INDEX
Acute renal failure
protein intake enhancement of, 138, 144
See also Diseases and disorders;
Renal function
Adaptation
amino acid metabolism, adaptive component of, 180-184, 221-224
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), 111, 112, 113, 115, 121-122, 123, 124, 125, 244, 245
Age and aging
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry models, influence of age, 272
glomerulosclerosis development role of, 144, 145, 146, 147
muscle mass changes over time, monitoring considerations, 273-275
protein Recommended Dietary Allowances by age group, 6, 37
sarcopenia of aging, muscle mass/function effects of, 48, 123-126
Amino acid metabolism
adaptive component of, 180-184, 221-224
diurnal cycling role in, 184-186, 224-225
energy-dependent processes of, 110-112
exercise and catabolism, 29-30, 244-247
exercise, endurance, and, 310-311
infection/injury effects on muscle transmembrane transport, 280-281
influences on, 199-202
physical activity and, 243, 244, 250-251
physical activity, increased, role of energy supply and, 244, 248-249
See also Amino acids (AA);
Indispensable amino acids (IAA);
Obligatory oxidative amino acid loss (OOL)
Amino acid requirements
animal data for composition/requirement patterns, 178
brain function and, 289-293
controversy over, 3-4, 25-28, 170-173
definition, inherent difficulties, 169-202
estimation feasibility and necessity, 217-237
FAO/WHO/UNU requirements, 218, 219, 220, 229, 230, 231, 236, 237
FAO/WHO/UNU values, 3-4, 24-28, 171
FAO/WHO/UNU values adjustment, 192-193
isotope, stable, use for estimating, considerations, 193-197, 232-234
military operations and, CMNR conclusions/recommendations, 77-79
MIT Requirement Pattern proposal and physical activity, considerations , 235-237
MIT Requirement Pattern proposal, overview, 218-221
nitrogen balance use for estimating, limitations, 22-24, 186-202, 226-231
obligatory oxidative loss patterns, use for predicting, 175
Amino acids (AA), 19, 133, 160, 162
Army's interest in role of, 2-3, 20-21
blood-brain barrier, overview of, 290-293
central nervous system transport mechanisms for, 291
cognitive performance effects of military lightweight rations, field studies results, 301-303
intake adequacy, functional indicators of, 198-202
intake adequacy, protein turnover as indicator of, 198-199
intake of, metabolic studies of long-distance cyclists, 52
military limited-use operational rations, for optimal cognitive/physical function, research needs, 86-87
neurotransmitter system products of, 292, 293
performance role of, 20
Amino acid supplements
benefits/health risks of, 7-11, 39, 42-63
branched-chain amino acids, endurance performance and metabolism effects of, 53-54, 310, 312-317
branched-chain amino acids, possible benefits, 249
cognitive performance effects of, 8, 42-45
glutamine, endurance performance and metabolism effects of, 310, 317-320
immune function effects of, 9, 54-56
metabolism and performance effects of, rationale for, 309-322
military performance optimization using, CMNR conclusions/recommendations , 79-81
military personnel reported use, by gender/military specialty, 103-104
performance and, study considerations, 334
physical performance effects of, 10, 52-54
pregnancy effects of, 11, 62-63
safety of, 11, 13, 14, 61-63, 79-81, 332-334
tryptophan, and cognitive performance, 43-44
tyrosine, and cognitive performance, 44-45
See also Amino acids (AA);
Food supplements;
Indispensable amino acids (IAA);
Protein supplements
Aminotransferase
branched-chain amino acid reaction with, interaction with tricarboxylic acid in muscle, 315-317
Ammonia
branched-chain amino acids ingestion, effects on plasma concentrations/muscle production of, during exercise, 317
Anabolic hormones
injuries/infection treatment with, effects of, CMNR conclusions/recommendations , 12, 14, 78, 79
muscle protein effects of, 49-51, 125, 127, 128, 129
muscle protein metabolism, effects of following infection/injury, 281-282
See also Growth hormone (GH);
Hormones;
Insulin;
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)
Animal studies
amino acid composition and requirement patterns for selected animal, data, 178
dogs, calcium clearance determinants for, 139, 140, 141
ileal indispensable amino acid losses, animal data, 180
obligatory metabolic demand pattern, animal data for, 175-180
protein-free diet, responses to, data on selected animals, 177
Anorexia
infection/injury effects on whole body protein metabolism, 160
Antarctic
walk across, protein turnover rates during, 36, 249
Anthropometry
muscle mass/composition measurement, methods overview, 45, 46, 258 , 259-261, 273-274
See also Measurement techniques
See also Amino acids (AA)
Army Food and Nutrition Survey I, 97, 99, 103
Army Regulation 40-25 (AR 40-25), 95
Army Regulation 40-250 (AR 40-250), 102
Athletics
Antarctic, walk across, protein turnover rates during, 36, 249
Boston Marathon and other athletes, endurance performance studies, 336
endurance athletes, amino acid/protein metabolism in, 310-312
overtrained athletes, glutamine plasma concentrations in, 318-319
overtraining syndrome, glutamine and immune function, 249-250
Tour de France cyclists, amino acid/protein metabolism in, 52, 311
Tour de France cyclists, glutamine plasma concentrations in, 318-319
Yale university athletes, reduced-protein diet study, 32, 201, 251
See also Physical activity
ATP. See Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)
Auditory Consonants Trigrams Recognition test, 336
Behavioral function. See Cognitive performance
Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA)
muscle mass/composition measurement, methods overview, 45, 46, 258 , 259, 262-263, 264, 274
