Index
A
Acid deposition, 33, 49, 53, 193, 232, 502
Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate Change, 406
Aerosols, 192, 197-199, 205, 206, 209, 223, 227-231, 404, 406-409, 449, 489, 492, 503, 520, 528
decadal to centennial climate change, 153, 164, 170, 172, 175, 180, 396, 398-399
large-scale ecosystems, 28, 44, 68
Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer, 28
Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer, 28, 94, 380, 417
Agriculture, 296, 306, 307, 412, 460, 461, 499, 521, 557
fertilizers, 33, 34, 174, 296, 412
large-scale ecosystem modeling, 19, 20, 33, 44
monsoons, 91-94
production/climate models, 299-300, 312, 314
rain, 95-96
wetlands, 173
see also Department of Agriculture
Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer, 382
Air pollution, 33, 49-51, 73, 170, 192, 205-206, 520
emissions trading, 320
see also Acid deposition;
Aerosols;
Carbon dioxide;
Greenhouse gases;
Ozone layer depletion;
Ozone, tropospheric;
Particulate matter;
Photochemical oxidants;
Trace gases
Albedo, 94-95, 159, 162, 163, 164, 166, 172, 183, 256, 462
UV radiation and, 227
All-India Rainfall Index, 91, 93, 94
Amazon basin, 20, 27, 54, 299, 301, 304, 306, 314, 462
American River, 134-137
Antarctica, 147, 158-161, 182, 159, 160, 162, 182
ozone hole, 6-7, 191, 194-195, 201, 206, 227, 488
paleoclimatology, 241, 242, 246, 248, 270
Anthropogenic factors, see Human factors in global environment
Archiving, 538
decadal to centennial climate change, 154, 155
satellite data, general, 30, 121, 390, 427, 436, 437
snow, 390
Arctic Boundary Layer Expedition, 53
Arctic systems, 25, 27, 32, 160, 161, 166, 249, 264, 265, 401
ozone layer depletion, other than Antarctica, 197, 201
polar platforms, 14-15, 29, 428, 430
see also Antarctica;
Cryosphere;
Greenland
North Atlantic Oscillation, 133, 138-139, 141, 142, 150, 151, 157, 161, 165, 168, 257, 302
surface temperature, other, 98, 133, 145, 149, 151, 156, 165, 168
thermohaline circulation, 141, 147, 169, 267
Younger Dryas, 132, 242-243, 252
Atmosphere-ocean interactions, 100, 114, 219, 408, 425-426, 528
carbon dioxide exchange, 20, 21, 36, 173, 181, 384, 478, 479, 480-486, 491, 501-502
decadal to centennial climate change, 127, 136, 137, 141, 143, 148-149, 155, 156-159, 173, 181, 182-183, 396;
see also “paleoclimatology” infra
GOALS, 110, 114, 115, 117, 379, 387, 388
models, 14, 89, 99, 100, 101, 112, 114, 115, 148, 154, 156, 266-267, 268, 383, 387, 399, 453, 454, 456, 457, 473-487, 490-493, 500-502
paleoclimatology, 240, 251, 266
sea level pressure, 136, 137, 141, 143, 388
see also El Niño;
La Niña;
Sea surface temperature
Atmospheric boundary layers, 29, 107, 115-116, 152, 155, 168, 174-175, 183, 200, 201, 221, 400, 519
Atmospheric chemistry, xi, xii, 8, 170-176, 191-236, 277, 353-354, 399-410, 453, 464, 487-495, 498, 502-503, 519-520, 524
case studies, 193
data management, 193-194, 206-207, 220
decadal to centennial climate change, 129, 170-176
large-scale ecosystems, 21, 22, 23, 28, 33, 44, 49-51, 53, 69
models, 191, 194, 201, 204, 207, 208, 209, 213, 214, 218, 219, 220-221, 225, 226, 227, 230, 231-232, 487-495, 502-503, 520
regional factors, 33, 49, 203, 204, 224, 227, 229, 403, 405-406
satellite technology, 207, 220, 223, 227, 407
see also Aerosols;
Air pollution;
Greenhouse gases;
Ozone layer depletion;
Trace gases
Atmospheric circulation, 489
decadal to centennial climate change, 136, 153-156, 152, 153-156
