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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Infectious Diseases in an Age of Change: The Impact of Human Ecology and Behavior on Disease Transmission. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4772.
×

Index

A

Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, antibiotic resistance of, 130

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). See Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Acyclovir, for neonatal herpes simplex virus, 178-183

Adolescents, STDs in, 202-205

Aedes aegypti, as vector for dengue virus, 48, 49-52

Aedes albopictus, as vector for dengue virus, 52

Africa, population migration and HIV in, 79-86

African Americans

blood groups and malaria in, 105-108

hypertension and malaria in, 101-102

liver disease and malaria in, 103

Age

of first sexual intercourse, 148-149, 195

and nosocomial infections, 114

of sexual maturation and marriage, 201

AIDS. See Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Aminoglycosides, resistance to, 122, 124-125

p-Aminosalicylic acid, for tuberculosis, 137

Anal intercourse, and STDs, 149

Animal hosts, for Lyme disease, 2-3

Antimicrobial resistance

of coagulase-negative staphylococci, 121-123

and control of nosocomial infections, 130-131

in Enterococcus spp., 124-128

of gonorrhea, 145

in Gram-negative aerobic bacilli, 128-130

of Staphylococcus aureus, 119-121

of tuberculosis, 135-139

Asia, HIV infection in 89-92

B

Beef, improperly cooked, 35-36

Behavior, effects on infectious diseases of, viii, ix

Beta-lactam antibiotics, resistance to,128-130

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Infectious Diseases in an Age of Change: The Impact of Human Ecology and Behavior on Disease Transmission. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4772.
×

Blacks. See African Americans

Blood groups, and malaria, 105-108

Blood transfusions, hepatitis B from, 64

Borrelia burgdorferi, classification of, 2

Breast-feeding

and cytomegalovirus, 17-20, 22-24, 26-28

and diarrheal disease, 33

C

Candida spp., nosocomial infection with, 118, 119

Cash crop production, and diarrheal disease, 33-34

Cephalosporins, resistance to, 128-130

Cervical cancer, human papillomavirus and, 158-161

Cervical ectopy, and STDs, 196-197

Cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN), 159, 160

Chancre immunity, 215

Chancroid, vaccine for, 214-215

Child neglect and abuse, and STDs, 203

Children's Vaccine Initiative (CVI), 240

Chlamydia

changing patterns of, 145-146

vaccine for, 224-227

Cholera, 37-38

Chronic fatigue syndrome, after Lyme disease, 7-8

CIN (cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia), 159, 160

Circumcision, and STDs, 150, 151, 196

Clindamycin, resistance to, 123

CMV. See Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS)

antimicrobial resistance of, 121-123

nosocomial infection with, 118, 119

Cocaine use, and STDs, 204-205

Condom use, and STDs, 150, 151

Contraceptive use, and STDs, 150-151

Core groups, for STDs, 191

Crack cocaine, and STDs, 204-205

Crime, and STDs, 203-205

Crowding, and STDs, 198

CVI (Children's Vaccine Initiative), 240

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

breast-feeding and, 17-20

combined effects of breast-feeding and day-care centers on, 22-24, 26-28

day-care centers and, 20-22

epidemiology of, 15-17

during pregnancy, 26, 27

risk to caregivers of, 24-26

D

Day-care centers

and cytomegalovirus, 20-24, 26-28

and diarrheal diseases, 36-37

Deer, as animal host in Lyme disease, 2-4, 5, 10

Demographic transitions, and bacterial STDs, 199-200

Dengue fever

clinical features of, 46

in developed world, 49

ecologic basis for, 49-52

epidemiology of, 43-45

history of epidemics of, 47-49

pathogenesis of, 46-47

prevention and control of, 57

second vector for, 52

transmission cycle of, 45-46

Dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS), 43

clinical features of, 46

emergence of, 48-49

pathogenesis of, 46-47

Dengue virus

evolution of, 55-57

genetic variations in, 53-55, 56-57

lymphotropism of, 56

virulence of, 54-55

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Infectious Diseases in an Age of Change: The Impact of Human Ecology and Behavior on Disease Transmission. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4772.
×