See also Measurement techniques
Biological value (BV)
plant proteins biological value in nitrogen balance trials, 190-192
Blood-brain barrier (BBB)
nutritional status of brain, determination by, overview of, 290-293
See also Central nervous system (CNS)
infection/injury effects on, 160, 161
See also Body weight (BW);
Skeletal muscle (SM);
Visceral organs
Body measurements. See Anthropometry
Body weight (BW), 37, 161, 256
Bolivia
U.S. military protein/energy intake studies, 40, 99, 101
Boston Marathon
endurance performance studies, 336
Brain. See Blood-brain barrier (BBB);
Central nervous system (CNS);
Cognitive performance
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), 53, 54, 245, 246
aminotransferase reaction with, interaction with tricarboxylic acid cycle in muscle, 315-317
ammonia, plasma concentrations and muscle production of during exercise , 317
central fatigue theory and, 53-54, 312-313
endurance performance/metabolism effects of ingestion, studies results , 310, 313-315
supplementation of, possible benefits, 249
See also Amino acids (AA)
protein military Recommended Dietary Allowance for, CMNR conclusions/recommendations , 7, 39, 79
protein Recommended Dietary Allowance for, 6-7, 37, 39
See also Women
Bursailleus, Jacques, 19, 109-110
Calcium
clearance determinants, 139-142
protein supplementation and status of, 10, 60-61
renal stone disease and intake/excretion of, 138-143
Camp Parks, California, 41, 99, 102
Carbohydrates (CHO), 58, 244, 248, 250
glycogen resynthesis following exercise, supplementation effects, 310, 320-322
military operational rations energy content, by ration type, 411
premenstrual syndrome management using supplements of, 335-336
Catabolic hormones
muscle protein effects of, 52, 131
Catecholamines. See Dopamine;
Epinephrine;
Norepinephrine
Central fatigue theory
branched-chain amino acids and, 53-54, 312-313
Central nervous system (CNS)
amino acid/protein requirements and function of, 289-303
blood-brain barrier determination of nutritional status of, 290-293
stress and amino acids changes during field studies, effects on, 301-303
tryptophan/serotonin effects on brain function, 293-294, 296, 297
tyrosine/norepinephrine effects on brain function, 289, 290, 292, 297-300
See also Blood-brain barrier (BBB)
Children
preschool, indispensable amino acid requirement patterns, FAO/WHO/UNU , 171, 219
protein/indispensable amino acid requirements, FAO/WHO/UNU values, 3-4, 171
Chocolate Mountain Desert Gunnery Range, California, 98, 100
Choline
dietary supplementation and endurance performance, 336
Cognitive performance
amino acid changes in military lightweight rations, effects of, field studies results, 301-303
military limited-use operational rations, for optimal function, research needs, 86-87
military performance optimization, use of protein/amino acid supplements, CMNR conclusions/recommendations, 13, 14, 79-81
protein/amino acid requirements, role in, 20, 289-303
protein/amino acid supplements effects on, 8, 42-45
protein intake timing, effects on, 57-58
stress and amino acid changes, effects on, 87, 298-300, 301-303,
tryptophan/serotonin effects on, 43-44, 87, 289, 290, 292, 293-297
tyrosine/norepinephrine effects on, 44-45, 87, 289, 290, 292, 297-300
See also Physical performance
Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR), 2, 3, 6, 8, 21, 35, 36, 54, 55, 61, 86, 87, 88, 110
endurance exercise, protein requirements in, conclusions/recommendations , 77, 78
injuries/infection effects of anabolic hormones treatment, conclusions/recommendations , 12, 14, 78, 79
operational rations and Military Recommended Dietary Allowance, conclusions/recommendations , 12, 14, 79
operational rations protein/energy content, conclusions/recommendations , 12-13, 14, 79
pregnancy/lactation and protein Military Recommended Dietary Allowance,
conclusions/recommendations, 12, 14, 79
protein/amino acid requirements effects of military operational stressors, conclusions/recommendations, 11-12, 14, 77-79
protein/amino acid supplementation, safety of, conclusions/recommendations , 12-13, 14, 79-81
protein/amino acid supplementation to optimize military performance, conclusions/recommendations, 13, 14, 79-81
Computerized tomography (CT), 266, 267
muscle mass/composition measurement, methods overview, 46, 47-48, 258, 259, 268-269, 274
See also Imaging methods;
Measurement techniques
See also Catabolic hormones;
Hormones
Creatinine (Cr), 145, 146, 147
urinary metabolite muscle mass/composition measurement, methods overview , 45, 46, 258, 259, 263, 265-267, 274
Cytochrome c oxidase (COX), 126
Defense Women's Health Research Program, 88
Demographics. See Age and aging;
Children;
Gender
Depression. See Mood
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA), 333
Diseases and disorders
muscle protein degradation, altering conditions, 115
protein requirements effects of illness, 5, 20, 33-34,
renal disease development, protein intake effects on, 137-147
See also Acute renal failure;
Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS);
Glomerulosclerosis;
Infectious diseases and disorders;
Injuries;
Renal stone disease
Diurnal cycling
amino acid, indispensable, requirements and, 184-186, 224-225
cognitive performance effects of, 297, 298
See also Neurotransmitters
Drugs
renal stone disease treatment, 143
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), 262, 263
muscle mass/composition measurement, methods overview, 46, 47-48, 259, 269-272, 274-275
See also Measurement techniques
Endurance
branched-chain amino acids/tryptophan ingestion, effects on performance, studies results, 310, 313-315
