National Academies Press: OpenBook

Human Factors Research and Nuclear Safety (1988)

Chapter: References

« Previous: 8. The Regulatory Environment
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1988. Human Factors Research and Nuclear Safety. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/789.
×
Page 99
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1988. Human Factors Research and Nuclear Safety. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/789.
×
Page 100
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1988. Human Factors Research and Nuclear Safety. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/789.
×
Page 101
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1988. Human Factors Research and Nuclear Safety. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/789.
×
Page 102
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1988. Human Factors Research and Nuclear Safety. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/789.
×
Page 103
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1988. Human Factors Research and Nuclear Safety. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/789.
×
Page 104
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1988. Human Factors Research and Nuclear Safety. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/789.
×
Page 105
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1988. Human Factors Research and Nuclear Safety. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/789.
×
Page 106
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1988. Human Factors Research and Nuclear Safety. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/789.
×
Page 107
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1988. Human Factors Research and Nuclear Safety. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/789.
×
Page 108

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

References Abolafia, M.W. 1985 Self-regulation as market maintenance: an organization per- spective. Pp. 312-342 in R. Noll, ea., Regulatory Policy and the Social Scicnec`. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. Advisory Committee on Reactor Safety 1980 A Rcuiew of NRC Regulatory Procures and Functions. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. American Psychological Association 1985 Standards for E~cahonal and Psychological Tceting. Washington, D.C.: APA. Anastasi, A. 1982 Psychological Tceting, 5th ed. New York: Macmillan. Bardach, E., and Kagan, R., eds. 1982 Going by the Book. The Problem of Regulatory Unrca~onabicnc~. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Block, M., Cox, J.C., Isaac, R.M., Pingy, D., and Smith, V.L. 1985 Alternatives to Rate of Return Regulation: A Final Report for the Arizona Corporation Commission. Mimeo. Economic Science Laboratory, University of Arizona. Boff, K.R., Kaufmann, L., and Thomas, J.P. 1986 Handbook of Pcreeption and Human Pcrformanec. New York: Wiley. Boff, K.R., and Lincoln, J.E. 1987 Engineering Data Compendium: Human Perception and Per- formance. Armstrong Aerospace Medical Laboratories Human Engineering Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. Breyer, S.G. 1981 Regulation and Its Reform Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univer- sity Press. British Steel Corporation 1976 Human Factors Evaluation. Hoogouens No. ~ Hot Strip Mill. Tech- nical Report FR-251. British Steel Corporation/Hoogovens, London. 99

100 Brown, J.S., Moran, T.P., and Williams, M.D. 1982 The Semantics of Procedures. (Technical Report). Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, California. Burness, S.H., Montgomery, W.D., and Quirk, J.P. 1980 Capital contracting and the regulated firm. American Econorruc Review 70:342-354. Chipman, S.F., Segal, J.W., and Glaser, R., eds. 1985 Thinking and Lcarrung Skills. Vol. 2. Research and Open Ques- tions. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. Cohen, B. 1980 Society's valuation of life saving in radiation protection and other contexts. Health Physics 38 ( 1 ) :36. Colquohoun, W.P., and Rutenfranz, J. 1980 Studies of Shiftwork. London: Taylor & Francis. Commission of Inquiry - Hinton Train Collision 1986 Supplies and Scrvicce. Ottawa, Canada. Committee on Nuclear Safety Research 1986 Revitalizing Nuclcar Safety Research Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Cox, J.C. and Isaac, R.M. 1987 Incentive Regulation and Innovation. Discussion Paper No. 86- 15. Department of Economics, University of Arizona. Curry, R.E. 1985 - Thc Introduchon of New Technology: A Human Factors Study. Technical Report NASA TM-86659. Davies, D. R., and Parasuraman, R. 1982 Thc Psychology of Vigilance. New York: Academic Press. Duncan, K.D. 1981 Training for Fault Diagnosis in Industrial Process Plants. In J. Rasmussen and W.B. Rouse, eds., Human Detections of Diagnosis of System Failures. New York: Plenum. Dunnette, M.D. 1976 Aptitudes, abilities, and skills. In M.D. Dunnette, ea., Handbook of Organizational and Industrial Psychology. New York: Wiley. Eastman Kodak Co. 1986 Ergonomic Design for People at Work (Volume 2~. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. Electric Power Research Institute 1976 Human Factors Review of Nuclcar Power Plant Design. Project 501, NP-309-SY, Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, Summary Report, November. 1979 Analysis of I,MI-Unit 2 Accident. Technical Report NSAC-1. 1986a Guidc to Technical Reporta Published 1972 through 1981. EPRI. Palo Alto, California. 1986b Guidc to Tcchr~ical Reports Published January 1g82-Scptember 1, 1986. EPRI. Palo Alto, California. 1986c Heat Stress Management Program for Nuclcar Power Plants. EPRI NP-4453, Palo Alto, California. Elm, W.C., and Woods, D.D. 1985 Getting lost: a case study in interface design. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Socicly. 29th Annual Meeting.