Developed world, dengue in, 49

Developing areas

bacterial STDs in, 192-193, 202

enteric infections in, 32-34

sexual behavior in, 194-195

DHF/DSS. See Dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS)

Diagnostic tests, for Lyme disease, 8-9

Diarrheal diseases

breast-feeding and, 33

cash crop production and, 33-34

commercialization of food production and food service and, 34-36

day-care centers and, 36-37

in developing areas, 32-34

importation of foods and, 36

in industrialized areas, 32, 34-37

institutionalization of aged and, 37

international travel and, 37

urbanization and, 32-33

wars and political upheaveals and, 34

Diphtheria pertussis tetanus (DPT) vaccine, 238, 239

Douching, and STDs, 150, 151

Drug resistance

of gonorrhea, 145

of nosocomial infections, 119-131

of tuberculosis, 135-139

Drug users

hepatitis B in, 63-64

hepatitis D in, 68

HIV in, 90

STDs in, 150

Dry sex, and STDs, 149

Duffy blood group system, and malaria, 106-107

E

Ecology, effects on infectious diseases of human, vii-viii, ix

Economic development, and bacterial STDs, 197, 202

Eggs, Salmonella enteritidis from, 34-35

Elderly

institutionalization of, 37

nosocomial infections in, 114

Enteric infections. See Diarrheal diseases

Enterococcus spp.

antimicrobial resistance in, 124-128

nosocomial infection with, 118, 119

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV), 158

Erythema migrans, in Lyme disease, 1, 6

Erythromycin, resistance to, 123

Escherichia coli

enterohemorrhagic, 35-36

nosocomial infection with, 119

EV (epidermodysplasia verruciformis), 158

F

Fast-food chains, and diarrheal disease, 34, 35

Fibromyalgia, after Lyme disease, 7-8

Flaviviruses, evolution of, 55-57

Fluoroquinolone, resistance to, 122

Food, importation of, 36

Food production and food service, commercialization of, 34-35

France, HIV in, 87

G

Genetic variations, in dengue virus, 53-55

Genital human papillomavirus. See Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Gentamicin, resistance to, 124-125

Geography, and STDs, 198

Glycophorins A and B, and malaria, 107-108

Gonorrhea

antimicrobial resistance of, 145

changing patterns of, 144-145

population shifts in, 144-145

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Infectious Diseases in an Age of Change: The Impact of Human Ecology and Behavior on Disease Transmission. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4772.
×

vaccine for, 217-224

Gram-negative aerobic bacilli, resistance to third-generation cephalosporins among, 128-130

H

Haemophilus ducreyi, 214-215

HAV (hepatitis A virus), 60-62

HBV (hepatitis B virus), 62-64

vaccine for, 243

HCV (hepatitis C virus), 64-67

HDV (hepatitis D virus), 67-68

Health care, and STDs, 150, 151, 192-194

Heat shock proteins, as vaccine for chlamydia, 224-226

Hemoglobin S, and malaria, 100

Hemolytic uremic syndrome, 36

Hepatitis A virus (HAV), 60-62

Hepatitis B virus (HBV), 62-64

vaccine for, 243

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), 64-67

Hepatitis D virus (HDV), 67-68

Hepatitis E virus (HEV), 68-71

Hepatitis viruses

interactions of, 71

other, 72

Herd immunity, 237

Herpes simplex virus (HSV)

historical background of, 171

maternal

clinical and virologic parameters of, 174-176

epidemiology of, 173-174

neonatal

clinical presentation of, 176-177

cost-benefit analyses of antiviral therapy for, 180-182

incidence of, 172

pathogenesis of, 172-173

prevention of, 182-184

prognostic factors for, 179-180, 181

treatment of, 178-180

HEV (hepatitis E virus), 68-71

HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

HLA locus, and malaria, 103-105

Hospital-acquired infections. See Nosocomial infections

HPV. See Human papillomavirus (HPV)

HSV. See Herpes simplex virus (HSV)

