TERRORISM
REDUCING VULNERABILITIES AND IMPROVING RESPONSES
U.S.-Russian Workshop Proceedings
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Grant No. B7075.R01 between the National Academy of Sciences and the Carnegie Corporation of New York. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL COMMITTEE ON COUNTERTERRORISM CHALLENGES FOR RUSSIA AND THE UNITED STATES
Siegfried S. Hecker, Senior Fellow and Former Director,
Los Alamos National Laboratory,
Chair
Wm. A. Wulf, President,
National Academy of Engineering
Robert McC. Adams, Adjunct Professor,
University of California at San Diego
John F. Ahearne, Director,
Ethics Program, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society
Lewis M. Branscomb, Professor Emeritus,
Public Policy and Corporate Management, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
George Bugliarello, President Emeritus and University Professor,
Polytechnic University
Anita K. Jones,
Lawrence R. Quarles
Professor of Engineering
and Applied Science, University of Virginia
Alexander MacLachlan, Retired Senior Vice President,
Research and Development, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.
Russ Zajtchuk, President,
Chicago Hospitals International
Staff
Glenn E. Schweitzer, Program Director,
National Research Council
Kelly Robbins, Senior Program Officer,
National Research Council
A. Chelsea Sharber, Senior Program Associate,
National Research Council
RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES STANDING COMMITTEE ON COUNTERTERRORISM
Academician Yevgeny Velikhov, Director,
Kurchatov State Research Center of Atomic Energy,
Chair
RAS Corresponding Member Leonid Bolshov, Director,
Russian Academy of Sciences Nuclear Safety Institute
Academician Nikolai Laverov, Vice President,
Russian Academy of Sciences
Academician Gennady Mesyats, Vice President,
Russian Academy of Sciences
Academician Nikolai Platé, Vice President,
Russian Academy of Sciences
Academician Aleksandr Spirin, Director,
Russian Academy of Sciences Protein Institute
Academician Konstantin Frolov, Director, Russian Academy of Sciences
Institute of Machine Science
RAS Corresponding Member Valery Tishkov, Director,
Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology
Mr. Gennady Kovalenko,
Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Dr. Renat S. Akchurin, Chief of the Cardiovascular Surgery Department,
Cardiology Research Center
Staff
Yury K. Shiyan,
Foreign Relations Department, Russian Academy of Sciences
Preface
The first U.S.-Russian interacademy workshop on terrorism was held in Moscow in June 2001 with a focus on countering terrorist attacks that could cause catastrophic damage to civilian populations or to the economy or to both. In early 2002 the proceedings of that workshop were published in both English and Russian under the title High-Impact Terrorism Proceedings of a Russian-American Workshop.
The events of September 11, 2001, greatly heightened interest within both the National Academies and the Russian Academy of Sciences in expanded cooperation in addressing the challenges of the growing threats of terrorism. Therefore, in December 2001, at the invitation of the National Academies, the Russian Academy of Sciences selected seven Russian specialists to travel to the United States for further discussions with National Academies counterparts and with government officials and other specialists in the United States on many aspects of high-impact terrorism. Based on the recommendations emerging from the discussions among representatives of the academies at that time, in February 2002 the academies agreed to establish parallel committees consisting primarily of academy members with extensive experience in addressing topics of direct relevance to terrorism to develop an expanded program of cooperation in counterterrorism. The charter for these committees, acting jointly, is set forth in Appendix B.
The newly appointed committees decided to meet as soon as feasible to develop a broadened agenda for cooperation. The meeting was held in March 2003 after being postponed for three months because of delays associated with the seizure of hostages by dissidents during a stage production of Nord-Ost in Moscow in October 2002. In addition to the meeting of the joint committees, two one-day workshops on urban terrorism and cyberterrorism were held in Moscow
just before the meeting. The cochairs of the workshops summarized the workshop conclusions at the meeting. In addition, some members of the committees and a few invited specialists with important insights on terrorism threats and vulnerabilities in their respective countries made technical presentations on topics of special interest. These proceedings include articles based on technical presentations at the two workshops and on selected presentations during the meeting of the committees.
Following the meeting, the Russian Academy of Sciences arranged consultations for the American participants with various Russian government ministries involved in counterterrorism activities (identified in Appendix A). Similar visits were made directly following the Moscow workshop in June 2001. Also, the National Academies arranged for the Russian specialists who visited in December 2001 to exchange views with representatives of U.S. government departments and agencies. These proceedings, together with the proceedings of the workshop in June 2001 and the related consultations with government ministries and agencies in both countries, provide a good basis for development of an agenda for sustained cooperation that should serve the interests of government officials and counterterrorism specialists. This agenda is currently in its formative stage. Six working groups were established by the joint committees to focus on urban terrorism, radiological terrorism, bioterrorism, cyberterrorism, the roots of terrorism, and the role of the nongovernmental sector, and they will help develop this agenda.
We have not attempted to summarize the papers or the discussions in these proceedings. The presentations are sufficiently important that we decided to publish them in their entirety.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This publication was made possible by a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York. The statements made and views expressed are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the positions of the Carnegie Corporation or the National Research Council, the Russian Academy of Sciences, or other organizations where the authors are employed.
In addition to a review by committee members, this volume has been reviewed in draft form by several individuals chosen for their technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in ensuring that the report is as sound as possible and meets institutional standards for quality. The review comments and original draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.
We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of selected papers: Seymour Goodman, Georgia Institute of Technology; Michael Moodie,
Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute; and Raphael Perl, Congressional Research Service.
Although these reviewers have provided constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the individual papers. Responsibility for the final content of the papers rests with the individual authors.
Special thanks are extended to Kelly Robbins for her tireless translation of the Russian language papers into English and her editorial services. We also wish to thank Jan Dee Summers, Christopher Holt, and A. Chelsea Sharber for their work in editing these proceedings.
Siegfried S. Hecker
Chair, NRC Committee on Counterterrorism Challenges for Russia and the United States
Glenn Schweitzer
Director, Office for Central Europe and Eurasia
Contents
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Medical Aspects of Combating Acts of Bioterrorism |
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Roots of Terrorism |
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The Department of Homeland Security: Background and Challenges |
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Comprehensive Training of Specialists to Counter Information Security Threats |
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Excerpts from “Bioterrorism: A National and Global Threat” |
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Biological Terrorism |
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Top-Priority Problems for Scientific Research on the Information Security of the Russian Federation |
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Proposal for a Chem-Bio Attack Response Center (CBARC) for Chicago, Illinois, U.S., 2003 |