101 Feher, M., Moray, N., Senders, J.W., and Rash, T. 1987 Development of Criteria for Nuclear Power Plant Control Room Emer- gency Procedurc~. DSS 62SS 87055-5-4018. Ottawa, Ontario: Atomic Energy Control Board. Feher, M., Senders, J.W., Smiley, A.M., and Munhall, K. 1987 An assessment of human factors issues in the safety of On- tario Hydro's nuclear generating stations. Ontario Nuclear Safety Review. Toronto: Queen's Park. Finlayson, F.C., Hussman, T.A., Jr., Keith, R.S., Jr., Crolius, R.L., and Willis, W.W. 1977 Human Engineering of Nuclear Power Plant Control Rooms and Its Effect on Operator Performance. Report ATR-77~2815~-1. Aerospace Corporation. Fischhoff, B. 1986 Decision-making in complex systems. In E. Hollnagel, G. Man- cini, and D.D. Woods, eds., Intelligent Dccuion Support in Process Environmcnts. New York: Springer-Verlag. Foushee, H.C. 1984 Dyads and triads at 35,000 feet: factors affecting group process and aircrew performance. American Psychologist 39~8~:885-893. Friedlaender, A.F., ed. 1978 Approachce to Controlling Air Pollution. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Goodstein, L. 1981 Discriminative display support for process operators. In J. Rasmussen & W. B. Rouse, eds., Human Dctcetion and Diagnose of System Failure. New York: Plenum Press. Gopher, D. 1982 A selective attention test as a predictor of success in Bight training. Human Factors 24:173-183. Cough, H. 1976 Personality and personality assessment. In M.D. Dunnette, ea., Handbook of Organizational and Industrial Psychology. New York: Wiley. Hartzell, J. 1986 Army-NASA Aircrew/Aircraft Integration Program (A3 I). Executive Summary. Pala Alto, Calif.: NASA/Ames Research Center. Hirschhorn, L. 1984 Beyond Mcchar~ization. Work and Technology in a Po~tindu~trial Age. Cambridge MA: MIT Press. Hockey, R., ed. 1983 Stress and Fatigue inhuman Pcrformanec. New York: John Wiley. Hockey, R. 1984. Varieties of attentional state: the effects of environment. Pp. 440483 in R. Parasuraman and D.R. Dawes, eds., Varictic~ of Attention. New York: Academic Press. Hollan, J., Hutchins, E., and Weitzmann, L. 1984 STEAMER: an interactive inspectable simulation-based train- ing system. Artificial Intelligence 4:15-27.

