays, ( / ) 141 competition extent, (2)267 equilibrium models, (2)267 humic acid, by anion exchange resins. (2)342 humic substances, (2)277 isotherms, (2)260-267, 342-343, 348 microbial activity reactions, (2)294-299 microorganisms, (2)9 organic compounds on resin adsorbents. (2)350 pathogenic transport, (I ) 13 percent removal data. (2)347 polymeric adsorbents efficiency. (2)347- 353
CUMULATIVE INDEX 189 water treatment, (2)256 Adult to developmental toxicity, ratio of (A:D ratio), (6)28, 273 Adverse dose response, defined, (1)802 Aerobacter, (4)29 Aerosols, (1) 140 Afferent nerve fibers, (6)107 Aflatoxin, (9)22, 25, 27 Aflatoxin B1, (6)76 AFP (cx-fetoprotein), (6)47 Aged nervous system, (6) 124- 125, 126- 127 Aggregates, disinfection effects, (2)9- 11 Aggressiveness Index, (4) 19 A/C pipe and, (4)20-21, 49-57, 61 A/C pipe degradation and, (4)44-45, 58 adjustment, (4)58 applications of, (4)20-23 Agonists, (6) 121 AHH (aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase), (6)318 Air, (6); (8) excretion into, (8) 142- 143 exposure through, (6)260 PCP concentrations in, (6)384 Air pollution, (1)373; (2) control, (2)270-271, 332-336 interaction with cigarette smoking, (1)50 Alachlor, (1)525, 527-530 dose effects, (1)527-528, 796 toxicity data, (1)529 Alcaligenes, (2)309 Alcohol, (1); (3) ethyl, (see acetaldehyde), (1) interactive effects, (1)50 magnesium depletion effects, (3)274 Aldehydes, (1)553; (2) chlorite reactions, (2) 195 Aldicarb, (1)635, 637-643; (5)9, 10-12; (6)303-309; (9)133, 134, 157-158 acute effects, (5)11 ADI, (5) 12; (6)309, 410 anticholinesterase activity, (5) 10- 12 carcinogenic risk estimate, (6)410 carcinogenicity, (1)641; (5)11; (6)305 chronic effects, (5)11 developmental effects, (6)305 effects in animals, (1)639-640 effects in man, (1)638-639 health aspects in humans, (5)10-11; (6)303_304 health aspects in other species, (6)304 305 metabolism, (5) 10 mutagenicity, (5)11, 99; (6)305 SNARL, (5)12, 98; (6)410 studies needed, (6)409 teratogenicity, (5)11 toxicity data, (1)643 Aldosteronism, magnesium malabsorption, (3)273 Aldrin, (see cyclodienes), (1) Algae, (1)63; (4) growth in reservoirs, (4)98-99, 124, 141 polysaccharides produced by, (4) 113 removal, (1) 185 Alicyclics, (4)247, 251 Aliphatic compounds, (2)222-226; (9)65-67 Alkaline earth, (1) elements, isotopes of, (1)868 metabolism, (1)868 Alkalinity, (I); (4) A/C pipe effect on, (4)51 high pH conditions, (2)86 Alkalosis potassium deficiency, (3)295 Alkanes, (4)247, 251 Alkylation, (9)9, 11, 14-15 cross-linking, (9) 16- 17 hemoglobin, (9)25, 26, 42 protamine, (9)26-27 O6-alkylguanine, (9)16, 20-21 Alkylmercury compounds, (1)274-275, 278 Allometric, (6); (8) equations, (8)66-67 relationships, (6) 193- 194 Allometry, (8)65-78 valid and invalid extrapolations of, (8)141 Allyl chloride, (8) 176- 179 Alpha activity, gross, (1)870 Aluminum, (1)210-212, 218; (3); (4)95, 155-167 chloride, (4) 164 daily intake, (4) 156 fluoride interaction, (3)282 health effects, (4) 158- 166 metabolism, (4) 157- 158 nitrate, (4) 164 phosphorus interaction, (3)278 salts, (4) 156, 163 SNARL, (4) 166 sources in human diet, (4)156 sulfate~ (1) 106; (4) 156, 164 uses, (4) 156, 158 Alveolar, (6); (8) macrophages, (6)207 sacs, (6)205
190 CUMULATIVE INDEX space mass-balance equation, (8)262 Alveolar Type I cells, (6)205-206 Alveolar Type II cells, (6)205, 206, 207 Alzheimer senile dementia, (4)160, 167; (6) 126 Amberlite polymeric absorbents, (2)340, 343 Amebiasis, (1)113, 120-121; (4)5, 138 Amebic cysts, (1) 113, 185 AMEFF (effective concentration of metabolite), (6) 188, 189 Amercide, (see captan), (1) American Chemical Society, (9) 101 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), (1)230 231; (3)101; (6)105 American Water Works Association, (1)206; (4) on chlorination, (4) 130 specifications for A/C pipe, (4)46 study of asbestos in drinking water, (4)43 Ames salmonella assay, (7)47-49 Amiben, (1)519-521 ADI, (1)520, 796 Amides, (1)525-533 (see also alachlor, butachlor, propachlor, propanil), (1) Amino acids, (7)42-45; (9)25 4-aminobiphenyl, (9)26 Ammonia, (2); (7)14 breakpoint chlorination, (2)20-24, 170 171; (7)28-42 bromine reaction, (2)74, 76, 77 chlorine interaction with, (4)96-97; (7)60-66 chlorine reaction, (2)18-20; (7)28-42 chlorine water treatment process, (2) 167 hypochlorous acid reaction, (2) 19-20 ozone reaction, (2)42 Amosite, (1)144, 151-152, 162, 165 Amperometric methods, (2)23, 54 Amphiboles, (1) 145- 150, 184 Amsterdam, Netherlands, pilot plants, (2)300 Analytical methods, (2)7 (see also individual disinfection methods), (2) Anatomical models, lower respiratory tract, (8)305-307 Ancylostoma duodenale, (1 ) 115 Androgen-binding protein, (6)56 Androgens, (6)46-48 Anemia, (1)238, 249; (3) aplastic, (1)586 hemolytic, (1)682 iron deficiency, (3)309 manganese interaction, (3)336 myelocytic, (1)688 Anesthetic gases, (6)72 Aneuploidy, (6) 142- 143 Angiosarcoma, (1); (8)456-457 hepatic, (1)784 Animal(s), (8); (9) adduct concentration in target tissues, (9)52 anticholinesterases, (9) 149- 151, 170 carcinogenic risk bioassays and estimates, (9)7-8, 9, 27, 99-100, 163, 164 chronic exposure, (9)21 -22, 170 DNA adducts as dosimeters, (9)6, 27 DNA adducts, specific, (9)61-77 extrapolation to humans, (9) 109, 110, 112-114 no-observable-effect levels (NOELs) for, (8)4-5 pharmacokinetic studies in, (8)407-408 polymorphisms in, (8~)146 single-dose exposure, (9)21 tumorigenesis, (9)4, 19-21 Animal data, (6)36 bioassays, (6)5, 151 - 152 concordance of results from human studies and, (6)20-22 dose-response patterns in, (6) 15- 18 extrapolation of, to humans, (6)18-22 health aspects in, (see health aspects in other species), (6) interpretation of, (6)22-28 interspecies extrapolation, (6) 133, 177, 193-201, 264-266 intraspecies extrapolation, (6)264-266 male reproductive toxicity in, (6)57-59 mouse liver model, (6) 145- 147 mouse skin model, (6)143-145 neurotoxicity in, (6) 131 - 133 quality and quantity of, (6)22-25 rat liver model, (6)145-147 rat physiological constants, (6)169 rat pup, vaginal opening time in, (6)88-89 rat sperm production rates, (6)89-90 using, to predict human risk, (6)143-148, 254-255 Animal effects, application to humans, (1)15, 19, 22, 27-39, 52-54, 55-56, 165-168, 490, 791-792 absorption rates, (1)33-34
CUMULATIVE INDEX 191 cellular barriers, (1)34 correlating, (1)15, 22 distribution rates, (1)33 excretion rates, (1)33 metabolic differences, (1)30 Animal tests, (1); (3) acrylonitrile, (3)73-76 antimony, (3)78-80 benzene, (3)83-84 benzene hexachloride, (3)87-88 bromodichloromethane, (3) 189 bromoform, (3) 189 cadmium, (3)93-9S carbon tetrachloride, (3)96-97 catechol, (3) 191 - 192 chlorite, (3)194 bis(2-chloroethyl) ether, (3)89 chloroform, (3)203-204 bis(2-chloropropyl) ether, (3)90 design of laboratory experiments, (1)34- 37, 56-57 dibromochloromethane, (3)205 dichlorodifluoromethane, (3) 102- 103 1,2-dichloroethane, (3) 105- 110 epichlorohydrin, (3) 114- 122 ethylene dibromide, (3)99-100 glyoxylic acid, (3)209-210 hexachlorobenzene, (3)211 -214 homogeneity of, (1)30-31 iodine, (3)221-224 lifetime feeding studies, (1)19 lindane, (3)87-88 nonanal, (3)226 number, (1)32 PCB, (3)131-133 PCP in, (6)384 resorcinol, (3)229-230 selecting, (1)34-35 size, (1)31 1,1,1 -trichloroethane, (3) 148- 152 trichloroethylene, (3) 158- 164 trichlorofluoromethane, (3)167 uranium, (3) 176- 177 Anion exchange resins, (2)337, 342 regeneration, (2)345-346 THM studies, (2)344 THMFP studies, (2)344 Anions, inorganic, (1) 138- 140 Anisole, (1) 142 Antabuse (disulfiram), (6)364 Antagonistic, (1); (3) effects in drinking water, (3)27 interactions of water solutes, (1)15 Antagonists, (6) 121 Anthophyllite, (1)144-151, 152 Anthracene, (4)4, 99 Antibodies, (9) immunoassays and, (9)41 monoclonal, (9)23, 40, 41 polyclonal, (9)40, 41, 42 Anticancer therapy, prospective, (8) predictions and validations in, (8)431-440 Anticarie, (see HCB). (1) Anticholinesterase(s), (1); (5); (9)104, 146- 159, 170 compounds, (see aldicarb, carbofuran, methomyl), (5) effects, (1)605 Anticonvulsants? magnesium use, (3)274 Antigens, (9) B(xP-DNA, (9)23, 24 Antimony toxicity, (3)77-80 Antineoplastic agents, (6)3. 44-45 Antiserum, (9)41 Antofagasta, Chile, arsenic in drinking water, (3)338 Aphelenchus species, (I ) 116 Apparent volume of distribution. (8)31 Aqueous chloramine, (2) 174- 181 (see also chloramines), (2) Aqueous chlorine, (2) 145- 149 (see also chlorine), (2) Aqueous chlorine dioxide, (2) hydrocarbons reactions, (2) 198 properties, (2) 190- 194 (see also chlorine dioxide), (2) Area under the rate-of-metabolism curve (AURMC), (6) 175 Area under the target-tissue metabolite- concentration curve (AUTMC), (6)176 Area under the tissue-concentration curve (AUTC), (6) 174- 175; (8) 11 Areas under concentration-time curves (AUCs), (8)256, 471-472 Argyria, (1)290-291 Armitage-Doll multistage model. (6)251; (8)443 Aroclor, (3)131-133 Aromatic amines, (9)22, 25, 38, 42~ 49 Aromatic hydrocarbons in petroleum, (4)247 248, 249, 252 Arrhythmias, cardiac, (1)782; (5)75 Arsenic, (1)28, 54, 212, 316-344, 428-430;
192 CUMULATIVE INDEX (3); (4)95, 167; (5)viii, 1, 7, 118-123; (6); (9)74-75 absorption, (1)319 beneficial effects, (1)340-341 biotransformations, (1)320 carcinogenic risk estimate, (5) 122 carcinogenicity, (1)326-331, 336, 339, 429-430 chemical interactions, (1)340 essentiality, (5) 121, 123 lung cancer, (5) 118 maximum contaminant level, (5)121 mutagenicity, (1)331-333, 339, 429 poisoning, (6)230 teratogenicity, (1)339-340, 429 toxicity, (1)320-326, 333-336, 429 trioxide toxicity, (3)342 Arsenic compounds, (I) arsenates, (1)319-320 arsenic trioxide, (1)319, 328 arsenites, (1)319-321 arsines, (1)321 arsonium, (1)321 Arsenic nutrition, (3)337-345, 374-377 cadmium interaction, (3)344 Arterial blood, (6); (8) blood concentration, (6)183 mass-balance equation (8)262 Arteriosclerotic stroke, risk estimate studies, (3)22 (see also cardiovascular disease), (3) Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), (6)318 Asbestiform, (1) 144 Asbestos, (1) 13 144- 168; (3); (4)6; (5)viii, 1, 7, 123-144 amosite. (5) 127, 130- 131, 142 analysis. (1) 155- 159 animal experiments, (5) 141 - 143 aspect ratio, (5) 125 carcinogenic risk estimate, (5) 126- 144 chrysotile, (5) 130- 131, 137, 141, 142 concentrations in water and air, (1)152- 153.189 Connecticut, (5) 135- 136 Duluth, (5) 124, 134- 135 dust and cancer deaths, (1) 160- 163 emission factors. (1)153 endometrial cancer, (5) 137 exposures, (5) 123, 124- 125 gastrointestinal cancer, (5)7, 123, 138, 140-141, 144 health effects including cancer, (1)160- 168, 189-1; (4)3-4, 43, 150 laryngeal cancer, (5) 127 lung cancer, (5) 123, 126- 127, 129, 137 lung problems, (3)356 mesothelioma, (5) 123, 125, 127, 140- 141, 143-144 mineralogy, (1) 145- 150 minerals, (1) 135 occurrence, (1)151-155, 189 oral cancer, (5) 127 Puget Sound area, (5) 137- 139 redistribution, (1) 152- 155 renal cancer, (5) 127 San Francisco Bay area, (5) 125, 136- 137 serpentine rock, (5) 125, 136 solubility, (1) 150- 151 UICC reference samples, (1) 147, 150, 151 Asbestos fibers, (/) experimental studies. ( I ) 163- 168 sampling and analysis, ( / ) 155- 159 Asbestos-cement pipe, (4)2, 42-61 advantages of, (4)45 city water supplies with asbestos concentration from, (4)54 composition, (4)45-46 corrosion, (4)3? 22-23 deterioration control (4)58-60 dissolution reactions in, (4)23 EPA tests of, (4)48, 52 field tests on, (4)49-58 laboratory tests on, (4)47-79 mechanisms of deterioration of, (4)49 types of, (4)46 uses, (4)32, 44 vinyl-lined, (4)3-4 water quality and, (4)22, 46-47, 49 water quality indexes and, (4)22, 23, 49 Asbestosis, (/)160; (5)127 Ascaris lumbricoides, ( 1 ) 1 15; (2)97 Aspergillus niger, (2)97 Asphalt, (4) 12 linings of' (4)74-75 Astrocytes, (6)111-112 Atherosclerosis, (1)244 Atomic-absorption, (1); (9) analytical method (1)226, 227, 235 spectometry' (9)39 Atrazine. (see triazines)~ (1) Atropine, (5) treatment for aldicarb toxicity' (5) 11 treatment for carbofuran toxicity, (5) 13
CUMULATIVE INDEX 193 Attapulgite, (1) 137 Attributable risk, (6)241-242 AUCs (areas under concentration-time curves), (8)256, 471-472 Aureobasidium pullulans, (I ) 177 AURMC (area under the rate-of-metabolism curve), (6) 175 Australia, hypertension-salt intake effects, (3)290 AUTC (area under the tissue-concentration curve), (6) 174- 175; (8) 11 AUTMC (area under the target-tissue metabolite-concentration curve), (6) 176 Availability, systemic, (8)453 Average concentration, (8)97 AWWA, (see American Water Works Association), (4) Axial dispersion number, (8)87 Axons, (6)107, 110, 111 degeneration of, (6)122 Azinphosmethyl, (1)604-608 carcinogenicity, (1)606 effects, (1)605-606 toxicity data, (1)608 B Bacillus species, (1)67, 85; (2)93, 309; (7)20 Bacillus anthracis, (2)56-57 Bacillus cereus, (2)45, 84 Bacillus megaterium, (2)45 Bacillus mesentericus, (2)56 Bacillus metiers, (2)76 Bacillus subtilis, (2)75-78, 96, 110; (3)120 Back-flow, (4)1 health risk from, (4)16 prevention of, (4) 15 Background response, (see risk estimation), (3) Back-siphonage and back-flushing, (1)117; (4)1 biological material from, (4) 126, 131 health risk from (4) 16, 147 occurrence, (4) 15 Bacteria, (1)13, 63-64, 66-88, 119-120, 179- 181, 186; (2); (4); (7) biofilms and, (4) 112 coliform count, (1)75-76, 119 controlling in water suppl ies, (1) 119- 120 correlations with viruses, (1)110-111 disease potential estimation, (1)69-70 disinfection, (2)12-17; (7)14 dose required for infection, (1)67-69 enteric, (1)67-68 GAC, (2)309 gastrointestinal tracts (1)33 Gram-negative. (2) 15- 16 Gram-positive (2) 15 iron, (4) 14, 29. 122- 123 microbial activity, (2)306-308 Netherlands, effluent, (2)309 nitrate-reducing, (1)417 observed in water distribution system, (4) 122- 123 polysaccharide compounds produced by, (4)113 resistance to disinfectants, (2)17 sensitivity to disinfectants, (2) 15 species in effluents, (2)308-310 standard plate count, (1)120 sulfate-reducing, (4)14, 28 sulfur-oxidizing, (4)29, 122- 123 wastewater treatment, (2)309, (see also biocidal activity), (2) waterborne disease outbreak and, (4)137; (~15 Bakery goods, potassium additives. (3)293 294 Balan (benefin), (see dinitroanilines), (I) Bank filtration, (2)271 B(a)P (benzo(a)pyrene). (6)149 Barbiturates, (3); (6)49 diuretic effects, (3)290 Baritosis, (1)230 Barium, (1)207-208. 210-212, 218, 220- 221, 229-231, 302-305; (4)95. 167- 170 health effects, (4) 168- 169 maximum allowable concentration reevaluated, (4) 167- 168 recommendation pertaining to, (4)168 SNARL, (4) 170 Base exchange capacity, humic substances, (1)170 Base mispairing, (9) 15- 16 BASIC language, (8)231-232 Bayesian methods. (8) 190 BDPF, (see bile duct-pancreatic fluid flow). (3) Beer, (1); (3) cobalt additive in. (/)248 diet, sodium effects, (3)291
194 CUMULATIVE INDEX Beggiatoa, (see sulfur-oxidizing bacteria), (4) Behavioral teratogens, (6) 106 Behavioral toxicology, (6) 131 Beidellite, (1) 142 Benefin, (see dinitroanilines), (1) Bennington, Vermont, corrosion field study, (4)39 Benzene (BEN), (1)28, 54, 142, 688-691; (2); (3); (4)250, 252; (6)186, 188, 190- 193; (9) 134, 164 airborne, (6)209 carcinogenic risk estimates, (1)690, 794 effects on animals, (1)689 effects on man, (1)688-689 health effects, (4)253-254 homologs, (2)205 metabolism, (4)253 recommendations relating to, (4)254 SNARL, (4)203, 254-255 toxicity, (3)80-86 Benzene hexachloride, (see BHC), (1); (6)230, 232 Benzidine, (1)731; (9)21 Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), (1)691-694; (4); (6)149; (9)17. 21, 23-25, 52, 63-64 carcinogenic risk estimates. (1)692, 794 effects in animals, (1)691 effects in man, (1)691 toxicity data, (1)694 (see also polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons), (1) Benzoics (1)519-525 (see also amiben. dicamba), (1) Beryllium, (I )211 -212, 218 220, 231 -235, 302-303, 305 beryllosis, (1)234 cancers, (1)234 pulmonary sarcoidosis (1)234 Beta activity gross, (1)870 BHC (benzene hexachloride), (1)583, 585- 594; (3) carcinogenic risk estimates, (1)591, 794 carcinogenicity, (1)588-590 effects in animals. (1)587-588 effects in man, (1)586 toxicity, (3)86-88 toxicity data, (1)593-594 BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene), (6)148, 207 Biases, (6)238 Bid idobacterium species, (1)75 Bile, (3); (8) duct mass-balance equation, (8)53 duct-pancreatic fluid flow, (3)97 excretion, (8) 116, 122, 142- 143 Binding, (8); (9)3, 27-28, 47 affinity, (8)14 alkylation and, (9)15, 26 B(a)P and tumorigenesis, (9)21, 23-25 co-valent binding, (9)9, 13, 25-26 cytotoxicity, mutation frequency, BPDE I and, (9)17 drug, (8)88-89 genotoxicity and, (9) 18, 49 glycosyl bonds, (9)16 plasma, (8)90 tissue, (8)90 Bioassays, (1)10, 15, 48, 55, 791; (9)17-18, 125 animal carcinogenesis (9)7-8, 9, 27, 99- 100, 163 DNA adducts, (9)38-42 exposure levels measured, (9)5 in vitro short-term, (9) 17- 18 protein adducts, (9)38, 42 sensitivity and specificity, (9)43-47, 50 (see also immunoassays), (9) Bioavailability, (8) fraction of dose absorbed and, (8) 122 gastrointestinal absorption and, (8)122 skin absorption and, (8) 122- 123 Biochemical interactions, toxicity from chemicals, (3)45-56 Biocidal activities, (2)7-17, 112-119; (7) 14-26 bacteria, (see individual agents), (2) bromine, (2)75-81 chloramines, (see chlorine), (2) chlorine, (2)24-36, 40-41 chlorine dioxide? (2)56-61 dichloramine, (see chlorine), (2) disinfection properties, (2) 11, 24-25 efficacy, (2)7 ferrate, (2)84-85 high pH conditions, (2)87-90 hydrogen peroxide, (2)92-94 iodine, (2)61 -71 ionizing radiation, (2)95-97 mechanism of action, (see individual agents), (2) monochloramine, (see chlorine), (2) organic chloramines, (see chlorine), (2) ozone, (2)44-48, 50
CUMULATIVE INDEX 195 parasites, (see individual agents), (2) potassium permanganate, (2)99-101 silver, (2) 103- 105 UV light, (2)110-111 viruses, (see individual agents), (2) Biocidal dose, UV light, (2)109 Biofilms, (4)5, 109- 123 chemical composition of, (4) 118 chemical properties of, (4) 115- 117, 118 detachment of, (4) 117, 129 fluid frictional resistance affected by, (4)119 fluid shear forces removal of, (4)129 formation, (4)112- 114 fouling of, (4)109, 117, 118, 126-127 physical properties of, (4)115 reactions with chlorine, (4) 126, 128 thermal conductivity of, (4) 115 transport properties of, (4)115 water quality changes from, (4)112 Biogenic substances, aquatic organic compounds, (1)29; (2)164 Biologic dosimeters, (see dosages and dosimetry), (9) Biological, (1); (4); (6) action, mechanisms of, (6)240-241 biofilm processes and, (4) 109- 112 contamination control from, (4) 126- 131 dispersal growth of, (4) 129- 131 material in water distribution system, (4) 109 quality of water, (4)4-5 receptors, (1)29 sources of, (4) 124- 126 toxins, (6) 129 Biologically effective dose, (6)228 Biosorption, (2)295 Bipyridl, (1)543, 544-546 Birth, (1); (6); (8) defects, (1)389-395; (6)36-37 rate for cells, (8)380 Black water, (4)5, 112, 122 Blackfoot disease, (1)325; (5) 119, 121 Bladder, (7)2; (9)102, 147 cancer, national study, (7)57-58, 196-197 Blastocyst formation, (6) 13 Blood, (4); (5); (7); (8); (9) carboxyhemoglobin, (8) 169 carcinogenesis, (9) 164- 165 cells, (9)22, 52, 69 hemoglobin, (9)25-26, 42, 58 lead concentration in, (4) 179 plasma, (9)26 pool mass balance, (8)46-47 urea nitrogen (BUN), (5)35, 47-48; (7)85-86 (see also methemoglobinemia), (4) Blood pressure, (3); (4); (9)77 barium exposure and, (4) 169, 170 sodium effects, (3)288-289 (see also cardiovascular disease), (3) Bloom's syndrome and cancer incidence, (1)43 Blue Plains, Washington, D.C., sewage effluents, (2)157 Body, (8) clearance, total, (8)108, 115 mass dependent metric, (8)70-73 regions, (8)39-44 size, in pharmacokinetic models, (8)65-78 weight (BW), (8)18-19, 209 Bolus administration, (8)43 Bone cancer, (1); (3) disease, (1)282 and radium, (1)17, 894-896. 898 (see also cancer), (3) Boonton, N.J., chlorine gas equipment, (2)18 Boston, Mass., trace metal concentration in water supply, (4)40-41 BPDE (benzo[a]pyrenediolepoxide), (9) 17- 18 Brain, (1); (6)108; (9) disorders, (1)784 tumors, (9)20 Brainstem, (6)108 Breakpoint chlorination, (2)20-23, 170- 171; (7)82 Rhine River water, (2) 159 (see also chlorination), (2) Breakpoint, defined, (7)82 Breast cancer, (1)50-51 Bromacil, (1)537, 540-543 ADI, (1)541 -542, 796 dose levels, (1)540-541, 543, 796 toxicity, (1)543 Bromamine, (1)109; (2) formation, (2) 183 Bromate toxicity, (3) 181 - 187 Bromide, (2)42, 73; (3) toxicity, (3) 181 - 187 Bromination, (1); (2) model compounds, (2) 189 water, (1) 109
196 CUMULATIVE INDEX Bromine, (1)119, 171; (2); (3); (7) ammonia effects, (2)77 analytical methods, (2)75 biocidal activity, (2)75-81 by-products of disinfection, (2) 182. 184- 189 chemistry, (2)72-74, 182- 189 chloride, (2)72-75, 182- 183 comparative efficacy, (7) 12 c t products? (2)70, 76-80 determination, (2)75 disinfection, (2)36, 72-82 in drinking water disinfection, (7) 13 efficacy against bacteria, (2)75-77 efficacy in demand-free system, (7) 11 efficacy against parasites. (2)79-81 efficacy against virus (2)77-79 mechanism of action, (2)81 notpotable waters, (2) 187- 189 production and application, (2)74-75 properties, (2) 182- 184 temperature effects, (2)78 THM formation, (2) 185 toxicity, (3) 181 - 187 UV spectroscopy, (2)75 Bromism, chloride interaction, (3)301 Bromobenzene, (1)693. 694-695, 793 Bromochloroacetonitrile. (see haloacetonitriles). (7) Bromochlorobenzenes, ( I )799 Bromochloromethanes. (2) 151 - 152 Bromodichloromethane, (I )799; (2) 151, 185; (3) toxicity, (3)887-888 Bromoform. (1)695-697; (2) 185, 205: (3); (9)134 toxicity. (3) 189 Bromophenols. (2) 185 Bronchi. constriction of, ( I )782 Bronchial diseases. (I) bronchitis, (1)238 (see also respiratory diseases). (3) Bronchiolar cells. (6)207 Brucite-gibbsite materials. (1) 139 Buccal cavity, (6)211 Burns, chemical. (1)699 Butachlor. (1)525, 527-530 dose effects, ( I )527-528. 796 toxicity data, ( I )529 I-butanol. (see butylalcohol, tert-). (I) Butyl rubber. (4)12 tert-butylalcohol, (1)697-698 Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), (6)148, 207 C C language, (8)231 Cadmium, ( I )207-208, 211 -213, 218, 220 221, 236-241, 302-303, 305-306; (3); (4)95, 170- 174; (6) absorption, calcium effects on. (3)271 arsenic interaction, (3)344 chloride, (6)74 corrosion and. (4)2, 32, 35 I,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, synthesis inhibition, (3)271 health effects, ( I )238-239; (4) 150, 171 172 Itai-Itai disease, ( I )237-239 poisoning, (1)237-239 selenium interaction, (3)328-329 SNARL, (4) 172- 174 toxicity, (3)91-96 zinc interaction, (3)317 Calcitonin, magnesium interaction. (3)274- 275 Calcium, (1); (2); (3); (4) A/C pipe release of. (4)22 hardness. (4)51 hypochlorite, (1)4; water treatment, (2)35 phosphate, manganese interaction, (3)336 Calcium carbonate, (3); (4) dissolution, (4)33, 43 saturation, (4)23-24, 30. 60-61 water hardness measure, (3)21 Calcium nutrition, (3)268-271, 374-375 fluoride interaction, (3)282 lead poisoning susceptibility, (3)270 water hardness relationship, (3)272 zinc interaction, (3)317 California, (9) 134, 135, 157 California Department of Health Services, PVC pipe testing, (4)65 Canada. (3); (9)138 magnesium in water, (3)272 myocardial infarction, accidental death comparisons. (3)22 Canadian asbestos workers and GI cancer. (5)128 Cancer. (/)20. 160; (3); (4); (5); (6); (7); (8); (9) arsenic effects, (3)343 from asbestos, (1) 13
CUMULATIVE INDEX 197 bladder and chloroform risk studies, (3)6 7, (see bladder cancer), (7) bone, (1)17, 894-896, 898 bone, magnesium malabsorption, (3)273 chemotherapy, (3)29; (9)22 chloroform relationship, (3)5, 7 dose-response models, (1)47-48 endometrium, (5) 137 from fluoridated water, (1)381-389 frequency, (3)5-21 gastric, (1)422, 438 gastrointestinal tract, (1) 162, 165- 167; (5)7, 123, 126-144 hepatic system, (9)8, 9, 20, 21, 22, 25, 27 kidney, (5)127 larynx, (5) 127 liver and kidney studies, (3) 10 lung, (1)288; (5)118, 123, 126-127, 129, 137; (9)23, 38 mechanisms causing radiation-induced, (1)885-889 mesothelioma, (5) 123, 125, 127, 140 141, 143-144 model, two-stage, (6)268-271; (8)21 mortality rates and THM relationship, (3)13-18 Ohio River Valley Basin water quality studies, (3)11 oral cavity, (5) 127 ovaries, (9)22-23 radiation and, (6)238 risk estimates, lifetime, (6)250-293, 410 411 safety factor approach, (3)38-39 skin, (1)43; (5)118-122 specific, estimating, (1)889-894 stomach, (1)387, 422 theories, statistical models, (1)39-47 (see also carcinogenesis, carcinogenic, carcogenicity, carcinogens, dose response, and individual herbicides, insecticides, metals, and somatic effects), (1) (see also carcinogens), (3) (see also carcinogenicity), (4) (see also carcinogenic risk estimates, carcinogenicity, and individual compounds), (5) (see also carcinogenic, carcinogenic risk estimates), (9) Cancer in humans, (3); (6) epidemiological studies, (3)1-2, 5-21 skin, Taiwan, arsenic in well water, (3)343-344; (6)226-249 THM and bladder, relationship, (3)1, 8-9 Cancer incidence, (1)13, 55; (6)230-237 asbestos, (1) 13- 14 fibers, (1)161, 189 radionuclides, (1)16-17, 894-896, 898 rates, (1)40, 49, 55 Candida paraps~los~s, (2) 14, 45 e-caprolactam, (1)698-700 Captan, (1)657, 660-666, 793; (6)75 ADI, (1)796 dose levels, (1)796 effects in animals, (1)662-663 effects in man, (1)661 toxicity data, (1)665-666 Carbamates, (1)635-649; (9)70, 96, 133 136, 140-141, 146-147, 149-150, 170 pesticides? (6)303-314 (see also aldicarb, carbaryl, methomyl), (1) (see also aldicarb, diallate, sulfallate), (6) Carbaryl, (1)642, 644-649, 793; (6)74; (9)133, 135 ADI, (1)796 carcinogenicity, (1)647 dose levels, (1)796 effects in animals, (1)645-646 effects in man, (1)645 toxicity data, (1)649 Carbofuran, (5)9, 12- 15; (9) 135 acute effects, (5)14 anticholinesterase activity, (5) 12- 14 carcinogenicity, (5) 15 chronic effects, (5) 14 human health effects, (5) 13- 14 metabolism, (5) 13 mutagenicity, (5) 14- l S. 99 SNARL, (5) 15 teratogenicity, (5) 15 Carbon, (1); (2); (4); (6); (7); (8) activated, (1)186, 224-224 biofilm, (4) 118 catalytic activity, product release, (2)324 325 catalytic surface, (2)316-320 chloroform extracts, (2)165, 252 dioxide, elevated, (6)75 dioxide mass-balance equation, (8)263 filters, (1) 107 fines, (2)325
198 CUMULATIVE INDEX inorganic reactions, (2)322-323 monoxide mass-balance equation, (8)263 powdered, in water treatment, (1) 186 regeneration, pollution control, (2)332- 336 total organic (TOC), (7)39-41 water treatment, (2)251-380 Carbon disulfide, (1)700-703; (6)72, 76 effects in animals, (1)701-702 effects in man, (1)701 Carbon tetrachloride, (1)703-707; (3); (4); (5)9, 15-18; (6)76, 206, 207, 208; (8); (9)134, 141, 163 acute effects, (5) 16- 17 carcinogenic risk estimates, (1)705-706, 794 carcinogenicity, (5)17 chronic effects, (5)17 effects in animals, (1) 704 effects in man, (1)703-704 human health erects, (5)16 metabolism, (5)16 model for, (8)312-324 mutagenicity, (5)17, 99 in PVC pipe, (4)66 teratogenicity, (5) 17- 18 toxicity, (3)96-98 toxicity data, (1)707 Carbon- 14, (1)858-859, 862 Carbonization, activated carbon, (2)254 Carboxyhemoglobin, blood, (8)169 Carcass mass-balance equation, (8)262 Carcinogenesis, (1)25; (3); (5); (6)4-6, 266- 271, 282 animal bioassays, (6) l S 1 - 152 arsenic, (3)344 assays, (1)20, 22 cocarcinogenesis, (6)141 - 142 dose-response models, (3)58-60 effects, (6)253 evaluation, (6) 151 - 156 factors in predicting, (1)22 genetic toxicity, (6) 148- 149 immune system in, (6) 149- 151 initiation, (6)140 ionizing radiation (1)38, 885-892, 894- 896, 897-898 latency periods, (1)42, 189 mechanisms of, (6) 139- 157 model systems, (6) 143- 148 multistage model, (3)53, 59 multistage theory of, (6) 139- 142, 147 oncogenes in, (6) 142- 143 possible thresholds, (1)38 progression, (6)141 promotion, (6)140 risk assessment for, (6) 156- 157, 253 short-term tests, (6) 152- 155 somatic mutation theory, (5)5 synergistic effects and, (1)32 teratogenesis and, (6)15 tests to predict, (1)22 theories of, (1)39-47 unit risk of, (6)255 Carcinogenic, (1); (9)3 animal models, (9) 19-21 DNA adducts as dosimeters, (9)6-8, 27 28, 40 DNA adducts, site relevance, (9) 13- 17 DNA adducts, specific, (9)61-77 effects, (1)25 initiators, (I ) 15 interactions, (1)15 mechanisms, (1) 15 modifiers, (1) 15 nitrosamines, (1)33 pollutants, nonthreshold approach, (1)21 promoters, (1) 1S sensitivity of tests to detect effects, (1)27 Carcinogenic risk estimates, (5)vii, 2; (6)301-302, 313, 314, 324, 336, 337, 348-349, 372, 373, 410-411; (9) 106, 141, 168 acrylamide, (9)62 arsenic, (5)122; (9)75 asbestos, (5) 126- 145 BaP, (9)64 chlorinated surface water, (9)102 chlorobenzene, (5)21-22, 98 chloroform, (9)103 chloropropanes and chloropropenes, (9)72 chromium, (9)65 cisplatin, (9)22-23 diallate, (9)70 dibromochloropropane, (9)66 di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, (9)73 DNA adducts as dosimeters, (9)6-8, 27- 28, 40 DNA adducts, specific, (9)61-77 EPA, (9)99- 100, 106 ethylene dibromide, (9)67 hexachlorobenzene, (5)55-56, 98 liver. (9)8, 9, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 67, 70.71,72, 164, 165
