NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Grant No. EAR-9809585 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Science Foundation. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the National Science Foundation.
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Cover: Spatial scales relevant to Earth science processes. Lower middle: scanning electron photomicrograph of Streptomyces sp. growing on a polished hornblende surface, showing 400 to 600 nm-wide hyphae. SOURCE: H. Buss, Pennsylvania State University. Bottom: mid-crustal exposure of an early Paleozoic subduction zone in northwestern Norway. SOURCE: L. Royden, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Top left: synthetic aperture radar image showing the postseismic displacement (10 mm interval) of the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake, California. SOURCE: data from the European Space Agency Satellite ERS-2 were acquired and processed by D. Sandwell, L. Sichoix, A. Jacobs, R. Scharroo, B. Minster, Y. Bock, P. Jameson, E. Price, and H. Zebker, Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Upper middle: images of mountains and calderas on Jupiter’s volcanic moon Io taken by NASA’s Galileo spacecraft. SOURCE: Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Copyright 2001 by the National Academy of Sciences . All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
National Academy of Sciences
National Academy of Engineering
Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
COMMITTEE ON BASIC RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES IN THE EARTH SCIENCES
THOMAS H. JORDAN, Chair,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles
GAIL M. ASHLEY,
Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
MARK D. BARTON,
University of Arizona, Tucson
STEPHEN J. BURGES,
University of Washington, Seattle
KENNETH A. FARLEY,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
KATHERINE H. FREEMAN,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park
RAYMOND JEANLOZ,
University of California, Berkeley
CHARLES R. MARSHALL,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
JOHN A. ORCUTT,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
FRANK M. RICHTER,
University of Chicago, Illinois
LEIGH H. ROYDEN,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
CHRISTOPHER H. SCHOLZ,
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, New York
NOEL TYLER,
The University of Texas, Austin
LAWRENCE P. WILDING,
Texas A&M University, College Station
National Research Council Staff
ANNE M. LINN, Senior Staff Officer
VERNA J. BOWEN, Administrative Assistant
BOARD ON EARTH SCIENCES AND RESOURCES
RAYMOND JEANLOZ, Chair ,
University of California, Berkeley
JOHN J. AMORUSO,
Amoruso Petroleum Company, Houston, Texas
PAUL B. BARTON, JR.,
U.S. Geological Survey (Emeritus), Reston, Virginia
BARBARA L. DUTROW,
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge
ADAM M. DZIEWONSKI,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
RICHARD S. FISKE,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
JAMES M. FUNK,
Equitable Production Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
WILLIAM L. GRAF,
Arizona State University, Tempe
SUSAN M. KIDWELL,
University of Chicago, Illinois
SUSAN KIEFFER,
Kieffer & Woo, Inc., Palgrave, Ontario, Canada
PAMELA LUTTRELL, Independent Consultant,
Dallas, Texas
ALEXANDRA NAVROTSKY,
University of California at Davis
DIANNE R. NIELSON,
Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Salt Lake City
JONATHAN G. PRICE,
Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, Reno
National Research Council Staff
ANTHONY R. DE SOUZA, Staff Director
TAMARA L. DICKINSON, Senior Program Officer
DAVID A. FEARY, Senior Program Officer
ANNE M. LINN, Senior Program Officer
LISA M. VANDEMARK, Program Officer
JENNIFER T. ESTEP, Administrative Associate
VERNA J. BOWEN, Administrative Assistant
REBECCA E. SHAPACK, Research Assistant
COMMISSION ON GEOSCIENCES, ENVIRONMENT, AND RESOURCES
GEORGE M. HORNBERGER Chair,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville
RICHARD A. CONWAY,
Union Carbide Corporation (Retired), South Charleston, West Virginia
LYNN GOLDMAN,
Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
THOMAS E. GRAEDEL,
Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
THOMAS J. GRAFF,
Environmental Defense, Oakland, California
EUGENIA KALNAY,
University of Maryland, College Park
DEBRA KNOPMAN,
Progressive Policy Institute, Washington, D.C.
