Index
A
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, antibiotic resistance of, 130
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). See Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Acyclovir, for neonatal herpes simplex virus, 178-183
Adolescents, STDs in, 202-205
Aedes aegypti, as vector for dengue virus, 48, 49-52
Aedes albopictus, as vector for dengue virus, 52
Africa, population migration and HIV in, 79-86
African Americans
blood groups and malaria in, 105-108
hypertension and malaria in, 101-102
liver disease and malaria in, 103
Age
of first sexual intercourse, 148-149, 195
and nosocomial infections, 114
of sexual maturation and marriage, 201
AIDS. See Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Aminoglycosides, resistance to, 122, 124-125
p-Aminosalicylic acid, for tuberculosis, 137
Anal intercourse, and STDs, 149
Animal hosts, for Lyme disease, 2-3
Antimicrobial resistance
of coagulase-negative staphylococci, 121-123
and control of nosocomial infections, 130-131
in Enterococcus spp., 124-128
of gonorrhea, 145
in Gram-negative aerobic bacilli, 128-130
of Staphylococcus aureus, 119-121
of tuberculosis, 135-139
Asia, HIV infection in 89-92
B
Beef, improperly cooked, 35-36
Behavior, effects on infectious diseases of, viii, ix
Beta-lactam antibiotics, resistance to,128-130
Blacks. See African Americans
Blood groups, and malaria, 105-108
Blood transfusions, hepatitis B from, 64
Borrelia burgdorferi, classification of, 2
Breast-feeding
and cytomegalovirus, 17-20, 22-24, 26-28
and diarrheal disease, 33
C
Candida spp., nosocomial infection with, 118, 119
Cash crop production, and diarrheal disease, 33-34
Cephalosporins, resistance to, 128-130
Cervical cancer, human papillomavirus and, 158-161
Cervical ectopy, and STDs, 196-197
Cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN), 159, 160
Chancre immunity, 215
Chancroid, vaccine for, 214-215
Child neglect and abuse, and STDs, 203
Children's Vaccine Initiative (CVI), 240
Chlamydia
changing patterns of, 145-146
vaccine for, 224-227
Cholera, 37-38
Chronic fatigue syndrome, after Lyme disease, 7-8
CIN (cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia), 159, 160
Circumcision, and STDs, 150, 151, 196
Clindamycin, resistance to, 123
CMV. See Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS)
antimicrobial resistance of, 121-123
nosocomial infection with, 118, 119
Cocaine use, and STDs, 204-205
Condom use, and STDs, 150, 151
Contraceptive use, and STDs, 150-151
Core groups, for STDs, 191
Crack cocaine, and STDs, 204-205
Crime, and STDs, 203-205
Crowding, and STDs, 198
CVI (Children's Vaccine Initiative), 240
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
breast-feeding and, 17-20
combined effects of breast-feeding and day-care centers on, 22-24, 26-28
day-care centers and, 20-22
epidemiology of, 15-17
risk to caregivers of, 24-26
D
Day-care centers
and cytomegalovirus, 20-24, 26-28
and diarrheal diseases, 36-37
Deer, as animal host in Lyme disease, 2-4, 5, 10
Demographic transitions, and bacterial STDs, 199-200
Dengue fever
clinical features of, 46
in developed world, 49
ecologic basis for, 49-52
epidemiology of, 43-45
history of epidemics of, 47-49
pathogenesis of, 46-47
prevention and control of, 57
second vector for, 52
transmission cycle of, 45-46
Dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS), 43
clinical features of, 46
emergence of, 48-49
pathogenesis of, 46-47
Dengue virus
evolution of, 55-57
genetic variations in, 53-55, 56-57
lymphotropism of, 56
virulence of, 54-55
Developed world, dengue in, 49
Developing areas
bacterial STDs in, 192-193, 202
enteric infections in, 32-34
sexual behavior in, 194-195
DHF/DSS. See Dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS)
Diagnostic tests, for Lyme disease, 8-9
Diarrheal diseases
breast-feeding and, 33
cash crop production and, 33-34
commercialization of food production and food service and, 34-36
day-care centers and, 36-37
in developing areas, 32-34
importation of foods and, 36
in industrialized areas, 32, 34-37
institutionalization of aged and, 37
international travel and, 37
urbanization and, 32-33
wars and political upheaveals and, 34
Diphtheria pertussis tetanus (DPT) vaccine, 238, 239
Drug resistance
of gonorrhea, 145
of nosocomial infections, 119-131
of tuberculosis, 135-139
Drug users
hepatitis B in, 63-64
hepatitis D in, 68
HIV in, 90
STDs in, 150
Dry sex, and STDs, 149
Duffy blood group system, and malaria, 106-107
E
Ecology, effects on infectious diseases of human, vii-viii, ix
Economic development, and bacterial STDs, 197, 202
Eggs, Salmonella enteritidis from, 34-35
Elderly
institutionalization of, 37
nosocomial infections in, 114
Enteric infections. See Diarrheal diseases
Enterococcus spp.