choline dietary supplementation and performance, 336
exercise, endurance, and protein/amino acid metabolism, 310-311
exercise, endurance, and protein requirements, CMNR conclusions/recommendations , 77, 78
glutamine ingestion, effects on performance, studies results, 310, 317-320
See also Physical performance
Energy
deficit of, protein/amino acid supplementation effects on, CMNR conclusions/recommendations , 79-81
intake of, metabolic studies of long-distance cyclists, 52
military operations protein requirements, energy intake effects, CMNR conclusions/recommendations, 11, 14, 77, 78
military operational rations content of, by ration type, 94-95, 411
military operational rations content of, CMNR conclusions/recommendations , 12-13, 14, 79
military operational rations, historic intake of, World War II studies , 96-97
military operational rations, requirements of, determination, 102-103
physical activity increases, and interaction with protein metabolism , 244, 248-249
physical activity restriction of, effects on protein requirements, 4-5, 29-33
protein breakdown, costs of, 114-116
protein metabolism use of, energy-dependent processes associated with, 110-112
protein requirements and balance of, 31-33
proteins, regulatory, turnover, energy-dependent processes in, 114
protein synthesis and regulation, costs of, 112-114
Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS)
L-tryptophan-associated, 294, 331-332, 335
Epinephrine, 131
cognitive performance effects of, 297
See also Catabolic hormones;
Hormones;
Neurotransmitters
Exercise. See Athletics;
Physical activity
Federation of the American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB)
amino acids as dietary supplements, study on safety, 332-334
Field operations
protein intake studies, 38, 40-41
protein supplemental intake by personnel, overview, 93-104
rations amino acid changes, lightweight v. standard, cognitive performance effects, 301-303
rations, operational, protein/energy current intake, 97-102
rations, operational, protein/energy historic intake, World War II studies, 96-97
See also Military operations;
Military personnel
Food
Minnesota bread study, 191, 192, 231
North Carolina wheat study, 191-192, 231
See also Food and drug safety;
Food supplements;
Military rations;
Plants and vegetation;
Soybeans;
Wheat
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 24, 25, 26, 27, 57, 170, 172, 173, 174, 175, 186, 192, 194, 195, 199
nitrogen balance use for estimating amino acid requirements, 186-202
protein/amino acid obligatory oxidative losses, FAO/WHO/UNU values , 171
protein/amino acid requirements, 3-4, 24-28, 171, 218, 219, 220, 229, 230, 231, 236, 237
protein/amino acid requirements adjustment, 192-193
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 332, 334
"Current Good Manufacturing Practice in Manufacturing, Packing, or Holding Dietary Supplements," 334
Food and drug safety
amino acid supplements, toxicity of, 11, 61-63, 331, 332-334
protein/amino acid supplements safety, CMNR conclusions/recommendations , 13, 14, 79-81
protein supplements, health risks of, 7-11, 39, 58-63
supplements, dietary, for enhancing performance, efficacy/safety considerations, 331-337
Food supplements
choline, and endurance performance, 336
military training nutritional intervention for immune function, research needs, 88
performance enhancement using, efficacy/safety considerations, 331-337
premenstrual syndrome management using, 335-336
See also Amino acid supplements;
Protein powders (PP);
Protein supplements
Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, 41, 98, 100
Fort Devens, Massachusetts, 40, 98, 100-101
Fort Jackson, South Carolina, 40, 99, 102
Fort Hood, Texas, 40, 99, 101-102
Fort Lewis, Washington, 40, 98, 100-101
Fort Sam Houston, Texas, 41, 99, 102
Fractional synthesis rate (FSR), 125, 126, 130
Free fatty acids (FFA), 53, 312-313
Gender
protein/amino acids supplemental use by military personnel, by sex , 103-104
protein Recommended Dietary Allowance by sex, 6, 37
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 59, 139, 140, 144, 145, 147
Glomerulosclerosis
aging and development of, 144, 145, 146, 147
protein intake and development of, 138, 144-147
See also Diseases and disorders;
Renal function
See also Catabolic hormones
Glutamine
endurance performance/metabolism effects of, 310, 317-320
glycogen resynthesis following exercise, supplementation effects, 310, 321-322
immune response effects of supplementation, CMNR conclusions/recommendations , 13, 14
immune system, link to, 319-320
muscle concentrations during exercise, 244-246
overtraining syndrome and immune function, role of, 249-250
plasma concentrations of, 318-319
See also Amino acids (AA)
Glycogen
resynthesis following exercise, effects of amino acid/protein supplementation , 310, 320-322
Grains. See Plants and vegetation
Growth hormone (GH), 50-51, 52
muscle protein effects of, 50-51, 125, 128-129, 133
muscle protein metabolism following infection/injury, effects of, 281
See also Anabolic hormones
infection/injury effects on whole body protein metabolism, regulators of, 161-162
muscle protein effects of, 127-131
See also Amino acids (AA);
Anabolic hormones;
Catabolic hormones;
Growth hormone (GH);
Insulin;
In-sulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I);
Sex steroids
Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia, 98, 101, 103
Imaging methods
muscle mass/composition measurement, methods overview, 46, 47-48, 258, 259, 268-269, 274
See also Computerized tomography (CT);
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI);
Measurement techniques
Immune function
