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NATIONAL
NCHRPREPORT 519
COOPERATIVE
HIGHWAY
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
Connection of Simple-
Span Precast Concrete
Girders for Continuity
OCR for page R2
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 2004 (Membership as of January 2004)
OFFICERS
Chair: Michael S. Townes, President and CEO, Hampton Roads Transit, Hampton, VA
Vice Chair: Joseph H. Boardman, Commissioner, New York State DOT
Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
MEMBERS
MICHAEL W. BEHRENS, Executive Director, Texas DOT
SARAH C. CAMPBELL, President, TransManagement, Inc., Washington, DC
E. DEAN CARLSON, Director, Carlson Associates, Topeka, KS
JOHN L. CRAIG, Director, Nebraska Department of Roads
DOUGLAS G. DUNCAN, President and CEO, FedEx Freight, Memphis, TN
GENEVIEVE GIULIANO, Director, Metrans Transportation Center and Professor, School of Policy, Planning, and Development, USC,
Los Angeles
BERNARD S. GROSECLOSE, JR., President and CEO, South Carolina State Ports Authority
SUSAN HANSON, Landry University Professor of Geography, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University
JAMES R. HERTWIG, President, Landstar Logistics, Inc., Jacksonville, FL
HENRY L. HUNGERBEELER, Director, Missouri DOT
ADIB K. KANAFANI, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
RONALD F. KIRBY, Director of Transportation Planning, Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments
HERBERT S. LEVINSON, Principal, Herbert S. Levinson Transportation Consultant, New Haven, CT
SUE MCNEIL, Director, Urban Transportation Center and Professor, College of Urban Planning and Public Affairs, University of
Illinois, Chicago
MICHAEL D. MEYER, Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
KAM MOVASSAGHI, Secretary of Transportation, Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development
CAROL A. MURRAY, Commissioner, New Hampshire DOT
JOHN E. NJORD, Executive Director, Utah DOT
DAVID PLAVIN, President, Airports Council International, Washington, DC
JOHN REBENSDORF, Vice President, Network and Service Planning, Union Pacific Railroad Co., Omaha, NE
PHILIP A. SHUCET, Commissioner, Virginia DOT
C. MICHAEL WALTON, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
LINDA S. WATSON, General Manager, Corpus Christi Regional Transportation Authority, Corpus Christi, TX
MARION C. BLAKEY, Federal Aviation Administrator, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
SAMUEL G. BONASSO, Acting Administrator, Research and Special Programs Administration, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
REBECCA M. BREWSTER, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA (ex officio)
GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, Chancellor, Polytechnic University and Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering (ex officio)
THOMAS H. COLLINS (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard (ex officio)
JENNIFER L. DORN, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
ROBERT B. FLOWERS (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commander, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (ex officio)
EDWARD R. HAMBERGER, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads (ex officio)
JOHN C. HORSLEY, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (ex officio)
RICK KOWALEWSKI, Deputy Director, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
WILLIAM W. MILLAR, President, American Public Transportation Association (ex officio)
MARY E. PETERS, Federal Highway Administrator, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
SUZANNE RUDZINSKI, Director, Transportation and Regional Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (ex officio)
JEFFREY W. RUNGE, National Highway Traffic Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
ALLAN RUTTER, Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
ANNETTE M. SANDBERG, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
WILLIAM G. SCHUBERT, Maritime Administrator, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
ROBERT A. VENEZIA, Program Manager of Public Health Applications, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (ex officio)
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
Transportation Research Board Executive Committee Subcommittee for NCHRP
MICHAEL S. TOWNES, Hampton Roads Transit, Hampton, VA JOHN C. HORSLEY, American Association of State Highway
(Chair) and Transportation Officials
JOSEPH H. BOARDMAN, New York State DOT MARY E. PETERS, Federal Highway Administration
GENEVIEVE GIULIANO, University of Southern California, ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR., Transportation Research Board
Los Angeles C. MICHAEL WALTON, University of Texas, Austin
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
NCHRP REPORT 519
Connection of Simple-
Span Precast Concrete
Girders for Continuity
RICHARD A. MILLER
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, OH
REID CASTRODALE
Ralph Whitehead Associates
Charlotte, NC
AMIR MIRMIRAN
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, NC
AND
MAKARAND HASTAK
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN
S UBJECT A REAS
Bridges, Other Structures, and Hydraulics and Hydrology
Research Sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
in Cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2004
www.TRB.org
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH NCHRP REPORT 519
PROGRAM
Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective Project 12-53 FY '99
approach to the solution of many problems facing highway
administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local ISSN 0077-5614
interest and can best be studied by highway departments ISBN 0-309-08793-7
individually or in cooperation with their state universities and
Library of Congress Control Number 2004105765
others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation
develops increasingly complex problems of wide interest to © 2004 Transportation Research Board
highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a
coordinated program of cooperative research. Price $27.00
In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the
American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research
program employing modern scientific techniques. This program is
supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating
member states of the Association and it receives the full cooperation
and support of the Federal Highway Administration, United States NOTICE
Department of Transportation.
