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NCHRP
NATIONAL
COOPERATIVE
HIGHWAY
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
SYNTHESIS 419
Transportation Improvement
Program Revision Process
A Synthesis of Highway Practice
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TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2011 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
OFFICERS
Chair: Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore
Vice Chair: Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
MEMBERS
J. BARRY BARKER, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY
DEBORAH H. BUTLER, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, VA
WILLIAM A.V. CLARK, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles
EUGENE A. CONTI, JR., Secretary of Transportation, North Carolina DOT, Raleigh
JAMES M. CRITES, Executive Vice President of Operations, Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport, TX
PAULA J. HAMMOND, Secretary, Washington State DOT, Olympia
ADIB K. KANAFANI, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
SUSAN MARTINOVICH, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City
MICHAEL R. MORRIS, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington
TRACY L. ROSSER, Vice President, Regional General Manager, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Mandeville, LA
STEVEN T. SCALZO, Chief Operating Officer, Marine Resources Group, Seattle, WA
HENRY G. (GERRY) SCHWARTZ, JR., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO
BEVERLY A. SCOTT, General Manager and CEO, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, Atlanta, GA
DAVID SELTZER, Principal, Mercator Advisors LLC, Philadelphia, PA
LAWRENCE A. SELZER, President and CEO, The Conservation Fund, Arlington, VA
KUMARES C. SINHA, Olson Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
DANIEL SPERLING, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Director, Institute of Transportation Studies;
and Interim Director, Energy Efficiency Center, University of California, Davis
KIRK T. STEUDLE, Director, Michigan DOT, Lansing
DOUGLAS W. STOTLAR, President and CEO, Con-Way, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI
C. MICHAEL WALTON, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
PETER H. APPEL, Administrator, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S.DOT
J. RANDOLPH BABBITT, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT
REBECCA M. BREWSTER, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA
ANNE S. FERRO, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
JOHN T. GRAY, Senior Vice President, Policy and Economics, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
JOHN C. HORSLEY, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC
DAVID T. MATSUDA, Deputy Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S.DOT
VICTOR M. MENDEZ, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.DOT
WILLIAM W. MILLAR, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
TARA O'TOOLE, Under Secretary for Science and Technology, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
ROBERT J. PAPP (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
CYNTHIA L. QUARTERMAN, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
PETER M. ROGOFF, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT
DAVID L. STRICKLAND, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
JOSEPH C. SZABO, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.DOT
POLLY TROTTENBERG, Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy, U.S.DOT
ROBERT L. VAN ANTWERP (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Washington, DC
BARRY R. WALLERSTEIN, Executive Officer, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA
*Membership as of March 2011.
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
NCHRP SYNTHESIS 419
Transportation Improvement Program
Revision Process
A Synthesis of Highway Practice
Consultants
J. SCOTT LANE
and
NICOLE WALDHEIM
The Louis Berger Group, Inc.
Raleigh, North Carolina
S ubscriber C ategories
Highways · Administration and Management · Planning and Forecasting
Research Sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in
Cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2011
www.TRB.org
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM NCHRP SYNTHESIS 419
Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective Project 20-05 (Topic 41-11)
approach to the solution of many problems facing highway administra- ISSN 0547-5570
tors and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local interest and ISBN 978-0-309-14338-7
can best be studied by highway departments individually or in coop- Library of Congress Control No. 2011925668
eration with their state universities and others. However, the accelerat-
ing growth of highway transportation develops increasingly complex © 2011 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are
best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research.
In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the COPYRIGHT INFORMATION
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their manuscripts
initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program
and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who
employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported
own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material
on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of
used herein.
the Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of
Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to repro-
the Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of
duce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit pur-
Transportation.
poses. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the
The Transportation Research Board of the National Research Coun-
material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMSCA,
cil was requested by the Association to administer the research pro-
FTA, or Transit development Corporation endorsement of a particular
gram because of the Board's recognized objectivity and understanding
product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the
of modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this
material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will
purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which
give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any development or
authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it
reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission
possesses avenues of communication and cooperation with federal,
from CRP.
state, and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its
relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of objec-
tivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of specialists
NOTICE
in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research
directly to those who are in a position to use them. The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National
The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified Co-operative Highway Research Program conducted by the Transpor-
by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments tation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of
and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the Governing
needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National Board's judgment that the program concerned is of national importance
Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State and appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the
Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill National Research Council.
these needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this
are selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration project and to review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly
and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the competence and with due consideration for the balance of disciplines
National Research Council and the Transportation Research Board. appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed or
The needs for highway research are many, and the National Coop- implied are those of the research agency that performed the research,
erative Highway Research Program can make significant contributions and, while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical com-
to the solution of highway transportation problems of mutual concern mittee, they are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research
to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to Board, the National Research Council, the American Association of
complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other highway State Highway and Transportation Officials, or the Federal Highway
research programs. Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical
committee according to procedures established and monitored by the
Transportation Research Board Executive Committee and the Govern-
ing Board of the National Research Council.
Published reports of the
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
are available from:
Transportation Research Board
Business Office
NOTE: The Transportation Research Board of the National Acad- 500 Fifth Street, NW
emies, the National Research Council, the Federal Highway Adminis- Washington, DC 20001
tration, the American Association of State Highway and Transporta-
tion Officials, and the individual states participating in the National and can be ordered through the Internet at:
Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely
because they are considered essential to the object of this report. Printed in the United States of America
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished schol-
ars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology
and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in
1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and techni-
cal matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Acad-
emy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration
and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for
advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs
aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achieve-
ments of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the
services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining
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to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the
Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate
the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and
advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Acad-
emy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences
and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the
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of the National Research Council.