amino acid supplementation effects on, 9, 13, 14, 54-56
glutamine, effects on, 319-320
glutamine, overtraining syndrome, and, 249-250
military training/stressors effects on, nutritional intervention research needs, 88
India
Anura Kurpad, amino acid requirements studies, 234
Bangalore amino acid requirements studies, 223, 234
nitrogen loss studies, 223
St. John's Medical College, amino acid requirements studies, 223
Indispensable amino acids (IAA)
composition/requirement patterns in, animal data, 178
ileal losses, animal data, 180
metabolic demand for, adaptive component, 180-184, 221-224
metabolic demand for, diurnal cycling role in, 184-186, 224-225
metabolic demand for, summary of, 186, 187
nitrogen balance use for estimating FAO requirement patterns in, 22-24, 186-202
obligatory metabolic demand pattern for, animal data for, 175-180
obligatory oxidative losses, FAO/WHO/UNU values, 171
plant proteins biological value in nitrogen balance trials, 190-192
protein-free diet, responses to, animal data, 177
protein quality issues, 56-57
requirements for, debate over, 3-4, 25-28, 170-173
requirements for, FAO/WHO/UNU values, 3-4, 24-28, 171
requirements for, FAO/WHO/UNU values adjustment, 192-193
requirements for, feasibility and necessity of estimates, 217-237
supplementation of, cognitive performance effects of, 8, 42-45
See also Amine acids (AA);
Leucine;
Lysine;
Tryptophan;
Tyrosine
Infectious diseases and disorders
anabolic hormones treatment, effects on, CMNR conclusions/recommendations , 12, 14, 78, 79
muscle protein metabolism effects of, 20, 279-282
nitrogen loss/translocation following, 156, 158, 159-160
protein requirements effects of, 5, 20, 33-34
protein translocation during, regulators of, 160-162
whole body protein metabolism, effects of, 155-159
See also Diseases and disorders
Injuries
anabolic hormones treatment, effects on, CMNR conclusions/recommendations , 12, 14, 78, 79
muscle protein metabolism effects of, 20, 279-282
nitrogen loss/translocation following, 156, 158, 159-160
protein requirements effects of, 5, 20, 33-34
protein translocation during, regulators of, 160-162
whole body protein metabolism, effects of, 155-159
Insulin
infection/injury, and effects on muscle protein metabolism, 282
muscle protein effects of, 49-50, 125, 127-128, 133
See also Anabolic hormones
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), 20, 50-51, 52
muscle protein effects of, 50-51, 125, 128-129, 133
See also Anabolic hormones
In vive neutron activation analysis (IVNA)/whole body counting
muscle mass/composition measurement, methods overview, 47, 258, 259 , 272-273, 275
See also Measurement techniques
Japan
nitrogen loss studies, 223
renal stone disease incidence, 138
women breast cancer incidence, relationship to diet, 334-335
Kidney. See Acute renal failure;
Renal function;
Renal stone disease
Lactation. See Breastfeeding
Large neutral amine acids (LNAA), 42, 43, 44, 335
See also Amino acids (AA);
Tryptophan;
Tyrosine
Leucine, 219, 221-224, 225, 233, 234, 246
See also Amino acids (AA);
Indispensable amino acids (IAA)
Life Sciences Research Office (LSRO), 332-334
Luzon, Phillipines
U.S. military personnel, protein intake studies, 96, 97
Lysine, 219, 221-224, 225, 233-234
nitrogen balance use for estimating requirements of, limitations, 226-231
Toronto Break Point stable isotope studies on, limitations of, 197-198
wheat flour content of, 229, 230
See also Amino acids (AA);
Indispensable amino acids (IAA)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 31, 260, 262, 267
muscle mass/composition measurement, methods overview, 46, 47, 48, 258, 259, 268-269, 274
See also Imaging methods;
Measurement techniques
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 25, 88, 175, 176, 189 , 194, 197, 199, 223
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Amino Acid Requirement Pattern (MIT-AARP), 26, 27, 170, 172-173, 229, 230, 231
FAO/WHO/UNU patterns comparison, 219
overview of, 218-221
physical activity and, considerations, 235-237
Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), 124, 126
Meal, Ready-to-Eat (MRE), 20-21, 36, 38, 86, 87
lightweight rations comparison, cognitive performance effects of amino acid changes, field studies results, 301-303
nutrient intake of, field study, 301
See also Military rations
Measurement techniques
descriptive methods, for muscle mass, 45-46
in vivo methods, for muscle mass, 46, 47, 258-275
model-based methods, for muscle mass, 46-48
See also Anthropometry;
Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA);
Computerized tomography (CT);
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA);
Imaging methods;
In vivo neutron activation analysis (IVNA)/whole body counting;
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI);
Stable isotopes;
Ultrasound;
Urinary metabolites
Medicine. See Drugs
Metabolic demand (MD)
amino acids, indispensable, adaptive component of, 180-184, 221-224
amino acids, indispensable, diurnal cycling role in, 184-186, 224-225
amino acids, indispensable, summary of, 186, 187
See also Amino acid metabolism;
Obligatory metabolic demand (OMD);
Protein metabolism
Metabolism. See Amino acid metabolism;
Metabolic demand (MD);
Protein metabolism
Methionine
urinary excretion effects of, 141, 142
Methodology, 3
isotope, stable, amino acid requirements prediction using, limitations , 193-197
muscle mass/composition measurement, methods organization, 257-259
nitrogen balance studies, amino acid requirements prediction using, limitations , 186-192
protein requirements assessment, 22-24
Toronto Break Point stable isotope studies on phenylalanine/lysine, limitations of, 197-198
3-Methylhistidine
