How People Learn:
  Brain, Mind, Experience, and School



Contents
  Notice and Title Page i
  Committee iii
  Acknowledgments v
  Executive Summary xi

Part I   Introduction
  1 Learning: From Speculation to Science 3

Part II   Learners and Learning
  2 How Experts Differ from Novices 19
  3 Learning and Transfer 39
  4 How Children Learn 67
  5 Mind and Brain 102

Part III   Teachers and Teaching
  6 The Design of Learning Environments 119
  7 Effective Teaching: Examples in History, Mathematics, and Science 143
  8 Teacher Learning 178
  9 Technology to Support Learning 194

Part IV   Future Directions for the Science of Learning
  10 Conclusions and Recommendations for Research 221

  REFERENCES 241
  APPENDIX:   Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff 301
  INDEX 307

  John D. Bransford,
  Ann L. Brown, and
  Rodney R. Cocking, editors
  Committee on Developments
  in the Science of Learning
  Commission on Behavioral
  and Social Sciences and Education
  National Research Council




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Copyright 1999 by the National Academy of Sciences