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EXPANSION JOINTS IN BUILDINGS Technical Report No. 65 Prepared by the Standing Committee on Structural Engineering of the Federal Construction Council Building Research Advisory Board Division of Engineering National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Washington, D.C. 1974
NOTICE: The program under which the project reported was conducted was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, acting on behalf of the National Academy of Sciences. Such approval reflects the Board's judgment that the program is of national importance and appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research Council. The members of the Committee selected to undertake this project and prepare this report were chosen for recognized schol- arly competence and with due consideration for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. Responsibility for the de- tailed aspects of this report rests with that Committee. Each report issuing from a study committee of the National Research Council is reviewed by an independent group of quali- fied individuals according to procedures established and monitored by the Report Review Committee of the National Academy of Sciences. Distribution of the report is approved, by the President of the Academy, upon satisfactory completion of the re view process. This report was prepared under the following contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and the supporting federal agencies: Atomic Energy Commission, WA-73-3061; Department of the Army, DACA 73-73-C-0004; Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, OS-73-116; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASW-246 1; Department of the Navy, N00025-73-C-0024; Department of the Air Force, N00025-73-C-0024; Department of Commerce, 3-35819; General Services Administration, GS-0~B-871;Veterans Administration, VlOOlP-290;Department of the Interior, 13-D-2501. By supporting contract agreement, federal agencies wishing copies of this report are entitled to such copies on request to: Building Research Advisory Board, Division of Engineering, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. 20418. Inquiries concerning this publication should be addressed to: The Executive Director, Building Research Advisory Board, Division of Engineering, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418. Available from Printing and Publishing Office, National Academy of Sciences 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Federal Construction Council. Standing Committee on Structural Engineering. Expansion joints in buildings. (Federal Construction Council. Technical report no. 65) 1. Expansion joints-Contracts and specifications. I. Title. II. Series. TH7.F4 no. 65 [TA660.E9] 690'.08s [690] 74-9845 ISBN 0-309-02233-9 Printed in the United States of America
FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION COUNCIL of the BUILDING RESEARCH ADVISORY BOARD The Federal Construction Council serves as a planning, coordinating, and operating body to encourage continuing cooperation among federal agencies in advancing the science and technology of building as related to federal construction activities. In this pursuit, its specific objectives include: assembly and correlation of available knowledge and experience from each of the agencies; elimination of undesirable duplication in investigative effort on common problems; free discussion among scientific and technical personnel, both within and outside the government, on selected building problems; objective resolution of technical problems of particular concern to the federal construction agencies; and appropriate distribution of resulting information. The Council as such comprises ten members appointed by the BRAB Chairman from among BRAB membership, plus one mem- ber from the senior professional staff of each of the supporting federal agencies (currently nine), also appointed by the BRAB Chairman on nomination from the individual agencies; all appointments are subject to approval by the President of the National Academy of Sciences. The Council directs the conduct of technical investigations and surveys of practice, holds symposia/workshops, and arranges for interchanges of information and for monitoring of research and technical projects. FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION COUNCIL-1973-1974 Chairman Walter S. Douglas, Senior Partner* Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade and Douglas New York, New York James M. Bayne, Director, Programs and Engineering Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C. Robert W. Blake, Chief, Research and Development Staff, Office of Facilities Engineering and Pronertv M~n~P.mPnt npn~rtmpnt of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D.C. -, ~ 7 r ~0 ~r Richard T. Geoghegan, Danen, Connecticut Robert A. Georgine, Secretary Treasurer, Building and Construction Trades Department, American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations, Washington, D.C. Charles P. Graves, Professor, College of Architecture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky *Walter R. Hibbard, Jr., Vice President-Technical Services, Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation, Toledo, Ohio Samuel Kramer, Chief, Office of Federal Building Technolo~v Center for Rollins T`~.~.hn~l^`nr N~timna1 R'lrPol' Of ~`q^A~.Ao Washington, D.C. ~ 7 ~-D ~-DO ~Van -I Edwin B. Mixon, Deputy Chief of Engineering Division, Directorate of Civil Engineering, Department of the Air Force, Washington, D.C. Nyal E. Nelson, Chief, Specifications and Estimating Branch. Office of the Chief of Engineers Denartment Of the. Armv Washington, D.C. O^~-__^ By -I & ~ ~^ W&- Art ~ Robert D. Pauley, Vice President-Research and Engineering, Weyerhaeuser Company, Tacoma, Washington Tom Lewis Peyton, Jr., Deputy Assistant Commissioner for Construction Management, Public Buildings Service, General Services Administration, Washington, D.C. Blake J. Ratliff, Director, Research Staff, Office of Construction, Veterans Administration, Washington, D.C. Joseph A. Rorick, Director of Design and Engineering, Real Estate and Construction Division, IBM Corporation, White Plains, New York John F. C. Turner, Lecturer, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technolo~v (:ambr'`l~ ~ _A~_~_,~ ~ _~A V_ Massachusetts Richard H. Welles, Director, Specifications and Cost Division, Naval Facilities Engineering Command. Denartment of the New Alexandria, Virginia ---0- ~0 ~, -I ~ _ ~ ~ Beverly A. Willis, AIA, Willis & Associates, San Francisco, California Charles I. York, Assistant Director for Engineering, Division of Construction, United States Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C. Joseph H. Zettel, Vice President, Director of Research, Industrial Products Research Department, Research and Development Center, Johns-Manville Products Corporation, Denver, Colorado *Member, National Academy of Engineering.
FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION COUNCIL STANDING COMMITTEE ON STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING While the Federal Construction Council itself has overall responsibility for its technical programs, specific projects such as this are carried out under the direction of appointed task groups or standing committees of engineers, architects, and scientists. Each mem- ber serves as a specialist in his field or as a generalist in the problem area, not as a spokesman for or representative of his own agency or any other organization with which he may be associated. At the request of the Council, this report was prepared by members of the Standing Committee on Structural Engineering. Walter Buckholtz, Civil Engineer, Plant Engineering Division, Directorate of Civil Engineering, Department of the Air Force Edward Caligiuri, Head, Structural/Civil Section, Facilities Engineering Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Carl Connor, General Engineer, Division of Construction, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Alvin Dailey, Supervisory Structural Engineer, Office of Construction Management, Public Buildings Service, General Services Administration William Heitmann, Chief, Structural Section, Engineering Division, Military Construction, Office of the Chief of Engineers Edgar V. Leyendecker, Structural Research Engineer, Structures Section, Building Research Division, National Bureau of Standards Richard D. McConnell, Chief, Structural Division, Veterans Administration Blake J. Ratliff, General Engineer, Research Staff, Office of Construction, Veterans Administration Joseph V. Tyrrell, Chief Structural Engineer, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Department of the Navy William J. Werner, Supervisory General Engineer, Office of Policy Development and Research, Department of Housing and Urban Development Ross M. Webb, Structural Consultant, Division of Engineering, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare BRAB SUPPORTING STAFF Michael C. Soteriades, BRAB Consultant Wallace A. Norum, Project Coordinator, Federal Construction Council S. Narayan Bodapati, Staff Engineer, Federal Construction Council James R. Smith, Assistant Director-Technical Operations, BRAB Claret Heider, Editor, Building Research Advisory Board
FOREWORD Many factors affect the amount of temperature-induced movement that takes place in a building and also the extent to which this movement can take place before serious damage will occur or extensive maintenance will be required. Because of the complexity of the problem, no one has yet estab- lished nationally acceptable procedures for precisely determining the size and location of expansion joints required in a particular structure. In the absence of such definitive procedures, most designers and federal con- struction agencies have individually developed guidelines based on rough calculations and experience. Although relatively few serious problems attributable to inadequate pro- vision for temperature-induced movement have been reported, significant differences are found in the various guidelines used for locating and sizing expansion joints, suggesting that at least some of the guidelines ml'=+ he ; ~ ~ _ _ _ Th=~= ~; f ; ~A + ~1: 1,~_ ^~ ~: ~ ,..~_ ~ a_ _~& a_ ~ an · ~ &~'01V ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ JO ~1 ~= 11^=ly ~11~ All some cases joints are being omitted where they are needed--thus creating a risk of struc- tural failure or causing unnecessary operations and maintenance costs-- and in other cases they are being used where they are not required--thus increasing the initial cost of construction and creating space utilization problems. As a consequence, the Federal Construction Council (FCC) undertook the study reported herein in hopes of developing more definitive criteria for expansion joints than have existed in the past. The study was carried out for the Council by the FCC Standing Committee on Structural Engineering. This report has been reviewed and approved by the Federal Construction Council, and, on the recommendation of the Council, the Building Research Advisory Board (BRAB) has approved the report for publication. The Board gratefully acknowledges the work of the FCC Standing Committee on Structural Engineering in conducting the study and developing this report. HERBERT H. SWINBURNE, Chairman Building Research Advisory Board
CONTENTS Page I. Introduction 1 A. Purpose of Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 B. Scope 1 C. Conduct of Study . . . eat 1 D. Organization of Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 II. III. n;c~ll=~;~- Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . ~ . . . A. General ~ e. 3 B. Criteria for Determining the Need for Expansion Joints . . 4 C. Suggested Procedures for Design of Expansion Joints . . . 6 D. Areas of Future Research 7 Suggested Procedures for Design of Expansion Joints . . . Areas of Future Research ................. APPENDIXES 9 ~_~ 1 · · · 9 Determination of Need for Expansion Joints 14 The Design of Expansion Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Areas of Future Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 A. Computer Printout of an Elastic Analysis . . . . . . . . . 33 B. Temperature Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 LIST OF TABLES 1. Mean Construction-Season Temperatures for Various Localities 11 2. Tabulated Results of Analysis V1
LIST OF F IGURES 1. Maximum allowable building length without use of expansion joints for various design temperature changes Differential temperature effects element . . . . . . ~ on a building 3. Expansion joint spacing criteria of one federal agency . . . . . . . e · ~ · · · · ~ · · · · ~ · - . . 4. Analysis of one-bay simple bent subjected to uniform temperature change . . . . . . . . . 5. Analysis of multistory and multibay frame subjected to uniform temperature change . . . . . . . . . . 6. Computation of effective length L of building segments adjacent to the expansion joint V11 12 15 . . . 18 19 . . 28
