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Index
A
Academic research, 1-2, 5, 141-143
employment, 124-126, 128-129, 137-139
see also Coordination of research;
Funding of research;
Laboratories and research centers
Acoustic technology, 61-62, 63-64, 105
see also Seismic studies
Advisory Committee on Ocean Sciences, NSF, 31-32
Advisory groups, 9-10, 27, 31, 40, 41
Algae, 72-73
Algorithms, 43, 62-63, 154
Alkali compounds, 71-72
Alkenones, 72-73
Altimeters, 42, 62
Alvin, 149
Anthropogenic changes, 16, 43, 96-97, 101-102
Applied research, 9, 15, 34, 50-51
Atmosphere-ocean interface, 56-61, 64, 116-117
see also Carbon dioxide and carbon cycles;
Global climate change
Atmospheric Radiation
Measurements program, DOE, 43
B
Bacteria, 69, 70, 71, 97-98, 100
Baltic Sea, 101
Basalts, see Magma
Basic research, 33, 49, 50-51, 124
funding, 6-7, 10-11, 24-25, 28, 50
Benthic organisms, 99, 102
Biodiversity, 15
Biogeochemical processes, 67-73, 95-100
see also Atmosphere-ocean interface;
Carbon dioxide and carbon cycles
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Biological sciences, 92, 94-106
employment, 130, 133-134
Bio-optics, 105
Bromley, D Allan, 7
Bubbles, 64
Budgets, see Funding of research
Bush, Vannevar, 18, 19
C
Calibration measurements, 61, 62-63
California Current ecosystem, 101
Capacity of research, 7, 20, 50
Carbon dioxide and carbon cycles, 42-43, 56, 57-58, 90-91
biogeochemical processes, 66, 95-96, 97-100, 118-119
Carbon Dioxide Program, DOE, 42, 44
Carbonate sediments, 120
Cartography, see Maps and mapping
Chemistry, see Biogeochemical processes;
Carbon dioxide and carbon cycles;
Geochemistry
Chemosynthesis, 97, 99-100
Chief of Naval Operations, 33
Circulation processes, 6, 48, 50-51, 62, 63
see also Atmosphere-ocean interface;
Currents;
Fluxes
Climate and Global Change Program, NOAA, 35
Climatology, 6, 41-42, 48, 53-54
modeling, 43, 55-56, 89-90
sediment records, 79, 89-91
see also Atmosphere-ocean interface;
Global climate change
Coastal areas and processes, 15, 16-17, 43, 52, 69, 101, 107-120, 147, 149
see also Continental shelf and margins
Coastal Ocean Margins Program, DOE, 42, 44
Coastal Ocean Program, NOAA, 35
Cold War, 19
Committee on Earth and Environmental Sciences, FCCSET, 10, 27
Computer Hardware, Advanced Modeling and Model Physics program, DOE, 43
Computer simulation, 43, 50, 56, 154
Continental shelf and margins, 38-39, 42-43, 78-79, 87-89, 99, 108-109, 110, 111, 114, 117-118
Continuous Plankton Recorder Surveys, 106
Convection, see Mantle convection and composition;
Thermohaline circulation
Coordination of research, 9-13, 25-31
international, 7-8, 19, 21-22, 25-26, 153
see also specific federal agencies
Cosmic rays and dust, 66, 67, 74
Costs and cost factors, 7, 20, 50, 170
Council on Ocean Affairs, 142
Cross-shelf exchange, 107, 117-118
Crustal plates and movement, 5, 47, 68-69, 72, 77-81, 92-93
and continental margins, 78-79, 87-89, 108-109
off-ridge processes, 85-87
ridge processes, 78, 81-84
and sediments, 67, 77-78, 79, 89-92
Currents, 111, 152
boundary, 60, 101, 110
Cyanobacteria, 97-98
D
Data management and exchange, 12, 30, 33, 36-37, 40, 43, 44-45
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Deep-sea areas, see Crustal plates and movement;
Hydrothermal vents and processes;
Mantle processes and composition;
Ridges
Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), 26, 77, 89, 140-141
Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, 42
Defense research, 15-16, 19, 33, 33-34
Department of Defense, 42
see also Navy
Department of Energy (DOE), 10, 28, 42-44
Diatom blooms, 96, 97
Disasters, natural, 16, 44
Disposable sensor systems, 61-62
Dissolved organic matter, 98