experimental studies, 229-230, 402, 406
paleoclimatology, 251, 271, 276, 277
wind, 99, 113, 121, 136, 159, 182, 259, 388, 390-391, 395, 397, 460, 467
see also Atmospheric transport;
El Niño;
General circulation models;
La Niña;
North Atlantic Oscillation;
North Pacific Oscillation
Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project, 96-97, 451
Atmospheric moisture, 9, 202, 222-224, 449, 457, 467, 524, 528
decadal to centennial climate change, 127, 128, 164-165, 167-168, 170, 175, 179-180, 183, 395
large-scale ecosystems, 29, 61, 68
seasonal to interannual climate change, 97, 104, 108, 113, 115, 387, 388
see also Aerosols;
Clouds and cloud cover;
Evaporation;
Greenhouse gases;
Humidity;
Precipitation;
Transpiration/evapotranspiration
Atmospheric pressure, 102, 108, 136, 141, 395
see also Sea level pressure
Atmospheric temperature, 5, 15, 378, 379
decadal to centennial climate change, 127, 128, 131, 132, 170, 171, 174, 179, 258, 395
ozone layer, 200
paleoclimatology, 131, 132, 241, 243, 244, 248, 250, 251, 254-255, 257, 264-268
seasonal to interannual climate change, 102, 107, 384, 388
surface air temperature, 95, 121-122, 141, 166, 388, 391, 455, 460
see also Albedo;
El Niño;
Glaciers and glacial/interglacial cycles;
Greenhouse gases;
La Niña
Atmospheric transport, 7, 8, 23, 37, 164, 174, 175, 194, 203, 205, 208, 218, 219, 221, 225, 226, 265, 266, 399, 448, 454, 489-493, 502
see also Atmospheric circulation
Attitudes, 327-328, 340, 442, 521
B
Biodiversity, 21, 23, 31-32, 42, 45-46, 54-56, 68, 70, 302, 307, 380, 382-383, 521
Biogeochemistry, 8, 380, 449, 450, 453, 456, 457-466 (passim), 471, 480-483, 499, 518
human dimension, general, 294-296, 304
large-scale ecosystem models, 20, 23, 25, 30, 31, 37-41, 42, 43, 53, 68, 71, 72
see also Atmospheric chemistry;
Carbon cycle;
Hydrological cycles;
Nitrogen and nitrogen cycle
Biogeography, 26, 38, 39, 41, 71
Biological Aspects of the Hydrological Cycle Core Project, 23
Biomass, 388, 405, 457-458, 460
burning, 20, 30, 44, 53, 69, 164, 173, 175, 224, 225, 229, 340, 381, 403, 404, 407, 408, 491, 496
carbon storage, 170
miscalculations, 305
phytoplankton, 51
trace gases, 272
Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study, 26, 28
Boundary layers, see Atmospheric boundary layers;
Sea surface temperature;
Terrestrial-atmosphere interactions;
Terrestrial-ocean interactions
Amazon basin, 20, 27, 54, 299, 301, 304, 306, 314
C
Carbon cycle, xii, 3, 5, 15, 380, 381, 457-462, 464, 491, 498, 518, 522, 528
case studies, 34-41
decadal to centennial climate change, 162-164, 170, 171-173, 396
funding of research, 12
integrated assessments, 324
large-scale ecosystems, 20, 21, 24-43 (passim), 46, 47, 51, 56, 59, 65, 66-67, 68, 71
ocean processes, 20, 21, 36, 173, 181, 384, 478, 479, 480-486, 491, 501-502
seasonal to interannual climate change, 26, 158-159, 458
see also Greenhouse gases
Carbon dioxide, other
decadal to centennial climate changes, 133, 171-173, 180-181
large-scale ecosystems, 23, 31, 32, 43, 44, 48, 49-51, 57-60, 69, 70, 72, 73, 385
paleoclimatology, 241, 254, 256, 257, 260, 264
time series data, 446-447
see also Carbon cycle;
Fossil fuel emissions;
Greenhouse gases
Case studies, 471
atmospheric chemistry, 193, 211
carbon cycle, 34-41
decadal to centennial climate change, 130-140
human dimension, 294, 298-302, 306, 319, 342, 344, 348, 350, 353
observation systems, general, 377, 414, 421-424
paleoclimatology, 240-268, 274