urinary metabolite measurement of muscle mass/composition, 45, 46, 258, 259, 263, 265, 267, 274
Military operations
protein/amino acids requirements during, CMNR conclusions/recommendations , 77-79
protein/amino acids role in physiological optimization during, research needs, 85-89
protein/amino acid supplementation to optimize performance, CMNR conclusions/recommendations, 79-81
rations, limited-use, for optimal cognitive/physical function, research needs, 86-87
rations protein/energy content, by ration type, 94-95, 411
rations protein/energy content, CMNR conclusions/recommendations, 12-13, 14, 79
rations protein/energy current intake, 97-102
rations protein/energy historic intake, World War II studies, 96-97
rations protein/energy requirements, determination of, 102-103
rations protein Military Recommended Dietary Allowance, CMNR conclusions/recommendations , 79
stressors during, effects on protein requirements, 35-36
urea formation and recycling during, research needs, 89
Military personnel
Army protein/amino acid supplements use, 39, 42
protein/amino acids supplement use, by gender/military specialty, 103-104
protein/energy historic ration intake, World War II studies, 96-97
protein/energy operational intake, recent studies, 98, 99-101
protein intake studies of, 38, 40-41
protein requirements effects of various stressors, 3-6
training and stress-induced changes in immune function, nutritional intervention research needs, 88
See also Field operations;
Military operations;
Military rations;
Military Recommended Dietary Allowance (MRDA);
Women in military;
U.S. Air Force (USAF);
U.S. Army;
U.S. Army Rangers;
U.S. Army Reserves;
U.S. Marine Corps;
U.S. Special Forces
Military rations, 38
field/operational protein intake, overview, 93-104
garrison protein intake, overview, 93-104
limited-use, for optimal cognitive/physical function, research needs , 86-87
operational, protein/energy content, by ration type, 94-95, 411
operational, protein/energy content, CMNR conclusions/recommendations , 12-13, 14, 79
operational, protein/energy current intake in, 97-102
operational, protein/energy historic intake in, World War II studies , 96-97
operational, protein/energy requirements for, determination of, 102-103
operational, protein Military Recommended Dietary Allowance for, CMNR conclusions/recommendations, 79
protein requirements for, crucial questions, 250
protein supplemental intake, overview, 93-104
World War II studies of, overview of, 93-97, 102
See also Meal, Ready-to-Eat (MRE);
Military personnel;
Ration, Light Weight-30 (RLW-30)
Military Recommended Dietary Allowance (MRDA), 35, 36, 37-39, 78, 79, 87, 100, 101
pregnancy/lactation, protein allowance, CMNR conclusions/recommendations , 7, 12, 14, 39, 79
protein allowance for operational rations, CMNR conclusions/recommendations , 6-7, 12, 14, 37-39, 79
See also Military personnel;
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
Minnesota bread study, 191, 192, 231
Models and modeling, 46-48, 257, 258, 260, 265, 272
Mood
tryptophan/serotonin effects on, 293-294, 296
Mulder, Gerardus Johannes, 19-20, 109-110
Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center (NRDEC), 93-94
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), 191
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III), 37, 103
Naval Medical Research Institute, 87
Nephrolithiasis. See Renal stone disease
Neurotransmitters, 19, 289, 290, 292, 293
See also Amino acids (AA);
Dopamine;
Epinephrine;
Norepinephrine;
Serotonin
NHANES III. See National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III)
Nitric oxide (NO), 55-56
Nitrogen, 225
balance of, use for estimating indispensable amino acid requirements, limitations, 22-24, 172, 186-202, 226-231
plant proteins biological value in nitrogen balance trials, 190-192
translocation/loss associated with infection/injury, 156, 157, 158 , 159-160, 161
See also Obligatory nitrogen loss (ONL)
cognitive performance effects of, 297-299
stress exposure and cognitive performance, effects of, 297-299
See also Neurotransmitters
North Carolina wheat study, 191-192, 231
Nurses' Health Study, 61
Nutrients
infection/injury effects on whole body protein metabolism, regulators of, 162
military standard field and lightweight ration groups, intakes of, 301
Nutrition
brain status determination by blood-brain barrier, overview of, 290-293
intervention for immune function changes during military training/stresses, research needs, 88
muscle mass/function, implications of, 132
undernutrition and military lightweight rations, cognitive performance effects of amino acid changes, field studies results, 301-303
See also Amino acid metabolism;
Amino acids (AA);
Amino acid supplements;
Energy;
Food supplements;
Metabolic demand (MD);
Nutrients;
Protein;
Protein metabolism;
Protein supplements
Obligatory metabolic demand (OMD) animal data for pattern of, 175-180
obligatory oxidative losses and, 174-175
overview of, 173-174
protein/amino acids, overview of, 173-174
See also Amino acid metabolism;
Metabolic demand (MD);
Protein metabolism
Obligatory nitrogen loss (ONL), 4, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175, 180
See also Amino acid metabolism;
Nitrogen;
Protein metabolism
Obligatory oxidative amino acid loss (OOAL/OOL), 4, 170, 175, 176, 218, 219, 221, 223
amino acids requirements patterns, adjustment of FAO/WHO/UNU values for, 192-193
amino acids requirements patterns, prediction using, 175
FAO/WHO/UNU values for, 171
metabolic demands, obligatory, and, 174-175
See also Amino acid metabolism;
Protein metabolism
Pacific Islands
U.S. military energy/protein intake studies, 96, 97
