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NATIONAL
NCHRP REPORT 629
COOPERATIVE
HIGHWAY
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
Ruggedness Testing of
the Dynamic Modulus and
Flow Number Tests with
the Simple Performance Tester
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TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2008 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
OFFICERS
CHAIR: Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas DOT, Topeka
VICE CHAIR: Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
MEMBERS
J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY
Allen D. Biehler, Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg
John D. Bowe, President, Americas Region, APL Limited, Oakland, CA
Larry L. Brown, Sr., Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson
Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, VA
William A.V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles
David S. Ekern, Commissioner, Virginia DOT, Richmond
Nicholas J. Garber, Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
Jeffrey W. Hamiel, Executive Director, Metropolitan Airports Commission, Minneapolis, MN
Edward A. (Ned) Helme, President, Center for Clean Air Policy, Washington, DC
Will Kempton, Director, California DOT, Sacramento
Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City
Michael D. Meyer, Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington
Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore
Pete K. Rahn, Director, Missouri DOT, Jefferson City
Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Corporate Traffic, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Bentonville, AR
Rosa Clausell Rountree, Executive Director, Georgia State Road and Tollway Authority, Atlanta
Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO
C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
Linda S. Watson, CEO, LYNXCentral Florida Regional Transportation Authority, Orlando
Steve Williams, Chairman and CEO, Maverick Transportation, Inc., Little Rock, AR
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
Thad Allen (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, Washington, DC
Joseph H. Boardman, Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S.DOT
Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA
Paul R. Brubaker, Research and Innovative Technology Administrator, U.S.DOT
George Bugliarello, Chancellor, Polytechnic University of New York, Brooklyn, and Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering,
Washington, DC
Sean T. Connaughton, Maritime Administrator, U.S.DOT
LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC
Edward R. Hamberger, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
John H. Hill, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC
Carl T. Johnson, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
J. Edward Johnson, Director, Applied Science Directorate, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, John C. Stennis Space Center, MS
David Kelly, Acting Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Thomas J. Madison, Jr., Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.DOT
William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
James S. Simpson, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S.DOT
Robert A. Sturgell, Acting Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT
Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
*Membership as of October 2008.
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
NCHRP REPORT 629
Ruggedness Testing of
the Dynamic Modulus and
Flow Number Tests with
the Simple Performance Tester
Ramon Bonaquist
ADVANCED ASPHALT TECHNOLOGIES, LLC
Sterling, VA
Subject Areas
Materials and Construction
Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2008
www.TRB.org
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY NCHRP REPORT 629
RESEARCH PROGRAM
Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective Project 9-29
approach to the solution of many problems facing highway ISSN 0077-5614
administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local ISBN: 978-0-309-11758-6
interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually Library of Congress Control Number 2008909954
or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the © 2008 Transportation Research Board
accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly
complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These
problems are best studied through a coordinated program of COPYRIGHT PERMISSION
cooperative research.
Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials published or copyrighted material used herein.
initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA,
a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the
FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product,
Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for
Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of
any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission
Transportation.
from CRP.
The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies was
requested by the Association to administer the research program
because of the Board's recognized objectivity and understanding of
NOTICE
modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this
purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway
Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of
authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the
possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, Governing Board's judgment that the program concerned is of national importance and
state and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research
Council.
relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of
The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and to review this
objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of
report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the
specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed
research directly to those who are in a position to use them. or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and, while they have
been accepted as appropriate by the technical committee, they are not necessarily those of
The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified
the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, the American
by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, or the Federal Highway
and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.
needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical committee according
Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive
Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill these
needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies are The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research
Council, the Federal Highway Administration, the American Association of State Highway
selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and and Transportation Officials, and the individual states participating in the National
surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade
Research Council and the Transportation Research Board. or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the
object of this report.
The needs for highway research are many, and the National
Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant
contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of
mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is
intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other
highway research programs.
Published reports of the
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
are available from:
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Business Office
500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
and can be ordered through the Internet at:
http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
Printed in the United States of America
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COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS
CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP REPORT 629
Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Edward T. Harrigan, Senior Program Officer
Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications
NCHRP PROJECT 09-29 PANEL
Field of Materials and Construction--Area of Bituminous Materials
Larry L. Michael, Hagerstown, MD (Chair)
Ronald Cominsky, Pennsylvania Asphalt Pavement Association, Harrisburg, PA
Gary A. Frederick, New York State DOT, Albany, NY
Cindy LaFleur, Callanan Industries, Inc., Albany, NY
Dean A. Maurer, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg, PA
Murari M. Pradhan, Arizona DOT, Phoenix, AZ
John "Jack" Weigel, Jr., Payne & Dolan, Inc., Waukesha, WI
Thomas Harman, FHWA Liaison
Leslie Ann McCarthy, FHWA Liaison
Audrey Copeland, Other Liaison
John D'Angelo, Other Liaison
Frederick Hejl, TRB Liaison
AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research reported herein was performed under NCHRP Project 9-29 by Advanced Asphalt
Technologies, LLC. The Simple Performance Test Systems evaluated in this report were developed by
Industrial Process Controls, Ltd; Interlaken Technology Corporation; and Medical Device Testing Sys-
tems. The Federal Highway Administration Mobile Asphalt Laboratory assisted with the ruggedness tests
that are the subject of this report.