seasonal to interannual variation, 89-98
Ceará's Foundation for Meteorology and Hydrological Resources, see Fundação Cearense de Meteorologia e Recursos Hídricos
Center for the Study of Institutions, Population, and Environmental Change, 306
Chlorofluorocarbons, 170, 201, 202, 401, 412, 449, 485-486, 487, 501, 552
see also Ozone layer depletion
Climate change, general, 20, 44, 378, 425
carbon and carbon cycle, 34, 43, 44;
see also Greenhouse gases
downscaling scope of predictions, 88, 98, 106-107, 112, 117-118, 519
human impacts, 293, 294, 301-302, 312-326, 342-344, 345, 522, 523;
see also Greenhouse gases;
Ozone layer depletion;
Ozone, tropospheric
integrated assessments, 227, 323-326, 355, 518-519
land surface factors, 43, 49, 51, 67, 162-164, 379, 384, 391-392, 395;
see also mainheads beginning “Land” and “Terrestrial”
large-scale ecosystems, 19-31 (passim), 34, 38-39, 42-49 (passim), 51, 52, 57, 59-60, 70, 71
multiple stresses and, 33, 44, 45, 46, 68, 380, 461, 533
oceanic processes, 20
regional, 45, 301, 312-313, 314
time series measurements, 48, 57-60
vegetation and soils, 21, 38-42, 57, 59
see also Decadal to centennial climate change;
El Niño;
Greenhouse gases;
La Niña;
Models and modeling;
Paleoclimatology;
Sea level change;
Seasonal to interannual climate change;
Solar radiation;
specific atmospheric/climatologic categories (e.g., “Clouds and cloud cover”)
Climate Mapping, Analysis, and Prediction Group, 239, 241
Cloud and the Earth's Radiant Energy System, 477
Clouds and cloud cover, 28, 29, 69, 406, 407, 476-478, 492, 500-501, 502-503
case studies, 422-423
decadal to centennial climate change, 127, 128, 162, 167-168, 171, 177, 179-180, 183, 395, 396
models, 449
satellite interference, 28
seasonal to interannual climate change, 113, 387, 388
Club of Rome, 448
Coastal ecosystems, 45, 265, 380, 466-467, 500
nutrient transport, 23, 32, 45, 466
Coastal Zone Color Scanner, 380
Common-pool natural resources, 305, 308, 317, 319-320
Community Climate Model, 491-493
Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set, 99, 109-110, 113, 387
Computer applications, 9, 31, 532, 538
algorithms for satellite data, 27, 28, 51, 64, 68, 121, 390, 391, 427, 436
decadal to centennial climate change, 129
see also Internet;
Models and modeling
Confidentiality of data, 295, 351, 356-357, 412, 415-416
Cooperative Holocene Mapping Project, 240, 250
atmospheric chemistry, research platforms, 207
energy, 309
mitigation strategies, 299, 302-303, 320, 325, 346, 521
natural resource valuation, 321
regulations, 320
sea level changes, 298-299
space-based observations, 13, 31, 528
technology, environmentally benign, 342
see also Funding
Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, 451
Cryosphere, 152, 159-162, 182-183, 398, 410
ice cores, 11, 130-133, 241, 242-248, 251, 254, 255, 260-262, 265, 269, 270, 273, 274, 275, 314, 410
see also Arctic systems;
Antarctica;
Glaciers and glacial/interglacial cycles
D
Data management, 1, 2, 9-10, 11-12, 428, 435-444, 555, 558-559
atmospheric chemistry, 193-194, 206-207, 220
decadal to centennial climate change, 154, 155
ENSO, 14
human factors research, 295, 298, 335-337
confidentiality issues, 295, 351, 356-357, 412, 415-416
models, 438-444
ozone layer depletion, 222
research infrastructure, 1-6, 10-11, 13, 14, 66-67, 298, 335-336, 529-531
satellite data, 30, 121, 390, 427, 435-444
archiving, 30, 121, 390, 427, 436, 437