102 Hollnagel, E., Mancini, G., and Woods, D.D., eds 1986 Intciligent Decision Support in Proccse Enuironr,Knts. New York: Springer-Verlag. Joskow, P.L. 1974 Inflation and environmental concern: structure and change in the process of public utility price regulation. Journal of Law and Econor~ucs 17:291-327. Joskow, P.L., and Noll, R.G. 1981 Regulation in theory and practice: an overview. Pp. 105 in G. Fromm, ea., Studies in Public Regulation. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Kemeny, J.G., et al. 1979 Arc Prcsident's Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island. Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office. Kragt, H. and Bonten, J. 1983 Evaluation of a conventional proces~-alarm system in a fertilizer plant. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (SMC- 13~:586-600. Lanir, Z. 1986 Fundamental Surprise. Eugene, Oregon: Decision Research. Lenat, D.B., and Brown, J.S. 1984 Why AM and Eurisko appear to work. Artificial Intciligencc 23:269-294. Lobe, M., and Magat, W. 1979 A decentralized method for utility regulation. Journal of Law and Economics 22~2~:390404. Mancini, G. in press Models of the decision maker in unforeseen accidents. Intcrna- tional Journal of Man-Machinc Studies. Mancini, G., Woods, D. D., & Hollnagel, E., eds. in press Cognitinc Engineering in Dynamic Worlds. London: Academic McCormick 1985 Press. (Special Issue of International Journal of Man,Machinc Studied. . E.J., and Ilgen, D.R. Industrial and Organizational Psychology. 8th Edition. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Meister, D. 1971 Human Factors: chicory and Practice. New York: Wiley. Miller, D.P., and Swain, A.D. 1987 Human error and human reliability. In G. Salvendy, ea., Nand- book of Human Factors. New York: Wiley. Moray, N. 1986 Operator models in process control. Procecdir~g~ of IEEE Intcr- national Confcrcnec on Cybernetics and Society. 1987 Monitoring behavior and supervisory control. In K. Boff, L. Kaufman, and J. Beattie, eds., Handbook of Human Pcreeption and Pc~ormanec. New York: Wiley. Nobel, D. F. 1984 Forecs of Production. A Social History of Industrial Automation. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

103 Noll, R.G. 1985 Government regulatory behavior: a multidisciplinary survey and synthesis. Pp. 9~4 in R. Noll, ea., Regulatory Policy and the Social Scicnccs. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press. Noll, R.G., and Owen, B. 1983 Thc Political Economy of Dcregulahon. Washington, D.C.: Amer- ican Enterprise Institute. Norman, D.A. 1981 Categorization of action slips. Psychological Review 88:1-15. 1983 Representatives in Memory. AD-A 130662. National Technical Information Service. OECD-NEA 1985 Design and Implementation of Emergency Operating Proce- dures. Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations. CSNI No. 81. OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, Paris. Oswald, I. 1962 Sleeping and Waking. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Parasuraman, R. 1984 Sustained attention in detection and discrimination. Pp. 243- 271 in R. Parasuraman and D.R. Davies, eds., Varictic~ of Attention. New York: Academic Press. Pew, Richard W., et. al. 1986 Cockpit Automaton Technology. Technical Report 6133. Cam- bridge, Mass.: BBN Laboratories, Inc. Pope, R.H. 1978 Power station control room and desk design: alarm system and experience in the use of CRT displays. In Ir~tcrnational Symposium on Nuclear Power Plant Control and Instrumentation Cannes, France. Potash, L.M. 1981 Analysis of Licensee Event Report (LER) and noncompliance data related to licensee performance evaluation. Technical Report EG&G SSDC-5223. Professional Reactor Operator Society 1987 Communicator VII, 1:22-30. Mishicot, Wisconsin. Rasmussen, J. 1986 Information Processing and Human-Machinc Ir~cractior~ An Ap- proach to Cognitinc Enginecnng. New York: North Holland. Rasmussen, J., Duncan, K., and Leplat, J. 1987 New Technology and Human Error. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons. Reason, J.T., and Embrey, D.E. 1985 Human Factors Principles Relevant to the Modelling of Human Errors in Abnormal Conditions. Technical Report EC1 1164- 87221-84-UK. European Atomic Energy Community. Reason, J.T., and Mycielska, K. 1982 Abacnt-rnsnded? Thc Psychology of Mental Lapses arid Everyday Errors. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

