Liquid Transportation Fuels from Coal and Biomass: Technological Status, Costs, and Environmental Impacts

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Liquid Transportation Fuels from Coal and Biomass: Technological Status, Costs, and Environmental Impacts (2009)
National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
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. "Appendix H: Background Information on the Economic and Environmental Assessment of Biomass Supply." Liquid Transportation Fuels from Coal and Biomass: Technological Status, Costs, and Environmental Impacts. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2009.

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Liquid Transportation Fuels from Coal and Biomass: Technological Status, Costs, and Environmental Impacts

Biomass Type	Assumptions	Estimated Yield (tons/acre)	Reference
Switchgrass	Farm trials
	Strains:
	Alamo (1 cut)	5.4–8.5
	Kanlow (1 cut)	5.2–6.9
	Cave-in-rock (2 cut)	6–8.3
Switchgrass	U.S. average	4.2	McLaughlin et al. (2002)
Grasses	County-scale in Pacific Northwest	3.4–4.1 (perennial ryegrass)	Banowetz et al. (2008)
		4.13–6.2 (tall fescue)
		2.2–3.36 (creeping red fescue)
Miscanthus	Simulated	8.9	Khanna and Dhungana (2007)
Miscanthus		14.5 average	Khanna et al. (2008)
		12–17 range
		114.58 (20-year PV)
Miscanthus	Field experiment	5.71 (14-year)	Christian et al. (2008)
Miscanthus	Field experiment	3.43–11.73 (3-year)	Christian et al. (2008)
Miscanthus		4.5–13.4	Lewandowski et al. (2003)
Miscanthus	Projection	13.36 (mean)	Heaton et al. (2004b)
Miscanthus	Projection	10.93–17.81	Heaton et al. (2004b)
Miscanthus	Peer-reviewed articles	9.8	Heaton et al. (2004a)