The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative
The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies
Highway Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the
was requested by the Association to administer the research
approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval
program because of the Board's recognized objectivity and reflects the Governing Board's judgment that the program concerned is of national
understanding of modern research practices. The Board is uniquely importance and appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the
suited for this purpose as it maintains an extensive committee National Research Council.
structure from which authorities on any highway transportation
The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and to review
subject may be drawn; it possesses avenues of communications and
this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due
cooperation with federal, state and local governmental agencies, consideration for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and
universities, and industry; its relationship to the National Research conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the
Council is an insurance of objectivity; it maintains a full-time research, and, while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical committee,
research correlation staff of specialists in highway transportation they are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National
matters to bring the findings of research directly to those who are in Research Council, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation
a position to use them. Officials, or the Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.
The program is developed on the basis of research needs Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical committee
identified by chief administrators of the highway and transportation according to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research
departments and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific Board Executive Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research
areas of research needs to be included in the program are proposed Council.
to the National Research Council and the Board by the American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
Research projects to fulfill these needs are defined by the Board, and
qualified research agencies are selected from those that have
submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research
contracts are the responsibilities of the National Research Council
and the Transportation Research Board. Published reports of the
The needs for highway research are many, and the National
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant
contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of are available from:
mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program,
however, is intended to complement rather than to substitute for or Transportation Research Board
duplicate other highway research programs. Business Office
500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
and can be ordered through the Internet at:
Note: The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the
National Research Council, the Federal Highway Administration, the American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and the individual
http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
states participating in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do
not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear
herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of this report. Printed in the United States of America
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished schol-
ars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology
and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in
1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and techni-
cal matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Acad-
emy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration
and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for
advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs
aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achieve-
ments of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the
services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining
to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of
Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative,
to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the
Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate
the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and
advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Acad-
emy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences
and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the
scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both the Academies and
the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chair and vice chair,
respectively, of the National Research Council.
The Transportation Research Board is a division of the National Research Council, which serves the
National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering. The Board's mission is to promote
innovation and progress in transportation through research. In an objective and interdisciplinary setting,
the Board facilitates the sharing of information on transportation practice and policy by researchers and
practitioners; stimulates research and offers research management services that promote technical
excellence; provides expert advice on transportation policy and programs; and disseminates research
results broadly and encourages their implementation. The Board's varied activities annually engage more
than 5,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and
private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is
supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of
the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the
development of transportation. www.TRB.org
www.national-academies.org
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COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS STAFF FOR NCHRP REPORT 519
ROBERT J. REILLY, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
CRAWFORD F. JENCKS, Manager, NCHRP
DAVID B. BEAL, Senior Program Officer
EILEEN P. DELANEY, Managing Editor
ANDREA BRIERE, Associate Editor
NCHRP PROJECT C12-53 PANEL
Field of Design--Area of Bridges
RAYMOND T. SHAEFER, Dupont, WA (Chair)
YASSIN I. ASKAR, South Carolina DOT
RICHARD D. ELLIOTT, Kansas DOT
STEVEN L. ERNST, FHWA
MARK HOLLORAN, Tennessee DOT
ALAN B. MATEJOWSKY, HDR Engineering, Pflugerville, TX
DAVID H. SANDERS, University of NevadaReno
BRIAN G. THOMPSON, Pennsylvania DOT
JOEY HARTMANN, FHWA Liaison Representative
STEPHEN F. MAHER, TRB Liaison Representative
AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was performed under NCHRP Project 12-53 by the The research team is indebted to Prestressed Services of Mel-
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Univer- bourne, KY, for allowing the use of its facilities for the experimen-
sity of Cincinnati. Dr. Richard Miller was the principal investiga- tal work. The research team would like to thank Don Bosse, Joe
tor. Co-investigators were Dr. Reid Castrodale of Ralph Whitehead Roche, Chris Fuchs, Gene Johnson, and all the workers at PSM for
Associates, Dr. Amir Mirmiran of North Carolina State University, their help and cooperation.