isotope, stable, estimates of requirement values, 232-233
nitrogen balance use for estimating requirements of, 227
Toronto Break Point stable isotope studies on, limitations of, 197-198
See also Amino acids (AA)
Physical activity
branched-chain amino acids ingestion effects during exercise, 53-54, 317
contractile activity, muscle protein turnover effects of, 30-31,244, 247-248
energy restriction and amino acid/protein requirements, 29-33
exercise and amino acid catabolism and, 29-30, 244-247
exercise effects of protein intake timing, 57-58
exercise, endurance, and amino acid/protein metabolism, 310-311
exercise, endurance, and protein requirements, CMNR conclusions/recommendations , 77, 78
exercise, prolonged, plasma glutamine concentrations following, 318
glycogen resynthesis following exercise, effects of amine acid/protein supplementation, 310, 320-322
increased, energy supply and protein/ amine acid metabolism interactions in, 248-249
MIT amine acid requirement pattern and, considerations, 235-237
protein/amino acid requirements effects of high workload, CMNR conclusions/recommendations , 77-79
protein/amino acid supplementation effects on performance during high workload, CMNR conclusions/recommendations, 79-81
protein metabolism/requirements and, 20, 243-244, 250-251
See also Athletics
Physical performance
branched-chain amine acids/tryptophan ingestion, endurance effects, studies results, 53-54, 310, 313-315
dietary supplements use to enhance, safety/efficacy considerations , 331-337
endurance exercise, protein/amino acid supplementation effects on, rationale for, 309-322
endurance performance and choline dietary supplementation, 336
military limited-use operational rations, for optimal function, research needs, 86-87
protein/amino acid supplementation effects on, 10, 52-54, 309-332
protein/amino acid supplementation to optimize military performance, CMNR conclusions/recommendations, 79-81
protein, dietary, and amine acids supplementation and, study considerations , 334
See also Cognitive performance;
Endurance
Plants and vegetation
proteins in, biological value in nitrogen balance trials, 190-192
proteins in, potential benefits of, 57
See also Food;
Soybeans;
Wheat
Plasma
ammonia concentrations, branched-chain amine acids ingestion effects during exercise, 317
glutamine concentrations following prolonged exercise, 318
glutamine concentrations in over-trained athletes and Tour de France cyclists, 318-319
Population characteristics. See Age and aging;
Gender
amine acid/protein supplementation effects on, 62-63
protein Military Recommended Dietary Allowance for, CMNR conclusions/recommendations , 7, 39, 79
protein Recommended Dietary Allowance for, 6-7, 37, 39
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
dietary supplementation for management of, studies on, 335-336
Profile of Mood States (POMS), 295, 336
Progesterone. See Sex steroids
Prophylactics. See Drugs
Protein
acute renal failure, intake role in, 138, 144
Army's interest in role of, 2-3, 20-21
calcium status and intake of, 10, 60-61
cognitive performance effects of changes during stress, 301-303
glomerulosclerosis development, intake role in, 138, 144-147
intake adequacy, functional indicators of, 198-202
intake of, metabolic studies of long-distance cyclists, 52
intake timing, effects on exercise and cognitive function, 57-58
military operational rations content, by ration type, 94-95, 411
military operational rations content, CMNR conclusions/recommendations , 12, 14, 79
military operational rations current intake of, 97-102
military operational rations historic intake of, World War II studies , 96-97
military personnel intake of, recent studies, 38, 40-41
Military Recommended Dietary Allowance for, 6-7, 12, 14, 37-39
nonsecretory, targeting costs, 113
obligatory oxidative losses, FAO/WHO/UNU values, 171
origins of term, 19-20, 109-110
plant/legume sources of, potential benefits of, 57
plant versus animal sources of, efficacy/safety considerations, 334-335
quality of, issues, 56-57
Recommended Dietary Allowances for, 6-7, 37, 39
renal disease development, intake role in, 137-147
renal function, intake role in, 10, 59-60, 137-138
renal stone disease development, intake role in, 59-60, 138-143
secretory, targeting costs, 113
total body, distribution of, 256
urea formation and recycling of, research needs for military operations , 89
wheat flour content, 230
See also Amino acids (AA);
Protein metabolism;
Protein powders (PP);
Protein requirements;
Protein supplements
Protein-digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS), 170, 172
Protein metabolism
amino acid/protein supplements, effects on, rationale for, 309-322
anorexia response to infection/injury, 160
energy costs of breakdown/degradation, 114-116
energy costs of synthesis and regulation, 112-114
energy-dependent processes associated with, summary, 110-112
energy supply and, interactions during increased physical activity , 4-5, 29-33, 244, 248-249
environmental stresses influence on, 6, 20, 35-36
exercise, endurance, and, 310-311
hormonal response pattern following infection/injury, 161
hormones influence on, 20, 49-52
infection/injury effects on, overview of, 20, 155-159
muscle protein degradation, altering conditions, 115
muscle protein metabolism, hormonal interactions with, 49-52
muscle protein turnover effects of contractile activity, 30, 244, 247-248
nitrogen translocation following infection/injury, 157, 158, 159-160, 161
physical activity influence and, 20, 243-244, 250-251
translocation of following infection/injury, regulators of, 160-162
turnover, protein, as indicator of amino acid intake adequacy, limitations , 198-199