Human ecology, effects on infectious diseases of, vii-viii, ix

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

in Africa, 79-86

bacterial STDs and, 189-191, 214

behavioral personal environment of, 148-151

changing patterns of, 142-143

factors associated with dissemination of, 93-94

global distribution of, 77, 78

and hepatitis, 63-64

and human papillomavirus, 160-161

population migration and, 77-94

population shifts of, 142-143

prevention of, 153-154

and restrictions on travel, 92

sociocultural macroenvironment of, 151-153

in Southeast Asia, 89-92

and tuberculosis, 138-139

type 1

in the Americas, 87-89

global distribution of, 78

in Uganda, 81-82

urbanization and, 81

type 2

vs. HIV-1, 83-85

outside West Africa, 86-87

and West Africa, 83-86

urbanization and, 80-81

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

and cervical cancer, 158-161

changing patterns of, 146

classes of, 158-159

HIV and, 160-161

management of, 161

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Infectious Diseases in an Age of Change: The Impact of Human Ecology and Behavior on Disease Transmission. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4772.
×

in men, 160

prevalence and incidence of, 157, 160

vaccination for, 161-166

Hygiene

and hepatitis A, 61

and STDs, 198

Hypertension, and malaria, 101-102

I

Immune enhancement, 47

Immunoprophylaxis, for neonatal herpes simplex virus, 183-184

Immunosuppressive treatment, and nosocomial infections, 115-116

India, HIV infection in, 87, 91-92

Industrialized areas

enteric infections in, 32, 34-37

HIV in, 82-83

Infectious agents, recognition of new, viii

Inoculum size, for STDs, 196

Iron overload, and malaria, 102-103

Isonicotinic acid hydrazide (isoniazid), for tuberculosis, 137

IUDs, and STDs, 150

Ixodid ticks, as vector for Lyme disease, 2-3, 10

K

Klebsiella pneumoniae, antibiotic resistance of, 128-129

L

Leukoencephalitis, from Lyme disease, 7

Lipooligosaccharide (LOS), as vaccine for gonorrhea, 222-223

Liver disease, and malaria, 102-103

Lyme disease

chronic fatigue or fibromyalgia following, 7

clinical picture of, 6-7

diagnostic tests for, 8-9

epidemiology of, 4-5

evolution of environment and, 3-4

historical background of, 1-2

misdiagnosis of chronic, 7-8

prevention of, 10

prophylaxis for, 10

treatment of, 9

vaccine for, 10

vector and animal hosts for, 2-3

M

Macroenvironment, of STDs, 151-153

Macrolides, resistance to, 123

Major outer membrane protein (MOMP), as vaccine for chlamydia, 226 -227

Malaria

blood groups and, 105-108

hemoglobin S and, 100

HLA locus and, 103-105

hypertension and, 101-102

iron overload and, 102-103

mortality from, 100-101

as selective force in evolution, 100-101

Marriage, age of, 201

Measles mumps rubella (MMR) vacine, 238, 239, 243

Melanesian ovalocytosis, and malaria, 100

Menarche, age at, 201

Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), 119-121, 123

Microenvironment, of STDs, 147-148

Migrant labor, and HIV, 82, 88-89

Migration

and bacterial STDs, 199

defined, 79

and HIV, 77-94

MMR (measles mumps rubella) vaccine, 238, 239, 243

MOMP (major outer membrane protein), as vaccine for chlaymdia, 226 -227

Monoclonal antibodies, for prevention of neonatal herpes simplex virus, 183

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Infectious Diseases in an Age of Change: The Impact of Human Ecology and Behavior on Disease Transmission. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4772.
×

Mosquitos, as vectors for dengue virus, 49-52

MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus), 119-121, 123

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, drug resistance of, 135-139