and Dr. Makarand Hastak of Purdue University. The research team Finally, the research team would like to thank NCHRP Program
included University of Cincinnati faculty member Michael Base- Officer David Beal and the members of the NCHRP 12-53 Panel:
heart; technicians Robert Muench, Art Case, and Dave Kruezeman; Raymond Shaefer (Chair), Yassin Askar, Richard Elliott, Steven
and graduate research assistants Amy Dimmerling, Michael Slack, Ernst, Mark Holloran, Alan Matejowsky, David Sanders, Brian
Angela Mueller, Ronak Shah, Siddharth Kulkarni, R. Ramachan- Thompson, and Joey Hartmann.
dran, and A. Deshini.
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This report contains the findings of research to develop recommended details and
FOREWORD specifications for the design of continuity connections for precast concrete girders.
By David B. Beal Examples illustrating the design of four precast girder types made continuous for live
Staff Officer load were also developed. The material in this report will be of immediate interest to
Transportation Research bridge designers.
Board
Many states make precast/prestressed girder bridges continuous using a cast-in-
place connection between girders over the piers. Compared with simple-span bridges,
continuous bridges require less expansion joint maintenance, have improved seismic
performance, and have reduced bending moments. Although bridges constructed in this
fashion have been in service for many years in a number of states, there had been lim-
ited verification of the ability of the connection to provide predicted continuity. As a
result, some states design the girders as simple spans for both dead load and live load,
neglecting any moment resistance of the connection.
The objective of this project was to recommend details and specifications for the
design of durable and constructible connections that achieve structural continuity
between simple-span precast/prestressed concrete girders. The report's recommenda-
tions are based on experimental verification of the effectiveness of the continuity
connection, considering significant variables such as concrete placement sequence,
reinforcement details, concrete properties, diaphragm cracking, and beam depth.
Specifications and connection details to achieve the full benefits of continuity are rec-
ommended based on physical testing and analysis.
The research was performed by the University of Cincinnati, with the assistance of
Ralph Whitehead Associates, Amir Mirmiran, and Makarand Hastak. The report fully
documents the research leading to the recommended details and specifications.
Detailed design examples are included as appendixes.
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CONTENTS S-1 SUMMARY
1 CHAPTER 1 Introduction and Research Approach
Problem Statement and Research Objectives, 1
Objective of the Study, 3
Research Approach, 3
4 CHAPTER 2 Findings
Summary of the Surveys, 4
Literature Review, 5
Girder Cracking in Alabama, 7
Initial Analytical Studies, 8
Experimental Studies, 10
Full-Size Specimens, 20
Negative Moment Capacity, 39
Finite Element Modeling, 39
46 CHAPTER 3 Interpretation, Appraisal, and Application
Capacity of Connection Details, 46
Bridge Behavior, 47
Effect of Different Configurations on the Connection, 49
Discussion on Implications of Seismic Events on Continuity Connections, 49
51 CHAPTER 4 Conclusions and Suggested Research
Conclusions, 51
Comparisons with Previous Research, 52
Proposed Revisions to the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 53
Suggested Future Research, 54
55 REFERENCES
A-1 APPENDIX A RESTRAINT Program
B-1 APPENDIX B Details of the Experimental Program
C-1 APPENDIX C Proposed Revisions to the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications
D-1 APPENDIX D Design Examples
E-1 APPENDIX E Summary Data