Division of Ocean Sciences (OCE), NSF, 31-32, 160-161
Doctorates, see Ph.D.-level scientists
Doppler current profilers, 62
Drilling programs and technologies, 26, 31, 32, 77, 78, 89, 93
E
Earth Observing System (EOS), 40, 41
Ecosystems, 6, 15, 48, 95, 100-102
hydrothermal vent, 5, 15, 47-48, 99-100
Education and training, 35, 38, 134
see also Ph.D.-level scientists
El Niño, 5, 15, 48, 96, 101
Emiliania huxleyi, 72-73
Employment of scientists, 124-139
Energy resources, 16, 42-43, 44
see also Oil resources
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 8-9, 10, 28, 37-38
Environmental Studies Program, MMS, 38-39
Erosion, 68, 114
Estuaries, 17, 34, 69, 110-111, 114, 117-118
Euphotic zone, 57-58, 95
European Space Agency, 41, 63, 153
Eutrophication, 101-102
Evaporation, 59, 152
Evolution of species, 92
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), 45
Exploratory Development program, Navy, 33
Extinction of species, 92
F
Facilities, 50, 139
see also Instrumentation;
Laboratories and research centers;
Ships
Faculty, 123-129 passim
Fecal pellets, 98
Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET), 10, 27
Federal government, advisory groups, 9-10, 27, 31, 40, 41
employment, 124-12S, 128-129, 133, 136-139
interagency cooperation, 10, 27-28
ship use and support, 36, 39, 143-144, 146
see also Coordination of research;
Department of Defense;
Department of Energy;
Environmental Protection Agency;
Funding of research;
Minerals Management Service;
National Aeronautics and Space Administration;
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration;
National Science Foundation;
Navy;
Office of Naval Research;
U.S. Geological Survey
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Fish and fisheries, 15, 36, 96, 101, 102, 105
Floating instrument platform (FLIP), 149-150
Flow cytometry, 105
Fluxes, 53, 59-61, 67-69, 74-75, 93, 96, 117
Food webs, 96, 97-100, 102
Forecasting, see Models and modeling
Fossil records, 92
Free-falling sensor systems, 61-62
Freshwater flux, 59-61, 111
Fronts, 107, 117
Funding of research, 2, 6-11, 18, 24-25, 28, 29, 34, 50, 154-159, 169-170
basic, 10, 24-25, 28, 50
budget constraints, 33, 35, 36, 41
see also Individual investigator grants;
specific federal agencies
G
Gases, see Atmosphere-ocean interface;
Carbon dioxide and carbon cycles
Genetics, 104
Geochemistry, 64-77
see also Biogeochemical processes
Geological Survey, see US Geological Survey
Geology and geophysics, 44, 45, 77-93
Georges Bank, 102
Glacial periods, 59, 90, 92
Global Change Data and Information System, 40
Global Change Research Program, 42
Global climate change, 14-15, 16, 50-51, 53, 54, 89-92
biological processes, 95-96, 100-101
and carbon dioxide, 42-43, 91
Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics program, 137
Global ocean observing system (GOOS), 25-26, 35, 52-53, 54-55, 120
Gravity field, 41, 153
Greenhouse effect, see Global climate change
H
Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, 149
Hazards, 16, 44
Heat flux, 59-61, 68, 117
Human-induced changes, see Anthropogenic changes
Hurricanes, 16
Hydrocarbon seeps, 15, 48, 99-100
Hydrophone array, 63
Hydrothermal processes and vents, 67, 68-70, 71-72, 75, 79, 81-84
ecosystems, 5, 15, 47-48, 99-100
I
Ice conditions, 36, 54, 59, 62, 100-101, 111
Ice core records, 90-91
Imaging techniques, 105-106
Indian Ocean, 59
Individual investigator grants, 10-11, 19, 27-28
Infrared measurements, 36, 62
Instrumentation, 11, 29, 43, 61-62, 74, 105-106
see also Acoustic technology;
Calibration measurements;
Computer simulation;
Imaging techniques;
Infrared measurements;
Microwave measurements;
Optical instruments;
Satellites;
Sensor systems
