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NUCLEAR WASTES: Technologies for Separations and Transmutation
NUCLEAR WASTES:
Technologies for
Separations and
Transmutation
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The "Once-Through" Fuel Cycle
The S&T Concepts
Overall Conclusions
Detailed Findings and Conclusions
Principal Recommendations
- INTRODUCTION
Committee Mission and Operation
Background On Spent Reactor Fuel and High-Level Waste Disposal
Organization of the Report
References
- SUMMARIES OF S&T PROPOSALS AND RADIONUCLIDES RELEASE SCENARIOS
IN REPOSITORY
Source and Characteristics of Radionuclides in Spent Fuel
Summary of S&T Proposals and Technology Statements
Radionuclides and Repository Performance
References
- SEPARATIONS TECHNOLOGY
Historical Background
Types of Wastes
Types of Separations
Separations for Transmutation of LWR Fuel
Conclusions
References
- TRANSMUTATION SYSTEMS
Transmutation Processes and Concepts
Reduction of Transuranic Inventories
Reduction of Key Fission Product Inventories
Safety Issues for the Reactor, Fuel Materials, and Supporting Fuel Cycle
Development Time, Cost, Feasibility, and Risk Through System Demonstration
Time Scales and Costs for Model System Deployments
Comparative Thermal and Electrical Efficiencies
Principal Findings and Conclusions
References
- DEFENSE WASTES
The Hanford Tanks
Scenarios for Hanford Tank Remediation
Conclusions and Recommendations
References
- ANALYSIS OF THE ISSUES
Impact of S&T On Waste Repository
Transportation-Related Issues
Proliferation Issues
Health and Safety Issues
Cost of Fuel Reprocessing
Policy, Institutional, and Management Issues
Regulatory Issues
Research and Development Needs
References
APPENDIXES
- STATEMENT OF WORK
- LIST OF COMMITTEE AND SUBCOMMITTEE ACTIVITIES
- BASE CASE ONCE-THROUGH URANIUM FUEL CYCLE FOR LIGHT-WATER REACTOR WITH GEOLOGICAL REPOSITORY
- SEPARATIONS TECHNOLOGY
Introduction
Aqueous Processes
Nonaqueous Processes
Reprocessing Experience in the United States and Abroad
Future Separations Processes
References
- DEFENSE WASTESADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Hanford Disposal Costs for High-Level Waste Canisters
Savannah River Site Plans for A Defense Waste Processing Facility
References
Selected Bibliography
- TRANSMUTATION CONCEPTS
Advanced Liquid-Metal Reactor
The Light-Water Reactor
The Los Alamos Accelerator Transmutation of Waste
The Particle Bed Reactor Concept
The Accelerator-Based Phoenix Concept
References
- EFFECTS ON REPOSITORY
Background Information On Repository Performance
Impact of Transmutation
Summary and Conclusions
References
- NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION ISSUES
Introduction
Nonproliferation Policy and International Safeguards
Assessment of Proliferation Issues for S&T Systems
Case 1: Integral Fast Reactor Breeder/Burner
Case 2: Baseline Accelerator Transmutation of Waste
Case 3: Advanced Accelerator Transmutation of Waste
Case 4: Hybrid Almr/Lwr System
References
- HEALTH AND SAFETY
Introduction
Discussion of Concepts
ATW
ALMR/IFR
LWR
PBR
CURE
Risk and Safety Summaries: Radioactive Waste Treatment Concepts
References
- FUEL REPROCESSING ECONOMICS
Introduction
Historical Perspective
Relative Economics of Reprocessing Versus Once-Through Fuel Cycle
Principal Issues in Determining Whether To Adopt Reprocessing and Transmutation As A Waste Management Strategy
Reprocessing-Plant Capital Costs
Reprocessing-Plant Operating Costs
Financing of Reprocessing/Transmutation Reactor Facilities
Estimated Unit Costs of Lwr Reprocessing
Comparison With Published Reprocessing Prices,
Comparison With OECD/NEA Breakeven Reprocessing Price
Reprocessing-Cost Sensitivity Studies
Potential Savings for Nth-Of-A-Kind Plants,
Threshold Cost of LWR Fuel Reprocessing for ALMR Use
Historical Cost Growth On Projects Employing Advanced Technologies
Summary and Conclusions
References
- SUMMARY OF INTERNATIONAL SEPARATIONS AND TRANSMUTATIONS ACTIVITIES
Programs of Individual Nations
International Organizations
OECD/NEA
Observations
References
- INTERIM REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON SEPARATIONS TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSMUTATION SYSTEMS
- BIOGRAPHIES OF THE COMMITTEE ON SEPARATIONS TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSMUTATION SYSTEMS
- GLOSSARY OF TERMS
- ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
- GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
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