seasonal to interannual climate change, 105, 109-110
socioeconomic and health data links, 295, 355-357
standards, 437, 438-439, 442-443, 538, 543
streamflow, 389
see also Archiving;
Computer applications;
Models and modeling;
Telecommunications networks
Decadal to centennial climate change, 3, 8, 111, 127-189, 254, 255, 271, 273, 275-276, 519
aerosols, 153, 164, 170, 172, 175, 180, 396, 398-399
atmosphere-ocean interactions, 127, 136, 137, 141, 143, 148-149, 155, 156-159, 173, 181, 182-183, 396
atmospheric chemistry, 129, 170-176
atmospheric circulation, 136, 153-156, 152, 153-156
atmospheric moisture, 127, 128, 164-165, 167-168, 170, 175, 179-180, 183, 395
atmospheric temperature, 127, 128, 131, 132, 170, 171, 174, 179, 258, 395
carbon cycle, 162-164, 170, 171-173, 396
carbon dioxide other, 133, 171-173, 180-181
case studies, 130-140
clouds, 127, 128, 162, 167-168, 171, 177, 179-180, 183, 395, 396
deep ocean processes, 157, 161, 166, 167, 168, 171, 173, 177
El Niño, 100, 101, 140-141, 145-146, 147, 148-149, 155, 161-162, 259, 393
energy balances and exchanges, 164, 182-183, 398
evaporation, 157, 164-165, 166, 167, 169, 183, 399
transpiration/evapotranspiration, 164, 166, 169
forests, 163-164
general circulation models, 163, 166
greenhouse gases, 137-140, 151-152, 163, 165, 170, 172-174, 179-180, 183, 395, 397
human factors, 127, 128, 130, 133, 151-152, 153, 163, 177, 178, 179, 295-296, 310-311, 354, 393, 519
hydrological cycles, 163, 164-170, 183, 399
land surface, 162-164, 183, 398-399
methane, 132, 162-163, 164, 170, 171, 173-174, 175, 181, 396
modeling, 129, 148-152 (passim), 154, 155-156, 159, 163, 166, 169, 170, 177-178, 180, 183, 184, 393, 396, 398, 446, 449
natural variation, 128, 131-137, 140-141, 149, 178, 269-270, 392-393, 411, 519, 520
North Atlantic Oscillation, 133, 138-139, 141, 142, 150, 151
observational systems, 392-399, 525-526
long-term, 128-129, 149-150, 178, 393519
satellite technology, 127, 168, 179, 182, 273, 525-526
ocean color, 139, 159, 182, 397
Pacific-North American teleconnection, 138, 141, 143-147, 151
Pacific Ocean, 135-136, 138, 145, 147, 157, 158;
see also “El Niño” supra
population dynamics, 130
precipitation, 145, 157, 166, 167-168, 183
regional factors, 132, 140, 141, 147, 155, 158, 165, 166, 168, 180-181
runoff, 135, 157, 164, 166, 169
salinity, 148, 149, 156, 157, 158, 161, 162, 166-169 (passim), 179, 181, 182, 183, 397, 398, 399
sea level change, 153, 159, 161, 162, 166, 182, 397
sea surface temperature, 133, 141, 144-148 (passim), 151, 155-159 (passim), 162, 165, 168, 181, 182, 183, 397
snow, 132, 135, 145, 147, 161, 162, 163, 183
solar radiation, 94-95, 127, 128, 159, 162, 164, 166, 170-176, 179, 180, 394
thermohaline circulation, 140, 141, 147, 149, 158, 160-162, 167, 169, 182, 183
uncertainty, 127, 128, 129, 150, 175
vegetation, 152, 162-164, 166, 169, 170, 183, 398-399
transpiration/evapotranspiration, 164, 166, 169
volcanic eruptions, 127-128, 172
see also Glaciers and glacial/interglacial cycles;
Greenhouse gases;
Paleoclimatology
Decision making, 4, 21, 295, 315, 318, 335, 351-353
atmospheric chemistry, 193, 224
carbon cycle science, 34
data management, 438-439
decadal to centennial climate change, 130135
integrated assessments, 227, 323-326, 355
modeling, 454
ozone layer depletion, 196-197
see also Uncertainty
Deep ocean, 109, 307, 308, 418, 480-486 (passim), 501
decadal to centennial climate change, 157, 161, 166, 167, 168, 171, 173, 177