antimicrobial resistance in, 124-128
nosocomial infection with, 118, 119
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV), 158
Erythema migrans, in Lyme disease, 1, 6
Erythromycin, resistance to, 123
Escherichia coli
enterohemorrhagic, 35-36
nosocomial infection with, 119
EV (epidermodysplasia verruciformis), 158
F
Fast-food chains, and diarrheal disease, 34, 35
Fibromyalgia, after Lyme disease, 7-8
Flaviviruses, evolution of, 55-57
Fluoroquinolone, resistance to, 122
Food, importation of, 36
Food production and food service, commercialization of, 34-35
France, HIV in, 87
G
Genetic variations, in dengue virus, 53-55
Genital human papillomavirus. See Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Gentamicin, resistance to, 124-125
Geography, and STDs, 198
Glycophorins A and B, and malaria, 107-108
Gonorrhea
antimicrobial resistance of, 145
changing patterns of, 144-145
population shifts in, 144-145
vaccine for, 217-224
Gram-negative aerobic bacilli, resistance to third-generation cephalosporins among, 128-130
H
Haemophilus ducreyi, 214-215
HAV (hepatitis A virus), 60-62
HBV (hepatitis B virus), 62-64
vaccine for, 243
HCV (hepatitis C virus), 64-67
HDV (hepatitis D virus), 67-68
Health care, and STDs, 150, 151, 192-194
Heat shock proteins, as vaccine for chlamydia, 224-226
Hemoglobin S, and malaria, 100
Hemolytic uremic syndrome, 36
Hepatitis A virus (HAV), 60-62
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), 62-64
vaccine for, 243
Hepatitis C virus (HCV), 64-67
Hepatitis D virus (HDV), 67-68
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), 68-71
Hepatitis viruses
interactions of, 71
other, 72
Herd immunity, 237
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
historical background of, 171
maternal
clinical and virologic parameters of, 174-176
epidemiology of, 173-174
neonatal
clinical presentation of, 176-177
cost-benefit analyses of antiviral therapy for, 180-182
incidence of, 172
pathogenesis of, 172-173
prevention of, 182-184
prognostic factors for, 179-180, 181
treatment of, 178-180
HEV (hepatitis E virus), 68-71
HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
HLA locus, and malaria, 103-105
Hospital-acquired infections. See Nosocomial infections
HPV. See Human papillomavirus (HPV)
HSV. See Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
Human ecology, effects on infectious diseases of, vii-viii, ix
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
in Africa, 79-86
bacterial STDs and, 189-191, 214
behavioral personal environment of, 148-151
changing patterns of, 142-143
factors associated with dissemination of, 93-94
global distribution of, 77, 78
and hepatitis, 63-64
and human papillomavirus, 160-161
population migration and, 77-94
population shifts of, 142-143
prevention of, 153-154
and restrictions on travel, 92
sociocultural macroenvironment of, 151-153
in Southeast Asia, 89-92
and tuberculosis, 138-139
type 1
in the Americas, 87-89
global distribution of, 78
in Uganda, 81-82
urbanization and, 81
type 2
vs. HIV-1, 83-85
outside West Africa, 86-87
and West Africa, 83-86
urbanization and, 80-81
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
and cervical cancer, 158-161
changing patterns of, 146
classes of, 158-159
HIV and, 160-161
management of, 161
in men, 160
prevalence and incidence of, 157, 160
vaccination for, 161-166
Hygiene
and hepatitis A, 61
and STDs, 198
Hypertension, and malaria, 101-102
I
Immune enhancement, 47
Immunoprophylaxis, for neonatal herpes simplex virus, 183-184