104 Rogers, W.P., Armstrong, N.A., Acheson, D.C., Covert, E.E., Feyaman, R.P., Hotz, R.B., Kutyna, D.J., Ride, S.K., Rummel, R.W., Sutter, J.F., Walker, A.B.C. Jr., Wheelon, A.D., and Yeager, C.E. 1986 Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shunts Challenger Accident. Washington, D.C. Roth, E., Bennett, K., and Woods, D.D. in press Human interaction with an 'intellegent' machine. International Journal of Man-Machinc Studies. (Also in G. Mancini, D. Woods, and E. Hollnagel, eds., Cogrutivc Enginecnng in Dynamic Worlds. London: Academic Press.) Salvendy, G. 1987 Handbook of Human Factors. New York: Wiley. Seagraves, J.A. 1984 Regulating utilities with efficiency incentives. Public Utilities Fortnightly 113~1):18-23. Senders, W., Moray, N., Smiley, A., and Sellon, A. 1985 Modelling Operation Cognitioc Interaction in Nucicar Power Plant Safety Evaluation. Ottawa, Ontario: Atomic Energy Control Board. Shepherd, A., Marshall, E., Turner, A., and Duncan, K. 1977 Diagnosis of plant failures from a control panel: a comparison of three training methods. Ergonomics 20:347-361. Sheridan, T.B., and Hennessy, R., eds. 1984 Research and Modelling of Supervisory Control Bchatnor. Committee on Human Factors, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Shikiar, R. 1985 An integrative approach to system safety. BHARC 400/85/014. Battelle Human Affairs Retie arch Centers Report. Seattle. Shikiar, R., Saari, L.M., Wood, M.T. 1984 Examiners handout for developing PWR operator licensing exams. PNL~5290. Battelle Human Affairs Research Centers Report. Seattle. Shneiderman, B. 1980 Software Psychology: Human Factors in Computer and Information Systems. Cambridge, Mass.: Winthrop Publ., Inc. Siegel, A.I., and Wolf, J.J. 1969 Man-Machinc System Models. New York: Wiley. Slavic, P., Fischhoff, B., and Lichtenstein, S. 1985 Regulation of risk: a psychological perspective. Pp. 241-277 in R. Noll, ea., Regulatory Policy and the Social Scicnecs. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. Smith, V. 1974 The implications of regulation for induced technical change. Boil Journal of Economics 5 (2) :623~32. Soloway, E., and Iyengar, S., edit. 1986 Empirical Studies of Programmers. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Pub. Corp. Sorkin, R.D., and Woods, D.D. 1985 Systems with human monitors: a signal detection analysis. Human-Cornputcr Interaction 1:4075.

