Anabolic:

Denoting a process by which living organisms convert simple substances into the complex materials of living tissue.

Anaerobiosis:

Life in the absence of oxygen.

Anlage:

Early stage of tissue development.

Anterograde amnesia:

Loss of memory of events following trauma or shock.

Anteroposterior axis:

Imaginary line running from head to tail in an animal.

Anthropometrics:

Measurement of the dimensions of the human body (e.g., height, weight, length of trunk and limbs, and head and neck diameter).

Antibody:

Member of a class of proteins called immunoglobulins, found in blood and other secretions and produced by lymphocytes in response to exposure to specific antigens with which they react.

Antigen:

Substance recognized as foreign by the host immune system and that induces an immune response.

Arabidopsis thaliana:

Flowering plant of the mustard family used for genetic and developmental studies of plants because of its small size, short generation time, and ease of laboratory culture.

Arthropod:

Animal of the phylum that includes insects and crustaceans.

Ascinus:

Ventilatory unit in the lung that includes terminal bronchioles and alveoli.

Asthenia:

Lack or loss of strength; weakness or debility.

Ataxia telangiectasia:

Disorder inherited as a recessive trait, characterized by neurological changes, immunological deficiency, increased susceptibility to cancer, and increased cellular radiosensitivity.

Autocrine:

Denoting a mode of action in which a hormone is secreted from one part of a cell to act on another site within the same cell.

Autonomic nervous system:

Complex nerve network that connects the central nervous system with the glands and smooth muscles of the body.

Autonomic vasomotor:

Regulation of vascular peripheral resistance through parasympathetic and sympathetic neural stimulation of arteriole dilation and constriction.

Auxin:

Plant hormone thought to be involved in control of gravitropism in plants; auxins regulate the rate of cell elongation, as well as a number of other developmental processes, in plants.

Basal energy expenditure:

Energy expenditure by the body at rest.

B cells:

Lymphocytes that play a major role in antibody production.

Biomechanics:

Study of biological principles underlying motion in living organisms.

Bion:

Russian space capsule that can support animals (e.g., monkeys, rats) and insects in orbit for up to 3 weeks.

Front Matter (R1-R20)

Executive Summary (1-20)

1 Introduction (21-28)

2 Cell Biology (29-36)

3 Developmental Biology (37-48)

4 Plants, Gravity, and Space (49-62)

5 Sensorimotor Integration (63-79)

6 Bone Physiology (80-96)

7 Skeletal Muscle (97-117)

8 Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Systems (118-131)

9 Endocrinology (132-155)

10 Immunology (156-170)

11 Radiation Hazards (171-193)

12 Behavioral Issues (194-230)

13 Setting Priorities in Research (231-236)

14 Programmatic and Policy Issues (237-250)

Appendix A: Acronyms and Abbreviations (251-252)

Appendix B: Glossary (253-265)

Appendix C: Workshops (266-271)

Appendix D: Committee Biographies (272-276)