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Interdisciplinary research, see Multidisciplinary research
International competition, 15
International research coordination, 7-8, 19, 21-22, 25-26, 153
Isotopes, 66, 68, 74
J
JOIDES Resolution, 150
Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, 136-137
Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc. (JOI), 26, 133-135, 137-139, 141
Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling, 32, 140 141
L
Laboratories and research centers, 139-143
federal, 33, 35, 37-38, 40-41, 43-44, 142
seafloor observatories, 93
Lipids, 72-73
Lithosphere, 77, 79-81, 82-83, 87
M
Magma, 79, 83, 85-87
Mantle processes and composition, 78, 79, 80, 82-87
Maps and mapping, 34, 44-45
crustal composition, 78, 81-82, 88
Matching grants, 34
Metabolic processes, 70, 71
Microstructure measurements, 57, 58
Microwave measurements, 36, 42, 62, 152
Military research, see Defense research
Mineral resources, 17, 44, 45
Minerals Management Service (MMS), 38-39
Mixing processes, 56-61, 69-71
Models and modeling, 33, 50, 54, 153-154
climate, 43, 55-56, 89-90
coastal processes, 118-120
crustal dynamics, 78, 88
Molecular biology, 44, 104
Monitoring programs, 28, 34
see also Global ocean observing system
Moored instruments, 62, 105, 107-108
Multidisciplinary research, 6, 48, 51-52
Multi-Frequency Acoustic Profiling System, 105
N
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 39-42
National Mapping Program, USGS, 44
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 9, 10, 20, 24-25, 28, 34-37, 41-42, 106
National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), 36-37
National Research Council (NRC), 10, 27, 44
National Science Foundation (NSF), 8-9, 10, 19-20, 21, 24, 28, 30, 31-32, 49, 106, 123-126, 143, 155, 160-163
National Sea Grant College Program, NOAA, 20, 30, 34-35
National security, see Defense research
National Space Council, 41
Natural gas, 16, 38-39
Naval Research Laboratory, 33
Navy, 19-20, 32-34, 42, 140, 149, 164
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see also Oceanographer of the Navy;
Office of Naval Research
Nimbus 7, 40
North Atlantic Ocean, 59, 97
North Sea, 96
Numerical analysis, see Algorithms;
Models and modeling
Nutrient transport, 58, 69, 70, 96-97, 110-111
see also Food webs
O
OCE, see Division of Ocean Sciences
Ocean color, 40, 42, 61, 152
Ocean Drilling Program (ODP), 31, 32, 89, 93
Ocean margins, see Continental shelf and margins
Oceanographer of the Navy, 33-34, 106, 164
Oceanography from Space 1985-1995, 150
Ocean Studies Board (OSB), 31-32, 44
oceanographer survey, 126, 133
Office of Health and Environmental Research, DOE, 42, 44
Office of Naval Research (ONR), 8-9, 10, 19, 24, 28, 30, 32, 33, 93, 140, 143, 163
Office of Naval Technology, 33, 34
Office of Research and Development, EPA, 38
Off-ridge processes, 85-87
Offshore Geologic Framework, USGS, 45
Oil resources, 16, 17, 38-39
Oil spills, 16
Operational measurements, 41-42
Optical instruments, 105
Organic matter, 66, 69, 72-73, 95, 119
see also Food webs
Outer Continental Shelf, 38-39
Oxygen and oxidation, 66, 69, 71
P
Pacific Ocean, 101, 103
Paleoceanography, 48, 65-66, 73, 77, 79, 89-92
Particle dynamics and transport, 67, 68, 69-71, 75-76
organic matter, 98, 119
sediments, 76-77, 119-120
Peer review systems, 19, 31, 32, 38-39, 45
Petroleum, see Oil resources
Ph.D.-level scientists, 121-139
Photochemical reactions, 68
Photosynthesis, 57-58, 72, 97, 100
Physical sciences, 33, 52-64
see also Geochemistry
Plankton, 58, 62, 69, 70-71, 97-99, 101-102, 105
Plate tectonics, see Crustal plates and movement
Polar regions, 59, 60
Policy issues, 4-9, 17, 38-39
Pollution, 15, 16, 17, 37, 68
Population size and growth, 15, 17, 108.