105 Starr, C. 1980 Risk Criteria for Nuclear Power Plants: A Pragmatic Pro- posal. ANS/European Nuclear Society, International Confer- ence, November 16-21. Surgenor, B.W. 1981 The Man-Machme System in the Nuclear Generating Station: Fundamentals and the Task of Fault Management. Pp. 74-78 in Proceedings of the 11th Annual Mcchng of Numan Factors Association of Canada. Swain, A. D. 1975 Preliminary Human Factors Analysis of Zion Nuclear Power Plant, Sandia Corporation Report 76-6503. Trager, E.A., Jr. 1985 Case Study Report on Loss of Safety System Function Events. Office for Analysis and Evaluation of Operational Data. Nu- clear Regulatory Commission, AEOD/C504, December. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission 1972 Evaluation of Incidents of Primary Coolant Release from Boil- ing Water Reactors, Technical Report WASH-1260. Washing- ton, D.C. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission 1979a Report of Special Review Group, Office of Inspection and Enforec- mcnt on Lessons Learned from Three Mile Island. NUREG-0616. Washington, D.C. 1979b IP~I-2 Lessons Lcarned, Task Fores Final Report. NUREG-0585, Washington, D.C. 1980a Analog of Tcchniquce for Estimating Evacuation Times for Emer- gency Plan Zonce. NUREG/CR-1745. Washington, D.C. 1980b Utility Managemcnt and Technical Rc~ourcc`. NUREG/CR-1656. Washington, D.C. 1982b 1982a An Approach to Modelling Supervisory Control of a Nucicar Power Plant. NUREG/CR-2988. Washington, D.C. Critical Numan Factors Induce in Nucicar Power Regulation and a Recommended Comprchensioc Numan Factors Long-Rangc Plan. NUREG/CR-2833. Washington, D.C. 1983a Engineering Expertise on shift in Nucicar Power Plant`: The Foreign E~pericnec. NUREG/CR-2952. 1983b Handbook of Human Reliability Analysis with Emph~uu on Nucicar Power Plant AppEcahona. NUREG/CR-1278. Washington, D.C. ~ — ,' 1983c Long Ranac Research Plan NUREC;-~)961~ W~hincrt~n 1983d . ~ _ , ~ A Methodology for Allocating Nucicar Power Plant Control Functions to Human or Automatic Control. NUREG/CR-3331. Washington, D.C. 1983e Operator licensing Examiner Standards. NUREG-1021. Washing- ton, D.C. 1983f Organizational Analysis of Safety for Utilized with Nucicar Power Plants. NUREG/CR-3215. Washington, D.C. 1983g Procedures for Using Expert Judgment to Estimate Human Error Probabilities in Nucicar Power Plant Operations. NUREG/CR-2743. Washington, D.C.

106 1984c 1984g 1985j 1984a Alicrnativc Approachce to Providing Enginecnng on Ship. NUREG/ CR-3785. Washington, D.C. 1984b E~pcmcncc with the Shift Technical Advisor Po~tior~ NUREG/CR- 3396. Washington, D.C. A Guide to Literature Rcievant to the Organization and Administration of Nucicar Power Plants. NUREG/CR-3645. Washington, D.C. 1984d An Initial Empirical Analyze of Nucicar Power Plant Organizatior~ and its Effect on Saicty Pcrformanec. NUREG/CR-3737. Washington, D.C. 1984e Management and Organizational A~`c~mcnt~: A Review of Sciceted Organizations. NUREG/CR-3601. Washington, D.C. 1984f Organizational Intcrfacc in Reactor Emergency Planning and Rceponec. NUREG/CR-3524. Washington, D.C. U.S. Nucicar Regulatory Commission Human Factors Program Plan. NUREG-0985, Rev. 1. Washington, D.C. 1985a Application of SL1M-MAUD: A Scat of an Intcractivc Computcr-Based Method for Organ Expert A"casmcnt of Human Pcrformanec and Reliability. NUREG/CR-4016. Washington, D.C. 1985b An Approach to Team Skills Training of Nucicar Power Plant Control Room Crews. NUREG/CR-4258. Washington, D.C. 1985c Asac`emcnt of Jo~Rclated Educational Qualifications for Nucicar Power Plant Operators. NUREG/CR-4051. Washington, D.C. 1985d The Effects of Supervision E~pericnec and As~utanec of a Shift Tcchrucal Advisory on Crew Pcrformanec in Control Room Simulators. NUREG/CR-4280. Washington, D.C. 1985e Human Enginecring Guidelinca for the Evaluation and Asac~mcnt of Video Display Unite. NUREG/CR-4227. Washington, D.C. 1985f Knowied~cs and abilities cataloged for nuclear power plan operators: prescribed water reactors. NUREG/CR-1122. Washington, D.C. 1985g Lose of Integrated Control System Power and Ovcrcooling 1haneicnt at Rancho Scco on Dceember 26, 1985. Springfield, Virginia: National Technical Information Service. NUREG/CR-1195. Washington, D.C. 1985h Lose of Main and Au~illary Fcedwatcr at the Dav"-Bcssc Plant on June 9, 1985. Springfield, Virginia: National Technical Information Service. NUREG/CR-1154. Washington, D.C. 1985i Lose of Power and Water Hammer at San Onofrc, Unit ~ on Nouem~cr 21, 1985. Springfield, Virginia: National Technical Information Service. NUREG/CR-1190. Washington, D.C. Maintenanec Pcreonnd Pc~formanec Simulation (ALAPPS) Model. NlJREG/CR-4104. Washington, D.C. 1985k Policy Issue: Information. SECY-85-129. Washington, D.C. 19851 Rccommcndation~ for NRC Policy on Shift Scheduling and Ovcrtimc at Nuclcar Power Plant`. NUREG/CR-4248. Washington, D.C. 1985m Review and Evaluation of the Nuclcar Regulatory Communion Safety Research Program for Fiscal Years 1986 and t987. A Report to the Congress of the United States of America. NUREG/CR-1105. Washington, D.C. 1985n Specification of a Human Reliability Data Bank for Conducting BRA Segments of PRA for Nuclcar Power Plank. NUREG/CR-4010. Washington, D.C.

