NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This project was supported by the Department of Energy under Grant No. DE-FG0296ER40974, the National Science Foundation under Grant No. PHY-9600688, and a grant from the National Research Council's Basic Science Fund.
International Standard Book No 0-309-06037-0
Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 97-81203
Additional copies are available from:
National Academy Press
2404 Constitution Ave., NW Box 285 Washington, DC 20055 800-624-6242 202-334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area) http://www.nap.edu
Copyright 1998 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Front cover: The power of micro-vertex detectors, a new technology, is used to depict an interesting high-energy event. The detectors (shown in grey) are made of silicon and surrounded the collision point where high-energy interactions took place at 300,000 per second. The inner detector was located 3 cm from the collision point, and all detectors had spatial resolutions of about a thousandth of a centimeter. This fine resolution, needed to resolve the high density of tracks (some of which are shown in green and red), allows accurate extrapolation into the interaction region, inside the beam pipe—shown by the inner circle. The green tracks come from the original interaction, whereas the red ones come from two disconnected points. The latter are actually from B mesons that were created at the collision point but traveled several millimeters before decaying. The detector technology clearly reveals such decays even though the mean life is only a billionth of a second. From other information collected, one knows that this event is an example of the production of a pair of the very heavy top quarks, recently discovered by the CDF and DO collaborations at Fermilab. (Courtesy of Joseph Incandela, CDF and Fermilab.)
Printed in the United States of America
COMMITTEE ON ELEMENTARY-PARTICLE PHYSICS
BRUCE WINSTEIN,
Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago,
Chair
EUGENE BEIER,
University of Pennsylvania
JAMES BRAU,
University of Oregon
PERSIS DRELL,
Cornell University
GARY FELDMAN,
Harvard University
JEROME FRIEDMAN,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
HOWARD GEORGI,
Harvard University
DAVID J. GROSS,
Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California at Santa Barbara
LAWRENCE J. HALL,
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
STEPHEN HOLMES,
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
EUGENE LOH,
University of Utah
HUGH E. MONTGOMERY,
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
NAN PHINNEY,
Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory
THOMAS ROSER,
Brookhaven National Laboratory
MARJORIE SHAPIRO,
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
MELVYN SHOCHET,
Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago
FRANK WILCZEK,
Institute for Advanced Study
MICHAEL WITHERELL,
University of California at Santa Barbara
MICHAEL E. ZELLER,
Yale University
DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director
ROBERT L. RIEMER, Senior Program Officer
BOARD ON PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY
ROBERT C. DYNES,
University of California at San Diego,
Chair
ROBERT C. RICHARDSON,
Cornell University,
Vice Chair
IRA BERNSTEIN,
Yale University
STEVEN CHU,
Stanford University
VAL FITCH,
Princeton University
IVAR GIAEVER,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
JOHN P. HUCHRA,
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
ANTHONY C.S. READHEAD,
California Institute of Technology
R.G. HAMISH ROBERTSON,
University of Washington
KATHLEEN C. TAYLOR,
General Motors Corporation
J. ANTHONY TYSON,
Lucent Technologies
GEORGE WHITESIDES,
Harvard University
DAVID WILKINSON,
Princeton University
DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director
ROBERT L. RIEMER, Associate Director
DANIEL F. MORGAN, Program Officer
NATASHA CASEY, Senior Administrative Associate
GRACE WANG, Project Assistant
COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS, AND APPLICATIONS
ROBERT J. HERMANN,
United Technologies Corporation,
Cochair
CARL LINEBERGER,
University of Colorado,
Cochair
PETER M. BANKS,
Environmental Research Institute of Michigan
WILLIAM BROWDER,
Princeton University
LAWRENCE D. BROWN,
University of Pennsylvania
RONALD G. DOUGLAS,
Texas A&M University
JOHN E. ESTES,
University of California, Santa Barbara
MARTHA P. HAYNES,
Cornell University
L. LOUIS HEGEDUS,
Elf Atochem North America, Inc.
JOHN E. HOPCROFT,
Cornell University
CAROL M. JANTZEN,
Westinghouse Savannah River Company
PAUL G. KAMINSKI,
Technovation, Inc.
KENNETH H. KELLER,
University of Minnesota
KENNETH I. KELLERMANN,
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
MARGARET G. KIVELSON,
University of California, Los Angeles
DANIEL KLEPPNER,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
JOHN KREICK,
Sanders, a Lockheed Martin Company
MARSHA I. LESTER,
University of Pennsylvania
NICHOLAS P. SAMIOS,
Brookhaven National Laboratory
CHANG-LIN TIEN,
University of California, Berkeley
NORMAN METZGER, Executive Director
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
Preface
The Committee on Elementary-Particle Physics (CEPP) was established by the Board on Physics and Astronomy as part of its decadal survey series Physics in a New Era. CEPP met six times over the course of 18 months, and it heard from program managers at the Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation and from congressional staff. The committee solicited input from the elementary-particle physics community through an email address, an Internet Web page, and a meeting after the 1996 Snowmass meeting of the American Physical Society's Divisions of Particles and Fields and Physics of Beams. At the seminar run by the International Committee for Future Accelerators at its October 1996 meeting in Japan, members of the committee initiated and participated in discussions on international collaboration.
CEPP was charged to describe what has been learned over the last two decades and to identify key physics objectives for the coming decades. The committee considered the facilities, instruments, and detectors that are required to carry out research in this field and outlined future options under realistic scenarios. The committee also outlined the field's relationships with other areas of physics and technology, and considered the general issues of education, manpower, and international cooperation; elementary-particle physic's relevance to society; its contributions to the welfare of the country; and the practical benefits of accelerator science and technology.
The committee would like to thank Donald C. Shapero and Robert L. Riemer from the Board on Physics and Astronomy for their efforts throughout the course of this study, attempting to steer its work toward a completed manuscript with the proper message, properly written. Katharine Metropolis edited parts of the report, and it is much to the better due to her efforts. The committee grate
fully acknowledges the contributions of the following individuals who provided either material or particular advice that influenced its study: Jonathan A. Bagger, R. Michael Barnett, David G. Cassel, Gordon Cates, Ernie Fontes, Gerald Gabrielse, Christopher T. Hill, Joseph Robert Incandela, Judy Jackson, Andreas S. Kronfeld, Paul Langacker, Peter J. Limon, Yorikiyo Nagashima, Rene A. Ong, Michael Peskin, Nir Polonsky, Chris Quigg, Frank Sciulli, Stephen H. Shenker, Michael S. Turner, and Bill Willis. The committee also thanks Stephanie Selice, who edited the final production draft of the report.
The committee's work was supported by grants from the National Research Council's Basic Science Fund, the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Research, and the National Science Foundation's Physics Division. The committee thanks them for their support.
Finally, the committee would like to acknowledge David N. Schramm, who inspired this new survey of all fields of physics and was chair of the Board on Physics and Astronomy for most of the period of this study. We share with the physics and astronomy communities a deep regret for his untimely passing (shortly before this report was completed) and for the loss of his leadership.
BRUCE WINSTEIN
CHAIR
COMMITTEE ON ELEMENTARY-PARTICLE PHYSICS
Acknowledgments
This report has been reviewed by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council's (NRC's) Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the authors and the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The content of the review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report:
Robert K. Adair, Yale University
Lawrence M. Krauss, Case Western Reserve University
Leon Lederman, Fermilab
Francis Low, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Michael Riordan, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
John Schwarz, California Institute of Technology
Sam B. Treiman, Princeton University
Edward Witten, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton University
Although the individuals listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, responsibility for the final content of this report rests solely with the authoring committee and the NRC.