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Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy (2000)

Chapter: Appendix D: Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×

Appendix D
Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and On-site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems: The Impact Index

This appendix describes the methods used creating the Impact Index found in Chapter 11. The Impact Index shows the relative pollutant loadings of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and on-site sewage treatment and disposal systems (OSTDS) in individual reservoir basins. For each West-of-Hudson reservoir, Kensico Reservoir, and West Branch Reservoir, a worksheet similar to the one presented below was created. An explanation of each worksheet entry is given below, followed by the eight worksheets completed for each reservoir.

Impact Index Worksheet

Known Permanent Watershed Population1

Permitted Number of Sewage Treatment Plants2

Permitted Wastewater flow from WWTPs3

Discharger

Daily Flow

Parameter

Input from WWTPs Now4

Input w/upgrades5

Input 2010 w/growth6

Phosphorus (lbs/day)

 

 

 

Giardia Cysts (106/day)

 

 

 

Fecal Coliforms (106/day)

 

 

 

Viruses (106/day)

 

 

 

Total Suspended Solids (lbs/day)

 

 

 

Cryptosporidium Oocysts (106/day)

 

 

 

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×

Known Number of OSTDS7

Estimated Wastewater flow from OSTDS8

Estimated Percent of Population served by OSTDS9

Estimated Population served by OSTDS (@2.5 persons/home)10

Parameter

Input from OSTDS Now

Input w/ upgrades

Input 2010 w/ growth

Phosphorus (lbs/day)

11

17

23

Giardia Cysts (106/day)

12

18

24

Fecal Coliforms (106/day)

13

19

25

Viruses (106/day)

14

20

26

Total Suspended Solids (lbs/day)

15

21

27

Cryptosporidium Oocysts (106/day)

16

22

28

Notes

1.  

Population from NYC DEP (1993), and based on 1990 Census values.

2.  

Permitted number of WWTPs from Table 5-4.

3.  

Permitted flow from WWTPs from Table 5-4.

4.  

Obtained from NYC DEP (1993 EIS), Table NC-2 "Existing, Expanded and New WWTPs Summary of No Action/Action Impact on Pollutant Loadings by District and Drainage Basin Totals."

5.  

Obtained from NYC DEP (1993 EIS), Table NC-2 "Existing, Expanded and New WWTPs Summary of No Action/Action Impact on Pollutant Loadings by District and Drainage Basin Totals."

6.  

Calculated by applying the growth rate observed for the period 1990 to 1996 to the period from 1990 to 2010. The observed annual growth rate of 0.25 percent for the West-of-Hudson basin resulted in a total population increase of 5 percent in 2010. The observed annual growth rate of 1.06 percent for the East-of-Hudson basin resulted in a total population increase of 21.2 percent for the Kensico and West Branch basins in 2010.

7.  

Septic system numbers from NYC DEP (1993, Table VIII F-3).

8.  

Based on 50 gallons of wastewater per day per person (Chanlett, 1979).

9.  

Derived by dividing the estimated population served by OSTDS (#10) by the known permanent watershed population (#1). Values slightly exceeding 100 percent appears to reflect the fact that many of the WWTPs serve schools and not residential subdivisions, while values greatly exceeding 100 percent may be attributable to large numbers of seasonal residences.

10.  

Calculated by multiplying the known number of OSTDS (#7) by 2.5 residents. This assumes that there is one OSTDS per residence, 2.5 occupants per residence, and that only residences (not commercial facilities) are served by OSTDS. 2.5 occupants per household is the figure for Florida derived from the 1990 Census values for population (12,937,926) divided by the number of households (5,138,360).

11.  

This is the average value for total phosphorus (0.0082 lb/day) found in effluent from conventional septic tank and drainfield systems as reported by Ayres (1993). It has been multiplied by the estimated population served by OSTDS (#10).

12.  

Assumes 6.4 percent of the population using OSTDS (#10) is positive for Giardia. This is based on the average of two CDC studies of prevalence of parasites in stool specimens which reported Giardia was found in 7.2 percent of samples examined in 1987 and 5.6 percent of samples examined in 1991 (Kappus et al., 1994). The number of positive residents is then multiplied by the maximum number of Giardia cysts excreted per day by an individual (9 × 106 cysts reported by Knight, 1980). This has been multiplied by 0.05 to reflect reported failure rates (defined as surfacing sewage) for conventional systems. This assumes that the remaining 95 percent of the systems are functional and remove all Giardia cysts.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×

13.  