CUMULATIVE INDEX 199 low-dose defined, (9)129 mixtures of toxins, (9)97, 99-100, 104 N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, (9)8 nitrofen, (9)75-76 pentachlorophenol, (9)77 sulfallate, (9)71 synergism, (9)99 tobacco, (9)9, 24-25 1, 1,1,-trichloroethane, (5)77-78, 98 trichloroethylene, (5)83-84, 98 trichlorfon, (9)69 vinyl chloride, (5)89-90 volatile organic compounds, (9)162-166 (see also cancer, carcinogenicity), (5) Carcinogenicity, (1); (4); (5); (6)1; (7) acetonitrile, (4)205 acrylamide, (6)300 acrylonitrile, (4)205 aldicarb, (5)11 aluminum compounds, (4)165 animal related to human, (1)53 arsenic, (4) 167; (5) 118- 123 asbestos, (5) 125- 141 cadmium, (4) 172 carbofuran, (5)15 carbon tetrachloride, (5)17 and chemical structure, (1)791 of chlorate, (7)108 of chlorite, (7) 108 chlorobenzene, (5)20-21 chloroform, (4)207-209 of chlorophenols, (7) 172 of chloropicrin, (7) 167 chloropropanes and chloropropenes, (6)335-336 correlation with mutagenicity, (1)20, 22, 37-38 DBCP, (4)210, 212-213 diallate, (6)311 dibromochloropropane, (6)323-324 o-dichlorobenzene, (5)24 p-dichlorobenzene, (5)27 1,2-dichloroethane, (5)31 1,1-dichloroethylene, (5)37-39 1,2-dichloroethylene, (5)43 dichloromethane, (5)45 di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, (6)344-348, 410 dinitrophenol, (4)243 dinoseb, (5)48 ethylene dibromide, (6)365-367 of haloacetonitriles, (7) 161 of haloacids, (7) 141 of haloaldehydes, (7) 150- l S 1 hexachlorobenzene, (5)54-56 lead, (4)182 methomyl, (5)59 of monochloramine, (7)97 mononitrophenols, (4)243 nitrobenzene, (4)227 nitrofen, (6)371-372 PAHs, (4)4, 257-258, 259-260, 261, 262-263 pentachlorophenol? (6)391-392 picloram, (5)62 pipe and lining materials, (4)4, 72 risk assessment procedures, (5)4 rotenone. (5)68-69 silver, (4) 186- 187 sufficient evidence for, (5)3-4 sulfallate, (6)313 tetrachloroethylene~ (5)73 1, 1,1-trichloroethane, (5)76-77 trichloroethylene, (5)82-83 trichlorfon, (6)405-406 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, (4)267 of trihalomethanes, (7) 122- 129 uranium, (5)94-95 vinyl chloride, (4)4, 63, 70; (5)88-89 water treatment chemical compounds. (4)98 (see also cancer; carcinogenic risk estimates; models, mathematical; tumor incidence data), (5) Carcinogens, (1)15, 19, 54; (3); (7)80-81; (8) additive effects, (1)49-50 ADI theoretical data, (3)36-37 asbestos, (1) 13 chemical in drinking water, (1)793 chemical, quantitative risk assessment for (8)6 definition, (1)800-802 dietary components~ (3)52 direct-acting, dose-response relationship~ (1)39 DNA adducts and, (8)221-226 epigenetic, (8)16, 20-22 ethylenedibromide risk estimation, (3)100 exposure and cancer development, (1)21 30 fibers, (1)166-167 genotoxic, (8) 16
200 CUMULATIVE INDEX groundwater and surface water contamination studies. (3)6-7 ingested, (1) 15 inhibitors of, (8)222 listing of, (1)794 models of, (8)443 multistage model of, (8)463, 467-468 nitrosamines, (1)416, 438 oral administration of test, (1)48-49 positive controls, (1)56 risk assessment, (8)441-445 (see also cancer), (3) (see also carcinogenesis), (8) Carcinoma(s), (1); (3); (8) bronchogenic, (1) 160 hepatocellular, (8)371, 459 (see cancer, carcinogens), (3) Cardiac. (1); (3); (5) arrhythmias, (5)75 glycosides, potassium depletion effects, (3)296 sensitization, (1)781 Cardiovascular disease, (3); (4) arsenic relationship. (3)343 barium and, (4) 169. 170 drinking water hardness relationship, (3) 1- 2 risk estimation studies. (3)22 water hardness relationship, (3)22 Cardiovascular dysfunctions, (5) 119 Case-comparison studies. (6)232-233; (9) acetylcholinesterase, (9) 146- 159 nested, (6)233 Case-control. (7) sampling strategy, (7) 198- 199 studies using personal interview, (7)55-58 Cast iron, (4) corrosion, (4) 15- 16 mains of, (4) 12 pipes of, (4) 13 Catalysis by clays. or organic species, (1)140- 143 Catalytic alterations. (1) 141 - 142 Cataracts, (see eyes and eye disease), (4) Catechol. (3); (6)144 toxicity, (3) 190- 192 Catecholamines, (6)48 Cathartics, magnesium use, (3)274 Cathodic protection, (4)27 Cation exchange capacity (CEC). (1) and binding of organisms to particles, (1)181 of soils, (1) 171 Cations, inorganic, (1)138-140 Cattle, iodine intake, (3)222 Caulobacter, (2)309 CCE, (see carbon-chloroform extracts), (2) CCSL IV language, (8)232 CDC (National Center for Disease Control), (1)12, 63, 64, 65, 66, 118; (4)5, 137 Cell(s), (1); (6); (8) birth versus mutation accumulation, (8)277 culture, short-term, (6)5-6 culture systems, to detect viruses, (1)95- 97 divisions in germ cells, (6)78 mutation, (6)140 transformation assays, (6) 153 Center for Study of Responsive Law, (9)101- 102 Central nervous system (CNS), (1); (3); (6)108; (9) depressants, (1)693, 710, 724, 761, 777 tetrachloroethylene effects, (3) 136 1,1,1 -trichloroethane effects. (3) 146, 149 (see nervous system), (9) Central-peripheral distal axonopathy? (6)122 Cerebral, (6) cortex, (6) 108- 109, 125 hemispheres, (6) 108. 110 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), (6)112 Cesium- 137. (1)862, 871 Cestodes. (1) 115 Chattanooga, Tenn., chlordane concentration in water system. (4) 146- 147 CHE, (see cholinesterase), (3) Cheilobus species, (1) 116 Chemical(s). (1); (2); (3); (4); (6); (7); (9) actinometry, UV light. (2)108-109 ADI values, (1) 15- 16; (6) 171, 154. 257, 296, 410-411 carcinogens, (6)261 compounds in effluent, (2)357 contaminants. (4)6-8 contaminants. developmental effects of, (6) 11 -31 effects of injuries, (1)23 equilibrium models, (4)24. 61 evaluation of toxicity, (3) 67-70; (6)36, 83-92 intoxication. (1)736, 747 safety and risk assessment, (1)19-62 structure and carcinogenicity, (~)791; (6) 139- 156
CUMULATIVE INDEX 201 toxic effects, (1)23; (6)250-293 toxicity? biochemical interactions, (3)45- 56; (6)171-173 warfare? (9) 147 (see also inorganic chemical contaminants, organic chemical contaminants), (4) Chemical Abstracts Service, (9)101 Chemical agents, (1) additive effects, (1)49-50 animal testing of, (1)29-37 and cell interactions, (1)23 distribution by circulatory system, (1)33 excretion, (1)29 interactions, (1)15 metabolism, (1)29 radioactive, (1) 16- 17 radionuclides, (1)858-865 reabsorption, (1)29 reaction with biological receptor, (1)29 reaction, variation with nutrition and physical environment, (1)32 reactions, (1)29 (see also arsenic, fluoride, nitrates, selenium, sulfate, and individual herbicides, insecticides, and metals), (1) Chemical quality of water, (4) control. (4) 16 factors influencing. (4)2-3 water treatment chemicals and. (4)3-4. 9~-99 Chemisorption. removing trace metals. (1)"0 Chemistry of disinfectants. reactions and products. (9) 139-249 Chemotherapy. (9)22. 68 Chicago, Ill.. corrosion field study, (4)35. 36 Childhood tumors, (6)14 China, (9)23-24, 25 Chlamydomonas, (4)99 Chloracne. (1)502 Chloral, (1)708-709 Chloral hydrate, (7) 144, (see also haloaldehydes), (7) Chloramben, (see amiben ) ( I ) Chloramide by-products, (2) 173- 182 Chloramination, (2); (7)2, 9, 13-14 chemistry and toxicity of disinfection. (7)60-66 (see also combined residual chlorination), (2)166 Chloramine(s), (2); (4)130; (7)7, 90-99 analysis, (7)61-62 by-products of disinfection. (2) 167- 173 chemistry, (2) 166- 182 comparative efficacy, (7) 12 dichloramine, (2) 166. 168 disinfection, (2) 17-42, 112- 119 in drinking water disinfection, (7)13 efficacy in demand-free system, (7) 11 health effects, (4) 174- 175 inactivation of Giardia muris cysts. (7)19 mechanism of action, (2)38 monochloramine production. (2) 166, 168 organic, (7)92 properties, drinking water treatment (2)167-171 reaction products. (2) 173- 182 SNARL, (4) 177- 178 THM formation, (2) 171 - 172 (see also dichloramine. monochloramine), (7) Chloramine B and Chloramine T. (7)91 Chloramine formation, (2) 18-20, 169 breakpoint chlorination, (2)20-23, 170- 171 dichloramine, (2)20 inorganic chloramines, (2) 18-20 monochloramine, (2)20 organic amines, (2) 19 organic chloramines. (2)19 Chloramine process. (see combined residual chlorination), (2) Chlorammoniation process (4) 130 Chloramphenicol, (6)17 Chlorate. (3)198-200; (4); (7)99- 111 carcinogenicity, (7) 108 chronic effects, (7) 107- 108 developmental effects, (7) 108- 109 health effects, (4) 174. 175 health effects in humans. (7)101-104 health effects in other species. (7) 104- 110 metabolism, (7) 100- 101 mutagenicity. (7) 108 NOEL, (7) 110 reproductive toxicity. (7) 109- 110 SNARL, (4)177, 178; (7)110-111 subchronic effects, (7) 104- 107 Chlordane, (see cyclodienes), (/); (4); (9)140 back-siphonage of. (4) 147 Chlordecone, (see kepone), (/); (6)74 Chlorella, (4)99 Chloride nutrition, (3)298-302. 374-375
202 CUMULATIVE INDEX bromide interaction, (3)301 Chloride-36, (7)93 Chlorinated, (1); (2); (5) ethylenes, (see l,1-dichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene), (5) hydrocarbons, (1)21, 556-604 organic compounds, water treatments, (2)352 seawater, (2)188 (see also BHC, cyclodienes, DDT, kepone, lindane, methoxychlor, toxaphene), (1) Chlorinated disinfectants, (4) 174-- 178 health effects, (4) 174- 177 metabolism, (4)174 SNARL, (4) 177- 178 (see also chloramines, chlorate, chlorine dioxide, chlorite), (4) Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride pipe. (4)4. 62 laboratory tests on, (4)65 (see also plastic pipe), (4) Chlorination, (2); (7)1-2, 6-8 biogenic substances, (2) 164- 165 breakpoint, (2) 18-20, 170- 171, (7)82 by-products, (7)1-2 by-products, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, (2) 163- 164 chloroform production, (2)8, 144- 166 halogenated hydrocarbons formation, (2)5, 144- 160 humic substances-chloroform formation, (2)142-144 marginal, (7)82 mechanism of action, (2)36-39 model compounds, (2)173 Niagara Falls, N.Y., (2) 18 Ohio River, (2) 172 PAH, (2)163-164 products other than THM, (2)163 reactions and by-products, (7)27-50 THM formation. (2)5, 8 toxicity, (7)45-50 water supply disinfection. (2)5 (see also breakpoint chlorination, chlorine), (2) Chlorination, water, (1)4-6, 21, 65, 86. 87, 93, 105, 108-110, 112, 117, 119, 185, 186 effect on bacteria, (I ) 119 effect on viruses, (1)108-9 history, (1)4-6 protozoa resistance, (1) 120- 121 Chlorine, (1); (2); (3); (4)3; (7)7, 81-83; (9) 102 ammonia reaction, (2) 18-20 ammonia water treatment process, (2)167 aqueous properties, (2) 145- 149 biocidal activity, (2)24-36 breakpoint chlorination, (2)20-23, 170 171 by-products of disinfection, (2)144-146 cell wall penetration, (2)37 chemistry, (2) 144- 146 control of biofilm fouling by, (4)126 c I, (2)70 cyanide, (see cyanogen chloride), (1) demand, (2)20, 26; (7)7 disinfectants, inactivation of selected viruses, (7) 23 disinfection, (2) 17-42, 112- 119 disinfection process and, (4)109 distribution in water systems, (4) 127 in drinking water supplies disinfection, (2)17; (7)13 efficacy in demand-free system, t7)10 free. (see free chlorine), (7) free available chlorine, (2) 18 health effects in humans, (7)82 health effects in other species, (7)82-83 hypochlorite ion, (2)18 hypochlorous acid, (2) 18 interaction with nitrogen compounds, (4)96-97 Norwalk agent and, (7)23-24 oxides, uses, (3)193 reactions in distribution systems, (4)96-98 reducing agents reaction, (2)21-22 residual, (4) 12, 129, 130 sewage effluents, (2)155 surface waters, (2) 155- 157 transport of, (4) 126, 128- 131 trihalomethane reactions, (4)96 Chlorine dioxide (C1O,), ( I ) 109, I I 9; (2); (3); (4); (7)9, 66, 83-90 analytical methods, (2)54-55 bacteria, (2)56 biocidal activity, (2)56, 59-60 by-products of disinfection, (2) 190-200 chemistry, (2)52, 190-200 comparative efficacy of, (7)12 c t. (2)60 DPD method, (2)54
CUMULATIVE INDEX 203 in drinking water disinfection, (2)51 -61, 112-119; (7)13 efficacy in demand-free system, (7)10 efficacy against viruses, (2)58-59 Escherichia cold inactivation, (2)58 health aspects in humans, (7)84-87 health aspects in other species, (7)87-89 health effects, (4) 174- 176 humic substances reactions, (2) 199 inactivation of Giardia muris cysts, (7)22 inorganic reactants, (2) 193- 194 mechanism of action, (2)60-61 metabolism, (4) 174; (7)84 microorganisms inactivation, (2)55 model organic compounds, (2)194-199 mutagenicity, (7)88 NOEL, (7)90 olefinic double bond reactions, (2)197- 198 oxidizing agent, (2) 193 parasites, (2)59 phenol reactions, (2) 196 production and application, (2)51-54 pulp and paper industry, (2)191 reproductive effects, (7)88 SNARL, (4) 177, 178; (7)90 subchronic effects, (7)87-88 teratogenicity, (7)88-89 trihalomethane reactions, (4)96 toxicity, (3) 193- 196 use pattern, (7)66-67 virucidal efficacy, (2)58-59 Chlorine-to-carbon (C1/C) ratio, (7) 191 - 192 Chlorite, (2); (3)197; (4); (7)58, 99-111 aldehydes reactions, (2) 195 carcinogenicity, (7) 108 chronic effects, (7) 107- 108 developmental effects, (7) 108- 109 health effects, (4)175 health effects in humans, (7) 101 - 110 health effects in other species, (7)104- 110 metabolism, (7) 100- 101 mutagenicity, (7)108 NOEL, (7)110 reproductive toxicity, (7) 109- 110 SNARL, (4)177, 178; (7)110-111 subchronic effects, (7) 104- 107 Chloroacetaldehyde, (see haloaldehydes), (7) Chloroamines toxicity, (3)200-203 amino acids toxicity, (3)202-203 Chlorobenzene, (1)709-710; (5)9, 18-22 acute effects, (5)19-20 carcinogenic risk estimates, (5)21-22, 98 carcinogenicity, (5)20-21 chronic effects, (5)20 human health effects, (5)19 metabolism, (5) 18- 19 mutagenicity, (5)20-99 SNARL, (5)22, 98 teratogenicity, (5)22 TLV, (5)20 tumor incidence, (5)21 Chlorobromomethanes, (9) 134 Chlorodibromomethane, (1)799 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB), (7)134-135 Chloroethene, (see vinyl chloride), (1) 1,2-bis(chloroethoxy)ethane, (1)799 bis(2-chloroethyl) ether, (1)710-712; (3) in animals, (3)89 carcinogenic risk estimates, (1)712, 794 toxicity data, (1)714 Chloroethyl methyl ether, (1)799 Chloroform, (1)21, 185, 713, 715-718; (2)140, 151, 185; (3); (4)206-209; (6)208-209; (7)1, 111; (9)103, 134, 141 acetone precursors, (2)158 carcinogenic risk estimates, (1)716, 794 carcinogenic risk for, (7) 131 - 132 carcinogenicity, (1)715-716 2-chlorophenol, (see chlorophenols), (7) in competition, (2)277 concentration in CPVC pipe water, (4)66 epidemiological studies, (3)5-7 generation of, (7)29 health effects, (4)206-209 humic model compounds, (2) 162 humic substances and chlorine reactions, (2)8 precursors of, (7)37, 38 product of chlorination water treatment (1)21, 179 production in humic materials, (4)97 from resorcinol, (2) 161 SNARL, (4)209 toxicity, (3)203-204 toxicity data, ( I )718 tumor incidence with, (7) 131 - 133 (see also trihalomethanes), (7) Chlorohydroxybenzophenone, ( I )799 bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether, (1)799 Chloromethane, (see methyl chloride), (I) Chloromethyl ethyl ether, (1)799 ,,
204 CUMULATIVE INDEX Chlorophenols, (7) 169- 173 acute effects, (7) 170- 172 carcinogenicity, (7) 172 health effects in other species, (7)170-172 mutagenicity, (7)172 NOEL, (7) 173 reproductive effects, (7) 170- 172 SNARL, (7) 173 subchronic effects, (7)170 Chlorophenoxys, (1)493-519 (see also 2,4D; 2,4,5-T; TCDD; 2,4,5-TP; MCPA), (1) Chlorophyll, THM production, (2)164 Chloropicrin, (7)44, 162- 168 acute effects, (7) 165- 166 carcinogenicity, (7) 167 chemistry and environmental fate, (7)163- 164 chronic effects. (7) 166 health effects in humans, (7)165 health effects in other species, (7)165-168 metabolism, (7) 164 mutagenicity, (7) 167- 168 subchronic effects, (7) 166 Chloroprene. (1)799 Chloropropanes and chloropropenes (CPs). (6)72, 77, 326-337; (9)71-73 ADI. (6)410 carcinogenic risk estimate, (~)336, 337, 410 carcinogenicity, (6)335-336 developmental effects, (6)337 health aspects in humans, (6)328 health aspects in other species. (6)328- 337 lifetime cancer risk estimate, (6)410 metabolism. (6)327 mutagenicity, (6)334-335 neurotoxicity. (6)334 reproductive effects. (6)337 SNARL. (6)410 studies needed, (6)409 tumor incidence, (6)336 2-chloropropionate (2-CP), (7) 140 hi.~(2-chloropropyl) ether toxicity, (3)90-91 Cholera. (1)1-3, 7. 78; (7)4 Cholesterol levels, (1)442 Cholinergic nervous system, (6) 121; (9) 146 159 Cholinesterase, (1)26, 610, 630. 638, 646; (3)31; (6); (7) activity, (7) 121 erythrocyte, (6)306-308 serum, (6)306 trichlorfon and, (6)402 Chromatography, (9) gas, (9)40, 44, 46, 134, 143 liquid, (9)39, 40, 44, 46, 133, 143 thin-layer, (9)42 Chromium, (1)171, 207, 210-214, 218, 220-221, 241-246, 302-303, 306-307; (4)95; (9)64-65 atherosclerosis, (1)244 health effects, (4) 150 lung cancer, (1)246 Chromium nutrition, (3)266, 364-368, 374- 375 vanadium interaction. (3)368 Chromosomes. (1); (6)38 aberrations, (1)875-877, 882; (6)65 abnormalities, (6)35 changes in number of (ploidy), (1)876- 877, 882-883 damage, (6)3 macrolesions in germ cells, (6)69 sperm complement, (6)64-66 Chronic bioassay(s), (8)6; (9) animal. (9)9, 21-22 Chronic effects, (1); (7) of chlorate, (7) 107- 108 of chlorite, (7) 107- 108 of chloropicrin, (7) 166 defined, (1)22 of monochloramine, (7)96 of trihalomethanes, (7) 120- 122 Chronic exposure, (3) ADI, (3)29-37 dose-response methodology, (3)31-37 safety factor approach, (3)30 Chronic toxicity, (5)97-98; (9)21-22, 27. 170 aldicarb, (5)12 DNA repair at low vs hi~h exposure. (9)11-13 o-dichlorobenzene, (5)24 p-dichlorobenzene, (5)26-27 1,1-dichloroethylene, (5)39-40 dinoseb, (5)49 hypothetical cases. (9)9-10 methomyl, (5)59-60 picloram~ (5)62-63 rotenone, (5)70 uranium, (5)96-97 Chronological time, (8)69, 73
CUMULATIVE INDEX 205 Chrysotile, (1)144-152, 164, 165, 184; (4) in A/C pipe, (4)46, 51, 60 Cigarette, (1); (6) smoke condensate (CSC), (6)144 smoking, (6)44, 72, 148, 155, 238 smoking, effect on dose-response, (1)50 Circulation time, mean, (8)41 Circulatory systems, differences between species, (1)33 Cirrhosis, (1)26, 330 Cisplatin, (9)22 Clara cells, (6)205, 206 Clarification process, (2)268-271 Classical pharmacokinetics, (8)34-35, 37 Classification, (9) anticholinesterases, (9)146-147 EPA hazard index, (9)96, 123- 129, 159, 168, 169 mixtures of toxins, groups. (9)96-97, 104-105, 127-128, 169 Clays, (1)135- 143 adsorption on, (1) 137- 145 classification, (1) 137 minerals in soil, (1)169 removal, (1) 184- 185 Clearance, (6); (8)17 hepatic, (8) 125- 126 interface between PB-PK models and, (8)104-107 intrinsic, (6)216-217 liver, (6)216 metabolic, (8)102 mucociliary, (8)329 organ-specific, (6)210 renal, (8)128-131 total, (6)209 total body, (8) 108, 115 value, (8)81 Cleft palate, (6)26 Cleveland, Ohio, water treatment, (2)305 Clinical observations, (6)226-227 Clitoris, (9)63 Closed-chamber kinetics, (8) 170- 172 Clostridium, (2)93, 97 Clostridium perfringens, (1)75, 120 CNS (central nervous system), (6)108 Coagulation, (1); (2); (4); (7)67 chemical, to remove trace metals, (1)217 223 process, (4)108 raw water precursors, (2)9 water treatment, (1) 106, 185- 186; (2)268-271 Coal tar compounds, (4) PAHs in, (4)74, 78-79 pipe linings, (4)4, 72, 73-74 Coatings, (see linings), (4) Cobalt, (1)139, 208, 211-213, 218, 220 221, 246-250, 302-303, 307-308; (3) beer additive, (1)248 nutritional value, (3)266 thyroid impairment, (1)249 Cobalt-60, (2)95-96 Cocarcinogenesis, (3)51, 53; (6)141-142 Coccidomycosis, disseminated, (1)495 Cofactor depletion, dose-dependent, (8) 135 137 Cohort studies, (6)233 Colchicine, (6) 116 Coliform counts, (1)75-84 Coliform organisms, (1)67, 71-84; (4)108, 131 counting, (1)75-78 health significance of, (1)80-84 as indicators, (1)71-74 ME technique, (1)72 MPN technique, (1)72 standards, (1)78-79, 84' 119- 120 Colon, (6)212 Color, water, (1)183 Colorimetric methods, (2) chlorine, (2)23 chlorine dioxide, (2)54, 55 ozone, (2)47 Columbus, Ohio, heavy metal concentration in distribution system, (4)94-95 Combined chlorine, (2)33-35 Combined residual chlorination, (2)166 Cometabolism, (2)311 Commonality, (9) 123 Community fluorosis (mottling) index, (1)395 Community Water Supply Survey, USEPA, (1)77 Compartment(s), (8) choice of, (8)39-44 deep, (8)195 linear models of, (8) 104. 105 multicompartments, (see multicompartment model), (8) one, (see one-compartment model), (8) three, (see three-compartment model), (8) two, (see two-compartment model), (8)
206 CUMULATIVE INDEX Competitive adsorption studies, (2)286-290, 353 Competitive equilibrium studies, (2)278-283 Complexes, rates of formation of, (8)98-99 Components competition, (2)284, 286 Compounds, combinations, joint action, (3)27 Computational, (8) equipment needs, (8)233-234 resources, sharing, (8)246 Computer-assisted techniques, (8); (9)42, 98 data-bases, (9)4, 27, 59, 118, 134, 157, 170 graphics of dose response, (9) 131, 169 languages used in pharmacokinetic model, (8)230-232 pharmacokinetic models, (9) 109- 110, 112, 171-174 (see also specific languages), (8) Concentration, (2); (4); (6); (8) cell, (4)27 dependent metabolite elimination, (8)134 135 effective, of metabolite (AMEFF), (6) 188, 189 gradient, (8)27 models, versus experimental, (8)268-270 -time curves, areas under (AUCs), (8)256, 471 -472 -time data, (8) 185 -time products for disinfection, (2)31, 60, 66. 68-71, 76-80 Condiments, (3) sodium, dietary source, (3)284 Confidence limits, (6)237 Confidence regions, (8) 190- 191 linear, (8)200, 202 Congenital malformations and dose, (1)25 Connecticut, (4); (5) A/C pipe effect on water supply, (4)51, 55 Gl cancers and asbestos exposure, (5)135 136 Consumers and consumption, (9) Center for Study of Responsive Law, (9)101-102 of water, (9)137-138, 171-174 Contaminant level, maximum (MCL), (7)13 Contaminants in drinking water, (1); (6) criteria for selection. (1)9- 11, 13 organic solutes, criteria for determining, (1)14- 15 particulate, where found, (1)13 problems in assessing, (1) 10- 11 radioactive, (1)16, 858? 870-872 selected, toxicity of, (6)294 -412 varied susceptibility, (I) 17 (see also chemical agents, pollutants and individual items) (I ) Contour plots, (8)200-202 Contraceptives, oral, (6)72 Control groups, (1)28 Copper, (1) 139, 171, 207-208, 210-212. 214-215, 218, 220-221, 250-254, 302-303, 308-309; (4)95 concentration in Boston, Mass., area water, (4)40 corrosion and, (4)33, 35 gastrointestinal tract irritant ( / )252 glucose-6-phosphate dyhydrogenase, (1)253 health effects, (4) 150 leaching of, (4)5 pipes, (4) 13, 32-33 pipes, soft water reactions, (3)312 Wilson's disease, (1)252 Copper nutrition, (3)312-315, 318-319, 374-375 iron interaction, (3)311 molybdenum interaction, (3)314 sulfur interaction, (3)314 zinc interaction, (3)314 Coproantibodies, (1)68 Corpus luteum, (6)45 Correlational studies, (6)226-249; (7)51-52 Corrosion, (1); (4) A/C pipe, (4)3, 22-23, 43 control, (4)27, 44 dezincification reaction, (4)27 electrochemical, (4)26-27 erosion, (4)27 field studies of, (4)35-41 groundwater and surface water, (4)10 health effects of, (4)26, 35 inhibitors, (4)31-32, 34 microbial processes and, (4)5, 28-29 monitoring, (4)33-34 piping, in water systems. (/)206 pitting, (4)27 prevention, (4)4 products, (4)16, 35 tuberculation from, (4)13-14. 28 uniform. (4)27 water quality effect on, (4)29-31 water quality indexes to predict, (4)2
CUMULATIVE INDEX 207 Cortical atrophy, (6) 124- 125 Corynebacter~um, (2)309 Cost assessments, (9) immunoassays, (9)44-46 mixtures of toxins, testing of effects, (9)95-96 Council of Europe, octanal reviw, (3)227 Covalent binding, (8) 11; (9)9, 13 hemoglobin, (9)25-26 Coxsackie viruses, (1)89-90, 100, 101 virus A, (1)95, 96, 100 virus A2, (1) 108 virus B. (1)96, 100 virus B5, (1) 103- 104 CPs, (see chloropropanes and chloropropenes), (6) CPVC, (see chlorinated polyvinyl chloride), (4) Crib deaths, (1)409 Critical, (1); (8) dose, (1)23 exposure time, (8)435 toxicity reference (CTR) system, (8)354 357, 363-365 Crocidolite, (1)144-152, 164, 165 Cross-connections, (4)1 biological material from, (4) 126, 131 control, (4)17 direct and indirect, (4)5, 146 health risk from, (4)16, 140 water quality and, (4) 15 Cross-linking, (9) 16- 17 Crotonaldehyde, (1)799 Crude oils, (see petroleum products), (4) CSC (cigarette smoke condensate), (6)144 CSF (cerebrospinal fluid), (6) 112 c t, (see concentration-time products for disinfection), (2) Cube powder, (5)66-67, 69 Cummingtonite, (1) 149 grunerite mineral series, (1) 144- 149, 154 Cumulative effects, (1)25 Curie, (1)899 Curvilinear dose response, (8)448-450 CVD, (see cardiovascular disease), (3) Cyanazine, (see triazines), (1) Cyanide, (4)203-204 Cyanoethylene, (see acrylonitrile), (3) Cyanogen chloride, (1)717, 719-720 Cyanomethane, (see acetonitrile), (4) Cyanosis, (1)418 Cyclodienes, (1)556-573 carcinogenic risk estimate, (1)567-568, 794 effects in animals, (1)564 effects in man, (1)563 food, residues in, (1)559-561 milk, residues in, (1)559, 561 occurrence, (1)557-558 standards, (1)558 toxicity data. (1)569-573 Cyclohexanine, (4)64, 66 Cyclops, (1 ) 1 15 Cyclosiloxanes, (6)76 Cytochrome P-450, (3); (5); (6)214, 215; (7)112-113; (8) chlorobenzene, (5)20 1,2-dichloroethane, (5)29 1,2-dichloroethylene, (5)41 dichloromethane, (5)44 hexachlorobenzene, (5)52 interspecies microsomes content, (3)50 isozymes, (8)148 role in metabolism of carbon tetrachloride, (5)16,17 trichloroethylene, (5)79, 82 1, 1,1-trichloroethylene, (5)75-76 vinyl chloride, (5)86 Cytopathic (liquid overlay) method, (1)95 Cytopathology, (1)96 Cytosine arabinoside pharmacokinetic model, (8)57-58 Cytotoxic agents, (6) 16- 17 Cytotoxicity, (6)153; (8); (9)68 hepatic, (8)275 modeling of, (8)273-279 mutation accumulation and, (8)273-283 mutation frequency, BPDE binding and. (9) 17 D 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). (1)493-499 carcinogenicity, (1)496-497 dose, no adverse affect, (1)496, 498, 796 mutagenicity, (1)496 teratogenicity, (1)497-498 toxicity, (1)495-496, 499 DAI, (see direct aqueous injections), (2) Dallas, Tex., corrosion field study, (4)35 Damage, fractional, (])24 Data-bases, (6); (9) exposure risk, (9)4, 27, 134, 157
208 CUMULATIVE INDEX inhalation models, (6) 178- 179 toxic interaction, (9) 118, 170 DBCP, (see 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane), (4); dibromochloropropane, (6) DBP (di-n-butylphthalate), (1)720-723 toxicity data, (1)723 DCE, (see 1,2-dichloroethane), (3) DCM (dichloromethane) (methylene chloride), (8) 171 - 172, 217-219, 254- 264, 392-408, 458-462 1,2-DCP(1-2-dichloropropane), (see chloropropanes and chloropropenes), (6) DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene), (see DDT), (1); (6)230, 231 DDT (2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)- 1,1, I - trichloroethane), (1)178, 568, 574-580 carcinogenic risk estimates, (1)578-579, 794 carcinogenicity, (1)577-578 and diet, (1)575 dose effects, (1)576-577 in milk, (1)575 toxicity data, (1)580 (see also dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), (6)75, 230, 231, 282, 283 DDT-T, (see DDT), (1) DDVP (dichlorvos), (6)75 De minimus value, (8)155 Death, (6); (8) embryo, (6)25 postimplantation, (6)87 preimplantation, (6)87 rate for cells, (8)380 rates, embryonic, (6)35 (see also lethality, mortality), (6) Debris, organic, (1)177 Dedrick plot, (8)74-75 Deep compartment, (8)195 Deficiency interactions of chemical agents, (1)51-52 Definitions of symbols and abbreviations. (6)218-219 Degeneration, (6) of axons, (6) 122 of germ cells, (6)38 DEHA (di[2-ethylhexy] adipate). (6)346 DEHP (di[2-ethylhexyl] phthalate), (1)726- 729; (6) toxicity data, (1)729 (see di[2-ethylhexyl] phthalate), (6) Delaware River, treatment plant, (2)153 Deletions, gene. (1)876-877 Delivered and administered doses, (8)330, 447-455 Demand-free systems, (2) 117 Demineralization, by reverse osmosis, (1)225 Demyelination, (6) 112 DEN (diethylnitrosamine), (6) 145, 146 Dental caries, fluoride requirements, (3)280 Dental health, (3)280-281 Denver, Colo., corrosion field study, (4)35 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), (5); (7)20 damage and mutagenicity, (5)5, 15 Depletion, (8) 11 cofactor, dose-dependent, (8) 135- 137 glutathione, (8) 175- 177, 178, 179 Deposits, in distribution system, (4)3 encrustations in, (4) 117, 120- 121 iron and manganese, (4)93-94 Dermatitis. (1); (3) acute, (1)535 chronic, (1)288 contact, (1)244, 699 nickel toxicity, (3)348-349 selenium relationship, (3)327 subacute, (1)535 Dermatology, (see skin), (9) Derris root, (see rotenone), (5) DES (diethylstilbestrol)' (6)15, 47, 48~ 149, 282, 283 Desalination, by reverse osmosis, (1)225 Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, (see sulfate- reducing bacteria). (4) Detoxification, (8)452-453, (9)57 DNA adducts as dosimeters, (9)7, 28 rates across species, sexes, and tissues, (9)8-9 synergism and, (9)103, 153, 159 Developmental effects, (1)16; (6); (7) acrylamide, (6)302 chemical contaminants, (6) 11-31 of chlorate and chlorite, (7) 108- 109 dibromochloropropane, (6)324 di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, (6)349-352 nitrofen, (6)373-376 pentachlorophenol, (6)392 trichlorfon, (6)406 Developmental risk estimate, nitrofen, (6)376-380 Developmental toxicity, (6)2, 271-272 defined, (6) 11 - 12 PCP and, (6)393-394 quantitative assessment of, (6)28-30 ratio of adult to (A:D ratio), (6j28. 273