turnover, regulatory proteins, energy-dependent processes in, 114
urea formation/recycling during military operations, research needs , 89
Protein powders (PP)
supplements use reported by military personnel, by gender/military specialty, 103-104
See also Food supplements;
Protein supplements
Protein requirements
assessment methods for, 22-24
brain function and, 289-303
cognitive performance, effects of stress and, 298-300
conclusions/recommendations of CMNR on, 77-79
debate over, 3-4, 25-28, 170-173
endurance exercise and, CMNR conclusions/recommendations, 77, 78
environmental stresses influence on, 6, 20, 35-36
FAO/WHO/UNU values, 3-4, 24-28, 171
FAO/WHO/UNU values adjustment, 192-193
infection/injury/illness effects on, 5, 20, 33-34
military limited-use operational rations, for optimal cognitive/physical function, research needs, 86-87
military women and, research needs, 88-89
obligatory oxidative amino acid loss pattern use to predict, 175
operational rations, determination for, 102-103
physical activity and, 4-5, 20, 29-33, 243-244, 250-251
stressors effects on, 3-6, 11-12, 38-36
Protein supplements
amino acid/protein, effects on metabolism, rationale for, 309-322
cognitive performance effects of, 8, 42-45
benefits/health risks of, 7-11, 39, 49-63
hydrolysates, effects on glycogen re-synthesis following exercise, 310, 322
metabolism and performance effects of, rationale for, 309-322
military performance optimization, use for, CMNR conclusions/recommendations , 12-13, 14, 79-81
military personnel reported use, by gender/military specialty, 103-104
muscle building, use for, CMNR conclusions/recommendations, 12, 14
performance and, study considerations, 334
physical performance effects of, 10, 52-54
plant versus animal sources of, efficacy of, 334-335
pregnancy, effects of high-protein diets and amino acid supplements , 11, 62-63
safety/efficacy considerations, 13, 14, 79-81, 334
timing of intake, effects, 57-58
See also Amino acid supplements;
Food supplements;
Protein;
Protein powders (PP);
Protein requirements
Ration, Light Weight-30 (RLW-30)
amino acid changes from standard rations, cognitive performance effects, field studies results, 301-303
nutrient intake of, field study, 301
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), 78, 94, 102, 173
pregnant/lactating women, protein allowance, 6-7, 37, 39, 71
protein allowance by age group and sex, 6, 37
protein requirements of FAO/WHO/UNU and, 24-28
See also Military Recommended Dietary Allowance (MRDA)
Renal function
disease development, protein intake effects on, 137-147
protein intake effects on, 10, 59-60, 137-138
See also Acute renal failure;
Glomerulosclerosis
Renal stone disease
calcium clearance determinants, 139-142
calcium excretion and calcium-containing stones, 138-143
calcium intake and, 138
protein intake role in, 59-60, 138-143
treatment, prophylactic, 143
urinary and excretion patterns in stone formers, 142-143
See also Diseases and disorders
Reproductive diseases and disorders. See Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Research
immune function changes during military training/stressors, nutritional intervention research needs, 88
injuries/infection effects of anabolic hormones treatment, CMNR conclusions/recommendations , 79
military limited-use operational rations for optimal cognitive/physical function, research needs, 86-87
military operations and protein/amino acids role in physiological optimization, research needs, 85-89
military women's protein requirements, research needs, 88-89
urea formation and recycling, research needs for military operations , 89
Sarcopenia of aging. See Age and aging
Serotonin
cognitive performance role of, 43-44, 87, 290, 292, 293-297
See also Neurotransmitters
Sex steroids
muscle protein effects of, 125, 129-131
testosterone effects on muscle protein metabolism, 51, 282
Skeletal muscle (SM)
aging effects on mass/function regulation, 123-126
ammonia production of, branched-chain amino acids ingestion effects during exercise, 317
anabolic hormones effects on, 49-51
anabolic hormones effects on following injury/infection, 281-282
anthropometric prediction methods for, overview, 45-46, 258, 259-261, 273-274
bioelectric impedance analysis prediction of, methods overview, 45 , 46, 258, 259, 262-263, 264, 274
building, use of protein supplements for, CMNR conclusions/recommendations , 12, 14
catabolic hormones effects on, 52, 131
descriptive measurement methods for, 45-46
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry prediction of, methods overview, 46, 47-48, 259, 269-272, 274-275
endurance of, 49
glycogen resynthesis in following exercise, effects of amino acid/protein supplementation, 310, 320-322
growth hormone effects on, 128-129, 133, 281
hormonal effects on muscle protein, 127-131
imaging methods for predicting, overview, 46-47, 258, 259, 268-269 , 274
infection/injury effects on body composition, 160, 161
infection/injury effects on protein metabolism in, 279-281
insulin effects on, 127, 128, 133, 282
insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), effects on, 128-129, 133
in vivo neutron activation/whole body counting as predictors of, methods overview, 46, 258, 259, 272-273, 275
mass and function regulation, overview of, 48-49, 121-123
measurement of, methods overview, 45-48, 259-273
metabolism of, 49
model-based measurement methods for, 46-48
nitrogen translocation to visceral organs following infection/injury , 156, 159-160
protein degradation, altering conditions, 115
protein turnover effects of contractile activity, 30, 244, 247-248
strength of, 48-49