paleoclimatology, 243-244, 265, 266-267
Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, 430
Dendrochronology, see Tree rings
Department of Agriculture, 335, 413
Department of Defense, xii, 13, 430
see also Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory;
Defense Meteorological Satellite Program;
Office of Biological and Environmental Research;
Office of Naval Research
Department of Energy, 2, 12, 472
Department of Health and Human Services, 413
Department of the Interior, 335
see also Geological Survey
Developing countries, 356, 413, 561
carbon emission offsets, 320
consumption patterns, 312, 327, 329, 338, 340, 341
crop modeling, 312
energy use, 340
industrial production, 330
streamflow, 388
technology use, 341
violent conflict due to environmental degradation, 316
Disasters, 298-299, 301-302, 315, 317, 345-346, 449
see also Drought;
Floods
Dissolved inorganic carbon, 478, 480-485 (passim)
Dissolved organic carbon, 52, 480, 484
DIVERSITAS, see IUBS-SCOPE-UNESCO Programme on Biodiversity
Drought, 301
decadal to centennial climate change, 167, 168, 169-170
human factors, 313
large-scale ecosystems, 32, 55, 59, 60
paleoclimatology, 167, 254, 257
seasonal to interannual climate change, 88, 89, 95, 98, 101, 108
E
Earth-based observation, see Ground- and sea-based observation
Earth Observing System (EOS), xii, 4, 6, 13, 20, 28, 391, 430, 435-444, 477, 526, 527-528, 537-547
NOAA, use of, xii, 12, 14-15, 526, 527-528
Earth orbital cycles, 240, 241, 248, 262, 270, 277
Earth System Science Pathfinders, xii, 13, 430
Economic factors, 93, 130, 298, 302, 329-330, 333-334, 336, 454, 520-521
carbon system, 85
consumption patterns, 294, 296, 297, 309-310, 313, 327, 328, 329, 333-334, 338-341
developing countries, 312, 327, 329, 338, 340, 341
data links, 295
drought, 95
greenhouse gases, 303
integrated assessments, 323, 324, 325, 355
market forces, 320, 329-330, 448
models, economic linked to climatic, 299, 311, 325, 334, 344
natural resource valuation, 320-322, 335, 351, 352-353
production and productivity, 296, 297, 299
seasonal to interannual climate change, 108-109
taxes and subsidies, 299, 301, 306, 310, 320, 346
see also Cost factors;
Developing countries;
Funding
Ecosystems, 2, 3, 8, 16, 19-85, 380-386, 450, 518
atmosphere-ocean interactions, 20, 21, 36, 51
atmospheric chemistry, 21, 22, 23, 28, 33, 44, 49-51, 53, 69
atmospheric moisture, 29, 61, 68
atmospheric temperature, 21, 23, 25-26, 29
carbon cycle, 20, 21, 24-43 (passim), 46, 47, 51, 56, 59, 65, 66-67, 68, 71
carbon dioxide, other, 23, 31, 32, 43, 44, 48, 49-51, 57-60, 69, 70, 72, 73, 385
climate change, general, 19-31 (passim), 34, 38-39, 42-49 (passim), 51, 52, 57, 59-60, 70, 71
coupled modes, 20, 52, 70, 71, 72, 264, 453
energy balances and exchanges, 41, 43, 69, 71, 72
experimental studies, 19-20, 22-28 (passim), 32, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48
forests, 19, 20, 24, 26-27, 30, 31, 38, 41, 73
general circulation models, 38-39
human factors, 9, 19, 28-32, 33-34, 44, 46, 48-49, 53, 73, 294-295, 354
interdisciplinary research, 19, 24, 28, 34-35, 37, 46-47, 53, 62, 64-67, 71
land use/cover, 20, 26-28, 42, 43, 44, 49, 51-52, 53, 68, 69, 294-295, 306
modeling, 37-42, 263-264, 334, 448, 450-451
net ecosystem exchange, 15, 60
net primary productivity, 37-38, 39, 51, 56, 69, 381, 461-462
nitrogen cycle, 20, 25, 26, 33-34, 37, 39, 43, 44, 49, 59, 62, 68, 71, 457