CUMULATIVE INDEX 209 relationship between maternal toxicity, (6)25-27 Developmental toxicology, (9)74, 77 Dezincification, (4)27 DHEP (di[2-ethylhexyl] phthalate), (9)73-74 Diabetes mellitus, (3); (5) carbon tetrachloride toxicity, (5)17 magnesium malabsorption' (3)273 uranium treatment effects, (5)93 Diallate, (6); (9)69-70 ADI, (6)410 carcinogenic risk estimate, (6)410 carcinogenicity, (6)311 developmental effects, (6)312 health aspects in humans, (6)310 health aspects in other species, (6)310- 311 metabolism, (6)310 mutagenicity, (6)311 neurotoxicity, (6)311 SNARL, (6)410 studies needed, (6)409 tumor incidence, (6)311 Dialysis, aluminum effects in water for, (4)163, 167 Diarrhea, (1)66, 90, 112, 282; (4) diarrhea! disease, (4)124- 125, 141, 147 Diatomaceous earth filters, (1)107 Diatomic iodine, (2)62-63, 183 Diazinon, (1)607, 609-614; (3)31; (9)135 toxicity data, (1)614 Dibromamine, (2)74, 79 Dibromoacetonitrile, (see h~aloacetonitriles), (I Dibromobenzene, (1)799 Dibromochloromethane, (2) 1 85; (3); (7) 1 1 1 - 112 carcinogenic risk, (7) 133 toxicity, (3)205-206 (see also trihalomethanes), (I) Dibromochloropropane (DBCP), (6)72, 74. 314-326; (9)65-67 ADI, (6)410 carcinogenic risk estimate, (6)324, 410 carcinogenicity, (6)323-324 developmental effects, (6)324 epidemiological studies of, (6)243 health aspects in humans, (61315-316 health aspects in other species, (6)316- 325 lifetime cancer risk estimate, (6)410 LOEL, (6)320. 325 mutagenicity, (6)322-323 NOEL, (6)320, 325 reproductive effects, (6)324-325 SNARL, (6)410 spermatogenesis and, (6)315-316 studies needed, (6)409 tumor incidence, (6)324 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropanei (4)209-214 exposure standards. (43210 health effects, (4)210-214 recommendations relating to, (4)214 SNARL, (4)214 uses, (4)209 Dibromodichloroethane, (1)799 1,2-dibromoethane, (see ethylene dibromide), (3) Dibromomethane concentration, (8) 168 Dibutyl phthalate. (6)76, 77 Dicamba, (1)521-525, 526 dose levels, (1)522-524, 796 toxicity, (1)526 Dichloroacetaldehyde. (see haloaldehydes). (7) Dichloroacetic acid (DCA), (5)41, 80; (7)34-35. 37. 39, 40, 133 (see also haloacids), (7) Dichloroacetonitrile. (7)43-44 (see also haloacetonitriles), (7) Dichloramine, (2)20, 22, 27-28, 166-168; (7) comparative efficacy of, (7)12 (see also chloramines). (7) Dichloramine T. (7)91 3,4-dichloraniline, (1) 173 o-dichlorobenzene, (5)9, 22-27; (9)134 acute effects. (5)23-24 carcinogenicity, (5)24 chronic effects, (5)24 human health effects, (5)23 metabolism (5)23 mutagenicity. (5)24, 99 SNARL, (5)24-25, 98 teratogenicity, (5)24 p-dichlorobenzene, (see PDB), (1); (5)9. 25- 27 acute effects, (5)26 ADI, (5)27 carcinogenicity. (5)27 chronic effects. (5)26-27 human health effects, (5)26 metabolism, (5)25-26 mutagenicity, (5)27. 99
210 CUMULATIVE INDEX SNARL, (5)27, 98 teratogenicity, (5)27 1,3-dichlorobenzene, (1)799 Dichlorodifluoromethane, (1)799; (3) toxicity, (3) 1 ~ I - 104 Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE). (6)230, 231 Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DOT). (6)75, 230, 231, 282.~283 Dichloroethane, (2)287 1,2-dichloroethane, (1)723, (2)287; (3); (5)9. 28-32; (9) 134. 163 carcino,genicity, (5)31 effects in animals, ( I )724 effects in man, (1)724 human health effects, (5)30 metabolism, (5)28-30 mutagenicity, (5)30-31. 99 teratogenicity, (5)31 toxicity, (3) 104- 111 1, 1,1-trichloroethane and, (5)28 vinyl chloride. (5)28 Dichloroethanol. (5)41 I, I -dichloroethylene, (5)9, 32-40; (9) 134 acute effects. (5)34-35 carcinogenicity. (5)37-39 chronic effects, (5)35-36 hepatotoxicity. (5)34-35. 40 human health effects. (5)33-34 mean daily consumption. (5)40 metabolism. (5)32-33 mutagenicity, (5)36-37. 99 SNARL, (5)39-40. 98 teratogenicity. (5)39 TLV, (5)32 1,2-dichloroethylene. (5)9. 40-43 acute effects. (5)41-42 carcino~enicity. (5~43 chronic effects. (5)42 human health effects. (5)41 metabolism, (5)40-41 mutagenicity. (5)42-43. 99 SNARL. (5)98 terato,qenicity, (5)43 Dichloroiodomethane. (1)799 Dichloromethane (DCM. methylene chloride). (I); (5)9. 43-46; (8)171-172. 217-219. 254-264. 392-408. 458-462 carcinogenicity, (5)45 human health effects. (5)44 metabolism, (5)43-44 mutagenicity. (5)44-45. 99 teratogenicity, (5)45-46 TLV, (5)44 (see methylene chloride). (I) 2,4-dichlorophenol, (1)725-726; (3) toxicity, (3)206-207 Dichlorophenols, (bee chlorophenols)~ (7) 1,2-dichloropropane (1,2-DCP). (l)799; (6) (fee chloropropanes and chloropropenes). (6) 1,3-dichloropropene, (1)799; (6) (see chloropropanes and chloropropenes), (6) Dichotomous response models, (1); (3) of carcinogenesis, ( I )48 low-dose carcino~genic risk estimation, (3)37 risl; estimation, (3)2 Dieldrin, (see cyclodienes). (/) Diencephalon, (6) 108, 113 Dietary intake. daily, and radionuclides. (/)859-861 Dietary intake, human. (3)374-375 arsenic, (3)337-34 i calcium, (3)268, 269 chloride, (3)298-299 chromium, (3)364-366 copper. (3)319-313. 318-319 fluoride, (3)279-280 iodine, (3)302-304 iron, (3)309-310. 318-319 magnesium. (3)272 manganese, (3)331-334 molybdenum. (3)357-359 nickel. (3)345-347 phosphorus. (3)276-277 potassium, (3)293-294 selenium, (3)321-323 silicon. (3)355 sodium. (3)283-2X7 vanadium. (3)350-351 zinc, (3)316, 318-319 Diethyl adipate, (6)76 Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA). (6)346 l~i(2-ethylhcxyl) phthlate (DEHP). (6)33X 359 AI:)I~ (6)358. 410 carcino'genic risk estimate. (6)348-349, 410 carcino,genicity. (6)344-348 developmental effects. (6)349-352 health aspects in humans. (6)340
CUMULATIVE INDEX 211 health aspects in other species, (6)340- 356 lifetime cancer risk estimate, (6)410 liver function and, (6)357 LOEL, (6)357-358 metabolism, (6)339-340 mutagenicity, (61341-344 NOEL, (6)357-358 peroxisome proliferation and, (6)344-346 reproductive effects, (6)352-356 SNARL, (6)410 studies needed, (6)409 tumor incidence, (6)349 Diethylnitrosamine (DEN), (6) 145, 146; (7)128-129 Diethyl-p-phenylenediamine method, (2)45, 47 Diethylstilbestrol (DES), (6)15, 47, 48, 149, 282, 283 Differential thermal analysis of asbestos, (1)159 Diffusion, (8)28 barriers, (~)99-102 index, (8)100 through thick membranes, (8) 122- 123 Diffusion-limited models, (6) 181 Digestive system, (see gastrointestinal system), (9) cancer of, (9)23-24, 67, 71 toxic effects, (9)25, 75 Digitalis, potassium depletion effects, (3)296 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, (3)271, 274- 275 1,2-dimethoxybenzene, (1)799 4-dimethylaminostilbene, (9)26 Dimethylbenzene, (see xylenes), (1) Dimethylformamide, (4)214-222 health effects, (4)218-222 metabolism, (4)215-218 SNARL, (4)222 uses, (4)214-215 Dimethylnitrosamine, (6)65 2,4-dimethylphenol, (1)730-731 Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), (7)156 4,6-dinitro-2-aminophenol, (1)799 Dinitroanilines, (1)547-553 ADI, (1)552, 796 dose effects, (1)549-550, 796 toxicity, (1)551-553 Dinitrophenols, (4) health effects, (4)236, 237-238, 240, 241-242, 245 isomeric forms of, (4)230-231, 234 metabolism, (4)233-235 SNARL, (4)203, 245 uses, (4)230-231 Dinitrotoluene (DNT), (6) 154- 155 Dinoseb, (5)9, 46-49 acute effects, (5)47 carcinogenicity, (5)48 chronic effects, (5)47-48 human health effects, (5)47 metabolism (5)46-47 mutagenicity, (5)48. 99 SNARL, (5)49, 98 teratogenicity. (5)49. 98 Dioctylapidate, (1)799 Dioxins, (1)493 Diphenylhydrazine. (1)731-733 risk estimate, (1)794 toxicity data, (1)733 N. N'-Diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD),(7)113 Diplogaster species, ( I ) 116 Diquat, (1)140; (6)75 Direct aqueous injections. (2)154 Direct decoupled method, (8)189 Diseases, (1); (6) chronic, (1)20 irreversible, (1)20 neurological, (see neurological diseases). (6) progressive, (1)20 transmission of. (1)63 Diseases, waterborne, (4) control measures. (4)146. 147, 179 defined, (4) 138 limitations of data on, (4)138-140 municipal systems. (4) 140, 142- 144, 146, 147 nonmunicipal (semipublic and individual) systems, (4) 140, 145 number of (4) 140, 148 recommendations for handling. (4)151 (see also acute diseases). (4) Disinfectant by-products, effect of, in conjunction with other risk factors for disease, (7)199-200 Disinfectants, (2); (7) approaches to assessment of human health risks, (7) 197- 198 biocidal efficacy. (2)11. 114-117 bromine disinfection by-products, (2)182- 189
212 CUMULATIVE INDEX carbon reactions, (2)320-323 chemistry, reactions and products, (2) 139 249 chloramine reactions and by-products, (2)166-182 chlorine dioxide reactions and by products, (2) 190-200 chlorine, inactivation of selected viruses, (7)23 chlorine reactions and by-products, (2)144- 166 demand, (2)8 drinking water disinfection, (2)5- 137 iodine reactions and by-products, (2) 182 189 life-cycle studies, (7) 191 ozone reactions and by-products. (2)200 229 resistance to, (2)17 selected, chemistry and toxicity, (7)80 189 sensitivity to, (2)15 (see also disinfection), (2) Disinfection, (1); (2); (4); (7) adsorption of microorganism, (2)9 aesthetic quality of treated water. (2)6 analytical methods, (see individual disinfection agents), (2) application of disinfectants. (2) 11 biocidal activity, (2)7- 17, 112- 119 bromine, (2)72-82 chemical dosage. (2) 11 chemistry and toxicity (7)27-79 chloramines, (see chlorine), (2) chlorine, (2) 17-42 chlorine dioxide. (2)51-61 disinfectant demand, (2)8 efficacy, (2)7 ferrate, (2)82-85 GAC pretreatment, (2)271-272 general considerations. (2)7- 17 high pH conditions. (2)86-91 hydrogen peroxide. (2491-94 indicator organisms. (2) 12- 13 iodine, (2)61-72 ionizing radiation, (2)94-98 methods, (1)5, 10, 107-111. 119. 121, (see also chlorination), (1) methods for drinking water, summary tables, (2)114-116, 118 methods and efficacy, (7)4-26 microbiological considerations. (2) 11 - 17 microorganisms adsorption, (2)9 model systems for assessment, (2) 12- 15 ozone, (2)42-51 particulates and aggregates, (2)9-11 potassium permanganate, (2)98 process, chlorine and, (4)5, 12, 109, 130 protection against disinfection, (2)9 public water supplies, (2)5 raw water quality, (2)7-9 report organization and scope, (2)6-7 residuals? (2) 10- 11 residuals measurement, (2) 10- 11 sensitivity to, ( / )73, 118 silver, (2) 102- 106 ultraviolet light. (2) 106- 112 water treatment effects on, (2)8-9 water treatment plants. (2)255 waterborne diseases reduction, (2)5- 137 Dispersion number, axial, (8)87 Displacement, GAC efficiency. (2)275 Dissolved organic carbon, (2)269, 271, 301, 305 Distribution, (/); (6); (8) of chemical agents, (1)29 intraorgan, extrapolation of. (8) 140- 141 rate constants. (8) 141 - 142 volume of, (see volume of distribution). (8) Distribution system (4); (6) biological effects on, (4)4-6 chemical effects on, (4)2-4 contamination sources for, (4) 1 description of. (4)9 education program to preserve integrity of. (4)6 flow, (4) 11 heavy metal concentration in (4)94-95 mains (4) 12 maintenance, (4) 16 metal concentration in. (4)35-41 microorganisms ins (4)4-5, 28-29. 113, 117 119 municipal, (4) 138, 142- 144, 146. 147 PAHs in, (4)74. 76-77 PAHs leaching in. (4)82. 84-85, 91 pipes, (4)3-4, 13. 110-111 private. (4)138. 140, 145 semiprivate' (4) 138, 140, 145 study approach to, (4)15-17 valves (4) 12 waste treatment chemicals, (4)3-4 Disulfiram (antabuse), (6)364
CUMULATIVE INDEX 213 Disulfoton, (see phorate), (1) Dithane M-45, (1)655, 657 Dithiocarbamates, (1)650-660 carcinogenic risk estimates, (1)656-657 no-adverse effect levels, data, (1)655, 796 toxicity data, (1)655, 658-660 Diuretics, (3)290, 296 Di-Syston R. (see phorate), (1) DMF, (see dimethylformamide), (4) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), (1)19, 27, 37, 38, 51, 88; (5); (6)139, 148-149, 282, 283, 361-362; (8) and 2,4-D, (1)497 xeroderma pigmentosum and ultraviolet- induced skin cancer, (1)43, 51 (see deoxyribonucleic acid3, (5) DNA adducts, (8)221-223; general, (9) carcinogens and mutagens, DNA site relevance, (9) 13- 17 defined, (9)3-4 detection technology, (9)4-5, 9, 38-52, 57-58, 59 as dosimeters, (9)6-7, 27-28, 47, 57 formation and removal, (9)6-25, 27-28. 59 phosphate, (9)16 research recommendations for EPA, (9)58-59 specific adducts, (9)62-77 DNA adducts, specific, (9) acetylcholinesterase, (9) 146- 159, 170 acrylamide, (g)26-27, 61-62 aflatoxin, (9)22, 25, 27 aldicarb, (9)133, 134, 157-158 4-aminobiphenyl, (9)26 aromatic amines, (9)22, 25, 38, 42, 49 arsenic, (9)74-75 benzene, (9) 134, 164 benzidene, (9)21 benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), (9)17, 21, 23-25, 52, 63-64 BPDE (benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide), (9)17-18 bromoform, (9)134 carbamates, (9)70, 96, 133-136, 140- 141, 146-147, 149-150, 170 carbaryl, (9) 133, 135 carbofuran, (9) 135 carbon tetrachloride, (9) 134, 141, 163 chloropropanes and chloropropenes, (9)71 -73 chromium, (9)64-65 cisplatin, (9)22-23 DHEP. (9)73-74 diallate, (9)69-70 diazinon, (9)135 dibromochloropropane (DBCP), (9)65-67 1,2-dichloroethan, (9) 134, 163 di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, (9)73 4-dimethylaminostilbene, (9)26 ethoxyquin, (9)25 ethyl methane-sulfonate, (9)26 ethylene dibromide (EDB), (9)67-68 ethylene oxide, (9)26 fonofos, (9) 134, 135 guanines, (9)14-18, 65 hydrocarbons, (9)17, 21, 23-25, 42, 49, S2, 63-65, 105, 141 malathion, (9) 103, 135, 152- 157 methomyl, (9) 133 methyl methanesulfonate, (9)26-27 methyl parathion, (9) 135- 136 methylating agents, (9)10, 20, 42 MHEP, (9)73-74 mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MHEP), (9)73-74 N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, (9)8 N-3-(2-hydroxyethyl) histidine, (9)25-26 nitrofen, (9)75-76 N7-MG (N7-methylguanine), (9)10 organophosphorus compounds, (9)69, 96. 103, 125, 133-136, 140-141, 146 159, 170 O6-alkylguanine. (9) 16, 20-21 O6-ethylguanine, (9) 16 O6-MG (O6-methyldeoxyguanosine), (9)23 pentachlorophenol, (9)76-77 phosphate, (9)16 polyvinyl chloride, (9)73, 134, 164. 165 protamine, (9)5, 26-27, 58 sulfallate, (9)70-71 terbufos, (9) 136 trichlorfon, (9)68-69 DNA repair adduct accumulation, effect on. (9)9, 11- 13, 52, 57, 59 base mispairing, (9)15 mutation and. (9) 19, 66 phosphate adducts, (9)16 single- vs chronic-dose exposure. (9)21- 22, 27 DNT (dinitrotoluene), (6) 154- 155 DOC, (see dissolved organic carbon), (2) Dominant lethal test, (6)73, 78-79
214 CUMULATIVE INDEX Dosages and dosimetry, (9)4-5, 104 animal carcinogenesis, (9)7-8 animal exposure, single dose, (9)21 carbamates, (9) 133- 136 chronic dosages, (9)9- 13, 21 -22, 27, 170 computer graphics, (9) 131, 169 DNA adducts as dosimeters, (9)6-7, 27 28, 47, 57 exposure assessment, (9)98-99 grouping toxic agents, (9)96-97, 104 105, 108-118, 127-128 hazard index, EPA. (9)96, 123- 129, 159, 168, 169 human exposure, (9)22-25 large-scale studies, (9)4 maximum contaminant level goals, (9)103, 138, 162-165 mixtures of toxins, testing effects, (9)95 96 models, (9)9; dose additivity, (9)102-103? 153-154, 156, 157-158 molecular dosimetry, (9)4, 14. 18, 38, 42-47, 50 organophosphorus compounds, (9) 133 136 protein adducts as dosimeters. (9)58 response- vs dose-additivity models, (9)102-103, 122, 169, 170. 177-181 Dose/dosage, (1); (6); (8)471 administered, (6)261, 262 administered and delivered, (8)160-330, 447-455 animal related to human, (1)31 annual, estimated from natural radiation in U.S., (1)858 biologically effective, (6)228 choice of, (6)268 critical, (1)23 dependencies, (8) 120- 139 duration, (1)36-37 effective, (1)41; (6)261 equivalence, (6) 177 escalation, (8)433 estimation for heterogeneous populations, (1)25 exponential model of retention of radionuclides, (/)866 extrapolations, (8) 120- 125, 170, 172- 173 fraction of, absorbed, (8)122 high, of carcinogens, extrapolation to low. (1)47-49 high, relevant to human carcinogenesis studies, (1)55 incidence of response curve, (8) 150- 151 interactive effects, (1)49-52 internal, (6)173, 228 log, versus percentage response, (8)4 low, effects of chronic exposure, (1)21 low, risks at, (8)327-328, 444-445 magnitude of response curve, (8) 150- 151 maximum tolerated (MTD), (/)54. 56-57; (6)152; (8)6, 432-433, 449, 450 no effect, (1)24, 43 no-observed-adverse-effect, (1)15, 24, 25. 28, 54, 490 power function model of retention of radionuclides, (1)866 principle of fraction of. (8) 128- 131 rate of inhalation, (6)169 response, (8)3-4, 221, 225-226, 375 376, 448-450 route extrapolation, (8) 165- 167, 168 216-219 safe, (1)24, 27. 53, 54, 54-57 safe starting, (8)433 scaling. (8)416-419 scheduling, (8)420-425 selecting for experiment, (1)34-35 surrogates, (8)293-295 target-tissue, See target-tissue dose)' (6) teratogenic' (6)29 threshold, (1)15, 25 time-dependent, (8)467-468 time-weighted average, (8)454 tissue, scale-up, (6)194-196 virtually safe (VSD), (8)296-298 Dose rates, (1) evaluation of high animal, extrapolated to low human, (1) 15, 55-56 and mutations, (1)877-889, 894 Dose-response (1); (3); (6)284 adverse, defined, (/)802-804 in animal studies, (6) 15- 18 curves, (1)24, 26, 37-39, 51 log-probit, (6)29, 273-274 model. multistage, (6)268-269 models, (1)47-48, 51, 59, 879-896; (3)31-37, 58-60 relationship(s), (1)15, 35, 37-49, 51, 58. 802, 872, 886; (6)280 VOCs, (6) 172- 173 r)ose-route extrapolations, (6)6-7, 168-219
CUMULATIVE I NDEX 215 examples of, (6) 186- 193 )osimetric models, (1)866; (8)230 comparisons, interspecies, (8)361-363 hazard assessment using, (8)353-367 lower respiratory tract mathematical, (8)357-363 physiologically based, (8)354-357 Dowicide 2S, (see chlorophenols), (7) DPD, (see diethyl-p-phenylenediamine method), (2) Dracunculus medinesis, (1 ) 115 Drinking water, (1); (7); (8); (9) DNA adduct analytic techniques, (9)47- 49, 58 DNA adducts, specific, occurrence, (9)61-77 epidemiology of contaminants, (9)49-52 European standards, (1)78-79 evaluating epidemiological information from health authorities, (1) 12- 13 exposures, modeling, (8)401-406 inorganic solutes, (1)14 microbiology of, (1)63-134 organic solutes, criteria for selection. (1)14-16 origin of constituents, (1) 11 per capita consumption daily, (1) 11 pollutants, effects of, (1)20 radionuclide content, (1)859-862 selecting for study, (1) 10 standards, purpose of, (1)22 toxic compounds, specific, (9)61-77 U. S. standards, (1)6-9 (see also chemical agents, contaminants, water systems, water treatment), (1) (see water entries), (7) Drinking water contribution to mineral nutrition, (3)369, 374-375 arsenic, (3)345 calcium, (3)271 chloride, (3)301-302 chromium, (3)369 copper, (3)314-315 fluoride, (3)282 iodine, (3)307 iron, (3)311 magnesium, (3)275 manganese, (3)337 molybdenum, (3)364 nickel, (3)349 phosphorus, (3)278 potassium, (3)297 selenium, (3)330 silicon, (3)357 sodium, (3)292 vanadium, (3)354 zinc, (3)317 Drug(s), (3); (8) binding, (8)88-89 development, (8)432-433 disposition, (8)43 iodine content, (3)305 solubility, (8)89-90 transport, (8)89-90 Duluth, Minn., asbestos in water supply, (4)43; (5)124, 134- 135 Dysentery, (1); (7)4 amebic, (1)112 bacillary, (1)69 E EAT Pacer SOO analog-digital hybrid computer, (8)335, 336 ECH, (see epichlorohydrin), (3) Echoviruses, (1)90, 100-101; (2)7, 90, 97 ECP, (see extracellular products), (2) EDB, (see ethylene dibromide), (6) EDC (ethylene dichloride), (8)288-300 Edema, myelin, (1)737, 739 EDTA, (see ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), (3); (4) Edwardsiella species, (1)67 Effective concentration of metabolite (AMEFF), (6) 188, 189 Effects in animals, application to humans, (1)15, 19, 22, 27-39, 52-54. 55-56, 165-168, 791-792 Effects, types of health, (1)24-27, (see also irreversible, reversible, self- propagating), (1) Efferent nerve fibers, (6)107 Efficiency number, (8)87 Effluents, (1); (2) bacteria, (2)308-310 chemical compounds, (2)357 concentration, (2)289 GAC, (2)308-309 medical, (1)862-865 nuclear fuel, (1)865 2-EM, (6)338, (see also di[2-ethylhexyl] phthalate), (6)
216 CUMULATIVE INDEX Electrochemical processes in corrosion, (4)26-27 Electromagnetic radiation, (2) 106- 108 Electron microscopy, asbestos fibers, (1)156- 158 Elemental arsenic, toxicity, (3)342 Elements in drinking water, (3)373-375 Elimination, (6); (8) by excretion, (8) 142- 143 half-life of, (8)30 location of organs of. (8) 116- 117 by metabolism, (8) 143- 148 organs, (8)83-86, 109, 112-114 presystemic, (6)212-214 pulmonary, (8)385-387 rate constant, (8)28 species differences in, (8)142-148 Embryo(s), (1); (6) death, (6)24-25 lethality, (6) 11, 24 preimplantation, (6) 12 toxicity, (1)873, 874; (6)11, 25, 88 (see also developmental toxicity, fetus). (6) Embryolethality, (1)872 Embryonic organ susceptibility to teratogens. (6)13, 14, 116 Emphysema, (1)238; (81354 Encephalitides. (1) 118 End points, (6) 11, 153 historical variability, (6)24-25 spectrum of. (6) 18-20 Endocrinology, reproductive, alterations in. (6)45-50 CNS-mediated, in adult. (6)48-50 in perinatal period. (6)46-48 Endogenous precursors, (8) 136 Endotoxins, (2)312-313 Endrin. (see cyclodienes). (1) Energetics of muscle. (8)68-69 England, chlorine as disinfectant. (2)17 E,~tamaeba histol~tica, (1 ) 112- 113, 117; (2)15, 35-36. 48. 67. 69-70. 81. 104 Enteric cytopathic human orphan (ECHO) viruses, (1)90 E'7terobacter aerogenes, (1)72; (2)25, 97, 88. 96 Enterobacter agglomerans. (2)309 Enterobacteriaceae, (1)67. 71 -84 Enterococci species, (1)73 Enteroviruses, ( I )88- 108. 120 detecting, (1)95-96. 100 epidemiology, (1)91-94 groups, (1)88 health effects, ( I ) 101 - 104 history, (1)89-91 identifying, (1)94-101 recovery from water, (1)96-97 removal from water, (1) 104- 110 ENU (ethylnitrosourea), (6) 14- 15, 270 Environmental contaminants, (3)27 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), (I)v-vi, 9, 12, 63, 75-78; (2)144-145; (3); (4); (5); (9)47, 49, 99- 11, 101 aldicarbs, dose-additivity model, (9)157 158 Ambient Water Quality Criteria Document. (5)139 arsenic drinking water standard. (5)120 122 asbestos in drinking water survey, (5)124 carbamates, (9) 133 Carcinogen Assessment Group, (5) 122 carcinogens, (9) 106, 162- 163, 164- 166 chemicals in water supplies. (3)5 contaminants for review selected by. (4)6 corrosion control for A/C pipe, (4)44 criteria for evaluating contaminants. (4)155 data base, (9) 134. 157 groundwater toxins. mixtures, (9) 115- 117 hazard index, (9)96, 123- 129, 159, 168. 169 laboratory tests on A/C pipe, (4)47. 48 maximum contaminant level goals. (9) 103. 138. 162-165 National Statistical Assessment of Rural Water Conditions, (3)373 NOMS, (2)145, 150-151, 156; (3)81 . . . noncarc~nogen~c substances, r~sk estimation. (9)106 NORS, (2)144-145, 150-151. 165-166, 172-173; (3)13. 17 Organophosphorous, (9) 133- 134 PAH concentration studies, (4)83 research on linings, (4)72 research recommendations, (9)58-59 response-surface modeling, (9), 130. 168, 169 Safe Drinking Water Act, (5)vii survey of water systems with A/C pipe, (4)51. 52 ? 56 THM concentrations survey. (3) 13- 18 THM studies. (3)5-6
CUMULATIVE INDEX 217 Toll River study, (4)36-37 (see also Health Effects Research Laboratory, Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory), (4) Environmental risk assessment, (8)431 Enzyme staining, (9)41-42 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), (9)23, 24, 41 Enzymes, (3); (6); (8) activity, (6)264-265 idealized distribution of, (8)127 inhibition, suicide, (8) 173- 175 intraorgan localization of, (8)126- 128 molybdenum content, (3)361 EPA, (see Environmental Protection Agency), (1); (2); (3); (4); (5) Epichlorohydrin, (3); (4)210, 212, 213 toxicity, (3) 111 - 124 Epidemiological observational studies, potential contributions, (7)200 Epidemiological observations, (6)228-234 of human neurobehavioral disorders, (6)130-131 risk assessment, (6)7, 241-245 Epidemiological studies, (1); (3)1-2 case-control studies, (3) 17- 19 cohort studies, (3) 19 epidemiology, risk assessment, (3)54-56 human factors, (1)28-29 limitations of data, (1)13 of water, (1)12, 13, 19, 20, 83, 87, 90 Epidemiological studies of contaminants, (3); (5); (7)50-60 arsenic, (5) 1, 7, 118- 123 asbestos and GI cancer, (5)123, 126-141 Esophagus, (6)211 case-control studies using personal interview, (7)55-58 correlational studies, (7)51-52 drinking water-cancer incidence relationship, (3)5-21, 55-56 groups at increased risk in, (7)58-60 mortality case-control studies, (7)52-55 (see also human health effects under individual chemicals), (5) Epidemiology, (1)2, 19, 24-29, 58-59, 63 66, 91-94, 112, 118-119, 160-163, 795; (6); (7); (9)49, 51-52, 104, 125, 164 analytical, (6)230-232 asbestos, (1) 13- 14 beginning of, (6)229 descriptive, (6)229-230 improvement, (7)196-200 infectious hepatitis, (1)90, 91 principals, problems, and limitations of, (6)243 Epididymal sperm numbers, (6)90 Epigenetic, (6); (8) carcinogens, (6)153; (8)16, 20-22 term, (6)282 Epilepsy, aluminum and, (4)164 Epitheliomas, (1)327 EPN, (9)155-158 Epoxides, formation, (2)227 Equilibrium, (2); (8) adsorption, competitive studies, (2)176 284 constants, (8)99 models, (2)267 Erie County, N.Y., (3); (7) cancer and chlorinated water studies, (3)10 correlational study, (7)51 i Erosion corrosion, (4)27-28 Error analysis in model building, (8)188-193 Erythema, (1)697 Erythrocyte cholinesterase, (6)306-308 Erythromelalgia, (1)325 Erythrosine, iodine dietary content, (3)303 Escherichia cold (E. Coli), (1)66, 67, 71-73, 75, 80, 81, 93, 108; (2)13, 25-28, 30, 37, 40-41, 44-45, ~8-50, 56-59, 65 66, 75, 78, 84-85, 87-89, 92-93, 96 97, 99-100, 104, 110, 308; (3)161; (7)16, 21 enteropathogenic, (1)67-68. 93 enterotoxigenic, (1)66 cancer of, (9)23-24 Estes Park, Colo., wastewater effluent ozonization, (2)203 Estrogens, (6)46-48; (9)42 Estrous syndrome, persistent, (6)46 Ethanenitrile, (see acetonitrile), (4) Ethanol, (4); (6)SO DMH and, (4)218 Ethical considerations, (8)431 Ethoxyethanol, (6)77 Ethoxyquin, (9)25 Ethyl methane-sulfonate, (9)26 Ethylating agents, (9)20-21 Ethylene dibromide (EDB), (3)98- 100; (6)237, 359-368; (9)67-68 ADI, (6)411 carcinogenic risk estimate, (6)411
218 CUMULATIVE INDEX carcinogenicity, (6)365-367 epidemiological studies on, (6)244 health aspects in humans, (6)359-360 health aspects in other species, (6)360- 367 lifetime cancer risk estimate, (6)411 mutagenicity, (6)364-365 reproductive effects, (6)367 SNARL, (6)411 studies needed, (6)409 Ethylene dichloride (EDC), (see 1,2- dichloroethane), (1); (8)288-300 Ethylene oxide, (6)77; (9)26 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, (3)353; (4) biofilm detachment and, (4) 117 Ethylenethiourea (ETU), (see dithiocarbamates), (1) O"-ethylguanine, (9) 16 2-Ethylhexanol. (6)338, (see also di[2- ethylhexyl] phthalate), (6) Ethylmercuric chloride, (1)275 Ethylnitrosourea (ENU), (6)14-15, 270; (7)126 Etiology, disease, (1)64-66, 120 ETU (ethylenethiourea), (see dithiocarbamates), (1) Euchlorine, (see chlorine dioxide). (2) Europe. (9)63. 138 European standards, for drinking water, (1)78-79 Exact method, (8)190 Excess lifetime cancer risks, (8)6 Excitotoxicants, (6) 113 Excretion, (1); (8) biliary, (8) 1 l 6, 122 elimination by. (8)42-143 rates, differences between species, (1)33- 34, 53 Exencephaly, (6)26 Exercise, ozone uptake and. (8)308-310 Exhalation. pulmonary, (6)172 Experimental, (6): (8) error, (8) 191 - 193 studies. (6)233-234 Exponential model, of radionuclide retention, (1)866 Exposure(s), (1)24, 27, 28; (4); (6)228; (8)471; (9) acute, (9)58 acute vs chronic, (4) 153- 154 adducts of DNA vs proteins, (9)52 through air. (6)260 animal, single dose, (9)21; chronic, (9)9 10, 21-22, 27 assessment, (6)230; (8)8-9; (9)98-99 carbamates, (9) 134- 136 chronic, (1)21, 22, 52 combined, (6)255-256 consumption levels, water and, (9)137 138, 171-174 data bases, (9)4, 27, 134, 157 DMF, (4)215 DNA repair at low vs high exposure, (9)11-13 dose rate and effects, (1)53-57 drinking water, modeling, (8)401-406 effects, (1)29 estimates of, from different sources and various routes, (6)257-260 through food, (6)259 free recovery periods, (1)24 groundwater, (9) 102, 115- 117, 134, 136, 139-140 through household, (6)260 human, routes of, (9) 137- 141, 143, 168 intravenous injection, modeling, (8)406 lead, (4)179 nitrite, (4)203, 204 noningestion, (6)295 occupational, (1) 160 organophosphorous, (9) 134- 136 plateau period, (1)899 procedures, (1)35-37, 47-49 scenario, extrapolation, (8) 161, 167- 168, 169 standards, (9)96, 103, 121 synergism of toxin mixtures, (9)98- 100, 102-103. 122-123, 128-129, 175-176 time of, (6)12-15, 35 time, critical. (8)435 time-dependent, (see time-dependent exposure), (8) total, (9)141- 142. 168 172 volatile organic compounds, (9)96, 126 134, 136-140, 162-166 through water, (6)258-259 through workplace (6)260 (see also suggested no-adverse-response level), (4) (see also dosages and dosimetry, occupational exposure~ risk estimation, synergism), (9) Extracellular products, haloform yields, (2)164-165