This is the value for fecal coliform bacteria (2.7 MPN × 106/100mL) found in effluent from conventional septic tank and drainfield systems as reported by Canter and Knox (1986). It has been multiplied by 0.05 of the total daily flow from OSTDS (#8) to reflect reported failure rates (defined as surfacing sewage) for conventional systems. This assumes that the remaining 95 percent of the systems are functional and remove all fecal coliforms.

14.  

This is the value for viruses (22 units/L) found in effluent from conventional septic tank and drainfield systems as reported by Anderson et al. (1991). It has been multiplied by 0.05 of the total daily flow from OSTDS (#8) to reflect reported failure rates (defined as surfacing sewage) for conventional systems. A similar process is applied to the remaining 95 percent of functional systems using the value for viruses (0.002 units/L) found 24 inches beneath the drainfield of conventional systems by Anderson et al. (1991).

15.  

Based on negligible value for total suspended solids (mg/L) found in effluent from conventional septic tank and drainfield systems (K. Sherman, FL DOH, personal communication, 1998).

16.  

Assumes 0.21 percent of the population using OSTDS (#10) is positive for Cryptosporidium. This is based on the average of two CDC studies of prevalence of parasites in stool specimens which reported Cryptosporidium was found in 0.23% of 216,275 stools examined in 1987 and 0.20 percent of 178,786 samples examined in 1991 (Kappus et al., 1994). The number of positive residents is then multiplied by the average number of Cryptosporidium oocysts excreted per day by each infected individual (1 × 107, which is the midpoint of the range found in Goodgame et al., 1993). This has been multiplied by 0.05 to reflect reported failure rates (defined as surfacing sewage) for conventional systems. This assumes that the remaining 95 percent of the systems are functional and remove all Cryptosporidium oocysts.

17.  

This is the average value for total phosphorus (0.0014 lb/day) found in effluent from aerobic treatment systems as reported by Ayres (1993). It has been multiplied by the estimated population served by OSTDS (#10).

18.  

This assumes that BACT (aerobic treatment unit) removes virtually all Giardia cysts and that the failure rate, with a stringent regulatory structure, would be negligible.

19.  

This reflects the fact that BACT (aerobic treatment unit) removes virtually all fecal coliform bacteria and the failure rate, with a stringent regulatory structure, would be negligible.

20.  

This is the value for viruses (0.002 units/L) found in effluent 24 inches beneath the drainfield of conventional septic tank and drainfield systems as reported by Anderson et al. (1991). It has been multiplied by the total daily flow from OSTDS (#8) and assumes that all systems would be functional with adequate regulatory oversight.

21.  

Based on negligible value for total suspended solids (mg/L) found in effluent from BACT (aerobic treatment unit) (K. Sherman, FL DOH, personal communication, 1998).

22.  

This assumes that functional BACT (aerobic treatment unit) removes virtually all Cryptosporidium oocysts and that the failure rate, with a stringent regulatory structure, would be negligible.

23.  

This is the value from #17 with the growth factor described in #6 applied.

24.  

This is the value from #18 with the growth factor described in #6 applied.

25.  

This is the value from #19 with the growth factor described in #6 applied.

26.  

This is the value from #20 with the growth factor described in #6 applied.

27.  

This is the value from #21 with the growth factor described in #6 applied.

28.  

This is the value from #22 with the growth factor described in #6 applied.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×

RESERVOIR: Kensico

Known Permanent Watershed Population

4,432

Permitted Number of Wastewater Treatment Plants

0

Permitted Wastewater flow from WWTPs (gallons/day)

0

Known Number of OSTDS

580

Estimated Wastewater flow from OSTDS (gallons/day)

29,000

Estimated Percent of Population served by OSTDS

31

Estimated Population served by OSTDS (@2.5 persons/home)

1,450

Parameter

Input from OSTDS Now

Input w/ upgrades

Input 2010 w/ growth

Phosphorus (lbs/day)

11.9

2.0

2.4

Giardia Cysts (106/day)

42

0

0

Fecal Coliforms (106/day)

146,770

0

0

Viruses (106/day)

0.1

0

0

Total Suspended Solids (lbs/day)

0

0

0

Cryptosporidium Oocysts (106/day)

0.2

0

0

RESERVOIR: West Branch

Known Permanent Watershed Population

3,210

Permitted Number of Wastewater Treatment Plants

1

Permitted Wastewater flow from WWTPs (gallons/day)