Precipitation, 60, 64, 100-101
Predictions, see Models and modeling
Private research, 24, 125, 142
Publication of research, 38-39, 44-45
R
Radiation, 43, 44, 60, 62
Rainfall, 60, 64
Reducing Risk, 37
Remotely operated vehicles, 149
Remote sensing, see Space-based observation systems
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Ridge Inter-Disciplinary Global experiment [RIDGE), 78, 93, 100, 137
Ridges, 69, 75, 78, 79, 81-84
Rivers and streams, 66-67, 69, 75, 76, 100-101
Rotators, 31, 32
S
Salinity, 54, 60, 71-72
see also Thermohaline circulation
Satellites, 5, 40-42, 44, 60, 62-63, 103, 150-153
Science Advisory Board, EPA, 37
Science: The Endless Frontier, 18
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 34, 37, 43, 134, 141, 142
Sea Cliff, 149
Sea level, 81, 91-92, 101
Seafloor, see Crustal plates and movement;
Hydrothermal processes and vents;
Sediments
Seafloor observatories, 93
Seasat, 40
Sea-viewing Wide Field Sensor, 152
Sediments, 71, 72, 111, 114
and crustal processes, 67, 77-78, 79, 89-92
paleoceanic record, 65-67
particle transport, 76-77, 119-120
Seismic studies, 45, 78, 81, 83, 93
Sensor systems, 61-62, 63-64, 105, 107-108
Ships, 28, 29, 143-149
federal use and support, 36, 39, 143-144, 146
Navy support, 19-20, 32, 33-34, 140
UNOLS fleet, 26, 39, 45, 146, 149
volunteer observing, 61-62
Short-term scientific officers, see Rotators
Simulations, see Computer simulations;
Models and modeling
Sinks, 71-72
Small-scale mixing processes, 56-57
Societal issues, 2-4, 14-17, 48-49
Solar radiation, 43, 59
Sophistication factor, 7, 170
Sound, see Acoustic techniques
Southern Ocean, 59
Space-based observation systems, 36, 39-42, 44, 62-63, 103, 150-153
State government, 34-35, 125, 144
Stommel, Henry, 51
Storms, 16
Subduction, see Crustal plates and movement
Submersibles, 149
Subtropical gyres, 70
Synthetic aperture radar, 62
T
Tactical oceanography, 34
Teaching faculty, 123-129 passim
Technological developments, 1-2, 7, 20, 49-50, 170
biological studies, 103-106
data management, 36-37
see also Instrumentation;
Models and modeling;
Spacebased observation systems
Tectonic plates, see Crustal plates
Telemetry, 62-63
Temperature, 73, 152
see also Global climate change;
Heat flux;
Hydrothermal processes and vents;
Thermohaline circulation
Thermohaline circulation, 58-59, 60, 111
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Time scale studies, 54, 65-67, 73, 77, 79, 84, 89-92
Time-series measurements, 62, 63, 93, 106
Tomography, 78, 93
Trace elements, 64, 66, 71-72, 74, 75-76
Tracer studies, 57, 58, 63, 66, 67, 76-77
Transoceanic hydrographic sections, 60
Transport processes, 43, 45, 48, 53, 58, 60, 66
see also Fluxes;
Particle dynamics and transport
U
University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS), 26, 39, 45, 141, 143-146, 149
University research, see Academic research
Upwelling, 15, 59, 110
mantle processes, 82-83
U.S Geological Survey (USGS), 44-46, 146
V
Ventilation, 60
Volcanoes, 67, 72, 79, 81
see also Hydrothermal processes and vents
Volunteer observing ships (VOS), 61-62
W
Waste disposal, 15, 17, 37, 96-97
Water mass formation, 53, 58-59, 63
Wetlands, 45
Winds, 42, 54, 62, 66, 68, 101, 110, 116-117
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), 34, 134, 140, 149
World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), 60-61, 136-137, 154
World War II, 18-19, 140
Z
Zooplankton, 98
Representative terms from entire chapter:
geological survey