CUMULATIVE INDEX 219 Extraction ratio, (6)216; (8)82, 85, 105 hepatic, (8)84 mathematical solution for, (8)87 Extrapolation, (8)312, 441 -442 in absorption of substances, (8)139-140 of allometric methods, (8) 141 dose, (8)120-125, 170, 172-173 dose-route, (8)165- 167, 168? 216-219 exposure scenario, (8) 161, 167- 168, 169 four types of, (8) 159 general aspects of, (8)96-155 from in vitro systems, (8)80-93 of interorgan distribution of substances, (8)140- 141 interspecies, (8)212-216, 441 -442 low-dose risk, (8)327-328, 444-445 pharmacokinetic, (8) 161 - 162 physiologically based models for, (8)159- 180 route-to-route, (8) 114- 119 species-to-species, (8)139-142, 168-170, 171, 396-401 Extrapyramidal pathways, (6)109 Eyes and eye disease, (4); (9)146-147 dinitrophenol and cataracts of, (4)238, 240 mononitrophenols and cataracts of, (4)241 silver effect on, (4) 185- 186 F 2F bodies test, (6)61, 64 Fabro index, (6)274 FACE, (see Fertility Assessment by Continuous Breeding), (6) Fairbanks, Alaska, arsenic levels in drinking water, (5) 120- 121 False-positive or false-negative results, (1)27, 54, 74; (6)235 F-Ara-AMP (fludarabine phosphate), (8)437- 438 Fat group (FG) of organs, (8)447 FDA, (see Food and Drug Administration), (3); (9) Feathering process, (8)29 Fecal coliform test, (1)76 Fecal pollution, (1)69, 72 Federal Republic of Germany, (2) bank filtration, (2)271 chloroform effluent concentration, (2)289 microbial activity on GAC, (2)298 microbial activity, water treatment, (2)299 pilot plant effluent studies, (2)308 pilot plant resin studies, (2)343 potassium permanganate in GAC, (2)297 TOC removal studies, (2)269 water treatment, (2)362 Feeding studies, experimental on animals, (1)19 Females, (6) fetus, (6)37 germ cell mutations (6)69-82 infertility, (6)50-53 reproductive impairments (6)37-53 reproductive system, (6)37-41 (see also humans), (6) Fenuron, (1) 172 Ferbam, (see dithiocarbamates)' (1) Ferrate, (2)82-85; (7) chemistry, (2)82 in drinking water disinfection, (7) 13 Ferric acid, (2)82 Ferric chloride, (1) 106 Ferrous diethyl-p-phenylenediamine method (2)22 Fertile ground interactions of chemical agents, (1)51 Fertility, (6); (9)74 index' (6)73' 84 reduced, (6)37 reproductive performance and' (6)87-88 subfertility, (6)63 Fertility Assessment by Continuous Breeding (FACB)~ (6)51-52 details of protocol for, (6)85-87 Fertilization, (6)40 o`-Fetoprotein (AFP)' (6)47 Fetus. (6)23-24, 37, 116-117, (see also embryos) (6) FHPLs (focal hepatocellular proliferative lesions), (6)346-347 Fiber (dietary). zinc interaction. (3)317 Fiber length' (1) carcinogenic response, (1) 166- 167, 189 distributions, (1) 150 Fiberglass-reinforced plastic pipe. (4)13. 62 (see also plastic pipe). (4) Fibroblasts, (9) 17- 18 Fibrous crystals, (1) 144- 145 Fick's First Law, (8)27. 32-33 Fick's Law of Diffusion, modified' (8)99- 102 Filters, sand, (1)3
220 CUMULATIVE INDEX Filtration water, (1)87, 106, 112, 121, 183, 185 membrane, (1)78, 79, 87 plants, (1)5 rates,(l)ll7 Finished water, (4) 16, 95, 129- 130 First-order rate constants, (8)90 First-pass, (8) elimination organs, (8) 114 nonelimination organs, (8)113-114 organs, (8)109 Fish, (2); (3) products, fluoride content, (3)279 sewage effluent exposure, (2) 187- 1 &8 Flatworms, (1) 115 Flavobacterium species, (1)85, 86; (2)309 Flexible polygon method, (8)189 Flit 406, (see captan), (1) Floc, (1)106, 186 Flocculation, water, (1)87. 112, 121; (7)67 Florida, hydrogen sulfide in well water, (4)53 Flow, (8) diagrams, (8)40, 42 rate. (8)32 Flow-limited models. (8)48-49, 446 Flowthrough method virus recovery, (1)97, 100 Fludarabine phosphate (F-Ara-AMP), (8)437-438 Fluid frictional resistance, (4) 119 Fluorescence, (9) spectrometry. (9)40 spectrophotometry~ (9)23 techniques, (9)41-42, 43, 44, 133 Fluorescent antibodies test, (1)75 Fluoridation. (3); (6)233 public water supplies, (3)279 Fluoride, (1)369-400, 433-435; (3)279- 283, 363 aluminum interaction. (3)282 birth defects, (1)389-395 calcium interaction, (3)282 cancer and (1)381-389 epidemiology. (1)389, 434 intolerance, (1)377-386 magnesium interaction, (3)282 molybdenum interaction, (3)363 mongolism. (1)377 mottling, (1)376, 395-396. 434 mutagenesis' (1)389-395 renal dysfunction, (1)379-381 sensitivity, (1)377-379 teratogenesis, (1)389-395 toxicity, (1)376-377, 434 Fluorosis, (1) dental, (1)396 skeletal, (1)377, 380 Focal hepatocellular proliferative lesions (FHPLs), (6)346-347 Follicle growth, (6)41-42 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), (6)40, 45, 54, 55-56 Folliculogenesis, (6)40 Folpan, (see captan), (1) Folpet, (see captan), (1) Fonofos, (9) 134, 135 Food, (1); (3); (6); (9)23, 141 additives, chronic exposure, (3)30-31 additives and contaminants, (6)76; (9) 123 coloring agent, (see erythrosine ), (3) ethoxyquin, (9)25 exposure through, (6)259 food poisoning, (1)238-239 insecticide residue, (9) 154 PCP in, (6)384 preservatives, (3)284 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), (3)331; (9) 154 arsenic in food, (3)337-338 Formaldehyde, (8)455-456 linear proportionality and, (8)328-330 FORTRAN programs, (8)230-231 Fouling control processes. (4) 109 112 Foundry workers, (9)23. 24-25 Fowler's solution, (3)343 Fraction of dose principle, (8) 128- 131 Fractional factorials. (9)98, 121 - 122, 130, 170 France, (2) chlorine as disinfectant, (2) 17 microbial activity, water treatment, (2)299 Francisella tularensis, (1)67 Free chlorine. (2); (7)82 efficacy against bacteria, (2)25-26 efficacy against viruses, (2)29-33 inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts, (7)17 ~nactivation of Giardia muris cysts. (7) 18 inactivation time. (2)32, 34 Potomac River virus reactions, (2)31 viruses, (2)29-35 (see also chlorination. chlorine, chlorine chemistry), (2)
CUMULATIVE INDEX 221 Free intrinsic clearance, (8)82 Free radicals associated with soils, (1)171 172 Freon II, (see trichlorofluoromethane), (1) Frontal lobe, (6)109 FRP, (see fiberglass-reinforced plastic pipe), (4) FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), (6)40, 45, 54, 55-56 Fulvic acid, (1); (2)18, 142, 160, 269; (7) isolated aquatic, (7)34-42 in soil, (1)169-170, 185 Fumigant, (1)681-686 Fungi, pathogenic, (1)63 Fungicides, (1)650-681 (see also dithiocarbamates, hexachlorobenzene, pentachloronitrobenzene, phthalimides), (1) Furadan, (see carbofuran), (5) Furanones, (7)37 G GAC, (see granular activated carbon), (2) Gall~onella, (see iron bacteria), (4) Galvanic cell, (4)27 Gamma rays, (2)94-95 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, (2)203, 287; (4)65, 66, 67; (9)40, 44, 46, 134, 143 Gasoline, (4)248, 249, 251 Gastric emptying time, (6)211 Gastroenteritis, (1)7, 8, 65, 66, 83, 90-94, 96, 111, 120 Gastrointestinal, (1); (3); (5); (6); (9) (GI) cancers and asbestos exposure, (5)7, 123, 126-144 disease, magnesium malabsorption' (3)273 illnesses, (1)64, 66, 118, 238 irritation, (1)252, 295 (GI) mucosa, metabolism by, (6)213-214 radiation syndrome, (1)37 system, (9)23-25, 67, 71, 72, 75 Gastrointestinal tract, (1); (4); (6)171-172, 210-214; (8) absorption of chemical agents, (1)32 absorption process, (6)210-211; (8) 122 aluminum effect on, (4) 157- 158, ] 59, 163 anatomical regions of, (6)211 -212 bacteria affecting absorption, (1)33 barium absorption, (4) 168 cancer incidence, (4)51 first exposure to toxic pollutants, (1)31 gastroenteritis, (4)137- 138, 147, 149 silver effect on, (4) 184- 185 water system deficiencies and, (4)147, 149 (see also metabolism under individual contaminants), (4) Gas-uptake behavior, (8) 175- 177 Gavage risk, (8)375-379 GC/MS, (see gas chromatography/mass spectrometry), (4) Gene transcription, (9) 13 Generally recognized as safe, octanal review, (3)226 Genetic, (1); (6); (9) alterations, (1)875-877, 884-885 deletions, (1)876-877 diseases, (1)16 expression, (9)13 heterogeneity/homogeneity differences between species, (1)30, 32, 55-56 makeup and risk, (1)35, 55-56 risk, estimating, (1)877-884 Genetic toxicity, (6)148-149, 155, 282-283; (9)58 benzidine, (9)21 chromium, (9)64-65 DNA binding and, (9)17 epidemiology, (9)51 germ cells, (9)18-19, 21, 58, 59 molecular dosimetry and mutation analysis, (9)42-47 protamine adducts and, (9)5' 26-27, 58 protein adducts and, (9)26 sperm, alkylation and mutation, (9)18, 26, 27 trichlorfon, (9)69 Genomes, (9) 13 Genotoxic carcinogens, (8) 16 Germ cell(s), (6); (9) cell divisions in, (6)78 chromosome macrolesions in, (6)69 degeneration of, (6)38 mutagenesis, (6)3, 155- 156 mutagens, (6)65-66 mutations in, (1)26, 875-878; (6)69-82; (9)18-19, 21, 59 primordial, (6)37 protamine adducts, (9)58 (see also sperm), (9) Germ theory of disease, (1)2
222 CUMULATIVE INDEX Gestation, (6) length, (6) 13 index, (6)84 Gl, (see gastrointestinal entries), (6) Giardia lamblia, (1)93, 112, 114-115, 117- 118; (2)36; (7)15-18, 20, 2l Giardia muris, (7)16, 18-22 Giardiasis, (1)64, 65, 114-115, 120-121 Glaucoma, (9) 146- 147 Glial cells, (6) 111 Globaline tablets, (2)182, (see also iodine, disinfection), (2) Glucocorticoids, (6)15 Glucose tolerance factor (GTF), (1); (3)365, 368 human, (1)242 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6- PD) deficiency, (1)253; (7)58-59 Glutamic acid, (6)76 Glutathione (GSH), (6)317-319; (7); (8) depletion, (8) 175- 177, 178, 179 Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) path, (7)134-135; (8)459-462 Glycolate excretion, (4)99 Glycoproteins, (4) 113 Glyoxy]ate aminotransferase (GAT), (7)134 Glyoxylic acid, (3)207-210 GnRH, (see gonadotropin-releasing hormone), (6) Goblet cells, (6)205 Goiter. (3)304-306, (see also thyroid), (3) Goitrogens, (3)305 Gonadotropin-releasin~ hormone (GnRH). (6)45, 48-50 Gonadotropins, (6)40-42. 55 Gonads, (6); (9)74 biotransformation. (6)65 indifferent, (6)37 sex differentiation. (6)38 Gout, molybdenum exposure. (3)361 Granular activated carbon (GAC). (2)251- 380 adsorption efficiency. (2)258-268 adsorption influenced by regeneration, (2)330-332 adsorption isotherms, (2)260-267 bacteria on GAC, (2)306-309 bacterial growth, (2)306-308 basic structural unit, (2)254 chemical change during storage. (2)331 carbonization, (2)254 competition, (2)275-293 dechlorination effect, (2)303 definition, (2)253-254 disinfection pretreatment. (2)271-272 displacement, (2)275 effluent microbial content, (2)308-309 equilibrium models, (2)267 filtration pretreatment. (2)269-270 full-scale operation, competitive effects (2)290-291 laboratory studies, (2)284-286 leaching of chemicals, (2)332 334-335 mathematical models, (2)285-286 microbial activity, (2)293-315 Vitrification, (2)272 nitrosamine production, (2)311 nonbiological substances production' (2)315-327 organic compound reactions, (2)317-320 organic compound removal, (2)258-259 286 regeneration, (2)328-337 THM in effluent, (2)289 TOC removal, (2)302 water treatment process (2)225-226. (see also activated carbon), (2) Granulomatosis, (1)682 Graphic output, (8)234 GRASS (see generally recognized as safe) (3) Graves' disease, (see thyrotoxicosis)~ (3) Gravity systems, (4)1 l Great Britain, antimony effects in factory workers, (3)79 Great Smoky Mountains National Park toluene in water, (2)159 Groundwaters, (3)6-7; (4)10; (9) EPA toxin data base, (9)134, 157 mixtures of toxins, (9) 115- 117' 157 subchronic toxin levels, (9) 102 volatile organic compounds, concentrations, (9) 136~ 139- 140 Growth index, (6)84 Growth retardation, (6) 15- 18 intrauterine, (6)23 measured, (6) 11 GSH (glutathione), (6)317-319 GST (glutathione-S-transferase) path (81459-462 GTF. (see glucose tolerance factor). (3) Guaiacol. (see o-methoxyphenol), (1) Guanines, (9) 14- 15, 65 cross-links and, (9) 16- 17
CUMULATIVE I NDEX 223 germ cell mutation, (9)18 Guinea worm, (1)115 Gunite, (4)12 Gut lumen, metabolism within, (6)213 Gut mass-balance equations, (8)53-54, 261 Guthion, (see azinphosmethyl), (1) H Haemophilus parainfluenzoe, (2)71 Hagerstown, Md., water quality and cancer effects, (3)10 Hair dyes, (6)77 Half-life, (8)28, 31 of elimination, (8)30 minimum, (8)106 of terminal phase, (8) 106 Half-time to approach maximum concentration, (8)99 Halloysite, (1) 137 Hallucinations, (9)63 Haloacetonitriles, (7) 156- 162 acute effects, (7) 159 carcinogenicity, (7) 161 chemical and physical properties, (7)157 health effects in other species, (7)159-161 metabolic rate, (7) 158 metabolism, (7) 157- 158 mutagenicity in other species, (7) 160- 161 NOEL, (7) 161 reproductive toxicity, (7) 160 SNARL, (7) 161 - 162 subchronic effects, (7) 159- 160 Haloacids, (7)133- 143 acute effects, (7) 138- 139 carcinogenicity, (7) 141 health effects in humans, (7) 136- 138 health effects in other species, (7)138-142 metabolism, (7)134-136 mutagenicity in other species, (7)141 neurotoxic effects, (7)141-142 NOEL, (7)143 reproductive toxicity, (7) 142 SNARL, (7)143 subchronic effects, (7) 139- 141 Haloaldehydes, (7) 143- 154 acute effects, (7) 146- 147 carcinogenicity, (7) 150- 151 health effects in humans, (7)146 health effects in other species, (7)146-153 metabolism, (7) 144- 146 mutagenicity, (7)150 subchronic effects, (7)147-150 teratogenicity, (7) 151 - 152 Haloform, (1); (2) formation, (1)179 reactions, (2) 140- 144, 149 Halogenated hydrocarbons, chlorination effects, (2)5 Halogens, (2); (3); (7) disinfection, (2)16, (see also individual halogens), (2) germicidal action, acute effects, (3)185 total organic (TOX), (7)39-40 Haloketones, (7) 154- 156 acute effects, (7)155 health effects, (7) 154- 156 mutagenicity, (7) 155- 156 Halomethanes, (1) 185 Hansch-Taft relationship, (6) 156 Haptens, (9)41 Hardness, water, (1)223-224, 439-447 cardiovascular effects, (1)439-447 cholesterol level and, (1)442 defined, (1)439, 441 removal by lime softening, (1)223-224 trace elements and, (1)442, 446 Hartmanella species, (1) 113 Hazard assessment, (8)8-9 Hazardous waste, (9) 115- 116 using dosimetry modeling approach, (8)353-367 HCB, (see hexachlorabenzene), (1)667-674; eff~cts in animals, (1)669-671 effects in man, (1)668-669, 671 toxicity data, (1)673 HCE (hexachloroethane), (1)734-735 HCP, (see hexachlorophene), (1)735-740; (3) effects on animals, (1)736-737 effects on man, (1)736 toxicity data, (1)739 Health effects, (1)22-27; (4) asbestos, (4)43-44, 150 adverse, (1)9, 10, 13, 16 animal extrapolated to man, (1)29-37 biological on humans, (1)20 chronic, (1)22 corrosion, (4)26, 150 corrosion inhibitors, (4)31-32 corrosion products, (4)35 data reporting system for, (4)6, 139- 140
224 CUMULATIVE INDEX distribution system deficiencies and, (4)5, 14-16, 137, 138, 150 need for drinking water standards, (1)22- 26 no-observed-adverse,. (1) 11, 1 S plastic pipe, (4)64-66 predicting adverse, (1)23 reversible, (1)23, 24, 26, 28, 53 types of, (1)20 unpolymerized monomers, (4)63 (see also individual microorganisms and solutes), (1) (see also health effects from inorganic contaminants, health effects from organic contaminants), (4) Health effects in humans, (5); (6); (7) acrylamide, (6)298-299 aldicarb, (5)10-11; (6)303-304 arsenic, (5) 118- 123 asbestos, (5) 123- 144 carbofuran, (5) 13- 14 carbon tetrachloride, (5)16 chlorate, (7) 101 - 104 chlorine, (7)82 chlorine dioxide, (7)84-87 chlorite, (7) 101- 104 chlorobenzene, (5)19 chloropicrin, (7)165 chloropropanes and chloropropenes, (6)328 dibromochloropropane, (6)315-316 o-dichlorobenzene, (5)23 p-dichlorobenzene, (5)26 1,2-dichloroethane, (5)30 1,1-dichloroethylene, (5)33-34 1,2-dichloroethylene, (5)41 dichloromethane, (5)44 di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, (6)340 dinoseb, (5)47 ethylene dibromide, (6)359-360 haloacids, (7) 136- 138 haloaldehydes (7) 146 hexachlorobenzene, (S)S1-52 methomyl, (5)57 monochloramine (7)93-9S pentachlorophenol, (6)387-388 picloram, (5)61 rotenone, (5)64 tetrachloroethylene, (5)72 trichlorfon, (6)398-400 1, 1,1-trichloroethane, (5)75 trichloroethylene, (5)80-81 trihalomethanes, (7) 114- 117 uranium, (5)93 vinyl chloride, (5)86 Health effects in other species, (5); (6); (7) acrylamide, (6)299-303 aldicarb, (5) 11; (6)304-305 carbofuran, (5) 14- 1 S carbon tetrachloride, (5) 16- 18 chlorate, (7) 104- 110 chlorine, (7)82-83 chlorine dioxide, (7)87-89 chlorite, (7) 104- 110 chlorobenzene, (5) 19-22 chlorophenols, (7) 170- 172 chloropicrin, (7) 165- 168 chloropropanes and chloropropenes, (6)328-334 diallate, (6)310-311 dibromochloropropane, (6)316-322 o-dichlorobenzene, (5)23-24 p-dichlorobenzene, (5)26-27 1,2-dichloroethane, (5)30-31 1,1-dichloroethylene, (5)34-39 1,2-dichloroethylene, (5)41-43 dichloromethane, (5)44-46 di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, (6)340-341 dinoseb, (5)47-49 ethylene dibromide, (6)360-364 haloacetonitriles, (7) I S9- 161 haloacids, (7) 138- 142 haloaldehydes, (7) 146- 153 haloketones, (7) I SS- 156 hexachlorobenzene, (5)52-56 methomyl, (5)58-S9 monochloramine, (7)95-98 nitrofen. (6)370 pentachlorophenol, (6)388-390 picloram, (5)61-62 rotenone, (5)64-69 sulfallate, (6)312-313 tetrachloroethylene, (5)72-73 trichlorfon, (6)400-403 I,1,1-trichloroethane, (5)75-78 trichloroethylene, (5)81-85 trihalomethanes, (7) 117- 129 uranium, (5)94-96 vinyl chloride, (5)86-90 Health effects from inorganic contaminants, (4) aluminum, (4) 158- 166 arsenic. (4)167 barium, (4)168-169
CUMULATIVE INDEX 225 cadmium, (4) 171 - 172 chlorinated disinfectants, (4) 174- 177 lead, (4) 179- 182 silver, (4) 185- 187 strontium, (4) 189- 197 Health effects from organic contaminants, (4) acetonitrile, (4)204-205 benzene, (4)253 chloroform, (4)206-209 DBCP, (4)210-214 dinitrophenols, (4)236, 237-238, 240, 241-242, 243, 244 DMF, (4)218-222 mononitrophenols, (4)235, 237, 239-240, 241, 242, 243 nitrites, (4)204-205 nitrobenzene, (4)224-229 petroleum products, (4)251 trinitrophenols, (4)238-239, 244 Health Effects Research Laboratory, (4)5, 43, 137 Heart failure, congestive, (1)323 Hectorite, (1) 137 Helminths, (1) 112, 115- 118, 121; (2)35, 90, 93 Heme synthesis, (1)258 Hemispheres, cerebral, (6) 108, 110 Hemoglobin, repletion, (3)336; (9)25-26, 42, 58 Hepatic, (1); (6); (8) carcinogens, (9)8, 9, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 67, 70, 71, 72, 164, 165 clearance, (8) 125- 126 cytotoxicity, (8)275 elimination, (6)172 elimination, first-pass, (6)204 excretion rates, differences between species, (1)33 extraction ratio, (8)84 pharmacokinetics of toxins, (9) 114, 171 toxic effects, specific DNA adducts, (9)68, 73, 75, 77 Hepatitis, (1); (4)5, 147; (7) amebic, (1)112 A-virus, (7) 14, 15, 22-23 from contaminated shellfish, (1)92 epidemiology, (1)91 -94 hepatitis A (infectious hepatitis), (1)8, 88, 90-96, 101, 120 Hepatocellular, (8) adenomas, (8)459 carcinomas, (8)371, 459 Hepatolenticular degeneration, (3)314 Hepatomegaly, (7)117 Hepatotoxicity, (1)715; (5) carbon tetrachloride, (5) 16- 18 chlorinated ethylenes, (5)71 chlorobenzene, (5)19, 22 p-dichlorobenzene, (5)26-27 1,1-dichloroethylene, (5)34-36, 40 1,1,1-trichloroethane, (5)76 trichloroethylene, (5)81 Heptachlor, (1)556-568 epoxide, (1)556-568 Herbicides, (1)140, 493-556; (6)75; (9)69- 71, 75-76 ADI criteria, (1)492 evaluation methodology, (1)490-492 (see also individual herbicides), (I) (see also diallate, sulfallate, nitrofen), (6) Heritable, (6) mutations, (6)71 translocations, (6)66, 79-81 Heroin, (6)49 Herpes, (1) herpes simplex, (1)326 herpes zoster. (1)326 Heteroscedasticity parameter, (8) 193, 195 Hexachloroacetone, (see haloketones), (7) Hexachlorobenzene, (3); (5)9, 49-56 acute effects, (5)52 carcinogenic risk estimate, (5)55-56, 98 carcinogenicity, (5)54-55 chronic effects, (5)52-53 human health effects, (5)51-52 metabolism, (5)50-51 mutagenicity, (5)54, 99 porphyrinogenic effects, (5)52-53, 56 SNARL, (5)98 teratogenicity~ (5)56, 98 toxicity, (3)210-215 tumor incidence, (5)54-55 Hexachloro- 1,3-butadiene, ( I )799 Hexachlorocyclopentadiene derivatives, (see cyclodienes). (I) Hexachlorophene toxicity, (3)32 Hexavalent chromium. (3)365, 367-368 Hialeah, Fla., water treatment, (2)345, 351- 352 High LET radiation. (see LET and radiation, high LET), (1) High pH conditions disinfection, (2)86-90
226 CUMULATIVE INDEX High-molecular-weight toxins, (2)312-313, 351 High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), (9)39, 46, 133, 143 High-pressure liquid chromatography, (2)156 Histological evaluation of testis, (6)91-92 Histology and histochemistry, (9)41-42, 59 acrylamide, (9)62 arsenic, (9)74 BaP, (9)63 chloropropanes and chloropropenes, (9)72 chromium, (9)65 diallate, (9)70 dibromochloropropane, (9)66 di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, (9)73 DNA adducts, specific, (9)61-77 ethylene dibromide, (9)67 nitrofen, (9)75 pentachlorophenol, (9)77 sulfallate, (9)70 trichlorfon, (9)68 Hitness models. (see target theory), (3) Hit-theory models of carcino~`enesis. (1)40- 46 Hookworms, (1)115-116 Hornblende, (1) 149 HPLC, (see high-pressure liquid chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography), (2) Human nervous system. (6) 107- 131 cellular structure and function. (6) 110- 113 epidemiological studies, (6) 130- 131 gross structure and function, (6) 107- 110 neurotoxic responses after birth and at maturity, (6) 118- 123 normal developmental structure and function. (6) 113- l l S studies in, (6) 127- 131 susceptibilities of special populations. (6)124- 127 Humans, (6); (8); (9)4 adverse pregnancy outcomes in, (6)19-20 clinical observations and case reports. (6)226-227 concordance of results from animals and, (6)20-22 data on. (6)226-245 epidemiological observations. (6)228-234: (9)49-52 extrapolation of animal data to. (6) 18-22 health aspects in, (see health aspects in humans), (6) inhalation, (8)216, 217 interspecies extrapolation, (6) 133, 177, 193-201, 264-266 intraspecies extrapolation, (6)264-266 male reproductive toxicity in, (6)59-68 multiple stages in tumor promotion, (6) 148 murine toxicity and, (8)434-435 no-observable-effect levels (NOELs) for, (8)5 PCP and, (6)384-385 physiological constants, (6)169 polymorphisms in, (8) 146- 147 risk assessment, (8)369-370 risk to, using animal data to predict, (6)254-255 toxin exposure. (9)22-25 (see also females, males), (6) Humic, (2); (4); (7) materials, (4)3. 97, 98 model compounds, chloroform yields, (2)162 molecules, (7)28-34 Humic acids, (1) 169- 174, 177- 179, 185; (2)8, 269, 342; (7) chemisorption by. ( I ) 173 DDT and, ( I ) 178 haloforms from chlorination of, ( / ) 179 ion exchange capacity, (1)170 isolated aquatic, (7)34-42 mechanisms of reaction, ( I ) 173- 174 metal complexes, (I ) 171 reaction with organic species, (I ) 171 Humic substances, (2) 140- 144 adsorption behavior, (2)277 chemical degradation, (2) 146- 147 Humin, (1) 170 Humus, soil. (1)169 Hybrid rate constants, (8)106 Hydraulic problems, distribution system (4)l4, 112 Hydrocarbons, (1); (2); (3); (4); (6)72; (9)25. 42, 49, 65. 141 BaP, (9)17, 21, 23-25. 52, 63-64 chlorinated, (1)21 classes of. (4)247-248 lung cancer and, (9)23 polycyclic aromatic, ( / )691 reactions, aqueous chlorine dioxide~ (2)198 solubility, (4)250 vanadium content? (3)351
CUMULATIVE INDEX 227 volatile halogenated, (9)105 Hydrochloric acid, chloride anion, (3)298 Hydrogen peroxide disinfection, (2)90-94 in drinking water disinfection, (7) 13 Hydrogen sulfide, A/C pipe deterioration from, (4)53, 59 Hydrolysis, (9) 16 of acetylcholinesterase, (9)146, 152, 153 chromatography and, (9) 133, 134 Hydrophobic compounds, (9)42 Hydrous iron oxide, (2)83 Hydroxide(s), (1)139; (2)86 N-hydroxy acrylamines, urinary, (8) bladder exposure to, (8)334-348 N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, (9)8 N-3-(2-hydroxyethyl) histidine, (9)25-26 Hydroxyl type chloroform precursors, (7)38 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid, toxicity, (3)342 Hymatomelanic acid, (2)8, 142 Hymenolepis nana, (I ) 115 Hyperkeratosis, (3)343 Hypernatremia, (1)409 Hyperparathyroidism, magnesium malabsorption, (3)273 Hyperpigmentation, (1)325 Hypertension, (1)403-409; (3) Australian studies, (3)290 risk estimation studies, (3)22 salt-diet relationship, (3)290 sodium effects, (3)288-289 Hypobromite ion, (2)73, 183, 204-205 Hypobromous acid, (2)73, 78-79, 183 Hypocalcemia, (3)270 Hypocalcemic tetany, phosphorus allowance in infants, (3)277 Hypochloremic alkalosis, chloride toxicity, (3)300 Hypochlorite ion(s), (2)18, 148; (4); (7)7-8, 82 comparative efficacy of, (7)12 reactions, (4)97, 98 Hypochlorous acid, (1)108; (2)145, 148- 149, 186; (7)7-8, 82 ammonia reaction, (2) 19-20 comparative efficacy, (7) 12 dichloramine, <2) 167- 168 hypochlorite ion, (2) 18 monochloramine formation, (2) 167 nitrogen bichloride formation, (2) 167- 168 Ohio River, (2) 186 phenolic humic model compounds reaction, (2) 161 reaction products, (7)30 THM formation, (2)141, (see also chlorine, disinfection), (2) Hypoglycemic drugs, sodium deficiency effects, (3)290 Hypoiodite ion, (2)63, 183 Hypoiodous acid, (2)62-63, 183 Hypokalemia, (3)295-296 Hypomagnesemia, (1)264 Hyponatremia, (3)290-291 Hypothalamic maturation, (6)47 Hypothalamus, (6)108 Hypothyroidism, (3)305 I ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection), (1)857, 865 868, 874, 878, 887, 889 Illinois mortality case-control study, (7)52- 53 Illite, (1)137 Immortalizing genes, (6)142 Immune system, (1); (6)5, 149-151 mechanisms, (1)42 Immunoassays, (9)23, 24, 40-47 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), (9)23. 24, 41 sensitivity and specificity. (9)43-47, 50 Immunochemical methods for virus identification, (1)97 Immunology, (9)3 groundwater toxins and immunosuppression, (9) 117 haptens, (9)41 histochemistry and, (9)41-42, 77 pentachlorophenol toxicity, (9)77 Immunosurveillance. (6) 150 Immunotoxicity, pentachlorophenol, (6)390- 391 In vitro tests, (1)22, 88-89 1~1 vitro systems, extrapolation from, (8)80- 93 Inaccuracy, degree of, (8) 149 India, molybedenum exposure, (3)362 Indicator organisms, (1)70-75 ~ 97- 100 false-negative and false-positive results, (1)74 Inducers, (8) 144- 145 Industrial waste disposal. (1) 174- 176