observation systems, 20, 23-26 (passim), 47-52 (passim), 56-61, 64, 68-69, 71, 380-381
satellite technology, 19, 20, 26-31, 51, 52, 69
time series, 20, 47-48, 49, 56-61, 64, 68-69, 380-381
ozone, tropospheric, 33, 34, 49, 68
methane, 21, 43, 44, 47, 49, 50, 52, 73
multiple stresses, 20, 33-34, 42, 44-45, 46, 68, 533
multiscale investigations, 52-54, 61-63
regional factors, 20, 21, 33, 45, 49, 52-54, 56
remote sensing, 19, 20, 27, 46-47, 49, 51, 52-53, 63, 69
satellite observations, 19, 20, 26-31, 51, 52, 69;
see also Earth Observing System
soils, 19, 21, 24, 26, 30, 37, 47, 52, 62
terrestrial-atmosphere interactions, 20, 24-25, 26-28, 29, 43, 49, 51-52, 67, 457-464
trace gases, 20, 21, 23, 30, 43, 44, 51, 52, 53, 56, 70
USGCRP program, 2, 3, 24, 28, 30, 44, 64, 65, 67-68
vegetation, 19, 20, 21, 26-27, 31, 32-33, 36, 37-42, 49, 51-52, 57, 61-63, 72
see also Acid deposition;
Biodiversity;
Biogeochemistry;
Carbon cycle;
Coastal ecosystems;
Marine ecosystems;
Terrestrial ecosystems
Education and training, 64
ecologists, 64-65
ENSO observations, 14
El Niño, xi, 11, 67, 89-90, 109-111, 112-114, 118-119, 313, 315-316, 476
cryosphere, 160
decadal to centennial climate change, 100, 101, 140-141, 145-146, 147, 148-149, 155index.pageref, 161-162, 259, 393
monsoons, 91-94, 95, 101-103, 115, 161-162
prediction of, 87-89, 98, 99-100, 111, 112-114, 302, 343, 383, 387, 453, 518
Energy balances and exchanges, 72, 381, 450, 452, 456, 457-458, 460, 466, 469, 471, 496, 502-503, 519
decadal to centennial climate change, 164, 182-183, 398
large-scale ecosystems, 41, 43, 69, 71, 72
seasonal to interannual climate change, 8897, 98, 103-107 (passim), 112, 114, 115, 117, 122, 387, 392
see also Atmospheric temperature;
Greenhouse gases;
Sea surface temperature;
Solar radiation;
Surface air temperature
Energy resource consumption and conservation, 65, 88, 114, 130, 216, 294, 296, 297, 299, 308-312, 340, 342, 412, 557, 561
see also Fossil fuel emissions
Environmental Protection Agency, 335, 558-559
EOS Data and Information System, 435, 438-441, 537-541
Equilibrium Vegetation Ecology model, 263, 264
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting, 98
European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites , 15, 430
Evaporation, 267, 457, 462, 463, 477, 486, 496, 501
decadal to centennial climate change, 157, 164-165, 166, 167, 169, 183, 399
large-scale ecosystems, 21, 27, 88
seasonal to interannual climate change, 95, 104, 108, 115-116, 388
Evapotranspiration, see Transpiration/evapotranspiration,
see Transpiration/evapotranspiration
Experimental studies
atmospheric chemistry, 229-230, 402, 406
ecosystems, 19-20, 22-28 (passim), 32, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48
institutional factors, 348
F
Federal government, 428
data management, 437-442
Global Change Research Act, text, 551-561
see also Funding;
specific departments and agencies
Fertilizers, agricultural, 33, 34, 174, 296, 412
First ISLSCP Experiment, 26, 28
Fisheries, 19, 49, 55, 89, 141, 302, 307-308, 320, 429
costs, 301
decadal to centennial climate change, 130, 134-137, 166
seasonal to interannual climate change, 91, 96-98, 101, 107-108, 134-137
Food supply, 330
biological invasion, 31
carbon sinks, 24, 163-164, 299
decadal to centennial climate change, 163-164
human deforestation, 295-296, 297, 299, 301, 304-307 (passim), 461, 462
large-scale ecosystem modeling, 19, 20, 24, 26-27, 30, 31, 38, 41, 73
