Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
CHAPTER EIGHT COMMUNICATION IN THE LIFE SCIENCES In 1866 an Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel published, in an ob- scure periodical, a classic paper reporting his experiments in crossbreeding plants experiments that delineated the basic laws of heredity. Mendel's paper was not just a suggestion; it was a rather convincing quantitative description of the operation of heredity, based on long experimentation and critical analysis. Because Mendel's concepts ran counter to those held by the knowledgeable biologists who were aware of his papers, and because the information channels were inadequate to direct Mendel's work to the attention of other scientists, it lay relatively unknown for almost four decades until its resurrection by Correns, DeVries, and Tschermak, an event that marked the beginning of the full-fledged study of genetics. The in- valuable technique of absorption chromatography, by which rather similar compounds can be separated and purified, is another example of a scientific advance that lay dormant for years, only to be rediscovered later. Although there may be other such instances, the informal communication network now operating markedly decreases the likelihood of major losses of this 405
THE LIFE SCIENCES kind. Such losses, however, could be brought to a minimum by further im- provement of formal, appropriately designed information systems. A modern information system must be designed to preclude the waste of time inherent in discovering the same thing twice, while managing the mushrooming volume of information published in journals both prominent and obscure. Investigators in all fields face the critical challenge of coping with the waves of information that threaten to swamp them, and they in- creasingly recognize their inability to scan all the reports directly related to their work, much less those of tangential interest. Yet only 15 years ago the situation was within bounds. The number and variety of information services ostensibly designed to meet the needs of an increasingly diversified and compartmented clientele of biologists have grown dramatically in the last two decades. The total investment in dollars, trained manpower, and facilities required to imple- ment these services now consumes an important fraction of the total invest- ment in biological research and education. Their rate of growth, their size, and their current level of investment make it desirable to study the cost effectiveness of biological information services. Such evaluation requires an in-depth review and appraisal of both the nature and the objective of these services in relation to the infor- mation requirements of today's biologists. Information-exchange organiza- tions are confronted with an acute need to discern and adapt to the changing information requirements of a scientific community that presently appears to be in a state of flux. Alignment within this community is passing through a period of transition that will probably lead to a rearrangement and amalgamation of scientific disciplines and the structure of their organi- zational concomitants, leading to new information requirements better suited to the objectives of consolidated groupings as they evolve. For example, one can now sense the beginnings of a spontaneous move- ment of the presently polarized factions of molecular biologists and "whole- animal" biologists toward cooperation and integration of their disciplines. The rapprochement of systems-oriented ecologists and ecologically oriented systematists is also much closer to realization. Meanwhile, new orientations to the use of biological understanding for dealing with problems of disease, toxicology, environmental health, pollution, and the general quality of the environment make demands on the information system quite different from those of only a few years ago. Are the current organizational patterns of biological information systems such that they facilitate this reunion of disciplines so urgently required to break new ground? Or, by reason of investments in facilities and equipment and success in achieving their present modes of operation, have they generated a strong interest in preserving the status quo, thus constraining