Nickel

Chicken

Immature

NiCl

400

Reduced growth

Hill, 1979

Nitrate

Turkey

Immature

NaNO₃

900^b

Reduced growth; mortality

Adams et al., 1967

Nitrate

Turkey

Immature

NaNO₃

450(N)^b

No effect on meat color

Mugler et al., 1970

Nitrite

Chicken

Immature

KNO₂

658(N)

Decreased vitamin A in liver and thyroid enlargement

Sell and Roberts, 1963

Selenium

Chicken

Immature

Na₂SeO₃ + Se in wheat

10

Reduced growth

Carlson and Leitis, 1957

Selenium

Chicken

Immature

Na₂SeO₃

10

Reduced growth

Jensen, 1975a

Selenium

Chicken

Immature

Na₂SeO₃

20 (+1,000 Ca)

Reduced growth

Jensen, 1975a

Selenium

Chicken

Laying hen

Se in wheat

10

Reduced hatchability

Moxon and Wilson, 1944

Selenium

Chicken

Adult

Na₂SeO₃

5

Decreased hatchability

Ort and Latshaw, 1978

Silver

Chicken

Immature

AgSO₄

200

Reduced growth

Hill et al., 1964

Silver

Chicken

Immature

AgNO₃

900

Exudative diathesis (prevented by Se or vitamin E)

Peterson and Jensen, 1975a

Silver

Chicken

Immature

AgNO₃

900

Anemia, enlarged hearts

Peterson and Jensen, 1975b

Silver

Turkey

Immature

Ag acetate or nitrate

900

Anemia, enlarged hearts, and muscular dystrophy prevented by Cu + Se)

Jensen et al., 1974

Sodium

Chicken

Immature

Na glutamate

8,900^c

Reduced growth

Nesheim et al., 1964

Sodium

Chicken

Laying hen

Na₂SO₄

12,000^b

Reduced egg production

Krista et al., 1961

Sodium chloride

Chicken

Immature

NaCl

7,000^b

Reduced growth; mortality

Krista et al., 1961

Sodium chloride

Chicken

Laying hen

NaCl

10,000^b

Reduced egg production

Krista et al., 1961

Sodium chloride

Chicken

Adult

NaCl

40,000–60,000

Reduced egg production

Damron and Kelly, 1987

Sodium chloride

Turkey

Immature

NaCl

4,000^b

Reduced body weight; mortality

Krista et al., 1961

Sodium chloride

Turkey

Immature

NaCl

27,000

Lung congestion; enlarged kidneys; mortality

Morrison et al., 1975

Sodium chloride

Duck

Immature

NaCl

4,000^b

Reduced body weight

Krista et al., 1961

Sodium chloride

Turkey

Mature

NaCl

60,000

Reduced growth

Roberts, 1957

Sodium chloride

Turkey

Immature

NaCl

40,000

Reduced growth; pendulous crop

Harper and Arscott, 1962

Strontium

Chicken

Immature

SrCO₃

6,000

Reduced growth

Weber et al., 1968

Sulfate

Chicken

Immature

K₂SO₄, Na₂SO₄, CaSO₄

14,000

Reduced growth

Leach et al., 1960

Sulfate

Chicken

Laying hen

Na₂SO₄

8,100

Reduced egg production

Krista et al., 1961

Tungsten

Chicken

Immature

Sodium tungstate

500

Reduced growth

Teekell and Watts, 1959

Vanadium

Chicken

Immature

NH₄VO₃

8

Reduced growth

Berg, 1963

Vanadium

Chicken

Immature

Ca₃(VO₄)₂

30

Reduced growth

Romoser et al., 1961

Vanadium

Chicken

Immature

Ca₃(VO₄)₂

200

Mortality

Romoser et al., 1961

Vanadium

Chicken

Immature

NH₄VO₃ or VOSO₄

25

Reduced growth; mortality

Hathcock et al., 1964

Vanadium

Chicken

Immature

NaVO₃

5

Reduced growth

Hill, 1974

Vanadium

Chicken

Immature

NH₄VO₃

10

Reduced growth

Summers and Moran, 1972

Vanadium

Chicken

Laying hen

V in dicalcium phosphate

6

Depressed albumin quality

Sell et al., 1982

Vanadium

Chicken

Laying hen

NH₄VO₃

15

Depressed albumin quality

Berg et al., 1963

Vanadium

Chicken

Laying hen

NH₄VO₃

20

Depressed albumin quality; reduced body weight

Berg et al., 1963

Vanadium

Chicken

Laying hen

NH₄VO₃

30

Depressed egg production

Berg et al., 1963

Vanadium

Chicken

Laying hen

NH₄VO₃

50

Depressed hatchability

Berg et al., 1963

Zinc

Chicken

Immature

ZnSO₄, ZnCO₃

1,500

Reduced growth

Roberson and Schaible, 1960

Zinc

Chicken

Immature

ZnO

3,000

Reduced growth

Johnson et al., 1962

Zinc

Chicken

Immature

ZnO

800

Reduced growth; bone ash (sucrose-fish meal diet)

Berg and Martinson, 1972

Zinc

Chicken

Immature

ZnSO₄

2,000

Exudative diathesis; muscular dystrophy

Jensen, 1975b

Zinc

Chicken

Immature

ZnSO₄

3,000

Reduced growth (0.5 ppm Se in diet)

Jensen, 1975b

Zinc

Turkey

Immature

ZnO

4,000

Reduced growth

Vohra and Kratzer, 1968