20,000

Discharger

Daily Flow

Clear Pool Camp

20,000

Parameter

Input from WWTPs Now

Input w/ upgrades

Input 2010 w/ growth

Phosphorus (lbs/day)

0.8

0.2

0.3

Giardia Cysts (106/day)

13.6

13.6

16.3

Fecal Coliforms (106/day)

302.8

302.8

363.4

Viruses (106/day)

0.4

0.4

0.5

Total Suspended Solids (lbs/day)

3.3

1.7

2.0

Cryptosporidium Oocysts (106/day)

1.2

1.2

1.4

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×

Known Number of OSTDS

1,777

Estimated Wastewater flow from OSTDS (gallons/day)

222,125

Estimated Percent of Population served by OSTDS

138

Estimated Population served by OSTDS (@2.5 persons/home)

4,443

Parameter

Input from OSTDS Now

Input w/ upgrades

Input 2010 w/ growth

Phosphorus (lbs/day)

36.5

6.1

7.3

Giardia Cysts (106/day)

128

0

0

Fecal Coliforms (106/day)

1,139,501

0

0

Viruses (106/day)

0.9

0

0

Total Suspended Solids (lbs/day)

0

0

0

Cryptosporidium Oocysts (106/day)

0.5

0

0

RESERVOIR: Ashokan

Known Permanent Watershed Population

14,294

Permitted Number of Wastewater Treatment Plants

6

Permitted Wastewater flow from WWTPs (gallons/day)

605,826

Discharger

Daily Flow

Belleayre Mt. Ski Center

29,000

Camp Timberlake

34,000

Onteora Schools

27,000

Mountainside Rest

3,076

Pine Hill WWTP

500,000

Rotron, Inc.

12,750

Parameter

Input from WWTPs Now

Input w/ upgrades

Input 2010 w/ growth

Phosphorus (lbs/day)

2.0

1.3

1.4

Giardia Cysts (106/day)

113.4

113.4

120.2

Fecal Coliforms (106/day)

1070.3

1070.3

1134.5

Viruses (106/day)

3.5

3.5

3.7

Total Suspended Solids (lbs/day)

5.3

5.3

5.6

Cryptosporidium Oocysts (106/day)

11.2

11.2

11.9

Known Number of OSTDS

5,360

Estimated Wastewater flow from OSTDS (gallons/day)

670,000

Estimated Percent of Population served by OSTDS

94

Estimated Population served by OSTDS (@2.5 persons/home)

13,400

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×

Parameter

Input from OSTDS Now

Input w/ upgrades

Input 2010 w/ growth

Phosphorus (lbs/day)

110.0

18.3

19.4

Giardia Cysts (106/day)

386

0

0

Fecal Coliforms (106/day)

3,437,100

0

0

Viruses (106/day)

2.8

0

0

Total Suspended Solids (lbs/day)

0

0

0

Cryptosporidium Oocysts (106/day)

1.4

0

0

RESERVOIR: Schoharie

Known Permanent Watershed Population

17,662

Permitted Number of Wastewater Treatment Plants

19

Permitted Wastewater flow from WWTPs (gallons/day)

1,751,113

Discharger

Daily Flow

Camp Loyaltown, Inc.

21,000

Colonel Chair Estates

30,000

Crystal Pond Townhouse

36,000

Elka Park

10,000

Forester Motor Lodge

3,900

Frog House Restaurant

1,788

Golden Acre Farms

9,200

Grand George WWTP

500,000

Harriman Lodge

20,000

Hunter Highlands

80,000

Latvian Church Camp

7,000

Liftside at Hunter Mountain

81,000

Mountain View Estates

13,000

Ron-De-Voo Restaurant

1,000

Snowtime

120,000

Tannersville WWTP

800,000

Thompson House Inc.