Immunosuppressive treatment, and nosocomial infections, 115-116
India, HIV infection in, 87, 91-92
Industrialized areas
enteric infections in, 32, 34-37
HIV in, 82-83
Infectious agents, recognition of new, viii
Inoculum size, for STDs, 196
Iron overload, and malaria, 102-103
Isonicotinic acid hydrazide (isoniazid), for tuberculosis, 137
IUDs, and STDs, 150
Ixodid ticks, as vector for Lyme disease, 2-3, 10
K
Klebsiella pneumoniae, antibiotic resistance of, 128-129
L
Leukoencephalitis, from Lyme disease, 7
Lipooligosaccharide (LOS), as vaccine for gonorrhea, 222-223
Liver disease, and malaria, 102-103
Lyme disease
chronic fatigue or fibromyalgia following, 7
clinical picture of, 6-7
diagnostic tests for, 8-9
epidemiology of, 4-5
evolution of environment and, 3-4
historical background of, 1-2
misdiagnosis of chronic, 7-8
prevention of, 10
prophylaxis for, 10
treatment of, 9
vaccine for, 10
vector and animal hosts for, 2-3
M
Macroenvironment, of STDs, 151-153
Macrolides, resistance to, 123
Major outer membrane protein (MOMP), as vaccine for chlamydia, 226 -227
Malaria
blood groups and, 105-108
hemoglobin S and, 100
HLA locus and, 103-105
hypertension and, 101-102
iron overload and, 102-103
mortality from, 100-101
as selective force in evolution, 100-101
Marriage, age of, 201
Measles mumps rubella (MMR) vacine, 238, 239, 243
Melanesian ovalocytosis, and malaria, 100
Menarche, age at, 201
Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), 119-121, 123
Microenvironment, of STDs, 147-148
Migrant labor, and HIV, 82, 88-89
Migration
and bacterial STDs, 199
defined, 79
and HIV, 77-94
MMR (measles mumps rubella) vaccine, 238, 239, 243
MOMP (major outer membrane protein), as vaccine for chlaymdia, 226 -227
Monoclonal antibodies, for prevention of neonatal herpes simplex virus, 183
Mosquitos, as vectors for dengue virus, 49-52
MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus), 119-121, 123
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, drug resistance of, 135-139
N
Needles, and hepatitis B, 62
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, virulence of, 197
Nigeria, HIV in, 86
Nosocomial infections
age of patient and, 114
antimicrobial resistance in, 116-117, 119-131
complexity of surgical procedure and, 114-115
immunosuppressive treatment and, 115--116
incidence of, 113
pathogens in, 116-119
type of surgery and, 115
O
Opacity proteins (Opas), as vaccine for gonorrhea, 222
Oral contraceptives, and STDs, 150-151, 205
Organ transplants, and nosocomial infections, 115-116
P
Papillomavirus. See Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Penicillin G, resistance to, 116-117
Penicillin resistance
of coagulase-negative staphylcocci, 121-123
in Enterococcus spp., 124-128
of Staphylococcus aureus, 16-117, 119-121
Physiological microenvironment, of STDs, 147-148
Pili, as vaccine for gonorrhea, 221-222, 223
Pinta, 198
Political environment
and diarrheal disease, 34
and STDs, 153
Population migration
and bacterial STDs, 199
defined, 79
and HIV, 77-94
Por, as vaccine for gonorrhea, 218-221, 223
Portugal, HIV in, 87
Poverty, and STDs, 152-153
Pregnancy
cytomegalovirus during, 26, 27
teen, and STDs, 203
Premarital sexual activity, and STDs, 148, 195
Prevention
of dengue, 57
of Lyme disease, 10
of neonatal herpes simplex virus, 182-184
of STDs, 153-154
Prophylaxis
for Lyme disease, 10
for neonatal herpes simplex virus, 182-183
Prostitution, and HIV, 82-83, 86, 89, 90
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, nosocomial infection with, 119
R
Rifampin, resistance to, 122
