Making Transportation Tunnels Safe and Secure (2006)

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164 1. The Blue Ribbon Panel on Bridge and Tunnel Security, “Recommendations for Bridge and Tunnel Security,” The American Association of State Highway and Transporta- tion Officials (AASHTO) Transportation Security Task Force, September 2003. 2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Fixed Guide- way Transit and Passenger Rail Systems Standard, NFPA 130, 2003 Edition. 3. International Tunneling Association, “Immersed and Float- ing Tunnels State of the Art Report,” Working Group No. 11, Tunneling and Underground Space Technology, Perga- mon Press, Vol. 8, No. 2, April 1993. 4. H. Zosen, “Shield Tunneling Machines,” Company Brochure, Tokyo, Japan, 1984. 5. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Road Tun- nels, Bridges, and Other Limited Access Highways Stan- dard, NFPA 502, 2004 Edition. 6. K. Terzaghi, “Geologic Aspects of Soft Ground Tunnel- ing,” Applied Sedimentation, P.D. Trask, edited by John Wiley, New York, 1950. 7. R.E. Heuer, “Important Ground Parameters in Soft Ground Tunneling,” Subsurface Exploration for Underground Excavation and Heavy Construction, New England College, Henniker, New Hampshire, ASCE, New York, pp. 41–55, 1974. 8. D. Grote, S. Park and M. Zhou, “Dynamic Behavior of Con- crete at High Strain Rates and Pressures,” Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 25, 2001. 9. Department of the Army, Fundamentals of Protective Design for Conventional Weapons, U.S. Army Technical Manual TM 5-855-1, 1986. 10. S. Choi, “Tunnel Stability Under Explosion,” William Bar- clay Parsons Fellowship, Parsons Brinckerhoff Monograph No.19, 2004. 11. J.R. Lawson, L.T. Phan and F. Davis, “Mechanical Prop- erties of High Performance Concrete After Exposure to Elevated Temperatures,” NISTIR 6475, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2000. 12. A. Caner, S. Zlatanic and N. Munfah, “Assessment of Fire- Induced Damage on Concrete and Shotcrete Tunnel Liners,” Paper presented at the 84th Annual Meeting of the Trans- portation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 2005. 13. Bechtel/Parsons Brinckerhoff, Memorial Tunnel Fire Test Ventilation Program, Comprehensive Test Report, prepared for Massachusetts Highway Department/Federal Highway Administration, 1995. 14. UPTUN, TNO Building and Construction Research – Cen- tre for Fire Research Board, and Promat Tunnel Fire Pro- tection, Summary of Large Scale Fire Tests in the Runehamar Tunnel in Norway, edited by J. Brekelmans BSc and Rene van den Bosch BSc, September 2003. 15. T. L. Youd and I.M. Idriss, “Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils,” Proceedings of the NCEER Workshop, Technical Report NCEER-97-0022, 1997. 16. J. Wang, “Seismic Design of Tunnels – A Simple State-of- the-Art Design Approach,” William Barclay Parsons Fel- lowship, Parsons Brinckerhoff Monograph No. 7, 1993. 17. C. H. Dowding and A. Rozen, “Damage to Rock Tunnels from Earthquake Shaking,” Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 104, No. GT2, February 1978. 18. G. N. Owen and R. E. Scholl, “Earthquake Engineering of Large Underground Structures,” Federal Highway Admin- istration, RD-80/195, 1981. 19. Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER) Draft Report, Seismic Retrofitting Man- ual for Highway Structures: Retaining Structures, Slopes, Tunnels, Culverts and Pavement, January 2002. 20. U.S. Department of Transportation and Federal Transit Administration, “The Public Transportation System Secu- rity and Emergency Preparedness Planning Guide,” Final Report, January 2003. 21. H. A. Russell, Animateur, International Tunnelling Associ- ation (ITA), Working Group 6, Repair and Maintenance of Underground Structures, “Guidelines for Structural Fire Resistance for Road Tunnels,” 2005. 22. The Fire Protection Research Foundation, “International Road Tunnel Fire Detection Research Project,” 2005. 23. World Road Association (PIARC), Good Practice for the Operation and Maintenance of Road Tunnels, 05.13.B, 2005. References Cited in the Report

165 24. J. Bickel, E. King and T. Kuesel, Tunnel Engineering Hand- book, Chapman & Hall, Second Edition, 1996. 25. W. F. Chen and J. Y. R. Liew, Civil Engineering Handbook, second edition, CRC Press, 2002. 26. A. Beard and R. Carvel, The Handbook of Tunnel Fire Safety, Thomas Telford, 2005. 27. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Fire Protec- tion Handbook, 19th Edition, 2003. 28. American Concrete Institute, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-02) and Commentary (ACI 318R-02),” 2005. 29. American Concrete Institute, “Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures (ACI 350-01) and Commentary (ACI 350R-01),” 2001. 30. The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), Steel Construction Manual, 13th Edition, 2006. 31. American Welding Society, ANSI/AWS D1.1/D1.1M-2006 Structural Welding Code: Steel, 2006. 32. American Welding Society, ANSI/AWS D1.4/D1.4M-2005 Structural Welding Code: Reinforcing Steel, 6th Edition, 2005. 33. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), HVAC Applications Handbook, 2003. 34. World Road Association (PIARC), Fire and Smoke Control in Road Tunnels, 05.05.B, 1999. 35. World Road Association (PIARC), Systems and Equipment for Fire and Smoke Control in Road Tunnels, 2006.