107 1986a Knowiedgca and abilities catalog for nuclear power plant operators: boiling water reactors. NUREG-1123. Washington, D.C. 1986b Models of Cognitinc Behavior in Nucicar Power Plant Pcr~onncl. NUREG/CR-4532. Washington, D.C. 1986c Obicetivc Indicators of Organizational Pcrformanec at Nucicar Power Plants. NUREG/CR-4378. Washington, D.C. 1986d Pcrformanec Indscatore. SECY-86-317. Washington, D.C. 1986e Recede and Pattcrne in Maintenanec Pcrformanec in the U.S. Nucicar Power Industry. NURE:G/CR-4611. Washington, D.C. 1986f U.S. Nucicar Regulatory Commission Human Factors Program Plan. NUREG-0985. Rev. 2. Washington, D.C. 1987a An Artificial Intciligenec Based Cognitive Model for Human Pcrfor- mancc As~casmcnt. NUREG/CR-4862. Washington, D.C. 1987b NRC Human Factors Safety Program Plan. Dated June 1, 1987. Washington, D.C. NRC Human Reliability Rcecarch Plan. Dated August 16, 1987. Washington, D.C. 1987d NRC Prioritized Lit of Human Factors Research Topics. Dated November 9, 1987. Washington, D.C. 1987e Omits A~ceemcnt of the Effcctinenc" and Impact of Upgraded Emer- gency Operating Procedures. D.C. NUREG/CR-4617. Washington, 1988 The Report on the Accident at the Chernobyl Nucicar Power Station, Rev. 1. NUREG-1250. Washington, D.C. Warm, J.S., and Parasuraman, R. 1987 Vigilance: basic and applied research. Human Factore 29~6~. Wiener, E.L. 1985a Beyond the sterile cockpit. Human Factors 27:75-90. 1985b Cockpit Automation: A Ficid Study of Flightcrew Transition Techni- cal Report NASA CR-177333. Wood, W.C. 1983 l~ucicar Safety Rieke and Regulation. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute. Woods, D.D. 1984 Some results on operator performance in emergency events. Institute of Chemical Engineers Symposium Strict 90:13-21. Woolf, B., Blegen, D., Jansen, J., and Verloop, A. 1986 Teaching a complex industrial process. In Proceedings, American Association for Artificial Intciligenec.

Next: Appendix: Biographical Sketches »
Human Factors Research and Nuclear Safety Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $45.00
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!