Ring vaccination, 242
S
Salmonella enteritidis, and commercialization of food production, 34-35
Salt retention, and malaria, 101-102
Sanitation, and hepatitis A, 61
Search and containment, 242
Sexual behavior
and hepatitis B, 63-64
Sexual intercourse, age of first, 148-149, 195
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
in adolescents, 202-205
bacterial
age of sexual maturation and marriage and, 201
child abuse and neglect and, 203
cocaine use and, 204-205
complications and sequelae of, 205-206
crowding and, 198
demographic transitions and, 199-201
economic development and, 197
geography and, 198
health services and, 192-194
hygiene and, 198
migration and, 199
oral contraceptives and, 205
risk of, 206-207
social and economic development policies and, 202
''socio-geographic space" and, 198-199
teen pregnancy and, 203
travel and, 199
vaccines for, 213-228
violence and, 203-205
war and, 199
behavioral personal environment of, 148-151
changing patterns of, 141-146
efficiency of transmission of, 196-197
environmental changes affecting, 146-153
epidemiologic models of, 191-192
physiological microenvironment of, 147-148
prevention programs for, 153-154
sexual behavior and, 148-151, 194-196
sociocultural macroenvironment of, 151-153
Sexual maturation, age of, 201
Sexual partners, number of, 149
Shigella spp., diarrheal diseases due to, 36-37
Smallpox vaccine, 241-242
Sociocultural macroenvironment, of STDS, 151-153
"Socio-geographic space," and bacterial STDs, 198-199
Staphylococci, coagulase-negative
antimicrobial resistance of, 121-123
nosocomial infection with, 118, 119
Staphylococcus aureus
antibiotic resistance in, 116-117, 119-121
nosocomial infection with, 118, 119
Staphylococcus epidermidis, antimicrobial resistance of, 122
STDS. See Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
Streptomycin
resistance to, 124-125, 136-137
for tuberculosis, 136-137
Syphilis
changing patterns of, 143-144
endemic, 198
etiology shift of, 144
population shift of, 143-144
reemergence of, 143
vaccine for, 215-217
Syringes, and hepatitis B, 62
T
Tbps (transferrin-binding proteins), as vaccine for gonorrhea, 223 -224
Teenagers, STDs in, 202-205
Tetracyclines, resistance to, 122-123
Thailand, HIV infection in, 89-91
Transferrin-binding proteins (Tbps), as vaccine for gonorhea, 223-224
Transfusions, hepatitis B from, 64
Travel
and bacterial STDs, 199
and diarrheal disease, 37
Treponema pallidum. See Syphilis
Treponema rare outer membrane proteins (TROMPs), 217
Trimethoprim, resistance to, 123
Tuberculosis
drug-resistant, 135-139
and HIV, 138-139
Typhoid fever, 33
U
Uganda, HIV in, 81-82
United States
bacterial STDs in, 193-194
HIV-1 in, 87-89
sexual behavior in, 195-196
Urbanization
and enteric infections, 32-33
V
Vaccine(s)
for bacterial STDs, 213-228
for chancroid, 214-215
for chlamydia, 224-227
for human papillomavirus, 161-166
ideal, 235-236
for Lyme disease, 10
for prevention of neonatal herpes simplex virus, 183-184
protection through, 236-237
results with current, 238-241
ring, 242
for syphilis, 215-217
Vaginal douching, and STDs, 150, 151
Vancomycin, resistance to, 123-124, 125-128
Vector
for dengue, 49-52
Vibrio cholerae, 37-38
Vidarabine, for neonatal herpes simplex virus, 178-180
Violence, and STDs, 203-205
Virulence, of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 197
W
Wars
and bacterial STDs, 199
and diarrheal disease, 34
Waterborne infection, with hepatitis E, 69
West Africa
HIV-2 and, 83-86
HIV-2 outside of, 86-87
Y
Yaws, 198
Z
Zaire, HIV in, 81