228 CUMULATIVE INDEX Infant mortality, (6)36 Infantile paralysis, (1)89 Inference and quantification, (6)239-240 Infertility, (6)35, 36, 88 female, (6)50-53 male, (6)59 Inhalation, (8) model, (8) 165- 167 risk, (8)375-379 Inhalation studies, (6) 168- 170 background, (6) 170- 176 data-based, (6) 178- 179 dose-rate, (6)169 models, (6) 178- 180, 182- 183 pharmacokinetic models, (see pharmacokinetic models), (6) toxicity, (6)6 Inhalation toxicology, (9) ethylene oxide, (9)25 exposure, (9)139, 143, 168 pharmocokinetics, (9) 111, 112- 114, 171 174 smoke, residential wood, (9)24 tobacco, (9)24-25, 69 trihalomethanes, (9) 141 volatile organic compounds, (9) 106, 141, 171-174 Inheritance, polygenic, (6)71 Inhibin, (6)56 Inhibitors, (8) of carcinogenesis, (8)222 suicide, (8) 137- 139 Initiation index, (8)224 Initiation-promotion, (1); (3) interactions of chemical agents, (1)50 regulatory implications, (3)53 Initiator-inhibitor interactions of chemical agents, (1)50 Injuries, chemical, (I) cumulative, ( I )25 nonreversible. (1)23-24, 26 reversible, (1)23, 26 self-propagating, (1)25-26 types of, (1)22 Inorganic, (2); (3); (4) arsenicals, toxicity, (3)339, 342 hydrated silicates, health effects. (4)150 reactions, adsorbed compounds. (2)324 Inorganic chemical contaminants. (1); (4) exposure levels, (4) 154 reasons for inclusion in study, (4)152 of water, (1)14, 138-140 (see also arsenic, beryllium, cobalt, copper, fluoride, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, nitrate, selenium? sodium, sulfate, tin, vanadium, zinc), (1) (see also aluminum, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chlorinated disinfectants, silver, strontium, sulphate), (4) Insecticides, (1)556-680, (see also chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphates, carbamates), (I ); (9)68, 103, 133-136, 140, 146, 149, 152-156, 159. 170 Interactions of chemical agents, (1)49-50, (see antagonistic, deficiency, fertile . . . . . . . . . ground, ~n~t~ator-~nh~b~tor, ~n~t~ator- promotion, organic-clay, synergistic). (1) Intercalating agents, (8) 19-20 Intercompartmental transfer rate constants, (6) 179 International Agency for Research on Cancer, ECH tests, (I )vi, 163; (3) 122 International standards for drinking water, (1)78-79 Interspecies, (3); (6); (8) differences, (8) 153- 155, 330-331 dosimetric comparisons, (8)361-363 extrapolation, (6)133, 177, 193-201, 264-266; (8)212-216, 441 -442 PB-PK model simulations, (6)197-200 scaling, (8)16-19, 36 toxicology, (3)28-29 (see also extrapolation), (8) Intervention studies, (6)233-234 Intestinal lumen, metabolism within, (6)213 Intestine(s), (6)212; (see gastrointestinal system), (9) Intraspecies extrapolation. (6)264-266 Intrauterine growth retardation. (6)23 Intravenous injection exposures, (8) modeling, (8)406 Intrinsic clearance, (6)216-217; (8)81 -82 Invertebrates raw water quality, effects. (2)8 Iodate, (2) 183; (3) toxicity, (see iodine toxicity), (3) Iodide, (2)42. 45-46, 62, 183 186 toxicity, (see iodine), (3) Iodination, water, (1) 109 Iodine, (1) 109, 119, 863; (2); (3); (7) amperometric titration, (2)64 analytical methods. (2)64
r CUMULATIVE INDEX 229 biocidal activity, (2)61-62, 64-71 by-products of disinfection, (2)182 by-products in nonpotable waters, (2)186- 187 chemistry, (2)62-63, 182- 189 calorimetric method, (2)64 comparative efficacy, (7)12 cot, (2)66, 69-71 cysticide, (2)64-65, 69 determination, (2)64 diatomic reaction with water, (2)62-63, 183 disinfection, (2)61-72 in drinking water disinfection, (I) 13 efficacy against bacteria, (2)64-65 efficacy in demand-free system, (7) 11 efficacy against parasites, (2)67-71 efficacy against viruses, (2)65-67 halogens, (2)62 home water systems, (2)64 hydrolysis, (2)62 hypoiodous acid formation, (2)62 I- 125, (1)864 I-129, (1)865 I- 131, (1)862-865 iodide ion, (2)62 iodination, water, (1)109 lead interactions, (3)306-307 mechanism of action, (2)71-72 nonpotable waters, (2) 187- 189 nutrition, (3)302-309, 374-375 physiological effects, (2) 182 production and application, (2)63-64 properties, (2) 182- 184 toxicity, (3)215-225 viral inactivation, (2)68 water disinfectant, (2)65 Iodism, (3)219-220 Iodoamines, (2) 183 Iodometric methods, (2)23, 43, 54 Ion exchange, (1); (2) resins, (2)339-347 trace metal removal, (1)225-226 Ionizing radiation, (see radiation effect), (6) Ionizing radiation disinfection, (2)94-98; (7) in drinking water disinfection, (7) 13 Iowa, (7); (9)135 correlational study, (7)52 Iron, (1)207, 210-212, 218; (see ferrate), (2); (4)5, 95 bacteria, (4)29, 112 concentration in Boston, Mass., area water, (4)40 corrosion and, (4)32, 35 deposits in distribution system, (4)3, 92- 94 health effects, (4)150 Iron nutrition, (3)309-312, 318-319, 374- 375 absorption impaired by nickel deficiency, (3)349 lead interaction, (3)311 manganese interaction, (3)311, 336 molybdenum interaction, (3)363 nickel interaction, (3)349 zinc interaction, (3)311 Irreversible health effects, (1)23-26, 52 assessing, (1)53-58 congenital malformations, (1)25 self-propagating, (1)26 Irreversible toxicity, (1)27, 52 Isodecane, (1)799 Isolation techniques, (2)360 Isomers, (4) dinitrophenols, (4)230, 231, 234, 236 mononitrophenols, (4)230, 232-233, 242 trinitrophenols, (4)231 Isometry, (8)66 Isotherms, (see adsorption, isotherms), (2) Isozymes, (8) 143- 144 cytochrome P-450, (8)148 interstrain differences in, (8) 145- 146 Itai-Itai disease, (1)237-239; (3) calcium deficiency effects, (3)271 J Japan, (3) iodide intake effects, (3)220 Itai-Itai and calcium deficiency relationship, (3)271 manganese toxicity, (3)336 Jefferson Parish, La., water treatment plant, (2)269, 298 Jersey City, N.J., chlorine as water disinfectant, (2) 18 Joint risk assessment, (8)5 Judgmental decisions, (8)208 K Kaolinite, (1) 137, 142, 185 Kaopectate, (1) 137
230 CUMULATIVE INDEX Katadyn process, (1)289 Kepone, (1)592, 596-599; (6)72 carcinogenicity, (1)596-597 carcinogenicity risk estimates, (1)597- 598, 794 effects in man, (1)595-596 poisoning, (1)595 toxicity data, (1)599 Keratoses, (1)327 Kidney(s), (1); (8); (9) failure, (1)406 mass-balance equation, (8)52, 262 partition coefficients, (8)91 tubular necrosis, (1)243 (see renal system), (9) Kinetic(s), (4)2, 8, 42; (6); (8) modeling, physiological constants in, (6)169 models, (see pharmacokinetic models), (8) rate constants, (8)31 Klebsiella species, (1)75 group, (1)75 K. pneumonias, (1)72 Kleiber equation, (8)66 Kliment zone model, (8)307 Krypton, (1)865 Kyoto, Japan, air pollution control, (2)333 L Laboratory tests of pipe, (4) A/C pipe, (4)47-49 linings, (4)78-81 plastic pipe, (4)64-67 Lactose, (1) fermentation test' (1)71 reactions, atypical, (1)74 Lake Superior, asbestos in drinking water, (5)124, 125, 134-135 Lake Tahoe, Calif., sludge effluent treatment, (2)305-306 Lake Zurich, unchlorinated water, (2)156 Lake,, phosphorus content, (3)276 Lane County, Oregon, arsenic in drinking water, (3)338; (5) 120 Langelier Index, (4) 19-20 adjustment of, (4)58 measurement of calcium carbonate saturation, (4)23, 30, 61 Las Vegas, Nev., EPA laboratories, (2)159 Latent period, (1)22 defined, (1)899 Law, (see regulations, standards), (9) Law of Mass Action, (8)149 Lawrence, Mass., bacteria in effluent, (2)309 Lawrence Solver for Ordinary Differential Equations (LSODE), (8) 190 Laxative effect, (1)263, 426 LCV, (see leuco crystal violet method), (2) Leaching, (4) copper, (4)5, 146 defined, (4)2, 42 PAHs, (4)82, 83, 84-85, 88, 89, 91 pipe, (4)4, 5, 16, 33, 61 Lead, (1)171, 207, 210-212, 214, 218, 220-221, 254-261, 302-304, 309-311; (3); (4)6, 95, 179-183; (6)72 behavioral effect, (4) 181 bone storage of, (1)257 corrosion and, (4)2, 32, 35, 39, 41 health effects, (4)41, 150, 179- 182 heme synthesis effect, (1)258 iodine interaction, (3)306-307 iron interaction, (3)311 lead arsenate, (1)320 lead-cadmium interaction, (6)74 Pb-210, (1)861 poisoning, calcium intake effects, (3)270- 271 presence detected in water distribution systems, (4)35-41 recommendations relating to, (4) 182- 183 SNARL, (4) 183 Leptospira species, (1)67, 70 Leptospirosis, (1)67 Leptothrix, (see iron bacteria), (4) LET (linear energy transfer, high LET? low LET), (see also radiation), (1) cancer induction, (1)38, 888-892 definition, (1)899 high, sources of, (1)858-861 low, sources of, (1)858-859 Lethality. (1); (6)15-18 embryo, (6)11 lethal dose (LD), (1)37 teratogenicity and, (6)29 (see also death, mortality), (6) Leuco crystal violet calorimetric method, (2)64 Leuco crystal violet method, (2)23 Leukemia, (1)586-587, 688; (3); (4)253 acute myeloblastic, (1)683 benzene relationship, (3)82
CUMULATIVE INDEX 231 benzene-induced, (1)690 chronic lymphoid, (1)683 Leukemogens, (1)688 Leukopenia, (1)688 Leydig cells, (6)54, 55 LH (Luteinizing hormone), (6)40, 45, 55 Life-cycle, studies of disinfectants, (7)191 Lifetime cancer risk estimates, (6)410-411 acrylamide, (6)410 chloropropanes and chloropropenes, (6)410 dibromochloropropane, (6)410 di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, (6)410 nitrofen, (6)411 sulfallate, (6)410 Lifetime cancer risks, excess, (8)6 Lignin, (2)142 Likelihood, (8) estimates, (8) 188- 190 function, (8) 188, 195 Limbic system, (6) 109, 113 Lime, (1); (4) to control A/C pipe deterioration, (4)58 softening, (1)107, 223-224 Lindane, (see also benzene hexachloride, BHC), (1); (3)87-88 Linear risk estimation model, (3)2, 37, 40 Linearity, (8) compartment models, (8)104, 105 detoxification, (8)452-453 kinetics, (8)450 low-dose, (8)444 proportionality, formaldehyde and, (8)328-330 steady-state models, (8) 117- 118 Lineweaver-Burk plots, (8)192 Linings, (4)3-4, 13 asphalt in, (4)74-75 cement, (4)91 coal tar compounds in, (4)72, 73 field tests on, (4)82-90 health effects, (4)150 laboratory tests on, (4)78-81 materials used for, (4)72-75 vinyl, (4)90 water quality and, (4)3-4, 72 water taste and odor from, (4)90 Lipid membranes, perturbation of, (6)386 Lipofuscin, (6) 125 Liquid chromatography, (9)39, 44, 46, 133, 143 Liquid peroxidation (LPO), carbon tetrachloride effect, (5) 16- 18 Literature evaluation, (8)15 Lithium, (1)442; (3) sodium interaction, (3)292 Liver, (1); (6); (8); (9) clearance, (6)216 damage, chronic, (1)586 function, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and, (6)357 mass-balance equation, (8)53, 261 metabolism in, (6)215-217 partition coefficients, (8)91 toxins, (1)757 (see hepatic system), (9) Logistic models, (3) low-dose carcinogenic risk estimation, (3)41-42 risk estimation, (3)2 Log-probit method, of high to low dose extrapolation, (1)47 London asbestos workers and GI cancer' (5) 128 Los Angeles County, Calif., water quality study, (3)11 Los Lunas, N. Mex., gastrointestinal disease outbreak, (4)147, 149 Louisiana, (3); (7) cancer rates and drinking water relationship, (3)5 mortality case-control study, (7)S3-54 water quality studies, (3)8 Louisville Experimental Station, Ky., (2)17 Low-blood-pressure populations, (1)407 Low dosage, (8) linearity, (8)444 risk extrapolation, (8)327-328, 444-445 versus percentage response, (8)4 Low LET radiation, (see LET and radiation, low LET), (1) Low-molecular-weight toxicants, (2)310- 312, 351; (9)42, 59 Low pH conditions, (2)86 Lower respiratory tract (LRT), (8) anatomical models, (8)305-307 mathematical dosimetry modeling, (8)357- 363 ozone absorption in, (8)302-310 Lowest-observed-effect level (LOEL), (6)2, 10, 27-28, 53, 82, 272, 277-279, 285, 286-287 dibromochloropropane, (6)320-321, 325
232 CUMULATIVE INDEX di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, (6)357-358 nitrofen, (6)378-379 pentachlorophenol, (6)393-395 Lubricants, pipe, (4)63 Lung(s), (1); (3); (4); (6); (8); (9) administration, (8)115 cancer, (9)23, 38, 72 cells, (6)205-206 cells-metabolic properties of, (6)206-207 congestion, (1)788 disease, beryllium, (1)234 dosimetry model, (8)235 elimination of compounds by, (6)208-210 mass-balance equation, (8)261-262 partition coefficients, (8)91 silica and asbestos problems, (3)356 toxic effects, (9)65, 75 (see respiratory system), (4) Lung cancer, (5) arsenic exposure, (5) 118 asbestos exposure, (5) 123, 126- 127, 129, 137 Luteinizing hormone (LH), (6)40, 45, 55 Lymphatic system, (9) 164- 165 Lymphocytes, (9)23 M Macrolesions, (6)69-70 Macrophages, (6)150 alveolar, (6)207 Magnesium, (1)210, 221, 261-265, 302, 303, 311 Magnesium nutrition, (3)272-276, 374-375 calcium interaction, (3)274 fluoride interaction, (3)282 phosphorus interaction, (3~274 potassium interaction, (3)274 Mains, water distribution, (4) corrosion, (4) 15- 16 materials for, (4) 12 Malathion, (1)620-628, 793; (6)75; (9)103, 135, 152-157 ADI, (1)626, 793 effects in man, (1)622 toxicity data, (1)627 Males, (6) germ cell mutations, (6)69-82 infertility, (6)59 reproductive dysfunction, (6)71, 72, 77 reproductive impairment, (6)53-68 reproductive system, (6)53-55 reproductive toxicity, (6)55-68 (see also humans), (6) Malformations, (6) 15- 18 major, (6)23-24, 35 maternal toxicity and, (6)26 minor, (6)24 Malnutrition, (6)119 MAM (methylazoxymethanol), (6) 117 Mammals, flow diagram for, (8)40 Mammary glands, (9)66 Maneb, (see dithiocarbamates), (1) Manganese, (1)207, 210, 212, 214-215, 218, 220-221, 265-270, 302-303, 311-312; (4)40, 95 deposits in distribution system, (4)3, 93 health effects, (4) 150 Manganese nutrition, (3)331-337, 374-375 calcium phosphate interaction, (3)336 iron interaction, (3)311, 336 Manganism, (1)269 Marginal chlorination, (7)82 Marijuana, (6)49 Mass action law, (8)20 Mass balances, (6); (8)44 basic, (8)44, 46-47 blood pool, (8)46-47 equations for, (6) 176, 180; (8) 14, 51 -54, 261-263 simplifications of, (8)47-56 tissue regions, (8)47, 48 Mass spectrometry, (2); (9)24, 39-40, 43, - 44,46 THM identification, (2) 156 Massachusetts, (7) correlational study, (7)51-52 mortality case-control study, (7)55 Mass-specific rates, (8)73-74 Maternal toxicity, (6) embryonic toxicity and, (6)88 malformations and, (6)25-26 relationship between developmental toxicity and, (6)25-27 Mathematical model(s), (3); (6); (8); (9)9 carcinogenic risk estimation, (9) 163- 166 computer-assisted techniques, (9)42, 98, 109-110, 112, 171-174 DNA adduct formation for chronic exposures, (9)11, 57-58 dose vs response-additivity, toxins, (9)177-181
CUMU~TIVE I NDEX 233 fractional factorials, (9)98, 121 - 122, 130, 170 functions and model, (6)280-281 hazard index, EPA, (9)96, 123- 129, 159, 168, 169 pharrnacokinetic models, (8)445-446; (9)109-111, 113, 171-174 response-surface techniques, (9)98, 130- 131, 169 risk assessment, (3)54 synergism, (9) 175- 176 (see models, mathematical), (5) (see also statistical analysis), (9) Mating index, (6)73 Maximum, (3); (6); (7); (8) concentration, (8)97, 99, 112 contaminant level (MCL), (7) 13 likelihood estimates (MLEs), (6)256 permissible concentration, uranium tests. (3)177 velocity of reaction, (8) 14 Maximum contaminant levels, (4) Bennington, Vt., (4)39 Seattle, Wash., (4)37, 38 Maximum tolerated dose (MTD), (3)100; (6)152; (7)128; (8)6, 432-433, 449, 450 interspecies toxicology, (3)29 MBK (methyl n-butyl ketone), (6)130 MCLs, (see maximum contaminant levels), (4) MCPA (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid), (1)509-519 carcinogenicity, (1)515 dose levels, (1)513-515, 796 mutagenicity, (1)515 teratogenicity, (1)515-516 toxicity, (1)513-515, 516, 518-519 Mean circulation time, (8)41 Mechanisms, carcinogenic, (1) 15 MEHP (mono[2-ethylhexyl] phthalate), (6)338, (see also di[2-ethylhexyl] phthalate), (6) Meiosis, (6)38-40 arrest of, (6)38 initiation of, (6)38 Membrane(s), (1); (8) diffusion through thick, (8) 122- 123 effects on toxic substances, (1)34 filter (MF) bacterial assay, (1)70, 72, 76, 78-79, 87 limited model, (8)446-447 permeability, (8)48-49 resistance, (8)41 Memory, (9)63 Men, (see males), (6) Meningoencephalitis, (1) 113 Menopause, (6)42 Menstrual cycle, (6)40, 41 Mental retardation, (1)259 Mercuric chloride, (6)74 Mercury, (1)207, 208, 215, 220-221, 270 279' 302-303, 312-313; (3) analytic methods. (1)277-278 ingestion, effects of, (1)275-276 kidney impairment, (1)275 Minamata disease, (1)276 selenium interaction, (3)328-329 Merkuran, (1)275 Merpan, (see captan), (1) Mesothelioma, (1)160; (5) asbsetos-fiber-induced. (5) 123, 125, 127, 140-141, 143-144 Metabolic changes, time-dependent, (6)200 201 Metabolic activation, (9)52 carbamates, (9) 153 DNA adducts, specific, (9)61-77 genetic heterogeneity, (9)25, 27 mixtures of toxins, classification, (9)97. IDS organophosphorus compounds, (9) 150 153 pharmacokinetic models, (9) 109- 111, 114, 171-174 rates across species, sexes, and tissues, (9)8-9 Metabolism, (1); (4); (5); (6); (7); (8) acetonitrile, (4)203-204 acrylamide, (6)298 aldicarb, (5)10 alkaline earth, (1)870 aluminum, (4) 157- 158 animal rates, (1)31 benzene, (4)253 carbofuran, (5) 13 carbon tetrachloride. (5) 16 chemical agents, (1)29, 33 chlorate, (7)100- 101 chlorine dioxide, (4) 174; (7)84 chlorite, (7) 100- 101 chlorobenzene, (5) 18- 19 chloropicrin, (7) 164
234 CUMULATIVE ENDS chloropropanes and chloropropenes, (6)327 clearance, (8)81, 102 o-dichlorobenzene, (5)23 p-dichlorobenzene, (5)25-26 1,2-dichloroethane, (5)28-30 1,1-dichloroethylene, (5)32-33 1,2-dichloroethylene, (5)40-41 dichloromethane, (5)43-44 di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, (6)339-340 differences between species, (1)33, 53 dinitrophenols, (4)233-235 dinoseb, (5)46-47 DMF, (4)215-218 dose-dependent changes in, (8)125-139 elimination by, (8) 143- 148 factor in dose-response models, (1)46 glucose, (1)242 haloacetonitriles, (7) 157- 158 haloacids, (7) 134- 136 haloaldehydes, (7) 144- 146 hexachlorobenzene. (S)SO-51 in humans compared to laboratory animals. (5)3 interorgan differences in, (8)145 interspecies differences in, (8) 147- 148 methomyl, (5)57 monochloramine. (7)91-93 mononitrophenol, (4)232-233 nitrites, (4)203-204 nitrobenzene, (4)223-224 nitrofen. (6)369 PAHs, (4)257-259 pathways, (8)14 pentachlorophenol. (6)385-387 picloram, (5)60 production, (8)19 rate constants. (8)212. 288-290 role of, (8)392-396 rotenone. (5)64 sex differences in. (8)144 silver, (4) 184- 185 strain differences in, (8)143-144 strontium, (4) 188- 189 tetrachloroethylene. (5)71 trichlorfon, (6)395. 397 I, I, I-trichloroethane, (5)74-75 trichloroethylene, (5)79-80 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, (4)265 trihalomethanes, (7) 112- 114 trinitrophenols, (4)235 uranium, (5)92-93 urinary, (8)147 vinyl chloride, (5)85-86 Metabolite(s), (6); (8) concentration of, (8) 120 elimination. concentration-dependent, (8)134-135 formation and elimination of, (8) 117- 118 functional classification of, (8) 118 reactive, (see reactive rnetabolite), (6) reactive nonisolatable, (8) 17, 19 stable, (8)17, 18, 119 unstable, (8) 119 Metachloronitrobenzene, (1)799 Metallic, (1); (4) cations, interactions with clays, (1)138- 139, 142 ions, (4)6 Metals, (1); (4); (9) 117 allowable concentrations of. (1)14 analysis of, (1)226-229 concentrations in finished versus red waters, (4)94, 95 decaying vegetation and, (1)205 essential, (1)302 finished water, (1)209-210 in piping systems, (1)206-209 precipitation models, (4)24 in raw water, (1)210-216 removal, (1)217-226 oxides, in soil, (1)169 tap water, (1)206-209 trace, in water systems ~ (1) 170- 171, 175 176, 205-316 (see also specific metals), (I) Metastasis, (6)142 Methadone, (6)68 Methemoglobin~ (1)416, 417-418. 424 437; (4); (7)102 formation, (4)223, 240 Methemoglobinemia, (4) chlorinated disinfectants and, (4) 175 178 mononitrophenol toxicity and. (4)239-240 nitrobenezene and, (4)223, 225 Method of residuals, (8)29 Methomyl. (see aldicarb). (1); (5)9, 57-60; (9)133 acute effects. (5)57 anticholinesterase activity, (5)57 carcinogenicity, (S)S9 chronic effects, (5)58 human health effects, (5)57 metabolism, (5)57
CUMULATIVE INDEX 235 mutagenicity, (5)58-59. 99 SNARL, (5)59, 98 teratogenicity, (5)59 Methotrexate (MTX), (8)410-425 pharmacokinetic model of, (8)53-56 Methoxychlor, (1)579, 581-584 carcinogenicity, (1)583 dose effects, (1)582, 796 Methoxyethanol, (6)77 o-methoxyphenol, (1)704-741, 798 Methyl n-butyl ketone (MBK), (6)130 Methyl chloride, (1)741-743' 798 Methyl chloroform, (see 1,1,1- trichloroethane), (8)392-408 Methyl ethyl ketone, (4)64, 66 Methyl halides, hydrolysis rates, (2)184 Methyl ketone, (2) 141 Methyl methacrylate, (1)745-748 effects in animals, (1)746 effects in man, (1)746 toxicity data, (1)748 Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), (6)149; (9)26-27 Methyl parathion, (see parathion), (1); (9)135 Methylating agents, (9)10, 20, 42 Methylazoxymethanol (MAM), (6) 117 Methylcyanide, (see acetonitrile), (4) Methylene chloride (dichloromethane, DCM), (1)743-745, 798; (2)158; (3); (8)171-172, 254-264, 392-408, 458- 462 toxicity, (3) 124- 128 N-methy~formamide, (4) DMF exposure and, (4)215-218 in plastic pipe joints, (4)64, 66 Methylmercury compounds, (1)221, 272, 274-279 Methylmercury hydroxide, (6)74 Methylphenyltetrahydropyridine (MPTP), (6)112 Methylstearate, (1)799 MFO (mixed-function oxidase) path, (3); (8)459, 461 O6-MG (O6-methyldeoxyguanosine), (9)23 Miami, Fla., (2) chlorinated organics removal, (2)297 pilot plant eMuent bacteria, (2)309 Mice, old, (8)407-408 Michaelis-Menten kinetics, (8)81 -83, 125 126 Microbial activity, (2) adsorption interaction, (2)294-299 bacterial growth on GAC, (2)306-308 denitrification, (2)305 DOC removal, (2)301 GAC, (2)293-315 indirect measurements. (2)301 low-molecular-weight toxicants, (2)310- 312 microbe adherence to GAC, (2)306 Netherlands, (2)299 organic compounds, (2)294-296 ozone and chlorine pretreatment, (2)299- 304 prechlorination effects. (2)303-304 precursors, (2)311 product water contamination, (2)306-310 wastewater treatment. (2)304-306 Microbiological contaminants, (1) 12- 13. (see also bacteria. protozoa, viruses). (1) Microbiology of water, (1)63- 134, 179- 183 bacteria, (1)67-88, 119- 120 epidemiology. (1)63-66, 91 -94, 112. 118-119 helminths, (1)115-117 protozoa. (1)112-115 viruses, (1)88-111, 120 water treatment practices and parasite removal, (1)117-118, 120-121 Micrococcus ~pecies. (1)85; (2)97 Microcomputers~ (8)231-232, 234 Microlesions. (6)70 Microorganisms. distribution system, (2); (4)4 adsorption, (2)9 attached, (4) 113 corrosion and, (4)14, 28-29 encrustations of. (4) 117. 120- 120 filter-red sand, (4) 125 growth on ion exchange resins, (2)346 growth rate of. (4) 119 pipe network and, (4)125 water quality and. (4) 122- 123. 124 Microorganisms in water, action of. ( / ) 179 183 bacteria, (1) 180- 181 disinfection, difficulty of. ( I ) 179- 180. 182 hydroxide gel coated. ( I ) 186 microbial aggregates. ( / ) 179 particle interaction in water, ( I ) 179- 183 viral aggregates. ( I ) 179- 180
236 CUMULATIVE INDEX viruses, (1) 181 - 183 Micropores, activated carbon, (2)254 Microscopy, (see electron microscopy, optical microscopy), (1) Microsomal detoxification, disturbance of. (6)386 Microwaves, (6)72 Milk of nursing mothers, (1)575, 758 Mills-Reincke theorem, (1)7, 8 Minamata disease, (1)276 Mineral fibers, (1); (3) identification, (1) 155- 159 intake, (3)267 nutrition, (3)265, 267 occurrence, (1) 151 - 155 removal' (1) 184 (see also asbestos), (1) (see also drinking water contribution to mineral nutrition), (3) Minimum, (8) concentration, (8)97, 112 half-life (8)106 Mississippi River, (2); (3) chlorinated compounds, (2)156 drinking water and cancer relationship (3)5 GAC treatment, (2)290 Jefferson Parish water treatment plant, (2)298 laboratory studies. (2) 186 potassium halide and THM formation (2)187 prechlorination treatments (2)269 water quality studies, (3)8 Miticides, (1) 172 Mitotic rate, (8)380 Mixed-function oxidase (MFO) path (3); (8)459, 461 trichloroethylene effects. (3) 162 MLEs (maximum likelihood estimates) (6)256 MMS (methyl methane sulfonate)~ (6)149 Model compounds, (2) bromine reaction ~ (2) l 89 chloramine reaction (2) 173- 181 chlorine dioxide reaction ~ (2) 194- 199 chlorine reaction ~ (2) 160- 163 iodine reaction. (2) 189 ozone reaction, (2)204-229 Models, (3); (4); (6); (8); (9)125 adenine arabinoside' (8)58 additive model for asbestos exposure, (5)126-127, 144 anatomical, lower respiratory tract, (8)305-307 Armitage-Doll multistage (8)443 building, (8) 187, 188- 193 cancer, two-stage, (8)21 carcinogenesis, (8)443 -chemical equilibrium, (4)24, 61 compartmental, (8) 162 computer-assisted techniques, (9)42. 98. 109-110, 112, 171-174 cytotoxicity' (8)274-277 data sets lacking, (9)27 dose additivity, (9) 102- 103, 153- 154 156'157-158'168'177-178 dose-response, (3)56-60 dosimetry, (see dosimetry), (8) drinking water exposures' (8)401-406 extrapolation, (4)8 flow-limited' (8)446 GI cancer from asbestos ingestion (5)7. 127-134 hitness, (see target theory)' (3) inhalation, (8) 165- 167 intravenous injection exposures, (8)406 kinetic, (see pharmacokinetic models). (8) Kliment zone, (8)307 linear compartrrient, (8) 104, 105 linear dose-effect model for asbestos exposure, (5) 128- 130 linear steady-state' (8) 117- 118 lung dosimetry, (8)235 mathematical, (5)viii; (8)445-446 mathematical, risk assessment, (3)54 membrane-limited' (8)446-447 metal precipitation, (4)24 mixtures of toxins, effects, (9)96, 109 114, 117-118, 169, 171-174 multicompartment, (see multicompartment model)' (8) multiplicative model for asbestos exposure' (5) 126- 127, 143- 144 multispecies multiroute, (8)391-408 one-compartment (see one-compartment model), (8) one-hit model for arsenic exposure, (5)122 parallel tube, (8)86-87 ~ 113 PB-PK, (see physiologically based pharmacokinetic models) (8)
CUMULATIVE INDEX 237 PBD, (see physiologically based dosimetry model), (8) perfusion-limited physiological, (8)82-83 pharmacokinetic, (see pharmacokinetic models), (8); (9)97-98, 109-114, 117 118, 164, 171-174 physiologically based, (see physiologically based pharmacokinetic models), (8) response, (9) 102- 103, i29- 131, 168, 177, 179-181 risk estimation, (3)2-3; (9)51-58, 168 single-hit and multistage relationship, (3)59 sinusoidal perfusion, (8)86-87 steady-state, linear, (8)117-118 theoretical risk estimation, (3)52-54 three-compartment, (see three compartment model), (83 tumorigenesis in animals, (9~19-21 two-compartment, (see two-compartment model), (8) two-stage carcinogenicity, (8)21, 273-274 venous-equilibration, of organ elimination, (8)83-86 well-stirred, of organ elimination, (8)83 86, 113 (see also mathematical models, statistical analysis), (9) Models, multistage, (3); (5); (8) multistage, carcinogenesis, (3)54, 58 multistage model for chlorobenzene exposure, (5)21 multistage model for 1, 1,1-trichloroethane exposure, (5)77 Molecular dosimetry, (9)4, 14, 42-43, SO germ cell mutation, (9) 18 mammalian cells in tissue culture, (9)38 Molybdenosis, (3)361 Molybdenum, (1)210-212, 218, 220-221, 279-284, 302-303, 313-314 bone disease, (1)282 diarrhea, (1)282 gout, (1)283 toxicity, (1)283-284 Molybdenum nutrition, (3)357-364, 374- 375 copper interaction, (3)314, 362-363 fluoride interaction, (3)363 iron interaction, (3)363 sulfides interaction, (3)363 Mongolism, (1)377 Monobromamine, (2)74 Monobromobenzene, (see bromobenzene), (1) Mono-n-butyl phthalate, (6)77 Monochloramine, (2)20, 22, 26-27, 38, 166-168; (7)2, 60-62, 90-99 acute effects in humans, (7)93-94 acute effects in other species, (7)95 bactericidal action, (7) 16, 20 carcinogenicity, (7)97 chronic effects in other species, (7)96 comparative efficacy, (7) 12 health effects in humans, (7)93-95 health effects in other species, (7)95-98 metabolism, (7)91-93 mutagenicity, (7)96-97 NOEL,: (7)99 SNARL, (7)99 subchronic effects in humans, (7)94-95 subchronic effects in other species, (7)95- 96 teratogenicity, (7)97-98 (see also chloramines), (7) Monochlorobenzene, (see chlorobenzene), (1) Monochloroethylene, (see vinyl chloride), (5) Monochlorophenols, (see chlorophenols), (7) Monoclonal antibodies, (9)23, 40, 41 Monocytes, (6) 150 Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), (6)338, 411; (9)73-74 (see also di[2-ethylhexyl] phthalate), (6) Monomers, (4); (9)61-63 unpolymerized, (4)63, 70, (see also vinyl chloride), (4) Mononitrophenols, (4) health effects, (4)235, 237, 239-240. 241 isomeric forms of, (4)230 metabolism, (4)232-233 production, (4)230 properties of, (4)231 SNARL, (4)203, 244-245 uses, (4)230 Monosodium glutamate, (6)76 Monosomies, (6)70 Montmorillonite, (1) 137, 143, 185 Monuron, (1) 172 Moolgavkar-Knudson ~nodel, (6)9; (8)276- 277 Moraxella, (2)309
238 CUMULATIVE INDEX Morbidity, (1) major, (1)26 minor, (1)26 Morphine, (6)49 Mortality, (3); (6); (7) case-control studies, (7)52-55 infant, (6)36 M ratio, standard (SMR), (6)241 rates-halomethane levels, (3) 14- 15 (see also death, lethality), (6) Motor, (6); (9) area, (6)109 functions, (9)63 nerve fibers, (6)107 MPC, (see maximum permissible concentrations), (3) MEN (most-probable-number) procedure of quantification, (1)70, 72, 79, 80 MPTP (methylphenyltetrahydropyridine), (6)112 MRFIT (Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial) studies, (6)233 MTD (maximum tolerated dose), (3); (6)152; (8)6, 432-433, 449, 450 MTX, (see methotrexate), (a) Mucociliary clearance, (8)329 Mucopolysaccharide, (31355-356 Mucosal cells, (6)213 Multicompartment model, (8)29, 235-239 Multienzyme system, (8)86 Multievent theory of carcinogenesis, (1)40- 41, 43, 45, 48 Multigeneration studies, (6)51-53 details of protocol for, (6)83-85 Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) studies, (6)233 Multispecies multiroute models, (8)391-408 Multistage dose-response model, (6)268-269 Multistage theory of carcinogenesis, (3); (6) 139- 142, 147; (8) multistage models, carcinogenesis, (3)54, 58; (8)150, 463, 467-468 Municipal, (1); (3) waste disposal, (1) 174- 176 water supply, (see public water supplies). (3) Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, asbestos control research, (4)43 Murine and human toxicity, comparison of, (8)43A-435 Muscle, (8) energetics of, (8)68-69 group (MG) of organs, (8)447 mass-balance equation, (8)51 partition coefficients, (8)91 Mutagenesis, (1)25, 53; (6) assays, (1)20 chemical, (1)38 effects, (1)2S, 52, 874-878 germ cell, (6)3, 65-66, 155- 156 measuring in humans, (1)30, 877-884 Mutagenicity, (1); (4); (5); (6)3, 253; (7)45- 46; (9) acetonitrile, (4)205 acrylamide, (6)300; (9)62 aldicarb, (5)11, 99; (6)305 aluminum, (4) 165 analysis of water samples for, (4)83 arsenic, (9)75 BaP, (9)64 benzene, (4)254 cadmium, (4)172 carbofuran, (5) 14- 15, 99 carbon tetrachloride, (5) 17, 99 chlorate, (7) 108 chlorine dioxide, (7)88 chlorite, (7) 108 chlorobenzene, (5)20, 99 chloroform, (4)206-207 chlorophenois, (7)172 chloropicrin, (7) 167- 168 chloropropanes and chloropropenes, (6)334-335; (9)72 chromium, (9)65 correlation with carcinogenicity, ( I )20, 22, 37-38 DBCP, (4)211 -212 diallate, (6)311; (9)70 dibromochloropropane, (6)322-323; (9)66 o-dichlorobenzene, (5)24, 99 p-dichlorobenzene, (5)27, 99 1,2-dichloroethane, (5)30-31, 99 1,1-dichloroethylene, (5)36-37, 99 1,2-dichloroethylene, (5)42-43, 99 dichloromethane, (5)44-45, 99 di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, (6)341-344; (9)73 dinitrophenols, (4)242-243 dinoseb, (5)48, 49 DMF, (4)220-221 DNA adducts as dosimeters, (9)6, 47-49 DNA adducts, site relevance, (9) 13- 17 DNA adducts, specific, (9)61-77