BRAD MOONEY,
J. Brad Mooney Associates, Ltd., Arlington, Virginia
HUGH C. MORRIS,
El Dorado Gold Corporation, Vancouver, British Columbia
H. RONALD PULLIAM,
University of Georgia, Athens
MILTON RUSSELL,
Joint Institute for Energy and Environment and University of Tennessee (Emeritus), Knoxville
ROBERT J. SERAFIN,
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
ANDREW R. SOLOW,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
E-AN ZEN,
University of Maryland, College Park
National Research Council Staff
ROBERT M. HAMILTON, Executive Director
GREGORY H. SYMMES, Associate Executive Director
JEANETTE SPOON, Administrative and Financial Officer
SANDI FITZPATRICK, Administrative Associate
Acknowledgments
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
Albert Bally, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Rice University
Vitelmo V. Bertero, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley
Jeremy Bloxham, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University
David L. Donoho, Department of Statistics, Stanford University
Thomas Dunne, Donald Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara
Wilford R.Gardner, College of Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley
Paul L. Koch, Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz
George McGill, Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts
Peter Molnar, Falmouth, Massachusetts
Karl Turekian, Kline Geology Laboratory, Yale University
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Mary Lou Zoback, appointed by the Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources and Steven M. Stanley, appointed by the NRC’s Report Review Committee, who were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
Preface
This report summarizes the findings and recommendations of the Committee on Basic Research Opportunities in the Earth Sciences. The committee was charged by the National Science Foundation (NSF) to undertake the following tasks:
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identify high-priority research opportunities in the Earth sciences, emphasizing the connections between traditional solid-Earth science disciplines such as geodynamics, geology, and geochemistry and other disciplines such as hydrology, biology, and oceanography;
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discuss research opportunities of interest to other government agencies, industry, and international partners, to the extent that they are germane to the responsibilities of NSF’s Earth Science Division (EAR); and
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explore linkages between research and societal needs.
In keeping with its charge, the committee did not review the existing EAR program or other federal research programs. Rather, this report focuses on new research areas that could be added to the EAR solid-Earth science and hydrology portfolio. Similarly, because EAR funds are limited, the committee did not emphasize research directions that are funded predominantly by other NSF divisions, such as paleoceanography and marine geophysics (Ocean Sciences Division) and paleoclimatology (Atmospheric Sciences Division and Office of Polar Programs).
Previous National Research Council (NRC) reports have significantly helped to shape NSF activities. Prior to 1983, EAR directed all of its funds to individual investigators through core research programs. On the recommen-
dations of Opportunities for Research in the Geological Sciences 1 and Research Briefings, 2 EAR created a variety of cross-disciplinary programs, including Instrumentation and Facilities and Continental Dynamics.
The National Research Council published its last major assessment of Earth science in 1993. Solid-Earth Science and Society 3 documented progress in Earth science, its technology drivers, the status of its constituent disciplines, a host of significant unsolved problems, and many outstanding research opportunities. It also articulated the fundamental importance of Earth science in a globalized, high-technology society. Much of what it said seven years ago remains fresh and applicable today.
In conducting this study, the committee found it necessary to survey a wide range of topics across a broad spectrum of disciplines, which required input from many individuals and groups. Before its first meeting, the committee sponsored symposia at the annual Geological Society of America and American Geophysical Union meetings. Presenters were asked to provide a 10-year vision of the research opportunities in their field. In addition, the committee requested the following information from department heads at universities and colleges, professional societies, and federal agencies with a significant Earth science component:
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the 10-year outlook for the Earth sciences, including possible linkages with other disciplines;
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the scale of activities suitable for conducting Earth science, including the roles of individual investigators, major facilities, and “system-level” research; and
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the programmatic mechanisms and level of funding needed from the NSF and other agencies.
Federal agencies with major Earth science programs—the National Science Foundation, U.S. Geological Survey, Department of Energy, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration—also provided programmatic information and “lessons learned” from past collaborations. Finally, the committee reviewed a variety of workshop reports and white papers, which were sponsored by NSF and/or professional societies in the past two years. The titles of workshop reports and symposia abstracts and the names of
survey respondents are listed in Appendix B. Many of the conclusions and recommendations reached by the committee reflect the ideas articulated in these thoughtful contributions by numerous members of the geoscience community.
The committee also acknowledges the following individuals, who briefed the committee, provided detailed programmatic information, or contributed in other ways to the committee process: Morris Aizenman, Jill Banfield, Steven Bohlen, Joe Burns, Robert Corell, Bill Dietrich, Adam Dziewonski, John Grant, Ron Greeley, Richard Greenfield, Douglas James, Russel Kelz, Susan Kidwell, Ian MacGregor, Michael Mayhew, Michael Meyer, Mike Purdy, Garrison Sposito, Dave Stevenson, Dorothy Stout, Bruce Uminger, Daniel Weill, Clark Wilson, Nick Woodward, and Herman Zimmerman. Finally, the committee expresses its gratitude to the NRC study director, Anne Linn, for her considerable efforts in bringing the committee together and editing its report.
Thomas H. Jordan
Chair