substrates and nutrition, implications for, 132
testosterone effects on, 282
time-related changes in mass and composition, monitoring considerations , 273-275
tricarboxylic acid cycle in muscle, branched-chain amino acid-aminotransferase reaction, interaction with, 315-317
ultrasound prediction of, methods overview, 45, 258, 259, 261-262, 273-274
urinary metabolites as indices of, methods overview, 45, 46, 258, 259, 263, 265, 274
Sodium sulfate
calcium clearance role of, 140, 141, 143
Soybeans
protein alternative sources, efficacy/safety considerations, 80, 334-335
Special Forces Assessment and Selection (SFAS), 88
See also U.S. Special Forces
Stable isotopes
amino acid, indispensable, requirement values, use for, 193-197, 232-234
Toronto Break Point studies on phenylalanine/lysine, limitations of, 197-198
See also Measurement techniques
Stressors
altitude, high, protein requirements effects of, 35-36, 101
immune function stress-induced alterations, nutritional intervention research needs, 88
protein/amino acid requirements and, cognitive performance effects , 86, 87, 289, 290
protein/amino acid requirements and military operational stressors, effects of, CMNR conclusions/recommendations, 3-6, 35-36, 77-79
protein/amino acid supplementation to optimize military performance during, CMNR conclusions/recommendations, 79-81
protein requirements, effects of, 3-6, 11-12, 20, 28-36
tyrosine role in effects on cognitive performance, 44-45, 87, 298-300
Stroop Task, 300
Substrates
muscle mass/function, implications for, 132
Temperature
cold stress and cognitive performance, tyrosine role in, 87, 298-299
cold stress, protein requirements effects of, 35-36
heat stress and cognitive performance, tyrosine role in, 300
heat stress, protein requirements effects of, 35
Thyroid hormone, 131
See also Catabolic hormones;
Hormones
Toronto Break Point studies
phenylalanine/lysine stable isotope data, limitations of, 197-198
Total body nitrogen (TBN), 272, 273, 275
Total body potassium (TBK), 272, 273, 275
Tour de France, 52
cyclists, amino acid/protein metabolism during, 52, 311
cyclists, glutamine plasma concentrations in, 318-319
Tricarboxylic acid (TCA), 24, 53-54
branched-chain amino acid-aminotransferase reaction, interaction with in muscle, 315-317
Tryptophan
cognitive performance/mood role of, 43-44, 87, 289, 290, 292, 293-297
endurance performance effects of ingestion, studies results, 310, 313-315
military lightweight rations changes in, cognitive performance effect of, 301-303
Tyrosine, 232-233
cognitive performance/brain function role of, 44-45, 87, 289, 290, 292, 297-300
military lightweight rations changes in, cognitive performance effect of, 301-303
stress response, role of, 87, 298-300
Ultrasound
muscle mass/composition measurement, methods overview, 45, 258, 259 , 261-262, 273-274
See also Measurement techniques
United Nations University (UNU), 24, 25, 174, 175, 192
amino acid/protein obligatory oxidative losses, FAO/WHO/UNU values , 171
amino acid/protein requirement patterns of FAO/WHO/UNU, 3-4, 24-28 , 171, 218, 219, 220, 229, 230, 231, 236, 237
Urinary excretion
calcium clearance determinants, 139-142
renal stone formers, patterns in, 138, 142-143
urea formation and recycling, research needs for military operations , 89
Urinary metabolites
muscle mass/composition measurement, methods overview, 45, 46, 258 , 259, 263, 265-267, 274
See also Measurement techniques
Urolithiasis. See Renal stone disease
U.S. Air Force (USAF), 96
U.S. Army, 7, 39, 96, 97, 99, 100, 102, 104
Air Defense Artillery company, 103
Military Nutrition Division, 2
protein/amino acid requirement questions of, CMNR responses, 77-81
protein/amino acid supplements use by personnel, 39, 42
protein, dietary, and protein balance, interest in, 2-3, 20-21
Special Operations, 101
See also Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center (NRDEC)
U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC), 2
U.S. Army Rangers, 20-21, 55, 86, 87, 88, 101, 103, 110
U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), 20, 301
U.S. Army Reserves, 101
U.S. Army Surgeon General, 93
U.S. Marine Corps, 45, 87, 100
U.S. Military Academy (USMA), 61
U.S. Special Forces, 2, 39, 103
See also Special Forces Assessment and Selection (SFAS)
Visceral organs
infection/injury effects on body composition, 160, 161
nitrogen translocation from muscle mass following infection/injury , 156, 159-160
See also Body composition
Visual Analog Mood Scale (VAMS), 295
Wheat
amino acid diet restriction, animal studies, 179
flour amino acid/protein content, 229, 230
North Carolina wheat study, 191-192, 231
See also Plants and vegetation
Whole body counting. See In vivo neutron activation analysis (IVNA) analysis/whole body counting
Women
college women nitrogen balance estimation of lysine requirements, 226
Japan women breast cancer incidence, relationship to diet, 334-335
See also Breastfeeding;
Pregnancy;
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Women in military
protein/amino acids supplemental use by, 103-104
protein/energy operational intakes, recent studies, 99, 101-102
protein intake studies, 38, 40-41
protein requirements, research needs, 88-89
World Health Organization (WHO), 24, 25, 26, 57, 174, 175, 192
amino acid/protein obligatory oxidative losses, FAO/WHO/UNU values , 171
amino acid/protein requirement patterns of FAO/WHO/UNU, 3-4, 24-28 , 171, 218, 219, 220, 229, 230, 231, 236, 237
World War II, 37, 93, 138, 261
operational rations protein/energy recommendations during, 94, 102
operational rations protein/energy content, studies during, 94-95
operational rations protein/energy intake, studies during, 96-97