CUMULATIVE INDEX 239 ethylene dibromide, (6)364-365; (9)67 germ cells, (9) 18- 19, 21, 26, 27 haloacetonitriles, (7) 160- 161 haloacids, (7) 141 haloaldehydes, (7) 150 haloketones, (7) 155- 156 hexachlorobenzene, (5)54, 99 hydrogen binding during DNA replication' (9)15-16 lead, (4)182 methomyl, (5)58-59, 99 monochloramine, (7)96-97 mononitrophenols, (4)242 nitrobenzene, (4)227 nitrofen, (9)75 PAHs, (4)261-262 pentachlorophenol, (6)391; (9)77 picloram, (5)61, 99 rotenone, (5)67-68, 99 shoft-te~m tests, (5)5-6 silver, (4) 186 strontium, (4)191 sulfallate, (6)312-313; (9)70 tetrachloroethylene, (5)72-73, 99 trichlorfon, (6)403-405; (9)68 1, 1,1-tr~chloroethane, (5)76, 99 trichloroethylene, (5)81-82, 99 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, (4)267 trihalomethanes, (7) 122 uranium, (5)96, 99 vinyl chloride, (5)86-87, 99 Mutagens, (1) 15 definition, (1)802 Mutation accumulation, (8) cell birth versus, (~)277 cytotoxicity and, (8)273-283 Mutations, (1); (6) cell, (1)47 cellular, (6)140 change in chromosome number, (1)876- 877 chromosome aberrations, (1)875-877 definition, (1)875 germ cell, (1)26, 875 heritable, (6)71 induced, (1)877-884 in offspring, (1)23, 875-877 point, (6)81 rate and dose, (1)879, 884-888 recessive, (6)71 replication-dependent, (6)78 risk estimates, (1)879-881 somatic cell, (1)875, 884-889; (6)283 from toxic chemicals, (1)23 Mycobacterium, (2); (4)29 Mycobacteriumfortuitum, (2)14, 45 Mycobacterium phlei, (2)15 Mycoplasma, (1)63, 64 Myc-type oncogenes, (6)142 Myelination, (6) 112 Myopathies, (6)123 Myxedema, iodine-~oiter relationship. (3)305-306 N Nabam, (see dithiocarbamates) . ( I ) NACE, (see National Association of Corrosion Engineers) (4) Nacrite, (1)137 NADPH, (see nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), (5) Naegleria species, (1) 113 National Air Sampling Network, (3)365 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQSs), (8)353-354 National Association of Corrosion Engineers, corrosion monitoring tests, (4)34 National Biomedical Simulation Resource (NBSR), (8)233, 246-247 National Bladder Cancer Study. (7)57-58 196-197 National Cancer Institute, (3) Bioassay Program, (3)151 chloroform studies, (3)5' 7 DCE tests, (3)109 tetrachloroethylene studies, (3)139 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Second (NHANES II)~ (6)230 National Heart and Luno Institute~ MCL ~ . study, (4)37 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, (4) DBCP exposure standard~ (4)210 nitrile TWA standard' (4)203 National Organic Monitoring Survey (2)145; (3)81 aromatic compounds~ (2) 156 THM in U.S. municipal water supplies (2)150-151 National Organics Reconnaissance Survey~ (2) 144- 145; (3) 1 3, 17 municipal water supplies analysis, (2) 165- 166
240 CUMULATIVE INDEX THM in U.S. municipal water supplies, (2)150-151, 172-173 National Sanitation Foundation, plastic pipe studies, (4)65, 69 National Statistical Assessment of Rural Water Conditions, (3)373 National Toxicology Program (NTP), (8)449; (9)102, 115-117 NCI, (see National Cancer Institute), (3) NCRP (National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements), (1)857, 861, 865-866, 878, 886 NCTHM, (see nonchloroform trihalomethane), (3) NDMA, (see lV-nitrosodimethylamine), (2) Necator americanus, (I ) 115 Necrosis, (1) centrilobular, (1)704 tubular, of kidney, (1)243 Nematodes, (1)115-118, 121 Neonates, (7)59-60 Neoplasms, (1)21; (6) 150 Nephelometric turbidity unit, (2)10 Nephrosis, toxic, (1)334 Nerve conduction, (6) 111 Nervous system, (4); (6)105-134; (9)63, 67, 69, 70, 75, 77, 104, 147 acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, (9)146 159, 170 in aged, (6) 124- 125, 126- 127 aliphatic hydrocarbons effect on, (4)251 252 aluminum toxicity to, (4)160, 163 central (CNS), (6)108 diseases and, (6) 125- 127 human, (see human nervous system), (6) peripheral (PNS), (6)107 trinitrophenols effects on, (4)239 Nested case-comparison studies, (6)233 Netherlands, (2); (9)138 bacteria in effluent. (2)309 microbial activity, water treatment, (2)299 Neuroactive agents, (6)106 Neurobehavioral changes, (6) 105 Neurological diseases, (6) 125- 130 Neurons, (6) 107, 110- 111 cerebral cortical, (6) 125 sympathetic, (6) 115 Neuropathy, peripheral, (1)757 Neuroteratology, (6) 106, 115- 118 Neurotoxic effects of haloacids, (7) 141 - 142 Neurotoxicity, (6)3-4, 105-134 in animal data, (6) 131- 133 chloropropanes and chloropropenes, (6)334 chronic, (6)277 common clinical manifestations of human, (6) 128 diallate, (6)311 effects of, (6) 105- 134 pentachlorophenol, (6)391 responses, (6) 106- 107, 118- 123 risk assessment of, (6) 133- 134, 276-281 trichlorfon, (6)403 New Jersey, (3); (4); (5) corrosion in water supply system, (4)34 GI cancer in asbestos workers, (5)128 lung cancer in asbestos workers, (5)127 water quality study, (3) 12 New York State, (3); (5); (7); (9)126-127 asbestos workers and GI cancer, (5)128 mortality case-control study, (7)54-55 upstate, water quality, (3)9-10 New Zealand, (3); (9) 138 selenium intake low, (3)321 NHANES II (Second National Health and Nutrition Exemination Survey), (6)320 NHLI, (see National Heart and Lung Institute), (4) Niagara Falls, N.Y., (2) chlorine as water disinfectant, (2) 18 water treatment and chlorine dioxide use, (2)51 Nickel, (1)139, 207, 210-212, 215, 218, 220-221, 285-289, 302-303, 314; (4); (6); (8) health effects, (1)287-288; (4) 150 injection, (8)237-239 sulfate, (6)74 Nickel nutrition, (3)345-350 iron interaction, (3)349 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, (~)30, 75 Nicotine, (1)747, 749 NIOSH, (see National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health), (4) Nitralin, (see dinitroanalines), (1) Nitrates, (1)411 -425, 436-439 analytical methods for, (1)423-424 carcinogenicity, (1)416, 420-422, 425, 438 toxicity, (1)416-420, 437 Nitrification, GAC, (2)272 Nitriles, (4); (7)43
CUMULATIVE INDEX 241 cyanide release by, (4)203 health effects, (4)204-205 metabolism, (4)203-204 TWA, (4)203 uses, (4)202-203 (see also acetonitrile), (4) Nitrites, (1)414-416, 418-420, 424, 438 Nitrobenzene, (4)222-229 health effects, (4)224-229 metabolism, (4)223-224 SNARL, (4)203, 229 uses, (4)222 Nitrochloroform, (see chloropicrin), (7) Nitrochloromethane, (see chloropicrin), (7) Nitrofen, (6)368-382; (9)75-76 ADI, (6)379, 410-411 carcinogenic risk estimate, (6)372, 373, 410-411 carcinogenicity, (6)371-372 developmental effects, (6)373-376 developmental risk estimate, (6)376-380 health aspects in humans, (6)369 health aspects in other species, (6)370 LOEL, (6)378-379 metabolism, (6)369 NOEL, (6)376-379, 381, 382 reproductive effects, (6)381 SNARL, (6)410-411 studies needed, (6)412 tumor incidence, (6)372 Nitrofuran compounds, (6)76 Nitrogen, (2)22; (4); (7) biofilm, (4) 118 compounds, organic, (7)42-44, 62-66 compounds, reaction with chlorine, (4)96 97 tribromide, (2)74, 79 bichloride, (2)22-23, 166-168, 170 Nitrophenols, (4)229-247 conclusions relating to, (4)244 production, (4)232 (see also dinitrophenols, mononitrophenols, trinitrophenols), (4) Nitrosamines, (1); (2)311, 346-347 carcinogenic, (1)33, 416, 438 N-nitroso compounds, (1)421, 424, 438 N-nitrosodimethylamine, (2)346 Nitrous oxide, (2)22; (6)77 N7-MG (N7-methylguanine), (9)10 No-effect doses, (1)24 NOELs, (see no-observable-effect levels), (8)4-5 Nomenclature, (1) asbestos, (1)144-145 bacteria, (1)68 NOMS, (see National Organic Monitoring Survey), (2); (3) Nonanal toxicity, (3)225-226 Nonane, (1)799 Nonbiological substances, production, (2)315-327 Noncarcinogenic effects, (6)253 Noncarcinogens, (1) 15 dose evaluation for, (1)57-58 thresholds, (1)58 Nonchloroform trihalomethane, (3) 13, 17 Nonelimination organs, (8) 109- 114 Non-first-pass, (8) elimination organs, (8) 109, 112- 113 nonelimination organs, (8) 109- 112 Nongenetic carcinogens, (6) 153 Nongenotoxic, term, (6)282 Nonhaloform products, THM reactions, (2)153-154 Noningestion exposure, (6)295 Nonionic polymeric adsorbents, (2)338 Nonlinear, (8) kinetics, (8)104 method, (8)190 Nonmutagens, (1)57-58 Nonreversible effects, (1)23, 24, 26 Nonspecif~c organic analysis, (2)361-363 Nonthreshold, (1); (4) approach, (1)21 effect of chemical contaminants, (4)7 Nontronite, (1)137, 142 No-observed-effect doses, (1)24, 25 divided by safety factor, (1)54 No-observed-effect level (NOEL), (6)2, 10, 22, 27-28, 53, 257, 266-267, 272- 273, 277-279, 285, 286, 296; (7)81; (8)4-5 chlorate, (7)110 chlorine dioxide, (7)90 chlorite, (7) 110 chlorophenols, (7) 173 dibromochloropropane, (6)320-321, 325 di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, (6)357-358 haloacetonitriles, (7) 161 haloacids, (7)143 monochloramine, (7)99 nitrofen, (6)376-379, 381, 382 pentachlorophenol, (6)393-396
242 CUMULATIVE INDEX NORS, (see National Organics Reconnaissance Survey), (2); (3) North Carolina case-control study using personal interview, (7)55-56 Norwalk agent, (1)93 Norwalk virus, (7) 14, 15 chlorine and, 23-24 N-substituted acetanilides, (see amides), (1) No-threshold risk estimation model, (3)2 NTP (National Toxicology Program), (8)449 NTU, (see nephelometric turbidity unit), (2) Nuclear, (1) fuel effluents, (1)865 weapon testing, (1)862 Numerical risk assessments, (see carcinogenic risk estimates), (5) Nutritional status, (6)117 O Obesity, dinitrophenols for treatment of, (4)237 Occupancy, (8)11 Occupational exposure, (9)5 carcinogens, (9)23, 24-25, 164 chromium, (9)65 diallate, (9)69 organophosphorus insecticides, (9)103, 154 threshold limit values, (9) 126- 127 Occupational Safety and Health Administration, DBCP exposure standard, (4)210 Oceans, iodine content, (3)303 Octanal, (3)226-227 Ohio River, water quality studies, (3)8, 11 Octyl chloride, (1)799 Odor, water, (4) biofilms and, (4) 112 chlorination and, (4)130 Ohio River, (2); (3) combined residual chlorination, (2)172 hypochlorous acid treatment, (2)186 TOC removal studies, (2)269 Valley Basin, water quality and cancer studies, (3)11 Oil pollutants in sediments, (1)175 Olefins, (4)251, 252 Oligodendrocytes, (6) 112 Olmstead County, Minn., thyroiditis prevalence. (3)306 Oncogenes, (6)5, 142-143 One-compartment model, (8)28-20, 55 One-hit dose response model of carcinogenesis, (1)39-40, 45 Ontario, Canada, asbestos concentration in distribution system, (4)50 Oocytes, (6)37 destruction, (6)41, 89 maturation, (6)38, 39 preovulatory, (6)43 primary, (6)37-38, 40 radiosensitivity, (6)42-43 secondary, (6)38, 40 toxicity, (6)41-42 Oogenesis, (6) completion of, (6)38 radiation effects on, (6)42-43 xenobiotic compounds and, (6)43-45 Oogonia, (6)37-40 Opioid peptides, (6)48 Optical microscopy, asbestos fibers, (1)156 Oral, (6); (8) administration, (8)116 contraceptives, (6)72 model, (6)183-186 Orange County, Calif., wastewater treatment, (2)205, 325 Organic, (1); (2); (3) amines, chlorine reaction, (2) 19 arsenicals, toxicity, (3)342 chemical structure, biodegradability, (2)294 chloramines, (2)20, 28-29 debris, effects on water, (1)177 particles in soil, (1)135 pollutants and clays, (1) 140- 143, 169 Organic chemical contaminants, (4) reasons for inclusion in study, (4)202 (see also acetonitrile; benzene; chloroform; 1,2-dibromo-3 -chloropropane; dimethylformamide; nitriles; nitrobenzene; nitrophenols; petroleum products; polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons; 2,4,6-trichlorophenol), (4) Organic compounds-, (2); (9) adsorption by GAC, (2)263-267 adsorption isotherms, (2)261 adsorption of resin adsorbents, (2)350 biodegradability, (2)294-296 classes, (2)253 EPA regulations, (9)103 isotherms, (2)261
CUMULATIVE INDEX 243 microbial activity-adsorption interaction, (2)294-296 ozone effects, (2)302-303 pretreatment effectiveness, (2)268-271 recalcitrant, (2)294-295 removal, (2)258-259 (see also volatile organic compounds), (9) Organic particles in water, (1)135, 168-179 health effects, (1)190-191 in municipal and industrial wastes, (1)174-176 removal, (1) 185 in soil, (1)169-174 Organic reactions, (2) mediated by adsorbed compounds, (2)323-324 mediated by carbon, (2)317-320 Organisms, (2) disinfection, (2)9 model system indicators, (2) 12- 15 natural vs. laboratory cultures, (2)15-17 protection from disinfection, (2)9 Organobromides, (2) 186 Organogenesis, (6)13 Organoleptic test, (1)802 Organophosphates, (1)604-635; (9)69, 96, 103, 125, 133-136, 140-141, 146- 159, 170 (see also azinphosmethyl, diazinon, disulfoton, malathion, methyl parathion, parathion, phorate), (1) Organs, (8) availability, (8)104 classification of, (8) 108- 110 elimination, (8)83-86, 109, 112-114 first-pass, (8)109 grouping of, (8)447 location of organs of elimination, (8)116- 117 nonelimination, (8) 109- 114 non-first-pass, (8) 109- 113 rapidly equilibrated, (8)109 slowly equilibrated, (8)109 Organ-specific clearance, (6)210 Orthocide, (see captan), (1) Orthotolidine-arsenite method, (2)56, 58 OSHA, (see Occupational Safety and Health Administration), (4) Osteoporosis, (3) calcium loss, (3)270 fluoride requirements, (3)280 vitamin D deficiency, (3)270 Osteosclerosis, fluoride intake effects, (3)281 OTA, (see orthotolidine-arsenite method), (2) Ovarian, (6) failure, premature, (6)42 life span, (6)42 Ovary(ies), (6)41; (9) cancer, (9)22-23 radiation effect on. (6)43 Ovulation, (6)41 Oxidation processes, (7)67-68 Oxidative, (6); (8) pathway, saturable, (8)266 phosphorylation, uncoupling of, (6)386 reactions, (6)213 Oxime carbamates, (see aldicarb), (1) 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTZ), (7)112 Oxychlordane, (1)568 Oxygen, (2); (6) demand, seasonal fluctuation, (2)297 tension, high, (6)75 Ozone, (2); (7)9, 66; (8) absorption in lower respiratory tract, (8)302-310 ammonia reactions, (2)42 biocidal activities, (2)44, 46-49 by-products of disinfection, (2)204-229 by-products in drinking waters, (2)202- 204 by-products in nonpotable waters, (2)202- 204 by-products reactions, (2)209 chemistry, (2)42, 200-229, 230 comparative efficacy, (7?12 c t products, (2)49 decomposition, (7)68 determination, (2)43 disinfection, (2)42-51 dosimetry modeling approach with, (8)353-367 DPD methods, (2)45, 47 in drinking water disinfection, (7) 13 effects on organic compounds, (2)302-303 efficacy in demand-free system, (7)10 efficacy against parasites, (2)48 efficacy against viruses, (2)46-48 epoxide formation, (2)227 exercise and uptake of, (8)308-310 GAG, (2)272 gas stream, (2)43 generation, (2)211
244 CUMULATIVE INDEX half-life, (2)44 inorganic compounds reactions, (2)204 measurement methods, (2)43-44 mechanism of action, (2)48-49 microbial activity, (2)299-304 microorganism inactivation, (7)21 organic compounds, (2)302-303 production and application, (2)42-43 properties, (2)201-202 residuals, (2)44 Schecter method, (2)48 uptake of, (8~360-363 use pattern, (7)66-67 viruses, (2)47 water treatment plants, (2)43 Ozone (03), (1)109-110, 119 Ozonization, (2); (7)66 by-products, aliphatic compounds, (2)222 226 by-products, benzene and its homologs, (2)205 by-products, humic acids, (2)218-219 by-products, miscellaneous, (2)214-217, 228-229 by-products, pesticides, (2)220-221 by-products, phenolics, (2)210-213 by-products, polynuclear aromatics, (21206 Europe, (2)202 model organic and inorganic compounds, (2)204-208 Quebec, (2)202 Rouen-la-Chapelle, France, (2)203 seawater, (2)205 water, (1) 109 Zurich, Switzerland, (2)203 p P (probability), (8) 151 PAC, (see powdered activated carbon), (2) PAM-DNA, (9)23, 24, 28 PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). (6)43-44 (see polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons), (2); (4) Pakistan, (9) 103, 154 Palygorskite, (1) 137, 142 Pancreas, (9)75 Papillomas, (6) 144- 145 Paracide, (see PDB), (1) Parallel tube model, (8)86-87, 113 Paraquat, (1)543, 544-546; (6)75, 206 toxicity, (1)544, 545, 546 Parasites, (1)112-118, 120-121; (2)35-36, 48, 67-71 nematodes, (1)115-116 protozoa, (1)112-115 removal from water, (1) 117 Parasympathetic system, (6) 115 Parathion, (1)626, 629-636 ADI, (1)796 dose levels, (1)796 effects in animals, (1)630-632 effects in man, (1)630 toxicity, (1)633-636 Parathyroid, (3); (4) magnesium interaction, (3)274-275 hormone, (4) 158, 166 Parent chemicals, (8) 16- 17 Parkinson's disease, (1)269 Particles in water, (1) microorganism interaction, (1) 180- 183 removal, (1) 188 solid suspended, (1) 179- 188 viral interaction, (I) 181 - 182 Particulates, (1); (2) contaminants in water, (1) 13- 14 disinfection effects, (2)9- 11 (see also asbestos), (1) Particulates, removal from water, (1)183- 186 carbon, (1) 186 clay, (1)184 mineral fibers, (1) 184 metal hydroxides, (1) 186 polyelectrolytes, (1) 186 2-propenenitrile, (see acrylonitrile), (3) Partition coefficients, (8)33, 89-90, 91. 288. 317, 446 Parvoviruses, (1)88, 101 Pascal language, (8)231, 232 Pathogenic, (1) fungi, (1)63 yeast, (1)63 Pathogens, (1)67-69; (2) affected by chlorination, (1)21 bacterial, (1)69-70 detection in finished water, (1)69-88 parasites, (1) 117 transport, (1) 13 waterborne diseases, (2)5-6 PB, (see polybutylene plastic pipe), (4) PBBs (polybrominated biphenyls), (6)319
CUMULATIVE I NDEX 245 PBD (physiologically based dosimetry) model, (83354-357 PB-PK models, (see physiologically based pharmacokinetic models), (6); (8) PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), (1)756- 762; (3); (6)21 carcinogenic risk estimates, (1)760, 794 effects in animals, (1)758-759 effects in man, (1)757-758 toxicity data, (1)762 PCE (perchloroethylene), (83210-217, 285- 290, 369-382, 385-390, 462 PCNB (pentachloronitrobenzene), (1)673- 681 carcinogenic risk estimates, (1)679, 794 carcinogenicity, (1)677-678 effects in animals, (1)676-677 PCP, (see pentachlorophenol), (1)750-753; (m effects in animals, (1)751 effects in man, (1)750-751 toxicity data, (1)753 PDB (p-dichlorobenzene), (1)680, 682-686 ADI, (1)796 effects in animals, (1)683-684 effects in man, (1)682-683 toxicity data, (1~685 PE, (see polyethylene pipe), (4) Peeling process, (8)29 Pentachlorophenol (PCP), (6)382-396; (9)76-77 ADI, (6)411 in air, (6)384 in animals, (6)384 carcinogenic risk estimate, (6)411 carcinogenicity, (6)391-392 developmental effects, (6)392 developmental toxicity and, (6)393-396 epidemiological studies on, (6)244 in food, (6)384 health aspects in humans, (6)384-385, 387-388 health aspects in other species, (6)388- 390 immunotoxicity, (6)390-391 LOEL, (6)394-395 metabolism, (6)385-387 mutagenicity, (6)391 neurotoxicity, (6)391 NOEL, (6)394-395, 396 in sediment, (6)384 SNARL, (6)396, 411 in soil, (6)384 studies needed, (6)412 in water, (6)384 Pentachlorophenyl methyl ether, (1)799 Pentavalent arsenic toxicity, (3)339 Percentage response, log dosage versus, (8)4 Perchloroethylene (PCE), (see tetrachloroethylene), (1); (8)210-217, 285-290, 369-382, 385-390, 462 Perfusion-limited physiological model, (8)82-83 Perinatal period, (6)14 endocrine alterations in, (6)46-48 Peripheral nervous system (PNS), (6)107 Permeability barriers, (6)112; (8) membrane, (8)48-49 Persistent estrous syndrome, (6)46 .. . Perspectives, (8)471-475 Pesticide Accident Surveillance System (PASS), (1)661 Pesticides, (1)14, 140-142, 493-686; (2); (4); (6)106, 129; (9)68, 74, 76, 103, 133-136, 138-139, 153-154 carbamate, (6)303-314 DBCP in, (4)210, 214 ozonization by-products, (2)220-221 reactions, clay catalyzed, (1)142 reproductive effects in males, (6)74-75 (see also fumigant, herbicides, insecticides), (1) (see also aldicarb; diallate; dibromochloropropane; 1,2- dichloropropene; 1,3-dichloropropene; ethylene dibromide; nitrofen; pentachlorophenol; sulfallate; trichlorfon), (6) (see also insecticides), (9) Petroleum products, crude and refined, (4)247-255 drinking water contamination by, (4)247, 249 health effects, (4)251-252, 253-254 hydrocarbon classes in, (4)247-248 petroleum asphalt, (4)4 (see also benzene, toluene), (4) pH, of water, (4); (7) A/C pipe effect on, (4)51, 57 adjustment of, (4)58 conditions, high, in drinking water disinfection, (7) 13 Phaltan, (see captan), (1) Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics,
246 CUMULATIUE INDEX (1)38, 58, 494; (3); (6)9-10, 65, 177, 260-264; (9)47, 48 anticholinesterases, (9)146-159, 170 of DNA alteration, (9)9- 10 dose effects, (3)46-48 inhalation studies, extrapolation to drinking water, (9)111, 112-114, 171 174 mixtures of toxins, (9) 105- 106, 111, 112-118 physiologically based models, (9)97-98, 108-114, 117-118, 168, 170, 171-174 risk assessment and, (9) 108- 118 species testing, (3)48-51 volatile organic compounds, (9) 106, 113 114, 171-174 (see also synergism), (9) Pharmacokinetic models (PB-PK), (6)176- 186; (8)13, 36, 162, 229-230, 442 body size in, (8)65-78 building, (8) 185- 193 classical, (8)34-35, 37 computer languages used in, (8)230-232 conventional approaches to, (8)234-235 data in carcinogenic risk assessment, (8)441 -463 data-based inhalation models, (6)178-179 description of, (8)209-212 for drinking water exposures, (8)401-406 equipment needs for, (8)233-234 extending, to accommodate reality, (6)202-204 extrapolation, (8)161-162, (see also extrapolation), (8) flow chart of development of, (8)15 interspecies model simulations, (6)197- 200 introduction, (8)27-35 mathematical, (8)445-446 objective of, (8)96 physiologically based, (see physiologically based Pharmacokinetic models), (8) physiologically based models, (6) 180- 186 in risk assessment, (6)201-204 for thiopental, (8)50-54 uncertainty in, using SIMUSOLV, (8)185-207 Pharmacokinetic parameters, (6)65 Phenanthrene/anthracene, (4)4, 88, 99 Phencyclidine hydrochloride, (6)49-50 Phenobarbital, (6)145, 147; (7)126 Phenolic humic model compounds, (2)161 Phenolic substances, reactions, (2)155 Phenols, (2) chlorine dioxide reactions, (2)196 in competition, (2)277 ozonization by-products, (2)210-213 Phenylacetic acid, (1)754-755 Phenylamide herbicides, (1) 172, 173 Phenylmercuric acetate, (1)275 Philadelphia, Pa., water treatment, (2)276, 287, 298 Phorate, (1)613, 615-620 dose effects, (1)616-617, 796 poisoning, (1)616 toxicity data, (1)619 Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), (3)122; (6)143, 144, 145 Phosphate(s), (see phosphorus nutrition), (3); (4)159; (9) adducts, (9) 16 health effects, (4)150 (see also organophosphates), (9) Phosphorus in biofilm, (4) 118 Phosphorus nutrition, (3)276-279, 374-375 cations interaction, (3)278 lakes, phosphorus content, (3)276 Phosphorylation, oxidative, uncoupling of, (6)386 Photosensitization, (1)669 Phthalate esters, (6)77 Phthalic anhydride, (1)755-756 Phthalimides, (1)657, 660-666, (see also captan, folpet, HCB, PCNB), (1) Physiological constants in kinetic modeling, (6)169 Physiological time, (6); (8)69-76 changes, time-dependent, (6)200-201 Physiologically based dosimetry (PBD) model, (8)354-357 Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PB- PK) models, (6) 180- 186; (8) 13- 14, 36-59, 162-165, 273-274, 442, 446- 447, 472, 475 abbreviations and symbols used in specific, (8)211 for adenosine arabinoside, (8)58 biological basis of, (8)38-39 for carbon tetrachloride, (8)312-324 construction of, (8)385-390 for cytosine arabinoside, (8)57-58 description of specific, (8)209-212 development of, (8)39, 287-288 diagram of generic, (8)163
CUMULATIVE INDEX 247 diagram of specific, (8)210 dose, species, and route extrapolation using, (8) 159- 180 for ethylene dichloride, (8)288-300 fundamental equation of, (8)33 general, (8)96-104 interface between clearance and, (8)104- 107 of intravenous injection exposures, (8)406 limitations of, (8)282-283 linear, (8) 107- 113 linear compartmentalized, (8)104, 105 for methotrexate, (8)53-56, 414-416 Moolgavkar-Knudson, (8)276-277 multispecies multiroute, (8)391-408 in old animals, (8)407-408 of ozone absorption in lower respiratory tract, (8)302-310 for perchloroethylene, (8)285-290, 369- 382 physiological and biochemical parameters used in specific, (8)213 potential of, (8)35 Ramsey-Andersen, (8)274-275 risk assessment and, (8)295-296, 474 route-of-exposure differences and, (8)298 route-to-route extrapolation of dichloromethane using, (8)254-264 schematic representation of, (8)287 sensitivity analysis in, (8)265-272 simple, (8) 102- 103 simplification of, (8)98 validation of, (8)283, 317-319 virtually safe doses and, (8)296-298 Phytate, zinc relationship, (3)317 Picloram, (5)9, 60-63 acute effects, (5)61 carcinogenicity, (5)62 chronic effects, (5)61 human health effects, (5)61 metabolism, (5)60 mutagenicity, (5)61, 99 SNARL, (5)62-63, 98 teratogenicity, (5)62 Picornaviruses, (1)88 Picric acid, (4) dinitrophenol poisoning from, (4)237, 239 drinking water affected by, (4)238 properties of, (4)232 skin sensitivity to, (4)239 toxicity, (4)240 Pierce County, Wash, gastrointestinal disease outbreak, (4)149 Pigments, plastic pipe, (4)63 Pilot plant studies, (2)288, 298, 300, 308 309, 343 Pipes, distribution, (4) 12, 13, 110- 111 cast-iron, (4)13, 15 concrete, (4)16 corrosion, (4)3, 32-33 leaching, (4)4, 5, 16, 33 microorganisms from, (4) 125 predicting performance of, (4)24-25 unlined, (4)32 (see also asbestos/cement pipe, linings, plastic pipe), (4) Pitting, (4)27 Pittsburgh, Pa., water quality study, (3)12 Pituitary gland, (6) 113 Placentas, (9)24 Planavin (nitralin), (see dinitroanilines), (1) Planctomyces, (2)309 Plankton, (1) 183 Plaques, (1)89, 96 definition, (1)89 plaque-forming unit (PFU), (1)89, 94, 100-101, 103, 182 Plaquing (agar overlay) method. (1)95 Plasma, (1); (8); (9)26 binding, (8)90 cholinesterase inhibition, (1)26 mass-balance equation, (8)51 membranes, (8)100 Plastic pipe, (4) 16 advantages and disadvantages, (4)62 composition, (4)62-63 control measures for, (4)69-71 health effects, (4)65 leaching, (4)4, 61 solvents for joints of, (4)63-64, 66 tests of, (4)64-69 uses, (4) 13, 16, 61 -62 Plastics, (9)73-74 Platinum-based chemotherapy, (9)22 Pleural plaques, (1) 160 Plumbing systems. copper use. (3)312 Plumbism, (1)258 Plutonium, (1)865 PMA (phorbol myristate acetate). (3); (6)143, 144, 145 Pneumocytes, Type II, (6)207 Pneumonoconiosis, (1)230; (4) 159 PNS (peripheral nervous system), (6)107