Fossil fuel emissions, 2, 4-5, 22, 24, 28, 33, 35, 36, 137, 171, 173, 296, 297, 308-312, 339, 463-464, 491
Framework Convention on Climate Change, 34
Fundação Cearense de Meteorologia e Recursos Hídricos, 95-96
data management, 356, 437, 440, 443
Global Change Research Act, 557
human factors research, 317, 318, 335, 336, 413
international efforts, 317, 318, 560
USGCRP, xi, 1-2, 13, 335, 354, 377, 429, 527
G
General circulation models, 449, 450, 452, 453, 456, 458, 462, 464, 473, 474-487, 489-496, 498, 501, 502
large-scale ecosystems, 38-39
paleoclimatology, 257, 263, 266, 267
seasonal to interannual climate change, 100, 106-107, 114, 117-118
Geochemical Ocean Sections Study, 484, 485
Geographic information systems, 415
Geological Survey, 119
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, 485
Glaciers and glacial/interglacial cycles, 62, 141, 145, 159, 162, 166, 169, 237-238, 239-250, 262, 263, 269, 270-272, 277, 464
deglaciation, 129, 132, 251, 254
ice cores, 11, 130-133, 241, 242-248, 251, 254, 255, 260-262, 265, 269, 270, 273, 274, 275, 314, 410
Little Ice Age, 132-133, 177, 252, 254-255, 314
Global Atmospheric Research Program, 239
Global Change Data and Information System, 436
Global Change in Terrestrial Ecosystems Core Project, 23-24, 54-55
Global Change in the Geosphere-Biosphere, 4
Global Change Research Act of 1990, 551-561
Global Change System for Analysis, Research, and Training, 355
Global Changes in the Antarctic, 268
Global Climate Observing System, 378, 379, 394, 429
Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment, 87, 167, 169, 457, 522
Global Energy Water-Cycle Experiment Continental-Scale International Project, 96, 106, 117, 118, 471
Global mean temperature, 15, 138, 421, 455
see also Greenhouse gases
Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land Surface program, 110, 114, 115, 117, 379, 387, 388
Global Ocean Observing System, 378, 394, 429
Global Sea Level Observing System, 397
Global Telecommunication System, 90
Global Terrestrial Observing System, 379, 394
Greenhouse gases, x-xi, 43, 137-140, 192, 201-203, 209, 215-223, 239, 402, 519, 522, 561
biomass burning, 20, 30, 44, 53, 69, 164, 173, 175, 224, 225, 229, 340, 381, 403, 404, 407, 408, 491, 496
crop production models, 312, 314, 334
decadal to centennial climate change, 137-140, 151-152, 163, 165, 170, 172-174, 179-180, 183, 395, 397
fossil fuel emissions, 2, 4-5, 22, 24, 28, 33, 35, 36, 137, 171, 173, 296, 297, 308-312, 339, 463-464, 491
historical perspectives, 4-5, 137
human dimension, 296, 302, 303;
see also Fossil fuel emissions
modeling, 5, 24, 219, 220-221, 256, 267, 299, 311, 312-313, 454, 455, 458, 463-464, 476, 477-483, 487, 489
paleoclimatology, 241, 243, 245, 251, 254-257 (passim), 260, 264-265, 270, 271, 275, 277
see also Carbon cycle;
Carbon dioxide;
Methane
Greenland, 130, 131-133, 162, 182, 242-248, 251, 252, 255, 269, 270, 274
Ground- and sea-based observation, 4, 9, 13, 15, 159, 276, 395, 411-412, 492, 527
large-scale ecosystems, 20, 50, 59, 388
National Weather Service, 390, 391, 422
precipitation, 389
streamflow, 388-389
TAO, 90, 99, 110, 113, 114, 148, 387
TOGA, 10, 66, 67, 87, 90, 101, 109-110, 115, 425
H
Hazard management systems, 294, 315, 316, 317, 334, 346
Health , see Human health
High-Speed Civil Transport, 196, 197
Holocene, 132, 133, 238, 240, 250-255, 262, 268-270, 464
Household behavior, 306, 328-329, 331, 332, 333, 336
Human factors in global environment, 1-11(passim), 15, 239, 293-375, 411-416, 520-521, 523, 552