4,775

Whistle Tree Development

12,450

Parameter

Input from WWTPs Now

Input w/ upgrades

Input 2010 w/ growth

Phosphorus (lbs/day)

12.7

4.5

4.8

Giardia Cysts (106/day)

536.9

299.3

317.3

Fecal Coliforms (106/day)

3,718.4

2,567.8

2,721.9

Viruses (106/day)

16.5

9.3

9.9

Total Suspended Solids (lbs/day)

29.7

10.7

11.3

Cryptosporidium Oocysts (106/day)

53.0

30.8

32.6

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×

Known Number of OSTDS

7,869

Estimated Wastewater flow from OSTDS (gallons/day)

98,363

Estimated Percent of Population served by OSTDS

111

Estimated Population served by OSTDS (@2.5 persons/home)

19,673

Parameter

Input from OSTDS Now

Input w/ upgrades

Input 2010 w/ growth

Phosphorus (lbs/day)

161.7

26.9

28.5

Giardia Cysts (106/day)

567

0

0

Fecal Coliforms (106/day)

504,602

0

0

Viruses (106/day)

0.4

0

0

Total Suspended Solids (lbs/day)

0

0

0

Cryptosporidium Oocysts (106/day)

2.1

0

0

RESERVOIR: Cannonsville

Known Permanent Watershed Population

17,000

Permitted Number of Wastewater Treatment Plants

7

Permitted Wastewater flow from WWTPs (gallons/day)

2,000,000

Discharger

Daily Flow

Delaware-BOCES

2,500

Delhi

515,000

SEVA Institute

7,800

Allen Center

20,000

Stamford WTP

500,000

Village of Hobart

160,000

Walton WTP

1,170,000

Parameter

Input from WWTPs Now

Input w/ upgrades

Input 2010 w/ growth

Phosphorus (lbs/day)

86.6

4.3

4.6

Giardia Cysts (106/day)

69,658.6

22,847.3

24,217.8

Fecal Coliforms (106/day)

1,471.9

1,324.0

1,403.4

Viruses (106/day)

253.3

82.2

87.1

Total Suspended Solids (lbs/day)

287.3

6.3

6.7

Cryptosporidium Oocysts (106/day)

6,473.3

308.5

327

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×

Known Number of OSTDS

8,388

Estimated Wastewater flow from OSTDS (gallons/day)

1,048,500

Estimated Percent of Population served by OSTDS

123

Estimated Population served by OSTDS (@2.5 persons/home)

20,970

Parameter

Input from OSTDS Now

Input w/ upgrades

Input 2010 w/ growth

Phosphorus (lbs/day)

172.3

28.70

30.4

Giardia Cysts (106/day)

604

0

0

Fecal Coliforms (106/day)

5,378,805

0

0

Viruses (106/day)

4.4

0

0

Total Suspended Solids (lbs/day)

0

0

0

Cryptosporidium Oocysts (106/day)

2.2

0

0

RESERVOIR: Pepacton

Known Permanent Watershed Population

15,622

Permitted Number of Wastewater Treatment Plants

6

Permitted Wastewater flow from WWTPs (gallons/day)

579,400

Discharger

Daily Flow

Camp NuBar

12,500

Camp Tai Chi

7,500

Margaretville WWTP

400,000

Mountainside Farms, Inc.

49,800

Regis Hotel

9,600

Roxbury Run Village

100,000

Parameter

Input from WWTPs Now

Input w/ upgrades

Input 2010 w/ growth

Phosphorus (lbs/day)

8.6

1.5

1.6

Giardia Cysts (106/day)

227.2

82.1

87

Fecal Coliforms (106/day)

2,396.3

407.2

431.6

Viruses (106/day)

7.0

2.6

2.8

Total Suspended Solids (lbs/day)

21.9

3.3

3.5

Cryptosporidium Oocysts (106/day)

23.5

8.9

9.4

Known Number of OSTDS

6,417

Estimated Wastewater flow from OSTDS (gallons/day)

802,150

Estimated Percent of Population served by OSTDS

103

Estimated Population served by OSTDS (@2.5 persons/home)

16,043

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×

Parameter

Input from OSTDS Now

Input w/ upgrades

Input 2010 w/ growth

Phosphorus (lbs/day)

131.9

22.0

23.3

Giardia Cysts (106/day)

462

0

0

Fecal Coliforms (106/day)

4,115,029

0

0

Viruses (106/day)

3.4

0

0

Total Suspended Solids (lbs/day)

0

0

0

Cryptosporidium Oocysts (106/day)

1.7

0

0

RESERVOIR: Rondout

Known Permanent Watershed Population

4,170

Permitted Number of Wastewater Treatment Plants

1

Permitted Wastewater flow from WWTPs (gallons/day)

180,000

Discharger

Daily Flow

Grahamsville WWTP

180,000

Parameter

Input from WWTPs Now

Input w/ upgrades

Input 2010 w/ growth

Phosphorus (lbs/day)

0.3

0.3

0.3

Giardia Cysts (106/day)

12.7

12.7

13.5

Fecal Coliforms (106/day)