248 CUMULATIVE INDEX Point mutations, (6)81 Poliomyelitis, (1)89, 91, 102- 103 Polioviruses, (1)2, 89-90, 93, 96, 100-105; (2)27, 30-35, 40-41, 46, 49-50, 58- 59, 68, 71-72, 78, 80, 90, 93, 97 Pollutants, (see also contaminants, microbiology, particulates, radioactivity. solutes), (1) air, (1)373; (2) assessing in drinking water, (1)19 carcinogenic, nonthreshold approach, (1)21 effects, (1)20 fecal, (1)69, 72 methods of study, (1) 19 monitoring, (2)358-361 oil, (1)175 potential health hazards, (2)358-359 predicting effects, (1)35-37 screening procedures. (2)359-361 Pollution control, carbon regeneration, (2)270-271. 332-336 Polonium-210, (1)858 Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs). (6)319 Polybutylene plastic pipe, (4)13, 62. (see also plastic pipe). (4) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). (3)128- 133; (6)21; (9)140 Polyclonal antibodies, (9)40, 41, 42 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), (6)43-44 Polyelectrolytes, organic, (1) 106; (4) 113 in soil ~ ion exchange capacity, ( I ) 171 in water, (1) 177- 179 water treatment, (1) 186 Polyethylene exposure. (5)52 Polyethylene pipe, (4)4. 13. 62, (see also plastic pipe), (4) Polyeenic inheritance, (6)71 Poly-input availability. (8) 114 Polymeric absorbents, (2)337-339. 347-353 Polymers. (4) biofilm, (4) 109. 117 extracellular (4) 113 organic compounds, (4)70 PVC, (4)63 Polymorphisms, (8) in animals, (8)146 in humans, (8? 146- 147 Polyneuropathy, aliphatic hydrocarbons and. (4)251 Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, (2)206 208, 270; (4)255-264 chlorination products, (2) 163- 164; (4)99 concentration in distribution system, (4)77-78, 82-92 health effects, (4)150, 259-263 leaching of chemicals, (2)332 lining materials, relation to, (4)4, 72-100 metabolism, (4)257-259 Pascagoula, Miss., water system, (4)87 89 Portland, Oreg., water system, (4)82, 88. 90 recommendations relating to, (4)263-264 SNARL. (4)264 solubility, (4)256 water distribution process effect on level of. (4)86 Polyphosphates, (4)3 health effects, (4)31 -32 iron deposition control with, (4)94 Polyram. (1)655 Polysaccharides, in biofilm. (4) 113. 117 Polyvalent cations, water hardness measure. (3)21 Polyvinyl chloride, (9)73, 134. 164. 165 Polyvinyl chloride pipe. (4)4. 13 field tests on, (4)67' 69 laboratory tests on. (4)64-67 metal concentrations in, (4)67 restrictions on use of. (4)70 stabilizers to reduce decomposition of, (4)63 uses, (4)62 vinyl chloride concentration in, (4)68 Pomona, Calif.. (2)304. 333 Population, study and control. (6)234, 240 Porphyria, (1)502 Porphyrinogenicity, hexachlorobenzene, (5)52-53, 56 Portland, Oreg, PAH concentration in water system. (4)82. 88, 90 Postimplantation death, (6)87 -32P-postlabeling. (9)24, 42. 43. 50, 58 Potable water, (2) 186- 187 Potash aluminum, (4) 156 Potassium fixation, (1) 139; (2); (3) halide, effect on THM formation, (2)187 Potassium iodide. to treat thyrotoxicosis. (3)305 Potassium nutrition. (3)293-298, 308. 374- 375
CUMULATIVE INDEX 249 sodium interaction, (3)292 Potassium permanganate, (2)297; (7) analytical methods, (2)99 biocidal activity, (2)99- 101 determination, (2)99 disinfection, (2)98-102 in drinking water disinfection, (7)13 E. cold inactivation, (2)100 mechanism of action, (2)101 oxidizing agent, (2)98 production and application, (2)99 residual, (2)99 Potassium-40, (1)858, 859, 871, 986 Potomac River, free chlorine-viruses reactions, (2)31 Powdered activated carbon, (2)252, 255- 256, 271, 273-275 Power function model, of radionuclide retention, (1)866 Prechlorination, (2)8-9, 303-304 Precursors, (2)140-144; (8) endogenous, (8) 136 microbial activity, (2)311 THM, (2)344-345 Predictions, prospective, in anticancer therapy, (8)431-440 Pregnancy, adverse outcomes in humans, (6)19-20 Preimplantation, (6) death, (6)87 embryo, (6)12 Preovulatory oocytes, (6)43 Preozonization, (2)298-302; (7)49 Presedimentation, raw water treatment, (2)8 Presperrnatogonial cells, (6)53-54 Pressure systems, (4)11 Presystemic elimination, (6)212-214 Pretreatment chemicals, organics-adsorption reaction, (2)270 Primordial, (6) germ cells, (6)37 oocyte destruction, (6)89 Probability (P), (8) 151 Problem identification, (8)15 Procarcinogens, (1)421 Prolactin, (6)55 Promoters, (6)5, 140-141 Propachlor, (1)525, 527-530 dose effects, (1)527-528, 796 toxicity data, (1)529 Propanil, (1)528, 532-534 Propazine, (see triazines), (1) Propenals, (7)152 2-propenenitrile, (see acrylonitrile), (3) Propylbenzene, (1)761, 763 Prospective predictions in anticancer therapy, (8)431-440 Prostate function, (6)68 Protamine, (9)5, 26-27, 58 Protein, (3); (5) selenium interaction, (3)329 synthesis inhibition, by o-dichlorobenzene, (5)24 Protein adducts, (9) biologic significance, (9)25-27, 28 defined, (9)3 detection technology, (9)42, 59 as dosimeters, (9)5, 57, 58 Proteus species, (1)67, 85 mirabilis, (1)422 Protozoa, (1) 13, 63 parasitic, (1)121 pathogenic, (1)112-115, 117-118 removal, (1)117, 120-121 Protozoan parasites, (2)35 Pseudomonas species, (1)75, 85, 86; (2)308-310; (4)29 aeruginosa, (1)67; (2)16, 25, 27, 88 alcaligenes, (2) 15- 16 fluorescens, (2)45 Psychoteratology, (6) 115-- 118 PrrH, (see parathyroid ho~'one), (4) Pllblic water supplies, (2); (3) chlorination, (2)5 disinfectants, (2) 184- 186 disinfection, (2)5 fluoridation, (3)279 nickel content, (3)345-347 phosphorus content, (3)276 residuals and disinfection effects, (2)10- 11 sodium content, (3)284-285 vanadium content, (3)351 water-softening procedures, (3)23 Public Health Service, U.S., (1)76, 78 Puget Sound area, asbestos in drinking water, (5) 137- 139 Pulmonary, (6); (8) exhalation, (6) 172 fibrosis, (8)354 structure and cell types, (6)205-206 uptake and elimination, (8)385-387 Pulmonary diseases, (1)160; (see respiratory diseases), (3)
250 CUMULATIVE INDEX sarcoidosis, (1)234 Pulp and paper industry, (2) 191 Purines, in hydrolysis, (9)16 PVC, (see polyvinyl chloride), (4) Pyramidal tracts, (6)109 Pyrimidine, in hydrolysis, (9)16 Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), (7)134-136 Q QRA, (see quantitative risk assessment), (6) Qualitative risk assessments, (6)7, 8 Quantification, (6); (7) and inference, (6)239-240 risk, (7)80 Quantitative risk assessment (QRA), (6)7, 8, 9, 28-30, 251-252, 267-268. 273- 275, 279-281; (8) for chemical carcinogenesis, (8)6 Quebec Province, ozonization, (2)202 R R parameter, (8) 103- 104 organ/blood, (8) 141 - 142 Rad, definition, (1)899 Radiation effect, (6)72, 76 cancer and, (6)238 on oogenesis, (6)42-43 on ovaries, (6)43 on spermatogenesis, (6)56-57 Radiation, ionizing, (1)16, 38, 359, 857 858; (2) adverse health effects, (1) 16- 17, 872, 874, 884, 892-898 background, (1)857-858, 892 carcinogenesis, (see somatic effects), (1) carcinogenetic thresholds, (1)38-39 developmental and teratogenic effects and risks, (1)872-874, 897 disinfection, (2)94-98 dose effectiveness factors, (1)887-892 dose estimates' (1)865-872 genetic effects and risks, (1)874-884, 894, 897 high LET, (1)38, 858, 859-861 low LET, (1)39, 858-859, 873, 878, 886-887 mutagenesis, (1)34, 877-884 somatic effects and risks, (1)16, 884-892, 894-896, 897-898 Radioactive(ity), (1); (9) 113 CO2 test, (1)75 contaminants in water, (1) 16- 17, 857-903 fall-out, (1)862 health effects, (1)896-898 Radiolabeling, (9)3, 5, 41, 43, 66 covalent binding to hemoglobin, (9)25 06-MG (06-methyldeoxyguanosine), (9)23, 24 32P-postlabeling, (9)24, 42, 43, 50, 58 ultrasensitive enzymatic immunoassay, (9)23, 41 Radionuclides, retention models, (1) exponential, (1)866 power function, (1)866 Radionuclides in water, (1) 16- 17, 858-865 ? 870-872 artificial, (1)862-865 cancer incidence, (1)16, 894-896, 898 dose factors, annual, (1)867, 871 hypothetical activity, (1)870-871 natural, (1)859-861 Radiopharmaceuticals, (1)862-865 Radium, (1) and bone cancer, (1)17, 894-896. 898 Ra-223, (1)861 Ra-224, (1)861 Ra-226, (1)858, 860-861, 866, 869-871, 896, 898 Ra-228, (1)858, 860-861, 896, 898 Radon, (1) inhalation and cancer, (1)50 Rn-220, (1)858 Rn-222, (1)858, 861 Ramsey-Anderson PB-PK model, (8)274- 275 Rapidly equilibrated organs, (8)109 Ras-type oncogenes, (6)142 Rate constants, (8)99, 106 distributional, (8)141- 142 hybrid, (8)106 metabolic, (8)212 metabolism, (8)288-290 Rate-of-metabolism curve, area under the (AURMC), (6) 175 Rats, (8) ingestion by, (8)214-215 inhalation by, (8)212-214 old, (8)407 Raw water, (2); (4)5, 9 biological materials in, (4) 124 organic compounds in, (4) 113 PAH contamination of, (4)75
CUMULATIVE INDEX 251 quality, (2)8-9 Raynaud's syndrome, (1)324, 325 RDA, (see recommended dietary allowance), (3) Reactive metabolites, (6) 175; (8) nonisolatable metabolites, (8) 17, 19 short-lived, (6) 196- 197, 204 Reactivity equations, chemical, (8) 11 Recalcitrant organic compounds, (2)294-295 Recall bias, (6)238 Receptor binding, (6) constant, (6)174 equations, (8)11 Receptor sites, differences between species, (1)34 Recessive mutation, (6)71 Recommended dietary allowance, (3)4, 267, 369-371 calcium, (3)269, 370, 371 chloride, (3)300, 370, 371 iodine, (3)304, 370, 371 iron, (3)310, 370, 371 magnesium, (3)272, 370, 371 phosphorus, (3)277, 370, 371 zinc, (3)316, 370, 371 Red water, (4)5 heavy metal concentration in, (4)94, 95 microorganisms and, (4) 112, 122- 123 Seattle, Wash., water system, (4)35-36 Red-blood-cell (RBC) counts, (7) 105, 121 Red-cell, (1) cholinesterase, (1)630 protoporphyrin, (1)258 Redox process, (7)67 Reductive enzymes, (6)213 Refined petroleum, (see petroleum products), (4) Regulations, (9)101 dose-additive model and, (9) 157 grouping toxic chemicals for, (9)104-105 (see also Environmental Protection Agency, standards), (9) Reitz-Anderson optimization procedure, (8)265-272 Relative risk, (6)241 Relative teratogenic index (RTI), (6)29, 274 Reliability of risk estimation, (61256 Rem, defined, (1)899 Renal, (1); (8) clearance, (8)128- 131 function impaired, (1)379, 380 insufficiency, (1)704 stones, (1)238 system, (9)66, 67, 75, 76, 164 Renal effects, (4) aluminum, (4) 159, 160- 161 cadmium, (4) 172 chloroform, (4)208-209 nitrobenzene, (4)226 Reoviruses, (1)88, 90, 96, 100, 108 Repletion, hemoglobin, (3)338 Replication-dependent mutations, (6)78 Reproductive dysfunction, (6) defined, (6)35 male, (6)71, 72, 74-77 Reproductive effects, (6) chloropropanes and chloropropenes, (6)337 dibromochloropropane, (6)324-325 di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, (6)352-356 ethylene dibromide, (6)367 nitrofen, (6)381 trichlorfon, (6)406-407 Reproductive endocrinology, (see endocrinology, reproductive, alterations in), (6) Reproductive impairment, (6) female, (6)37-53 male, (6)53-68 performance, (6)86-88 Reproductive system, (4); (6) D8CP effect on, (4)213-214 DMF effect on, (4)221 female, (6)37-41 lead effect on, (4) 181 male, (6)53-55 nitrobenzene effect on, (4)227 Reproductive toxicity, (6)2-3, 35-92~ 271- 272; (7) chlorate, (7) 109- 110 chlorine dioxide, (7)88 chlorite, (7) 109- 110 chlorophenols, (7) 170- 172 haloacetonitriles, (7) 160 -haloacids, (7)142 male, (6)57-68 Reproductive toxicity testing, (6)50-51 details of protocols for, (6)83-92 Reproductive toxicology, (6); (9)74 ovarian cancer, (9)22-23 risk assessment in, (6)82 testes, (9)22-23, 62, 65-66 Requirements, (3) arsenic, (3)341
252 CUMULATIVE INDEX nickel, (3)348 silicon, (3)356 vanadium, (3)352-353 (see also adequate and safe intake, recommended dietary allowance), (3) Research priorities, future, (3)23-24 Reservoirs, (4) 11 - 12 algae in, (4)98, 124, 141 biological material in, (4) 124- 126 open, (4)113, 124-125, 141, 146 Residence time, (8) 139- 140 Residuals, (2); (8) disinfection effects, (2)10-11, (see also individual agents), (2) method of, (8)29 Resinous absorbents, (2)338-340 Resorcinol, (2)160-161; (3)227-230; (7)29 aqueous chlorination of, (7)34 reaction products from, (7)31-33 Respiratory system, (3); (4); (9) aluminum effect on, (4)159 arsenic effect on, (4)167 diseases, arsenic relationship, (3)343 DMF effect on, (4)217 lung cancer, (9)23, 38 nitrites effect on, (4)205 nitrobenzene effect on, (4)224 toxic effects, specific DNA adducts, (9)65, 67, 77 (see also inhalation toxicology), (9) Respiratory tract, (6)205-210; (8) pulmonary structure and cell types, (6)205-206 (see lower respiratory tract, upper respiratory tract), (8) Response, (6); (8); (9) additivity, (9) 177, 179- 181 bias, (6)238 dosage versus, (8)3-4 percentage, log dosage versus, (8)4 Response-surface designs. (9)98, 102- 103, 130-131, 168, 169 Reverse osmosis water treatment, (1)97, 225 Reversible health effects, (1)23, 24. 26, 28, 53 Rhabditis species, (1) 116 Rhabdomyolysis, (6) 123 Rhine River, (2) bank filtration, (2)271 breakpoint chlorination, (2) 159 Ribonucleic acid (RNA), (5); (7j20; (9) errors in gene replication and transcription, (9) 13 inhibition, by o-dichlorobenzene, (5)24 Ribs, supernumerary, (6)26-27 Rickets, calcium-deficient diets, (3)270 Riebeckite, (1) 144 Risk, (1); (6) absolute, (1)899 acceptable, (1)24 additive, (6)242 attributable, (6)241-242 computation of, (6)295-296 defining term, (6)31 nonthreshold approach, (1)21 relative, (1)54, 879, 899; (61241 unit, (6)255 Risk assessment, (1); (3); (6)1-2, 28-31, 250-287; (8)208 carcinogen-DNA adducts in, (8)221-226 for carcinogenesis, (6) 156- 157, 284 carcinogenic, (8)441-463, 443-445 combination techniques, (8)7 elements of, (8)9 environmental, (8)431 epidemiological studies, (6)7, 241-245 extrapolation, low-dose, (8)327-328 factors limiting, (1) 19 framework for, (6)7-9 historical perspectives, (8)3-7 human, (8)369-370 joint, (8)5 at low doses, (8)327-328, 444-445 major elements of, (8)355 management, major elements of, (8)355 neurotoxicants, (6) 133- 134 neurotoxicity, (6)276-281 objective of, (8)471 PB-PK model and, (6)201 -204; (8)295 296, 474 pharmacokinetic, (6) 177 procedures, (1) 12, 15, 19-62, 792 qualitative, (6)7, 8 quantitative, (see quantitative risk assessment), (6); (8) quantitative for chemical carcinogenesis (8)6 reliability of, (6)256 in reproductive toxicology, (6)82 tissue dosimetry in, (8)8-23 with time-dependent exposure patterns. (8)453-455
CUMULATIVE INDEX 253 in toxicology, (6)82 (see also risk calculations, risk estimation), (3)54-S6 (see also carcinogenic risk estimates), (5) (see also individual compounds), (6) Risk-benefit, (1)56-57 comparisons, (1)21, 57 methods of determining, (1) 12 Risk calculations, (3)59 Risk estimate(s), (1); (4); (6) . . . . · . carcinogenic, see carcinogenic rlsK estimates), (6) of drinking water, (4)7-8 evaluation, (1)15, 27-29, 48-49 lifetime cancer, (6)410-411 Risk estimation, (1)19-20, 39, 55-56, 490 491, 890-891; (3); (4); (9)47-49 acrylonitrile and cancer relationship, (3)76 acute exposure to chemicals in drinking water, (3)26-28 ADI approach, (3)25 background response, (3)51, 57-58 background radiation and, (1)879, 885, 892-894 benzene, (3)84-85 cardiovascular disease, (3)22 cocarcinogenesis, (3)51 complexity levels, (9)5, 125- 127 cost, (9)95-96 data bases, (9)4, 27, 134, 157 DCE, (3)109, 110 defined, (3)25 DNA adducts used in, (9)27-28, 38-52, 57 dose-response models, (3)56-60 drinking water, toxic chemicals effects, (3)2-3 EPA, (9)47, 49, 58-59, 96, 99-101, 106, 115-117, 123-129 ethylene dibromide, carcinogen relationship, (3)100 genetic effects and, (1)872-889, 894, 897 lICB carcinogenicity, (3)213-214 hypertensive disease, (3)22 interaction, (3)51-60 joint toxic action models, (3)53-54 low-dose carcinogen models, (3)37-45 methods, (9) 163- 165 mixtures of toxins, groupings, (9)96-97, 104-105, 108-118, 127-128 models, (3)2-3 noncarcinogenic substances, risk estimation, (9)106 pharmacokinetics and, (9) 13, 97-98, 108- 118, 117-118, 168, 171-174 protein adducts, (9)26, 42, 57 quantitative reliability, (3)56-60 radioactive drinking water, (1)892-894 safety factors, (3)25-28 specific cancers, radiation induced, (1)889-892 statistical data studies, (3)59-60 synergism of toxin mixtures, (9)98-100, 102-103, 117, 122-123, 126, 128- 129, 131, 175-176 tetrachloroethylene carcinogenicity, (3) 139 theoretical models, (3)52-54 volatile organic compounds, (9)96, 162- 166 water hardness relationship, (3)22 (see also risk assessment, risk calculations), (3) (see also carcinogenic risk estimates, dosages and dosimetry, epidemiology), (9) Risk quantification, (7)80 Rivers, phosphorus content, (3)276 RNA (ribonucleic acid), (1)88; (5); (6)283. 361 Roentgen (R), definition, (1)900 Ronnel, (1) 142 Roofers, (9)23 Rotenone, (5)9, 63-70 acute effects, (5)64-65 carcinogenicity, (5)68-69 chronic effects, (5366-67 human health effects, (5)64 metabolism, (5)64 mutagenicity, (5)67-68, 99 SNARL, (5)70, 98 subchronic effects, (5)65-66 teratogenicity, (5)69. 98 Rotterdam, Netherlands, chlorinated drinking water, (2) 185 Rouen-la-Chapelle, France, ozonization, (2)203 Roundworms, (see nematodes), (1) Route-of-exposure differences, PB-PK model and, (8)298 Route-to-route extrapolation, (8) 114- 119 RTI (relative teratogenic index), (6)29, 274 Rubidium-87, (1)858
254 CUMULATIVE INDEX S Safe doses, (1)24, 27-28, 37, 54 definition, (1)54 and exposure, (1)28 starting dose, (8)433 Safe Drinking Water Act, 1974 (PL 93-523), (I)v, 9, 905; (2)144; (3)405; (4)138; (5)vii, 149 1977 Amendments, (3)405; (4)154; (5)vii, 149 Safety, (1)12, 27, 56 definition, (1)801 evaluation of, (1)801 thresholds, (1)54 Safety factor(s) (SF), (1)20-21, 24, 27, 54, 801-802; (6)8, 30-31, 253, 275, 286- 287; (8)5 evaluation of, (1)49-52 Salmonella assay, Ames, (7)47-49 Salmonella species, (1)67-68, 70-72, 80, 83, 93 5. enteritidis, paratyphi A, (1)67-73 S. enteritidis, paratyphi B. (1)73 S. enteritidis, typhimurium, (1)73, 83, 86; (3)114, lZO, 161, 163 S. montevideo, (2)89 S. typhi, (1)3, 66-68, 72-73, 81, 93; (2)13, 25, 27, 30, 45, 75, 84, 88-89, 92-93, 96-97, 104 S. typhosa, (1)81, 93 Salmonellosis, (1)65, 67, 78 Salt, (see sodium chloride), (3) San Francisco Bay area, Calif., (4); (5) A/C pipe effect on water supply, (4)54 asbestos in drinking water, (5) 125, 136- 137 Sand filtration process, (1); (4)108 filters, (1)3, 115-116 for removal of protozoan cysts, (1)117 Saponite, (1)137 Sarcoidosis, pulmonary, (1)234 Saturable, (8) detoxification, (8)452-453 oxidative pathway, (8)266 Saturation Index, (4)19, 23-24, 25, 53 Sauconite, (1) 137 Scaleup, (see extrapolation), (8) Scaling, (8) formulas, (8)209, 212 interspecies, (8)16- 19, 36 SCE (sister-chromatic exchange), (6)322 Schecter method, (2)48 Schuylkill River, Pa., treatment plant, (2)153 Schwann cells, (6) 112 SCoP (Simulation Control Program), (8)232, 233 example program, (8)239-246 Seafood, iodine content, (3)303 Seattle, Wash., (4); (5) A/C pipe effect on water, (4)51 asbestos in drinking water, (5)125 Tolt River studies, (4)35-37, 38 zinc effectiveness in corrosion control, (4)59 (see also Puget Sound area), (5) Seattle Water Metals Survey Committee, (4)37 sedimentation process, (4)108 Seawater ozonization, (2)205 Second International Symposium on Health Effects of Drinking Water Disinfectants and Disinfection By-Products, (7)vii-viii Sedimentation, water, (1)86, 87, 94, 117, 183 Segment I studies, (6)52-53 details of protocol for, (6)87-88 Selenium, (1)212, 344-369, 430-433; (4)95 absorption, (1)349, 431 beneficial effects, (1)364-365 biotransformations, (1)352 carcinogenicity, (1)359 chemical interactions, (1)362-364 distribution, (1)349-351 mutagenicity, (1)361 toxicity, (1)354-359, 431-432 Selenium nutrition, (3)321-331, 374-375 arsenic interaction, (3)329, 344 cadmium interaction, (3)328-329 s mercury interaction, (3)328-329 protein interaction, (3)329 sulfate interaction, (3)329 thallium interaction, (3)328-239 vitamin E interaction, (3)329 Selenosis, (3)326 Semen, (6)67 analysis, (6)63 drugs in, (6)68 fluid examination, (6)67-68 plasma, (6)67-68 Semipermeable membranes, (8)100 Senile dementia, Alzheimer, (4) 160; (6) 126 Sensitivity, (6); (8)
CUMUl ATIVE INDEX 255 analysis, (8)265-272 species, (6)194 Sensory, (6); (9) nerve fibers, (6) 107 perception, (9)63 Sepiolite, (1) 137 Serologic methods for virus identification, (1)97, 100 Serpentine minerals, (1)144 Serratia species, (1)67 Sertoli cells, (6)54, 56 Serum fluoride concentration, (1)373-374 Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SOOT), (3); (7)116, 119 2,4-dichlorophenol tests, (3)206 selenium effects, (3)328 toluene effects, (3)170 trichloroethylene toxicity, (3)158-159 Serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPI), (3)87, 97; (7)116, 119 2,4-dichlorophenol tests, (3)206 toluene effects, (3)170 Serum-neutralization test, (1)97 Sewage, (1); (2) effluent, (2)155, 157- 159, 187- 189 systems, (1)175 Sewickley, Pa., diarrhea! disease outbreak, (4)141 Sex, (6); (8) differences in metabolism, (8)144 differentiation, gonadal, (6)38 ratio, (6)84 Sexual development, (6)3 SOOT, (see serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase), (3) SGPE, (see serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase), (3) Shape parameter, (6)269, 270 Shigella species, (1)69, 70, 71, 73, 80, 93 S. dysenteriae, (1)67-69, 73; (2)25, 27, 88 S. dysenteriae 1 (Shiga strain), (1)69 S. dysenteriae A-1, (1)68 S. dysenteriae M-131, (1)68 S enteritidis, paratyphi A, (1)73 S. enteritidis, paratyphi B. (1)73 S. enteritidis, paratyphi D, (1)73 S. flexneri, (1)67-68, 73; (2)45, 84, 96 S.flexneri, 2A#, (1)68-69, 71 S. flexneri, 2A##, (1)68 S. flexneri, type 6, (1)65 S. sonnet, (1)64-65, 66, 67, 73, 93 S. typhi, (1)73 Shigello~sis, (1)64, 65, 66, 78 Short-term cell culture, (6)5-6 Short-term exposure limit (STEL), (7)162 Sickle-cell disease, (1)300 Signif~cance, statistical, (6)235-237 Silica, (1)210; (3) lung problems, (3)356 Silicate minerals, (1)210, (see asbestos), (1); (4) iron deposition prevention with, (4)93, (see inorganic hydrated silicates), (4) Silicon nutrition, (3)355-357 molybdenum interaction, (3)357 Silicosis, (4) 159 Silver, (1)207, 210-212, 215, 218, 220- 221, 289-292, 302-303, 314; (2); (4)95, 183- 187; (7) disinfection, (23102- 106 in drinking water disinfection, (~) 13 health effects, (4) 185- 187 metabolism, (4) 184- 185 SNARL, (4)187 water purification with, (4)184 Silver-sulfhydryl complexes, (2) 105 Silvex, (see 2,4,5-TP), (1) Simazine, (see trizines), (1) SIMNON language, (8)232 Simulation, (8)229 future trends in, (8)249 general approaches to, (8)229-230 languages, (8)232-233 in toxicology, (8)229-250 training in, (8)246 Simulation Control Program, (see SCoP), (8) SIMUSOLV, (8) 185, 186. 233 applications of, (8)193-205 statistical analysis using, (8)204 statistical output for, (8)206-207 uncertainty using, (8) 185-207 Sinusoidal perfusion model, (8)86-87 Sister chromatic exchange (SCE) activity, - (6)322; (7)48 Skeletal variants, (6)27 Skin, (1); (4); (5); (6); (8); (9) absorption, (8) 122- 123 absorption rates, (6)259 administration, (8)115 arsenic effect on, (4) 167 cancers, arsenic exposure, (5) 118- 122 dinitrophenols effect on. (4)238 diseases, (/)326
: ~ 256 CUMULATIVE INDEX DMF effect on, (43215, 217, 218 exposure via, (9)139, 143, 168, 172 nitrites effect on, (4)204 nitrobenzene effect on, (4)224 pigmentation, (1)50 silver effect on, (4) 186 toxic effects, (9)63, 65, 67, 71, 75 trinitrophenols effect on, (4)239 ultraviolet radiation, (9)38 Slime deposits in water, (1)86 Slowly equilibrated organs, (8)109 Small intestine, (6)212 Smectite, (1)137, 139, 142 Smoke, residential wood, (9)24 Smoking, cigarette, (see cigarette entries), (6); (see tobacco), (9) SMR (standard mortality ratio), (6)241 SNARL, (see suggested no-adverse-response levels), (3); (4); (5); (6); (7) SNORT, (see stabilized neutral orthotolidine method), (2) Sodium, (1)212, 400-411, 435-436; (2); (3); (4); (6) aluminate, (4)156 analytical methods for, (11409 bromide, (3) 185 chlorate, (2)52, 55; (see chlorate), (7) chloride, (3)283-287, 303; (4)176 chlorite, (2)52-53; (see chlorite), (7) daily intake, (1)401-402, 435-436 epidemiology, (1)406-409 hexametaphosphate, (4)32 hypertension and, (1)403-409, 411 hypochlorite? (2)53 intake, (6)245 Sodium nutrition, (3)283-293, 308. 374- 375 lithium interaction, (3)292 potassium interaction, (3)292, 297 Sodium-channel toxins, (6) 121 Soft drinks, (3) phosphate consumption, (3)275-277 sodium content, (3)287 Softening, water, (1)183-184, (see also hardness), (1) Soft water, (3)21, 312, (see also water hardness), (3); (4)33, 43 Soil(s), (2) 142- 144; (3) molybdenum content, (3)358 particles in water, (1)169-174 selenium content, (3)321-322 Solubility, (4)2; (8) constants in pipe, (4)24 corrosion and, (4)23 of drug, (8)89-90 leaching governed by, (4)42 Solutes, inorganic, (1)205-488 defined, (1) 14- 16 Solutes, organic, (1)849-857 defined, (1)14-16 Solvents, (2); (4); (9)126 methylene chloride, (2) 158 in plastic pipe joints, (4)63-64 used for PVC cement and primers, (4)66 warnings on, (4)70 Somatic cell mutations, (1)884-892, 894- 896; (5); (6)283 theory of carcinogenesis, (5)5 Somatic effects, (1)16, 884-889, 894-895, 897-898 self-propagating effect, (1)26 South Dakota, selenium intake high, (3)321 SPC (standard plate count), (i)85-88, 120 Species, (3); (6); (8) sensitivity, (6) 194 species-to-species extrapolations, (8) 139- 142, 168-170, 171, 396-401 testing, (3)49-51 Species differences, (8)38-39 in elimination, (8) 142- 148 Specific locus test, (6)66, 81-82 Spectometry, (9)40 mass, (9)24, 39-40, 43, 44, 46 Spectrophotometry, (9)23 Speech, (9)63 Sperm, (6); (9)3 abnormalities, (6)60 alkylation and mutation, (9)18, 26, 27 chromosome complement, (6)64-66 concentration, (6)63-64 dibromochloropropane, (9)65 epididymal, (6)90 interaction with cervical mucus, (6)66-67 interaction with oocytes, (6)67 morphology, (6)60-62, 155 motility, (6)61, 62-63, 90-91 production rate, (6)56, 59, 89-90 toxicity, (6)55-56 Spermatocytes, (6)54 primary, (6)54, 55 secondary, (6)54-55 Spermatogenesis, (6)54-55, 56 alterations in, (1)258 dibromochloropropane and, (6)315-316
CUMULATIVE INDEX 257 radiation effect on, (6)56-57 Sphaerotilus, (see iron bacteria), (4) Spinal cord, (6) 114- 115 Spontaneous abortions, (6) 19-20 early, (6)35-36 Spontaneous response, (see background response), (3) Stabilized neutral orthotolidine method, (2)23, 43 Stabilizers, plastic pipe, (4)63 Stabilizing agents, from iron and manganese, (4)3, 93-94 Stable metabolites, (8) 17, 18, 119 Standard mortality ratio (SMR), 241 Standards, (9) carbamates, (9) 133 EPA, (9)96, 103, 133-134 exposure, (9)121 insecticide residue in food, (9)154 maximum contaminant level goal, (9)102, 138, 162-163 multiple contaminants, additivity, (9) 169- 170 organophosphorous, (9) 134 volatile organic compounds, (9)134 Standards for drinking water, (1) European, (1)78-79 U.S., (1)6-9 Standpipe, (4)12 Stannous fluoride, (1)293 Staphylococcus aureus, (2)45, 84, 92-93, 96 Staphylococcus species, (1)75 Starting dose, safe, (8)433 Statistical analysis, (6); (9) computer-assisted techniques, (9)42, 98, 109-110, 112, 171-174 fractional factorials, (9)98, 121- 122, 130, 170 hazard index, EPA, (9)96, 123-129, 159, 168, 169 response-surface techniques, (9)98, 130 131, 169 significance, (6)235-237 uncertainty factors, (9)99, 122, 126, 128 129, 131 (see also mathematical models), (9) Steady state(s), (8) concentration, (8) 107, 118 conditions, (8)98-99 distribution ratio, (8)288 models, linear, (8) 117- 118 term, (8)107 virtual, (see virtual steady states), (8) Sterility, (1)596; (6)36 Steroid hormones, (6)46-48 Stomach, (6)211; (9) cancer of, (9)23-24, 67, 71, 72 Streptococci, (1)73; (2) fecal, (1)75 5. bovis, (1)73; (2)84 S. equines, (1)73 S. faecalis, (2)84-85, 96-97, 110 Streptomyces species, (1)85 Strongyloides species, (1) 116 Strongyloides stercoralis, (1)1 15 Strontium, (4)6, 187- 192 abundance of, (4)188 health effects, (4)189- 191 metabolism, (4) 188- 189 SNARL, (4)192 uses, (4) 187 Strontium-90, (1)862, 866, 869-871, 896 Structure-activity considerations, (6)156, 277 Studies needed, (6) acrylamide, (6)409 aldicarb, (6)4109 chloropropanes and chloropropenes, (6)409 diallate, (6)409 dibromochloropropane, (6)409 di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, (6)409 ethylene dibromide, (6)409 nitrofen, (6)412 pentachlorophenol, (6)412 sulfallate, (6)412 trichlorfon, (6)412 Styrene, (1)763-765, (6) effects in animals, (1)764-765 effects in man, (1)764 model, (6) 184 toxicity data, (1)766 Subchronic effects, (7) in humans, of monochloramine, (7)94-95 in other species, (7) of chlorate, (7) 104- 107 of chlorine dioxide, (7)87-88 of chlorite, (7) 104- 107 of chlorophenols, (7) 170 of chloropicrin, (7) 166 of haloacetonitriles, (7) 159- 160 of haloacids, (7) 139- 141 of haloaldehydes, (7) 147- 150 of monochloramine, (7)95-96 of trihalomethanes, (7) 118- 120