N

Needles, and hepatitis B, 62

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, virulence of, 197

Nigeria, HIV in, 86

Nosocomial infections

age of patient and, 114

antimicrobial resistance in, 116-117, 119-131

complexity of surgical procedure and, 114-115

immunosuppressive treatment and, 115--116

incidence of, 113

pathogens in, 116-119

type of surgery and, 115

O

Opacity proteins (Opas), as vaccine for gonorrhea, 222

Oral contraceptives, and STDs, 150-151, 205

Organ transplants, and nosocomial infections, 115-116

P

Papillomavirus. See Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Penicillin G, resistance to, 116-117

Penicillin resistance

of coagulase-negative staphylcocci, 121-123

in Enterococcus spp., 124-128

of Staphylococcus aureus, 16-117, 119-121

Physiological microenvironment, of STDs, 147-148

Pili, as vaccine for gonorrhea, 221-222, 223

Pinta, 198

Polio vaccine, 238, 242-243

Political environment

and diarrheal disease, 34

and STDs, 153

Population migration

and bacterial STDs, 199

defined, 79

and HIV, 77-94

Por, as vaccine for gonorrhea, 218-221, 223

Portugal, HIV in, 87

Poverty, and STDs, 152-153

Pregnancy

cytomegalovirus during, 26, 27

teen, and STDs, 203

Premarital sexual activity, and STDs, 148, 195

Prevention

of dengue, 57

of Lyme disease, 10

of neonatal herpes simplex virus, 182-184

of STDs, 153-154

Prophylaxis

for Lyme disease, 10

for neonatal herpes simplex virus, 182-183

Prostitution, and HIV, 82-83, 86, 89, 90

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, nosocomial infection with, 119

R

Rifampin, resistance to, 122

Ring vaccination, 242

S

Salmonella enteritidis, and commercialization of food production, 34-35

Salt retention, and malaria, 101-102

Sanitation, and hepatitis A, 61

Search and containment, 242

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Infectious Diseases in an Age of Change: The Impact of Human Ecology and Behavior on Disease Transmission. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4772.
×

Sexual behavior

and hepatitis B, 63-64

and STDs, 148-151, 194-196

Sexual intercourse, age of first, 148-149, 195

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

in adolescents, 202-205

bacterial

age of sexual maturation and marriage and, 201

child abuse and neglect and, 203

cocaine use and, 204-205

complications and sequelae of, 205-206

crowding and, 198

demographic transitions and, 199-201

economic development and, 197

geography and, 198

health services and, 192-194

and HIV, 189-191, 214

hygiene and, 198

migration and, 199

oral contraceptives and, 205

prevalence of, 189, 190

risk of, 206-207

social and economic development policies and, 202

''socio-geographic space" and, 198-199

teen pregnancy and, 203

travel and, 199

vaccines for, 213-228

violence and, 203-205

war and, 199

behavioral personal environment of, 148-151

changing patterns of, 141-146

efficiency of transmission of, 196-197

environmental changes affecting, 146-153

epidemiologic models of, 191-192

physiological microenvironment of, 147-148

prevention programs for, 153-154

sexual behavior and, 148-151, 194-196

sociocultural macroenvironment of, 151-153

Sexual maturation, age of, 201

Sexual partners, number of, 149

Shigella spp., diarrheal diseases due to, 36-37

Smallpox vaccine, 241-242

Sociocultural macroenvironment, of STDS, 151-153

"Socio-geographic space," and bacterial STDs, 198-199

Staphylococci, coagulase-negative

antimicrobial resistance of, 121-123

nosocomial infection with, 118, 119

Staphylococcus aureus

antibiotic resistance in, 116-117, 119-121

nosocomial infection with, 118, 119

Staphylococcus epidermidis, antimicrobial resistance of, 122

STDS. See Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

Streptomycin

resistance to, 124-125, 136-137

for tuberculosis, 136-137

Syphilis

changing patterns of, 143-144

endemic, 198

etiology shift of, 144

population shift of, 143-144

reemergence of, 143

vaccine for, 215-217

Syringes, and hepatitis B, 62

T

Tbps (transferrin-binding proteins), as vaccine for gonorrhea, 223 -224

Teenagers, STDs in, 202-205

Tetracyclines, resistance to, 122-123

Thailand, HIV infection in, 89-91

Ticks, as vector for Lyme disease, 2-3, 10

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Infectious Diseases in an Age of Change: The Impact of Human Ecology and Behavior on Disease Transmission. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4772.
×

