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Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
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Nutrient Requirements of Horses Fifth Revised Edition, 1989 Subcommittee on Horse Nutrition Committee on Animal Nutrition Board on Agriculture National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1989
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Page ii
National Academy Press 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Thier is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
This study was supported by the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, under Agreement No. 59-32U4-5-6, and by the Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, under Cooperative Agreement No. FD-U-000006-06-1. Additional support was provided by the American Feed Industry Association, Inc. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authoring subcommittee and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Horse Nutrition. Nutrient requirements of horses/Subcommittee on Horse Nutrition, Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture, National Research Council.—5th rev. ed. p. cm. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Horses—Nutrition—Requirements. 2. Horses—Feeding and feeds. I. Title. SF285.5.N37 1989 636.1'08'52—dc19 ISBN 0-309-03989-4 89-3061 CIP
First Printing, May 1989 Second Printing, June 1989 Third Printing, October 1990 Fourth Printing, October 1993 Fifth Printing, May 1994 Sixth Printing, December 1994 Seventh Printing, March 1996 Eighth Printing, July 1998
Copyright © 1989 by the National Academy of Sciences
No part of this book may be reproduced by any mechanical, photographic, or electronic process, or in the form of a phonographic recording, nor may it be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or otherwise copied for public or private use, without written permission from the publisher, except for the purposes of official use by the U.S. government.
Printed in the United States of America
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Preface Research on the nutrition and feeding of horses has increased substantially during the 10 years since the last edition. In some cases, this work has served to support and strengthen previous recommendations. In other cases, it has suggested that earlier recommendations were inadequate or excessive. For some nutrients, we now have information where previously none existed. When information was limited or nonexistent, the subcommittee chose to use information available on other species to estimate the horse's needs. Our knowledge of horse nutrition still contains many gaps that the subcommittee hopes will be filled in the near future. The requirements given represent the best information available at this time.
Changes in this edition reflect new information available on the requirements of horses, which are discussed in Chapter 2. For example, in calculating the digestible energy requirements for maintenance, the equation has been changed from a metabolic weight basis to a body weight basis. Also, the equations for calculating digestible energy requirements for work, reproduction, and growth have been revised to reflect new information. Because digestible energy intake has a direct effect on production and performance, where practical the requirements for other nutrients are expressed as a function of digestible energy intake. In addition, nutrient requirements for two rates of growth are calculated for weanlings and yearlings to illustrate the effect of growth rate on nutrient needs.
Chapter 3 discusses characteristics of feedstuffs often used in diets for horses, as well as some health problems that may result with certain types of feedstuffs. General considerations for selecting a diet for foals and for adult and growing horses are discussed in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 presents the mathematical statements necessary to calculate daily requirements for digestible energy, crude protein, lysine, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, and vitamin A. These equations were used to develop the computer diskette available with the report.
This edition should be a useful tool and guide for the nutritional management of horses and ponies during various phases of the life cycle.
The Subcommittee on Horse Nutrition was appointed in 1985 under the auspices of the Board on Agriculture's Committee on Animal Nutrition to update and revise the fourth edition of Nutrient Requirements of Horses, issued in 1978. This new edition was reviewed by the Committee on Animal Nutrition, the Board on Agriculture, and four outside reviewers. The subcommittee is grateful to these individuals for their efforts. The subcommittee also acknowledges the assistance of Robert van Saun in completing the computer program included with this edition and would like to thank Board on Agriculture staff, Sharon Giduck, staff officer, and Kamar Patel, senior secretary, for their assistance in the preparation of this edition.
Subcommittee On Horse Nutrition EDGAR A. OTT, Chairman, University of Florida, Gainesville JOHN P. BAKER, University of Kentucky HAROLD F. HINTZ, Cornell University GARY D. POTTER, Texas A&M University HOWARD D. STOWE, Michigan State University DUANE E. ULLREY, Michigan State University
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Committee On Animal Nutrition DONALD E. JOHNSON, Chairman, Colorado State University HENRY S. BAYLEY, University of Guelph NORLIN J. BENEVENGA, University of Wisconsin, Madison WILLIAM V. CHALUPA, University of Pennsylvania ROY S. EMERY, Michigan State University HAROLD F. HINTZ, Cornell University LEO S. JENSEN, University of Georgia WALTER MERTZ, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland *JAMES G. MORRIS, University of California, Davis *FREDRIC N. OWENS, Oklahoma State University RODNEY L. PRESTON, Texas Tech University DALE R. ROMSOS, Michigan State University *GARY L. RUMSEY, U.S. Department of the Interior, Cortland, New York
Staff
SHARON A. GIDUCK, Staff Officer KAMAR PATEL, Senior Secretary
*Through June 30, 1988.
Board On Agriculture THEODORE L. HULLAR, Chairman, University of California, Davis JOHN A. PINO, Vice Chairman, National Research Council C. EUGENE ALLEN, University of Minnesota EDWIN H. CLARK II, The Conservation Foundation ELLIS B. COWLING, North Carolina State University JOSEPH P. FONTENOT, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University ROBERT M. GOODMAN, Calgene, Inc. TIMOTHY M. HAMMONDS, Food Marketing Institute RALPH W. F. HARDY, Boyce Thompson Institute and BioTechnica International, Inc. PAUL W. JOHNSON, Iowa House of Representatives CHARLES C. MUSCOPLAT, Molecular Genetics, Inc. KARL H. NORRIS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland CHAMP B. TANNER, University of Wisconsin ROBERT L. THOMPSON, Purdue University THOMAS D. TRAUTMAN, General Mills, Inc. JAN VAN SCHILFGAARDE, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado CONRAD J. WEISER, Oregon State University
CHARLES M. BENBROOK, Executive Director JAMES E. TAVARES, Associate Executive Director
CARLA CARLSON, Director of Communications GRACE JONES ROBBINS, Editor
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Contents 1. Introduction
1
2. Nutrient Requirements, Deficiencies, and Excesses
2
Energy
2
Protein
7
Minerals
10
Vitamins
19
Water
30
3. Physical Characteristics and Suitability of Feeds
32
Forages
32
Energy Feeds
34
Protein Supplements
35
Feed Processing
35
Some Feed Problems
35
4. General Considerations for Feeding Management
37
Feeding Management
37
Feed Additives and Other Compounds
38
5. Nutrient Requirement Tables
39
Using the Equations and Tables
39
6. Feed Composition Tables
49
References
80
Appendix Table 1
95
Index
97
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Tables 2-1 Description of Individual Condition Scores
5
2-2 Digestible Energy Requirements for Growth of Foals
6
2-3 Safe Upper Level of Some Mineral Elements in Drinking Water for Horses
31
5-1 A to G Daily Nutrient Requirements of Horses (200–900-kg mature weight)
42
5-2 A and B Nutrient Concentrations in Total Diets for Horses and Ponies
46
5-3 Other Minerals and Vitamins for Horses and Ponies (on a Dry Matter Basis)
48
5-4 Expected Feed Consumption by Horses
48
6-1A Composition of Feeds (Excluding Vitamins) Commonly Used in Horse Diets
50
6-1B Vitamin Composition of Feeds Commonly Used in Horse Diets
68
6-2 Composition of Mineral Supplements for Horses
78
APPENDIX TABLE
1 Research Findings on Composition of Milk
95
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Nutrient
Requirements
of Horses
Fifth Revised Edition, 1989
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