Ramon Bonaquist, Chief Operating Officer for Advanced Asphalt Technologies, LLC, served as Prin-
cipal Investigator for the project and authored this report. Donald W. Christensen, Senior Engineer for
Advanced Asphalt Technologies, LLC and Donald Jack, Laboratory Manager for Advanced Asphalt
Technologies, LLC assisted with the equipment refinements and equipment evaluation reported in this
document.
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FOREWORD
By Edward T. Harrigan
Staff Officer
Transportation Research Board
NCHRP Project 9-29, "Simple Performance Tester for Superpave Mix Design," is a multi-
phase effort to develop a practical, economical simple performance tester (SPT) for use in
routine hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mix design and in the characterization of HMA materials
for pavement structural design with the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide
(MEPDG). In the phase of the project reported here, ruggedness testing was conducted with
the SPT for the dynamic modulus and flow number tests developed in NCHRP Project 9-19
as simple performance tests for permanent deformation. Thus, the report will be of par-
ticular interest to materials and pavement structural design engineers in state highway
agencies, as well as to materials suppliers.
The present HMA volumetric mix design method used by the majority of state highway
agencies was developed in the asphalt component of the Strategic Highway Research Pro-
gram (19871993). This method--standardized as AASHTO M 323 and R 35--does not
include a simple, mechanical "proof" test analogous to the Marshall stability and flow tests
or the Hveem stabilometer method.
Though the utility and soundness of the HMA mix design method are evident by its
almost ubiquitous, present-day use, mix designers from the beginning have asked for com-
plementary simple performance tests to quickly and easily proof-test candidate mix designs.
Work sponsored by FHWA and then NCHRP in the period 19962006 (and reported in
NCHRP Reports 465, 547, and 580) recommended three test and parameter combinations
as simple performance tests for permanent deformation: (1) the dynamic modulus, E*,
determined with the triaxial dynamic modulus test; (2) the flow number, Fn, determined
with the triaxial repeated load test; and (3) the flow time, FT, determined with the triaxial
static creep test. The dynamic modulus, E*, also was chosen as the simple performance test
for fatigue cracking as well as the chief HMA materials characterization test for HMA pave-
ment design with the MEPDG.
Under NCHRP Project 9-29, "Simple Performance Tester for Superpave Mix Design,"
Advanced Asphalt Technologies, LLC was assigned the task of designing, procuring, and
evaluating an SPT for (1) proof-testing for permanent deformation and fatigue cracking in
HMA mix design and (2) materials characterization for pavement structural design with the
MEPDG.
In the portion (Phase V) of NCHRP Project 9-29 reported here, the research team con-
ducted ruggedness testing for the dynamic modulus and flow number tests in the SPT. A
formal ruggedness experiment was designed, conducted, and analyzed in accordance with
ASTM E1169, Standard Guide for Conducting Ruggedness Tests. A second, equipment effects
experiment investigated whether there are significant differences in SPT data collected with
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equipment from various manufacturers. Both experiments were performed separately for
the dynamic modulus and flow number tests. Based on the findings from the ruggedness
and equipment effects experiments, modifications to the SPT equipment specification and
test procedures were made to improve the quality of the test data and reduce variability.
This report presents the full text of the contractor's final report for Phase V and six appen-
dices, which present (1) dynamic modulus ruggedness data (Appendix A); (2) flow num-
ber ruggedness data (Appendix B); (3) dynamic modulus equipment effects data (Appen-
dix C); (4) flow number equipment effects data (Appendix D); (5) the final version of the
SPT equipment specifications (Appendix E); and (6) SPT test methods (Appendix F).
Earlier work completed in Phases I through IV is presented in NCHRP Reports 513, 530,
and 614.
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CONTENTS
1 Summary
2 Chapter 1 Introduction and Research Approach
2 1.1 Problem and Purpose
2 1.2 Scope
3 1.3 Ruggedness Experiments
3 1.3.1 Background
4 1.3.2 Ruggedness Testing Plan for Dynamic Modulus
7 1.3.3 Ruggedness Testing Plan for the Flow Number Tests
10 1.4 Equipment Effects Experiment
12 Chapter 2 Results and Analysis of Ruggedness Experiments
12 2.1 Analysis Approach
12 2.2 Dynamic Modulus Test
13 2.2.1 Factors Affecting Dynamic Modulus and Phase Angle
15 2.2.2 Factors Affecting Data Quality Indicators
19 2.2.3 Summary
20 2.3 Flow Number Test
20 2.3.1 Factors Affecting Flow Number
22 2.3.2 Factors Affecting Permanent Strain
24 2.3.3 Summary
27 Chapter 3 Results and Analysis of Equipment Effects
Experiment
27 3.1 Introduction
27 3.2 Dynamic Modulus
27 3.2.1 Equipment Modifications
28 3.2.2 Statistical Analysis
32 3.3 Flow Number
33 3.3.1 Statistical Analysis
35 3.4 Repeatability
36 3.5 Summary
37 Chapter 4 Conclusions
37 4.1 SPT Equipment Specification Modifications
37 4.2 SPT Test Methods Modifications
38 4.3 Manufacturer Modifications
39 References
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A1 Appendix A Dynamic Modulus Ruggedness Data
B1 Appendix B Flow Number Ruggedness Data
C1 Appendix C Dynamic Modulus Equipment Effects Data
D1 Appendix D Flow Number Equipment Effects Data
E1 Appendix E Final Version of the SPT Equipment Specifications
F1 Appendix F SPT Test Methods