258 CUMULATIVE INDEX Subchronic toxicology, (1)21 Subfertility, fertility and, (6)63 Substrate concentration, (6)263 Suffolk County, N.Y., diarrhea! disease outbreak, (4) 141, 146 Suggested no-adverse-response level (SNARL), (3)3-4, 70; (4)7, 153-154; (5); (6)10, 257, 396, 410-411; (7)81 acetonitrile, (4)205-206 acute, (5)viii, 2 acute exposure, (3)68-69 aldicarb, (5) 12, 98 aluminum, (4)166 antimony, (3)80 Aroclor, (3) 133- 134 assumptions, (3)69 barium, (4)170 benzene, (3)70, 85-86; (4)203, 254-255 BHC (lindane), (3)70, 88 bromide, (3)70, 186- 187 bromodichloromethane, (3)188 bromoform, (3) 189 cadmium, (3)70, 95-96; (4)172-174 carbon tetrachloride, (3)70, 97-98 catechol, (3)70, 192 chloramines, (3)202 chloramino acids, (3)202 chlorate, (7)110-111 bis(2-chlorethyl)ether, (3)89 chlorinated disinfectants (chlorine dioxide, chlorate, chlorite, and chloramines), (4)177-178 chlorine dioxide, (3)70, 196; (7)90 chlorite, (3)70, 197- 198; (7) 110- 111 chloroform, (3)70, 204; (4)209 chlorophenols, (7) 173 bis(2-chloropropyl)ether, (3)91 chronic, (5)viii, 1-3, 97, 98 chronic exposure, (3)69-70 DBCP, (4)214 DCE, (3)110-111 dibromochloromethane, (3)70, 205-206 o-dichlorobenzene, (5)24-25, 98 p-dichlorobenzene, (5)27, 98 dichlorodifluoromethane, (3)70, 103- 104 1,1-dichloroethylene, (5)39-40, 98 2,4-dichlorophenol, (3)70, 207 dinitrophenol, (4)203, 245 dinoseb, (5)49, 98 DMF, (4)222 ECH, (3)70, 123- 124 estimated, (7)193 ethylene dibromide, (3) 100- 101 glyoxal, (3)210 glyoxylic acid, (3)210 haloacetonitriles, (7) 161 - 162. haloacids, (7)143 HCB, (3)70, 214-215 iodate, (3)224 iodide, (3)70, 224-225 ·iodine, (3)224 lead, (4)183 methomyl, (5)59-60, 98 methyl glyoxal, (3)210 methylene chloride, (3)70, 127- 128 monochloramine, (7)99 mononitrophenol, (4)203, 244-245 nitrobenzene, (4)203, 229 PAHs, (4)264 PCBs, (3)70, 133- 134 pentachlorophenol, (6)396, 411 picloram, (5)62-63, 98 resorcinol, (3)70, 230-231 rotenone, (5)70, 98 safety, uncertainty factors used, (3)69 silver, (4) 187 strontium, (4)192 tetrachloroethylene, (3)70, 140- 142 toluene, (3)70, 172- 173; (4)254 1,1,1 -trichloroethane, (3)70, 152- 155; (5)78 trichloroethylene, (3)70, 164- 166; (5)85, 98 trichlorofluoromethane, (3)70, 167- 168 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, (4)203, 268 trinitrophenol, (4)203, 245, 247 uncertainty factors used in calculations, (5)2 uranium, (3)70, 177-178; (5)96-97, 98 xylenes, (3)70, 181 Suicide, (8) enzyme inhibition, (8) 173- 175 inhibitors, (8) 137- 139 Sulfallate, (6)312-314; (9)70-71 ADI, 410 carcinogenic risk estimate, (6)313, 314, 412 carcinogenicity, (6)313 developmental effects, (6)314 health aspects in humans, (6)312 health aspects in other species, (6)312 lifetime cancer risk estimate, (6)410 .metabolism, (6)312 mutagenicity, (6)312-313
CUMULATIVE INDEX 259 SNARL, (6)410 studies needed, (6)412 tumor incidence, (6)313 Sulfate(s), (1)425-428; (3); (4)192 corrosion promotion, (4)30 dietary, (3)329 laxative effect, (1)426 reducing bacteria, (4)14, 28 removal, (1)425 Sulfl~ydryl-arsenic reactions, (1)319, 332 Sulfides, (3); (4)5 molybdenum interaction, (3)363 Sulfur, (3); (9) copper interaction, (3)314 hexafluoride, (9) 141 Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, (4)29, 122- 123 Sultan River, asbestos in drinking water, (5)137 Supernumerary ribs, (6)26 Superoxide ion, (7)68 Surface waters, (1); (2); (3)6-7; (4)10 chlorine, (2) 155- 157 treatment of, (1)206 Surface area adjustment, (8) 17- 19, 160 Sweat, sodium loss, (3)291 Swine, iodine intake, (3)222-223 Swiss Federal Institute for Water Resources and Water Pollution Control (EAWAG), (2)203 Switzerland, pilot plant effluent studies, (2)308 SWMS, (see Seattle Water Metals Survey Committee), (4) Symbols, definitions of, (6)218-219 Sympathetic neurons, (6) 115 Sympathoadrenal system, (6)115 Synergism, (9) 131 anticholinesterases, (9) 152- 159, 170 carcinogens, (9)99- 100 defined, (9) 102, 122 dose-additivity models, (9) 153- 154, 156, 157-158, 169 dose- vs response-additivity models, (9)102-103, 168, 169, 177-181 exposure assessment and, (9)98-99 insecticides, (9)103, 133- 136, 138- 140, 146, 149, 152-156, 159, 170 models, (9) 175- 176 toxic end points, (9) 117, 169 uncertainty factors in model, (9)99, 122- 123, 126, 128-129, 131 Synergistic, (1); (3) effects in drinking water, (3)27 interactions, (1)15, 32, 36 Synthetic, (2) carbonaceous absorbents, (2)338 resins, water treatment, (2)255 Systemic, (6); (8) absorption, (6)257 availability, (8)453 T Table salt, (see sodium chloride), (3) Taconite ore tailings, (1) 154 Taiwan, (3)343, 338; (5) arsenic levels in drinking water, (5)119- 122 Tandem mass spectrometry, (9)39-40 Tapeworms, (1) 115 Target theory, (3)2, 42-43 Target-tissue dose, (6)173 measurement of, (6) 173- 176 Target-tissue metabolite-concentration curve, area under the (AUTMC), (6) 176 Taste and odor, chlorine in water, (2)144 Taste, water, (4) biofilms and, (4) 112 chlorination and, (4) 130 TB (tracheobronchial) liquid lining, (8)357- 361 TCA (trichloroacetic acid), (6)202-203 TCCD (tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin), (6)146-147, 174, 283-284 TCDD (2,3,7,8 -tetrachlorodibenzo- [p] - dioxin), (1)498, 500-513; (3) acceptable daily intake, (1)509, 796 carcinogenicity, (1)506 dose lovers, (1)501-506, 796 mutagenicity, (1)505 teratogenicity, (1)506-508 toxicity, (1)500-509, 5]2 TCE, (see tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethane, trichloroethylene)' (3); (6)186-188, 189 1,2,3-TCP (1,2,3-trichloropropane), (see chloropropanes and chloropropenes), (6) TEAM (Total Exposure Assessment Measurement) study, (6)260 Technetium-99m, (1)865 Teeth, mottled, (1)395-396 Telone II, (see chloropropanes and chloropropenes), (6) Temperature, elevated, (6)75
260 CUMULATIVE INDEX Terata, defined, (1)23 Teratogen(s), (I)lS, 793; (5); (6)11-12 behavioral, (6)106 definition of, (1)800; (5)6 effect on water supplies, (1)16 embryonic organ susceptibility to, (6)14 neuroteratogens, (6)106, 117 psychoteratogens, (6) 118 Teratogenesis, (1)53; (6)274 carcinogenesis and, (6) 1 S dose, (6~29 effects, (1)16, 53, 897 hazard potential, (6)28, 273 index, relative (RTI), (6)29, 274 lethality and, (6)29 Teratogenicity, (4); (S); (7) aldicarb, (5)11 aluminum, (4) 165- 166 carbofuran, (S) 1 S carbon tetrachloride, (S) 17- 18 chlorine dioxide, (7)88-89 chlorobenzene, (5)22 o-dichlorobenzene, (5)24 p-dichlorobenzene, (5)27 1,2-dichloroethane, (5)31 1,1-dichloroethylene, (5)39 1,2-dichloroethylene, (5)43 dichloromethane, (5)45-46 dinitrophenol, (4)243-244 dinoseb, (5)48-49 DMF, (4)221 haloaldehydes, (7) 151 - 152 hexachlorobenzene, (5)56 lead, (4)181, 182 methomyl, (5)59 monochloramine, (7)97-98 nitrobenzene, (4)227 PAHs, (4)263 picloram, (5)62 rotenone, (5)69 tests for, (5)6-7 tetrachloroethylene, (5)73 1, I,1-trichloroethane, (5)78 1, I, I-trichloroethylene, (5)84-85 uranium, (5)96 vinyl chloride, (5)89-90 Teratology, (6) neuroteratology, (6) l l S- 117 psychoteratology, (6) 118 Terbufos, (9) 136 Terminal half-lives, (8)106 Testes, (6); (9)66 cancer, (9)22-23, 62 dibromochloropropane, (9)65 function, (6)55 histological evaluation of, (6)91-92 1,1,3,3-tetrachloroacetone, (1)799, (see haloketones), (7) Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), (6)146, 147, 174 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, (3)33- 35 1, 1,1,2-tetrachloroethane, (1)765, 767-770, 798 effects in animals, (1)768 effects in man, (1)767-768 Tetrachloroethylene, (1)769-770; (3)134- 139; (4)4; (5)9, 70-74; (6)209 acute effects, (5)72 carcinogenicity, (5)73 chronic effects, (5)72 health effects, (4)150 human health effects, (5)72 metabolism, (5)71 mutagenicity? (5)72-73, 99 teratogenicity, (5)73 Tetrachloromethane, (see carbon tetrachloride), (1) Tetradecanoyl-phorbol- 13-acetate (TPA), (6)264, 283 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), (6)49 Tetrahydrofuran, in plastic pipe joints, (4)64, 66 Thalidomide, (6)21, 68 Thallium, selenium interactions, (3)328-329 Thames River, England, pilot plant resin studies, (2)343 THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), (6)49 Theoretical maximum residue contribution (TMRC), (6)259 Theoretical models, (3)52-54 Thermoplastic pipe, (4)13, 63 Thiamphenicol, (6) 17 Thimet R. (see phorate), (1) Thiobacillus, (see sulfur-oxidizing bacteria), (4) Thiopental pharmacokinetics model, (8)50- 54 Thiram, (see dithiocarbamates), (1) THM, (see trihalomethanes), (2); (3); (4) THMFP, (see trihalomethane formation potential), (2) Thorium, (1)858, 860; (3)142-144 Th-232, (1)859
CUMULATIVE INDEX 261 Threadworms, (1)115- 116 Three-compartment model, (8)334, 336, 337 Threshold, (1); (6); (8) actual, (1)42, 46 dose concept, (1)15, 21, 24-25, 27, 37- 47, 54-55, 58, 873 dose and long-term exposure, (1)27 dose-response curves, effects showing, (1)37 effect, (8)435-436 issues concerning, (6)252-253, 283 models, (6)269-271 practical, (1)42 radiation doses, (1)21, 865-872 Threshold limit value (TLV), (3)101; (4); (5); (6)4, 106, 170; (7)82 barium, (4)167, 168 carbon monoxide, (5)44 chlorobenzene, (5)20 1,1-dichloroethylene, (5)32 DMF, (4)215, 216 Thyroid, (1); (3)304 function, decreased, (1)249 gland, (9)62 hormones, (3)302 Thyroiditis, prevalence in Minnesota, (3)306 Thyrotoxicosis, (3)274, 305-306 Thyroxine, iodine content, (3)302 Time, (1); (3); (4); (6); (8) chronological, (8)69, 73 of exposure, influence of, (6)12-15 integral of tissue exposure, (8)10 physiological, (8)69-76 Time-dependent dosing, (8)467-468 Time-dependent exposure, (8)451-455 Time-dependent physiological and metabolic changes, (6)200-201 Time-to-response models of carcinogenesis. (1)48 Time-to-tumor-occurrence models, (3)2, 43- 45 Time-weighted average dose, (8)454 Time-weighted average receptor occupancy, (8)20 Time-weighted average standard, nitrites, (4)203 Tin, (1)221, 292-296, 302-303, 315 Tissue(s), (3); (6); (8); (9) arsenic distribution, (3)339 binding, (8)90 chromium distribution, (3)366 culture systems, (6)277 dose scale-up, (6) 194- 196 dosimetry in risk assessment, (8)8-23 exposure, time integral of, (8) 10 manganese distribution, (3)333, 335 mass balance, (8)48 molybdenum distribution, (3)359-360 nickel distribution, (3)347 partition coefficients, (6) 182; (8)91 perfusion, (8)49 regions, (8)45-47 silicon distribution, (3)355-356 total concentration, (8)49-50 vanadium distribution, (3)352 volume, (8)19 (see histology and histochemistry), (9) Tissue-concentration curve, area under the (AUTC), (6) 174- 175 TLV, (see threshold limit value), (3); (4); (6)4, 106, 170 TMRC (theoretical maximum residue contribution), (6)259 Tobacco, (9)24-25, 69 TOC, (see total organic carbon), (2) TOCI, (see total organic chlorine), (2) Tolerance distribution models, (3)2, 40-41 Tolerated dose, maximum (MTD), (8)6. 432-433, 449, 450 Toluene, (1)770-773; (2); (3)168-172; (4)250, 252, 254 in drinking water, (2) 159 effects in animals, (1)772 effects in man, (1)771-772 Toluene diisocyanate, o-dichlorobenzene used in manufacture, (5)22 Total organic carbon, (2)252, 269-270, 302 Total organic chlorine, (2)158 Total Diet Study, FDA, (3)331, 337-338 Total Exposure Assessment Measurement (TEAM) study, (6)260 Toxaphene, (1)600-604, 796 effects in animals, (1)601-602 effects in man, (1)601 Toxic, (1); (3); (6) chemicals, (3)2-3, 28-29 dose, maternally, (6)25 effects, mechanisms, (1)58-59 metabolites, short-lived, (6)204 substances, criteria for testing suspected, (1)16 Toxicants, genetic, (6)155 Toxicity and toxicology, (1)12, 30, 57-58; (3)3-4, 28-29; (6); (8); (9)
262 CUMULATIVE INDEX acetylcholinesterase, (9)147-153, 170 acute, (1)29 assessment of, (8)410-425 biochemical interaction, (3)45-56 chronic, (1)22; (9)9- 10, 11- 13, 21-22, 27 classification of substances, (9)96-97, 104-105, 123-129, 146, 168 commonality, (9) 123 =, comparison of human and murine, (8)434- (1) 435 cytotoxicity, (9)17, 68 data bases, (9) 119, 170 data selection criteria, (1)15 definition of, (1)803 detoxification, (9)7-9, 28, 57, 103 developmental, (see developmental toxicity), (6); (9)74, 77 DNA adducts and, (9)1-5, 6, 17-25, 47 52 DNA adducts, specific, (9)61-77 environmental variables affecting, (1)36 extrapolation from animals to man, (1)12, 19, 27-37 genetic, (6) 148- 149 hepatic systems, specific DNA adducts, (9)68, 73, 75, 77 immunotoxicity, pentachlorophenol, (6)390-391 inhalation, (6)6 laboratory studies, (1) 19 maternal, (see maternal toxicity), (6) mechanism of, (8)412-414 mixtures of toxins, (9)95-97, 99-100, 104, 121-131, 170 National Toxicology Program, (9)102, 115-117 neurotoxicity, organophosphorous, (9) 147- 153; carbamates, (9) 153 nonsaturable pathway, (8)266 oocyte, (6)41-42 phosphorus deficiency, (3)278 reproductive, (see reproductive toxicity), (6); (9)74 reversibility, (1)23-27, 53 selected contaminants, (6)294-412 skin, (9)63, 65, 67, 71, 75 sperm, (6)55-56 studies of water, criteria for, (1)12, 16, 19 synergistic, (1)36 testing procedures, (6)36, 83-92 tests, laboratory animal, (1)29-37, 55-56 tests, standardized conditions, (1)30-31 xenobiotic substances, (9)3, 9 (see also neurotoxicity), (6) (see also carcinogenic; DNA adducts, specific; dosages and dosimetry; genetic toxicity; inhalation toxicology), (9) Toxicology Information Network (TOXIN), (8)247-248 Toxicology studies extrapolation to humans acute, (1)21, 29 subchronic, (1)21 Toxification, (1)58 Toxiphors, (8)265 2,4?5-TP (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid), (1)509-519 carcinogenicity, (1)515 dose levels, (1)513-515, 796 mutagenicity, (1)5 15 teratogenicity, (1)515-516 toxicity, (1)513-515, 516-517, 519 TPA (tetradecanoyl-phorbol- 13-acetate), (6)264, 283 Trace elements, (1); (3) concentrations, (1)218, 220 in drinking water (see metals, trace), (1) iodine, (3)216 Trace metal content, (1); (4) Boston, Mass., area, (4)39-40, 41 Chicago, Ill., water treatment system, (4)35, 36 Tracheobronchial (TB) liquid lining, (8)357- 361 Transcription, (9)13 Transfer constant, (8)27 Transforming genes, (6)142 Transition rate, (8)380 Translocations, (6)80 heritable, (6)80-81 Transport, drug, (8)89-90 Treflan, (see dinitroanilines), (1) Tremolite, (1) 144, 151 actinolite mineral series, (1)148-149 Triazines, (1)533, 535-539, 796, 798 ADI, (1)796 dose levels, (1)796 toxicity, (1)535-536 Tribromomethane, (see bromoform), (1); (2)151-152 Trichloramine, (see nitrogen bichloride), (2) Trichlorfon, (6)396, 397, 398-408; (9)68- 69
CUMULATIVE INDEX 263 ADI, (6)408, 411 carcinogenic risk estimate, (6)411 carcinogenicity, (6)405-406 cholinesterase activities, (6)402 developmental effects, (6)406 epidemiological study on, (6)244 health aspects in humans, (6)398-400 health aspects in other species, (6)400- 403 metabolism, (6)397-398 mutagenicity, (6)403-405 neurotoxicity, (6)403 reproductive effects, (6)406-407 SNARL, (6)411 studies needed, (6)412 Trichloroacetaldehyde, (see chloral), (1); (2)165; (7)144 (see also haloaldehydes), (7) Trichloroacetic acid (TCA), (6)202-203; (7)34-35, 37, 39, 40, 133, 145-146 (see also haloacids), (7) 2,2,2-trichloroacetic acid, metabolite of 1, 1,1-trichloroethane, (5)74 1,1-trichloroacetone, (see haloketones), (7) Trichloroacetonitrile, (see haloacetonitriles), (A Trichloroacetyl type chloroform precursors, (7)38 Trichlorobenzene, (1)773-775 1, 1,1-trichloroethane, (3); (5)9, 28, 32, 74- 78; (9) 134 acute effects, (5)75-76 carcinogenic risk estimate, (5)77-78, 98 carcinogenicity, (5)76-78 chronic effects, (5)76 1,2-dichloroethane, (5)28 human health effects, (5)75 metabolism, (5)74-75 mutagenicity, (5)76, 99 SNARL, (5)78, 98 teratogenicity, (5)78 toxicity, (3) 144- 155 tumor incidence, (5)77 1,1,2-trichloroethane, (1)775-777 Trichloroethanol (TCEA), (7) 145- 146 2,2,2-trichloroethanol, metabolite of 1,1,1 - trichloroethane, (5)74 Trichloroethylene (TCE), (1)777-781; (2)287; (3); (5)9, 79-85; (6)186-188, 189; (7)145; (9)134, 171-174 acute effects, (5)81 carcinogenic risk estimate, (1)779-780, 794; (5)83-84, 98 carcinogenicity, (5)82-83 chronic effects, (5)81 effects in animals, (1)778 effects in man, (1)777-778 human health effects, (5)80-81 metabolism, (5)71, 79-80 mutagenicity, (5)81-82, 99 SNARL, (5)85 teratogenicity, (5)84-85 toxicity, (3)155-166 toxicity data. (1)7X I tumor incidence, (5)83 Trichlorofluoromethane, (1)781, 782-783; (3) toxicity, (3) 166- 168 Trichloromethane (chloroform), (1); (7)111 (see also trihalomethanes), (7) Trichloromethyl cyanide, (see haloacetonitriles), (7) Trichloromethylnitrile, (see haloacetonitriles), (7) Trichloronitromethane, (see chloropicrin), (7) 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, (1)799; (4)264-268 health effects. (4)266-267 metabolism, (4)265 SNARL, (4)203, 268 uses, (4)264 Trichlorophenols, (see chlorophenols), (7) 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid), (1)499, 500-513, 796 ADI, (1)509 carcinogenicity, (1)506 dose levels, (1)501-506 esters of, (1)503 mutagenicity, (1)505 teratogenicity, (1)508 toxicity, (1)500-510 1,2,3-trichloropropane (1,2,3-TCP), (see chloropropanes and chloropropenes), (6) Trichuris trichiura, (I ) 115 Trifluralin, (see dinitroanilines), (1) Trihalomethanes (THMs), (2)140; (3)1, 6-7, 13-18, 19, 55-56; (4)3; (7)1-2, 111- 133; (9)103, 134, 135, 140-141, 142, 143 acute effects, (7) 117- 118 anion exchange resins studies, (2)344 carcinogenicity, (7) 122- 129 chlorination effects, (2)5, 8 chlorophyll reaction, (2) 164
264 CUMULATIVE INDEX chronic effects, (7) 120- 122 coagulation, (2)9 concentration, (4)97 in CPVC pipe water, (4) 67 formation, (2) 149- 153, 171 - 172, 269 270, 344 formation from chlorine dioxide, (2)S2 formation reactions, (2) 160- 161, 163 GAC, (2)289 health effects in humans, (7) 114- 117 health effects in other species, (7) 117- 129 hypochlorous acid, (2)141 instantaneous, (4)97 metabolism, (7) 112- 114 mutagenicity, (7) 122 NOMS, (2)150-151 nonhaloform products, (2) 153- 154 NORS, (2) 150- 151, 172- 173 potable waters, laboratory studies, (2)186 187 precursors, (2)344-345 production, (2)9 reactions, (4)96 seasonal variation, (2)164 subchronic effects, (7) 118- 120 total, (4)97 U.S. municipal water supplies, (2)150 151 in water supplies, (2) 185- 186 Triiodide, ozone reaction, (2)44 Triiodothyronine, (3)302 Trilobus species, (1) 116 Trimethylbenzene, (1)799 Trinitrophenols, (4) health effects (4)238-239, 240 isomeric forms of, (4)231 metabolism, (4)235 properties of, (4)232 SNARL (4)203, 245, 247 uses? (4)231 Tris, (6)77 Trisomies, (6)70 Tritium, (1)858, 862, 871 Tritox, (see haloacetonitriles), (7) Trivalent arsenic toxicity, (3)339 Trivalent chromium, (3)365, 367 True-positive or true-negative result. (6)235 TTHM (see trihalomethanes, total), (4) Tuberculation, corrosion and, (4)13-14, 28 Tubular cross sections, (6)92 Tumor(s), (1); (6); (8) childhood, (6)14 growth time, (1)40 induction, (6)5 malignant, (1)23 promoters, (8)21 promotion, human, multiple stages in, (6) 148 Tumor incidence data, (5)2; (6) acrylamide, (6)301 chlorobenzene, (5)21 chloropropanes and chloropropenes, (6)336 diallate, (6)311 dibromochloropropane, (6)324 1,2-dichloroethane, (5)31 1,1-dichloroethylene, (5)37-38 di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, (6)349 hexachlorobenzene, (5)54-55 nitrofen, (6)372 sulfallate, (6)313, 314 1, 1,1-trichloroethane, (5)77 trichloroethylene, (5)83 (see also carcinogenicity), (5) Tumorigenesis, (8)5-6; (9)3-4 animal models, (9) 19-21 DNA adduct dosimetry, (9)27 and germ cell mutation, (9)18 Turbidity drinking water standard, (2)10 Turbidity, water, (1)94, 183- 188, 190, 217 causes of, (1)183 measuring, (1) 187- 188 Turbidimetry, (1) 187 TWA, (see time-weighted average standard), (4) Two-compartment model, (8)30-31, 32, 43, 194 Two-hit dose response model of carcinogenesis (1)45 Two-stage carcinogenicity model, (8)21, 273, 274 TYMNET data communications network, (8)247 Typhoid fever. (1)3-4, 6-7, 64, 78, 82-83; (2)18; (7)4 U UICC (Unio Internationale Contra Cancrum), asbestos reference samples, (1)147. 150-151 Ultrafiltration method to recover enteroviruses from water, (1)97
CUMULATIVE INDEX 265 Ultrasensitive enzymatic radioimmunoassay (USERIA), (9)23, 41 Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, (1)50; (2); (7)20; (9)13, 40 in drinking water disinfection, (7)13 light disinfection, (2) 106- 112 skin, effects on, (9)38 spectroscopy, (2)75 Unbound, (8) concentration, (8)103, 108 fractions, (8)88-92, 103 Uncertainty(ies), (8) error analysis and, (8) 188- 193 inherent, (8)473 using SIMUSOLV, (8) 185-207 Uncertainty factors, (1), (see safety factor), (1); (6)8, 253 Uniform corrosion, (4)27 Unit risk, (6)255 United Kingdom, (2); (3)22; (9)138 pilot plant effluent studies, (2)308 University of Michigan School of Public Health, plastic pipe studies, (4)64 Unplasticized PVC pipe, (4)63, 65 UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation), (1)857, 858, 859, 861, 878, 886, 889 Unstable metabolites, (8) 119 Upper respiratory tract (URT), (8)303 morphology of, (8)358 uPVC, (see unplasticized PVC pipe), (4) Uracil, (see bromacil), (1) Uranium, (1); (3)173-177; (5)9, 90-97 acute effects, (5)94 chronic effects, (5)94-95 concentrations in water, (1)858 human health effects, (5)93 metabolism, (5)92-93 mutagenicity, (5)96, 99 SNARL, (5)96-97, 98 teratogenicity, (5)96 U-238, (1)859 Urea, (1)142 Urine and urinary system, (8); (9)43, 72, 102 bladder exposure to N-hydroxy arylamines, (8)334-348 excretion into, (8)142-143 metabolism, (8)147 URT, (see upper respiratory tract), (8) U.S. Public Health Service, drinking water standards, (4)64 U.S. asbestos workers and GI cancer, (5)128 Utah, arsenic in drinking water, (5)120-121 Uterine epithelial hypertrophy, (6)89 V Vaccines, oral, (1)101 Vaginal opening time in rat pup, (6)88-89 Validations, (8) of PB-PK models, (8)283, 317-319 prospective, in anticancer therapy, (8)431 440 Valves, distribution system, (4)12 Van de Graaff generator, (2)95-97 Vanadium, (1)210-212, 216, 218, 220-221, 296-298, 302-303, 315 Vanadium nutrition, (3)350-354, 374-375 chromium interaction, (3)368 Vancide 89, (see captan), (1) Vanguard K, (see captan), (1) Vapor hazard index, (7) 165 Variable-threshold model of carcinogenesis, (1)45, 46 Variance of error, (8) 191 - 193 VCM (vinyl chloride monomer), (8)456-458 Vegans, (3)266 Velocity of reaction, minimum, (8)14 Venezuela, selenium intake, (3)321 Venous, (6); (8) blood concentration, (6) 183 blood mass-balance equation, (8)262 equilibration model of organ elimination. (8)83-86 Vermiculite, (1)139, 142 Vessel-poor group (VPG) of organs, (8)447 Vessel-rich group (VRG) of organs, (8)447 Viability index, (6)84 Vial equilibration, (6) 182; (8) 164 Vibrio cholerae, (1)2, 67-68, 70, 73; (2)45 Vincristine, (6) 118 Vinyl chloride, (1)783-787; (4); (5)9, 85 90; (6)72; (8); (9)73, 134, 164, 165 acute effects, (5)86 carcinogenic risk estimates, (1)785-786, 794 carcinogenicity, (4)4, 70; (5)88-89 chronic effects, (5)86 chronic exposure, (5)33-34 1,2-dichloroethane, (5)28 effects in animals, (1)784-785
266 CUMULATIVE INDEX health effects, (4)150 human health effects, (1)784; (5)86 metabolism, (5)85-86 monomer (VCM), (8)456-458 mutagenicity, (5)86-87, 99 in plastic pipe, (4)63, 67 teratogenicity, (5)89-90 Vinyl cyanide, (see acrylonitrile), (3) Vinyl epoxy, (4)4 Vinyl bichloride, (see trichloroethane), (1) Vinylidene chloride, (see 1,1 dichloroethylene), (5); (6)209 Virtual steady states, (8)98-99 validity of assumption of, (8)105-106 Virtually safe doses (VSD), (8)296-298 Virucidal activity, (see biocidal activity), (2) Viruses, (1)13, 63, 88-111, 120, 179, 181 183, 186; (2); (7)22-24 correlations with bacteria, (1)110-111 detecting waterborne, (1)94-95 disinfection of water, (2) 14- 15 enteric, (see enteroviruses), (1) epidemiology, (1)91-94 health effects in drinking water, (1) 101 104 history of enteric, (1)89-91 ozone for inactivation, (2)47 poliovirus, (2)1, 46, 48 Potomac River, free chlorine tests, (2)31 recovery from water, (1)94-101 resistance to disinfection, (1) 104- 110 water treatment to remove, (1)104-111 Visual system, (6)109 Vitamin D, (3)270, 277 Vitamin E, (3)325, 329; (7) 113 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), (6)168-169; (9)106, 136-137, 142 carcinogenic risk estimation, (9) 162- 166 dose-response curves, (6) 172- 173 drinking water concentrations, (9) 138, 140 groundwater concentrations, (9) 136, 139 140 pharmacokinetic models, (9) 113- 114, 171-174 risk assessment, (9)96 routes of exposure, (6) 171 - 172 solvents, (9)126 standards, (9) 134 volatility, (9) 140- 141, 143 Volatility of contaminants, (9) 139- 141, 143 Volume of distribution, (8)31 VPG (vessel-poor group) of organs, (8)447 VRG (vessel-rich group) of organs, (8)447 VSD (virtually safe doses), (8)296-298 W War, (9)147 Washington County, Md., water quality study, (3)10 Washington State, asbestos in drinking water, (5) 137- 139 Waste disposal, (1)174- 176 Wastewater, (1); (2) ionizing radiation, (2)96 reclamation of, (1)104 Wastewater treatment. (2) bacteria on GAC, (2)309 effluent ozonization, (2)203 microbial activity on GAC, (2)304-306 Water, (1); (2); (3); (7) collection, (7)5-6 distribution systems, (1)65-66, 77, 91; (~6 epidemiological studies, (7)50-60 hardness, (see also soft water), (3)1-2, 21-22, 267, 271; (see also hardness water), (1) intake, (3)266 mutagenicity of, (7)45-46 quality, effects on disinfection, (2)7-17 softening, (2)86 supply disinfection, (2)5-137 toxicity, (7)46-50 treatment practices, (7)6 treatment processes, (2) 167, 255-256 uses, (1)17 (see also epidemiological studies of contaminants, mutagenicity), (7) Water consumption volume, human, (1) 11 Water quality, (2); (3); (4) A/C pipe effect on, (4)49-58 biofilm effect on, (4)112 biological effects on, (4)4-5 chemical effects on, (4)2-3 corrosion and, (4)29-30 effect on A/C pipe performance, (4)46- 47, 49 effects on disinfection, (2)7-17 future THM studies, (3) 13, 17 indexes, (see Aggressiveness Index' Langelier Index, Saturation Index), (4) linings and, (4)3-4, 32-33, 71-92
CUMULATIVE INDEX 267 Los Angeles County, Calif., cancer study, (3)11 microorganisms effect on, (4)122-123 Mississippi River, La., cancer studies, (3)8 NCTHM concentration, bladder cancer relationship, (3)13 New Jersey cancer study, (3)12 Ohio River cancer studies, (3)8, 11 Pittsburgh, Pa., cancer studies, (3)12 plastic pipe effect on, (4)64 THM concentrations-cancer relationship, (3)13-18 upstate New York cancer study, (3)9-10 Washington County, Md., cancer study, (3)10 (see also biological quality of water, chemical quality of water), (4) Water supplies, (1) inorganic solutes in, (1)205-488 monitoring of, (1)76, 86 organic particulates in, (1)168-179 safety, (1)7 sampling, (1)76-78 on ships and waterborne disease, (1)65-66 U.S. standards, history, (1)6-8 well, (1)93 Water supply systems, (see also public water supply), (1); (2); (3)267; (4) disinfection, (2)5-137; (4)12, 15 individual and waterborne disease, (1)65 municipal and waterborne disease, (1)65 reliability, (4~16 semipublic and waterborne disease, (1)65 source of, (4)9 treatment, (4)3, 10 treatment, Philadelphia, Pa., (2)276 typhoid fever outbreaks, (1)64 (see also distribution system), (4) Water treatment, (1); (2); (3)373; (7) adsorbent unit processes, analytical methods, (2)356-365 adsorption, (2)256 calcium hypochlorite, (2)35 coagulation process, (2)268-271 disinfection effects on, (2)5-137, 255 Federal Republic of Germany, (2)362 filtration process, (2)268-271 history, (1)2-8 hydrous iron oxide, (2)83 indicator organisms in, role of, (1)70-71 microbial action on GAC, (2)296-299 Niagara Falls, N.Y., (2)51 parasite removal, (1)117-118, 120-121 particulates removal, (1)184-186 Philadelphia, Pa., (2)276, 287, 298 practices, (7)6 preozonization, (2)299-302 processes, (2)167, 255-256 sedimentation process, (2)268-271 supply treatment, Philadelphia, Pa., (2)276 THM precursors removal, (2)345 trace metals removal, (1)217. 220-226 transmission of hepatitis A, (1)91 virus removal. (1) 104- 111 Zurich, Switzerland, (2)298 (see also chlorination, coagulation, filtration, sedimentation), (1) Water treatment plants, (2) clarification processes, (2)268-271 Delaware River, (2) 153 disinfection, (2)255 PAC use, (2)274 Waterborne disease, (see epidemiology), (1); (2)5; (see diseases, waterborne), (4); (7)4-5 outbreaks, (7)14-15 Waterborne pathogens. (7)14-24 Water-softening, (see lime softening), (1); (see also soft water, water hardness), (2); (3)21-23, 285 Weaning index, (6)84 Weibull model, (6)269-270 Wells and well water, (4)53; (9)134 Well-stirred model of organ elimination (8)83-86, 113 Whipworms, (1) 115- 116 White-blood-cell (WBC) counts, (7)121 WHO, (see World Health Organization). (3) Wilson's disease, (1)252-253; (see hepatolenticular degeneration), (3) Wisconsin, (7) case-control study using personal interview, (7)56-57 mortality case-control study, (~)53 Women, (3); (see females). (6) iron requirements, (3)310 World Health Organization. (1)78; (3)30 X X chromosomes, (6)78 Xanthomonas, (2)309
268 CUMULATIVE INDEX Xenobiotic substances, (6)3; (9)3 effect on oogenesis, (6)43-45 tobacco carcinogens, (9)9, 24-25 Xeroderma pigmentosum, (1)43, 51 X-rays, (1); (2)94-95 diffraction, asbestos analysis, (1)159 Xylenes, (1)787, 788-789; (3) toxicity, (3)178-181 Xylenol isomers, (1)730 y Y chromosomes, (6)64 Yeast, pathogenic, (1)63 Yersinia enterocolitica, (1)64, 67 YFF test, (6)63, 64-65 Yusho disease, (1)758 z Zinc, (1)139, 171, 207-208, 211-212, 216, 218, 220-221, 299-304, 316; (4) concentration in Boston, Mass., area water, (4)50 corrosion and, (4)2, 32, 34, 59, 95 health effects, (4) 150 Zinc nutrition, (3)315-321, 374-375 copper interaction, (3)314 iron interaction, (3)311 Zineb, (see dithiocarbamates), (1) Ziram, (see dithiocarbamates), (1) Zona pellucida, (6)40 Zurich, Switzerland, (2) ozonization by-products, (2)203 water treatment, (2)298