Transferrin-binding proteins (Tbps), as vaccine for gonorhea, 223-224

Transfusions, hepatitis B from, 64

Travel

and bacterial STDs, 199

and diarrheal disease, 37

and HIV, 81-82, 92

Treponema pallidum. See Syphilis

Treponema rare outer membrane proteins (TROMPs), 217

Trimethoprim, resistance to, 123

Tuberculosis

drug-resistant, 135-139

and HIV, 138-139

Typhoid fever, 33

U

Uganda, HIV in, 81-82

United States

bacterial STDs in, 193-194

HIV-1 in, 87-89

sexual behavior in, 195-196

Urbanization

and enteric infections, 32-33

and HIV, 80-81, 83, 84

V

Vaccine(s)

for bacterial STDs, 213-228

for chancroid, 214-215

for chlamydia, 224-227

for hepatitis B, 62, 64

for human papillomavirus, 161-166

ideal, 235-236

for Lyme disease, 10

for prevention of neonatal herpes simplex virus, 183-184

protection through, 236-237

results with current, 238-241

ring, 242

for syphilis, 215-217

Vaginal douching, and STDs, 150, 151

Vancomycin, resistance to, 123-124, 125-128

Vector

for dengue, 49-52

for Lyme disease, 2-3, 10

Vibrio cholerae, 37-38

Vidarabine, for neonatal herpes simplex virus, 178-180

Violence, and STDs, 203-205

Virulence, of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 197

W

Wars

and bacterial STDs, 199

and diarrheal disease, 34

Waterborne infection, with hepatitis E, 69

West Africa

HIV-2 and, 83-86

HIV-2 outside of, 86-87

Y

Yaws, 198

Z

Zaire, HIV in, 81

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Infectious Diseases in an Age of Change: The Impact of Human Ecology and Behavior on Disease Transmission. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4772.
×
Page 249
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Infectious Diseases in an Age of Change: The Impact of Human Ecology and Behavior on Disease Transmission. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4772.
×
Page 250
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Infectious Diseases in an Age of Change: The Impact of Human Ecology and Behavior on Disease Transmission. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4772.
×
Page 251
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Infectious Diseases in an Age of Change: The Impact of Human Ecology and Behavior on Disease Transmission. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4772.
×
Page 252
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Infectious Diseases in an Age of Change: The Impact of Human Ecology and Behavior on Disease Transmission. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4772.
×
Page 253
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Infectious Diseases in an Age of Change: The Impact of Human Ecology and Behavior on Disease Transmission. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4772.
×
Page 254
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Infectious Diseases in an Age of Change: The Impact of Human Ecology and Behavior on Disease Transmission. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4772.
×
Page 255
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Infectious Diseases in an Age of Change: The Impact of Human Ecology and Behavior on Disease Transmission. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4772.
×
Page 256
Infectious Diseases in an Age of Change: The Impact of Human Ecology and Behavior on Disease Transmission Get This Book
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Twenty-first century progress against infectious diseases is threatened by urbanization, population growth, war refugees, changing sexual standards, and a host of other factors that open doors to the transmission of deadly pathogens.

Infectious Diseases in an Age of Change reports on major infectious diseases that are on the rise today because of changing conditions and identifies urgently needed public health measures.

This volume looks at the range of factors that shape the epidemiology of infectious diseases—from government policies to economic trends to family practices. Describing clinical characteristics, transmission, and other aspects, the book addresses major infectious threats—sexually transmitted diseases, Lyme disease, human cytomegalovirus, diarrheal diseases, dengue fever, hepatitis viruses, HIV, and malaria.

The authors also look at the rising threat of drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis, rapid exhaustion of the weapons to fight bacterial infections, and prospects for vaccinations and eradication of pathogens.

Infectious Diseases in an Age of Change will be important to public health policymakers, administrators, and providers as well as epidemiologists and researchers.

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