The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The
mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and
progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisci-
plinary, and multimodal. The Board's varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and
other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of
whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation
departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transporta-
tion, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org
www.national-academies.org
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NCHRP COMMITTEE FOR PROJECT 20-05 COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS STAFF
CHRISTOPHER W. JENKS, Director, Cooperative
CHAIR Research Programs
CATHERINE NELSON, CRAWFORD F. JENCKS, Deputy Director, Cooperative
Oregon DOT Research Programs
NANDA SRINIVASAN, Senior Program Officer
MEMBERS EILEEN P. DELANEY, Director of Publications
KATHLEEN S. AMES,
Michael Baker Jr., Inc.
SYNTHESIS STUDIES STAFF
STUART D. ANDERSON,
STEPHEN R. GODWIN, Director for Studies and
Texas A&M University
CYNTHIA J. BURBANK, Special Programs
PB Americas, Inc. JON M. WILLIAMS, Program Director, IDEA and
LISA FREESE, Synthesis Studies
Scott County (MN) Public Works Division JO ALLEN GAUSE, Senior Program Officer
MALCOLM T. KERLEY, GAIL R. STABA, Senior Program Officer
Virginia DOT DONNA L. VLASAK, Senior Program Officer
RICHARD D. LAND, DON TIPPMAN, Senior Editor
California DOT CHERYL KEITH, Senior Program Assistant
JAMES W. MARCH, DEMISHA WILLIAMS, Senior Program Assistant
Federal Highway Administration (retired)
DEBBIE IRVIN, Program Associate
JOHN M. MASON, JR.,
Auburn University
ANANTH PRASAD, TOPIC PANEL
Secretary, Florida Department of Transportation PETER ALOTTA, Oregon Department of Transportation
ROBERT L. SACK, THERA BLACK, Thurston Regional Planning Council,
New York State DOT
Olympia, Washington
FRANCINE SHAW-WHITSON,
KIMBERLY FISHER, Transportation Research Board
Federal Highway Administration
MARY LYNN TISCHER, JAMES GARLAND, Federal Transit Administration
Federal Highway Administration HOWARD GLASSMAN, Florida Metropolitan Planning
LARRY VELASQUEZ, Organization Advisory Council
QUALCON, Inc. MICHAEL B. LOWRY, University of Idaho, Moscow
ROSS McKEOWN, Metropolitan Transportation
Commission--Oakland, CA
FTA LIAISON DAVID RETTIG, New York State Department of Transportation
JACK JERNIGAN ELIZABETH "LIBBY" RUSHLEY, Ohio Department of
Transportation
TRB LIAISON HARLAN MILLER, Federal Highway Administration,
STEPHEN F. MAHER (Liaison)
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FOREWORD Highway administrators, engineers, and researchers often face problems for which infor-
mation already exists, either in documented form or as undocumented experience and prac-
tice. This information may be fragmented, scattered, and unevaluated. As a consequence,
full knowledge of what has been learned about a problem may not be brought to bear on its
solution. Costly research findings may go unused, valuable experience may be overlooked,
and due consideration may not be given to recommended practices for solving or alleviat-
ing the problem.
There is information on nearly every subject of concern to highway administrators and
engineers. Much of it derives from research or from the work of practitioners faced with
problems in their day-to-day work. To provide a systematic means for assembling and
evaluating such useful information and to make it available to the entire highway commu-
nity, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials--through
the mechanism of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program--authorized the
Transportation Research Board to undertake a continuing study. This study, NCHRP Proj-
ect 20-5, "Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Problems," searches out and syn-
thesizes useful knowledge from all available sources and prepares concise, documented
reports on specific topics. Reports from this endeavor constitute an NCHRP report series,
Synthesis of Highway Practice.
This synthesis series reports on current knowledge and practice, in a compact format,
without the detailed directions usually found in handbooks or design manuals. Each report
in the series provides a compendium of the best knowledge available on those measures
found to be the most successful in resolving specific problems.
PREFACE Federal legislation requires metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) to adopt and reg-
ularly update a Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) identifying a prioritized list of
By Jo Allen Gause
projects covering a four-year period. This synthesis compiles and documents the different
Senior Program Officer ways that MPOs approach revising the TIP once it has been adopted.
Transportation Information used in this study was acquired through a review of the literature and a sur-
Research Board vey of 45 MPOs across the country. Follow-up interviews with ten MPOs were conducted
as case examples.
J. Scott Lane and Nicole Waldheim of the Louis Berger Group, Inc., collected and
synthesized the information and wrote the report. The members of the topic panel are
acknowledged on the preceding page. This synthesis is an immediately useful document
that records the practices that were acceptable within the limitations of the knowledge
available at the time of its preparation. As progress in research and practice continues, new
knowledge will be added to that now at hand.
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CONTENTS
1 SUMMARY
5 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
Background, 5
Purpose of Synthesis, 6
Literature Review, 6
Study Methodology, 7
11 CHAPTER TWO STATE OF THE PRACTICE IN TRANSPORTATION IMPROVEMENT
PROGRAM REVISION PROCEDURES
15 CHAPTER THREE STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR ADDRESSING TRANSPORTATION
IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM REVISIONS
Summary of Metropolitan Planning Organization Case Examples, 15
Volume and Frequency of Revisions, 15
Initial Information and Consistency of Information, 16
Amendment and Modification Guidance, 16
Timeliness of Revisions, 18
Stakeholder and Public Awareness and Engagement, 18
20 CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS
22 GLOSSARY
23 REFERENCES
24 APPENDIX A MPO SURVEY
43 APPENDIX B CASE EXAMPLES INTERVIEW SUMMARIES
58 APPENDIX C STATE DOT AND MPO TIP REVISION GUIDELINES
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