33.5

33.5

35.5

Viruses (106/day)

0.4

0.4

0.4

Total Suspended Solids (lbs/day)

0.1

0.1

0.1

Cryptosporidium Oocysts (106/day)

1.5

1.5

1.6

Known Number of OSTDS

1,414

Estimated Wastewater flow from OSTDS (gallons/day)

176,750

Estimated Percent of Population served by OSTDS

85

Estimated Population served by OSTDS (@2.5 persons/home)

3,535

Parameter

Input from OSTDS Now

Input w/ upgrades

Input 2010 w/ growth

Phosphorus (lbs/day)

29.1

4.8

5.1

Giardia Cysts (106/day)

102

0

0

Fecal Coliforms (106/day)

906,728

0

0

Viruses (106/day)

0.7

0

0

Total Suspended Solids (lbs/day)

0

0

0

Cryptosporidium Oocysts (106/day)

0.4

0

0

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×

RESERVOIR: Neversink

Known Permanent Watershed Population

1,557

Permitted Number of Wastewater Treatment Plants

0

Permitted Wastewater flow from WWTPs (gallons/day)

0

Known Number of OSTDS

822

Estimated Wastewater flow from OSTDS (gallons/day)

102,750

Estimated Percent of Population served by OSTDS

132

Estimated Population served by OSTDS (@2.5 persons/home)

2,055

Parameter

Input from WWTPs Now

Input w/ upgrades

Input 2010 w/ growth

Phosphorus (lbs/day)

16.9

2.8

3.0

Giardia Cysts (106/day)

59

0

0

Fecal Coliforms (106/day)

527,108

0

0

Viruses (106/day)

0.4

0

0

Total Suspended Solids (lbs/day)

0

0

0

Cryptosporidium Oocysts (106/day)

0.2

0

0

REFERENCES

Anderson, D. L., A. L. Lewis, and K. M. Sherman. 1991. Human enterovirus monitoring at on-site sewage disposal systems in Florida. Pp. 94-104 In On-Site Wastewater Treatment, Proceedings of the Sixth National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems. St. Joseph, MI: Amer. Soc. Ag. Engineers.

Ayres, A. 1993. Onsite Sewage Disposal Systems Research in Florida: An Evaluation of Current OSDS Practices in Florida . Tallahassee: Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services.


Canter, L. W., and R. C. Knox. 1986. Septic Tank System Effects on Groundwater Quality. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers Inc.

Chanlett, E. T. 1979. Environmental Protection. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.


Goodgame, R. W., R. M. Genta, A. C. White, and C. L. Chappell. 1993. Intensity of infection in AIDS-associated cryptosporidiosis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 167:704–709.


Kappus, K. D., R. G. Lundgren, Jr., D. D. Juranek, J. M. Roberts, and H. C. Spencer. 1994. Intestinal parasitism in the United States: Update on a continuing problem. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 506:705–713.

Knight, R. 1980. Epidemiology and transmission of giardiasis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 74(4):433–435.


Marx, R., and E. Goldstein. 1993. A guide to New York City's reservoirs and their watersheds. New York, NY: Natural Resource Defense Council.


New York City Department of Environmental Protection (NYC DEP). 1993. Final Generic Environmental Impact Statement for the Proposed Watershed Regulations for the Protection from Contamination, Degradation, and Pollution of the New York City Water Supply and its Sources . November 1993. Corona, NY: NYC DEP.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×
Page 532
Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×
Page 533
Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×
Page 534
Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×
Page 535
Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×
Page 536
Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×
Page 537
Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×
Page 538
Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
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In 1997, New York City adopted a mammoth watershed agreement to protect its drinking water and avoid filtration of its large upstate surface water supply. Shortly thereafter, the NRC began an analysis of the agreement's scientific validity.

The resulting book finds New York City's watershed agreement to be a good template for proactive watershed management that, if properly implemented, will maintain high water quality. However, it cautions that the agreement is not a guarantee of permanent filtration avoidance because of changing regulations, uncertainties regarding pollution sources, advances in treatment technologies, and natural variations in watershed conditions.

The book recommends that New York City place its highest priority on pathogenic microorganisms in the watershed and direct its resources toward improving methods for detecting pathogens, understanding pathogen transport and fate, and demonstrating that best management practices will remove pathogens. Other recommendations, which are broadly applicable to surface water supplies across the country, target buffer zones, stormwater management, water quality monitoring, and effluent trading.

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