attitudes, 327-328, 340, 442, 521
biological invasion, 31
confidentiality, 295, 351, 356, 357, 412, 415-416
decadal to centennial climate change, 127, 128, 130, 133, 151-152, 153, 163, 177, 178, 179, 295-296, 310-311, 354, 393, 519
disasters, 298-299, 301-302, 315
funding of research, 317, 318, 335, 336, 413
hazard management systems, 294, 315, 316, 317, 334, 346
household behavior, 306, 328-329, 331, 332, 333, 336
individual behavior, 328-329, 333, 336, 352, 497, 521
international cooperation, general, 317-318, 320, 329-330, 336, 348, 355
International Human Dimensions Programme, 30, 306, 316-317, 335-336, 350, 355, 411
land cover, 294-297, 304-307, 348-351;
see also Land use
large-scale ecosystem modeling, 9, 19, 28-32, 33-34, 44, 46, 48-49, 53, 73, 294-295, 354
mitigation strategies, 299, 302-303, 320, 325, 346, 521
models, 299, 304, 305, 313, 314, 329, 332, 333, 336, 340, 344, 355, 446, 448, 453-455, 495-497, 499, 503
observation systems, 295, 303, 305, 346-347, 355, 357, 411-416
confidentiality, 295, 351, 356, 357, 412, 415-416
paleoclimatology, 133, 250, 270, 271, 273, 275, 276, 277, 410, 520
regional factors, 294, 297, 315-316, 342-344, 496
research infrastructure, 298, 335-336
seasonal to interannual climate change, 89, 111, 313, 315-316, 342-344, 354
vulnerability, 95, 170, 293, 294, 297, 298, 299, 301-302, 312-316 (passim), 329, 330, 331, 334, 340-345 (passim), 354, 357, 496
see also Agriculture;
Air pollution;
Decision making;
Economic factors;
Energy resource consumption and conservation;
Greenhouse gases;
Institutional factors;
Land use;
Population dynamics;
Property rights;
Social factors;
Technological change
Human health, 10, 31, 205, 228, 229, 297, 356, 415, 558
climatic change, impacts of, 301-302, 313, 314
confidentiality of data, 356, 415-416
fertility and mortality, 38, 330-331, 414
see also Ultraviolet radiation
Humidity, 116, 121, 390-391, 460
Hydroclimatic Data Network, 119, 389
Hydrological and Atmospheric Pilot Experiment, 28
Hydrological cycles, xii, 16, 23, 32, 45, 164-170, 381, 450, 452, 457-472 (passim), 492, 494-495, 502-503, 519, 522, 523
decadal to centennial climate change, 163, 164-170, 183, 399
seasonal to interannual, 88, 90-98, 104, 107-109, 112, 115-119, 384, 387-392, 519
snow-monsoon interaction, 94-95
soil moisture, 52, 88, 96-98, 101, 104, 116-117, 122-123, 164, 169, 183, 388, 391-392, 457, 460, 462-463, 467, 470, 498
see also Atmospheric moisture;
Drought;
Evaporation;
Floods;
Marine ecosystems;
Ocean processes;
Precipitation;
River systems;
Runoff;
Terrestrial-ocean interactions;
Transpiration/evapotranspiration
I
Ice, 105, 162, 164, 169, 183, 250, 263, 378
cryosphere, 152, 159-162, 182-183, 398, 410
sea ice, 102, 147, 157, 158, 161
see also Glaciers and glacial/interglacial cycles
Ice cores, 11, 130-133, 241, 242-248, 251, 254, 255, 260-262, 265, 269, 270, 273, 274, 275, 314, 410
Information dissemination, see Data management;
Hazard management systems
Infrared radiation and infrared active species, 28, 69, 202, 215-222 (passim), 227, 229, 381, 382, 400-404 (passim), 407, 408, 524
In situ observation, see Ground- and sea-based observation
Institutional factors, 5, 9, 293, 294, 295, 306, 317-320, 334, 346-348, 357, 521
data management, 438-442, 537-543
household behavior, 306, 328-329, 331, 332, 333, 336
international environmental policy, 317-318
land use management, 305, 306, 307, 308
research, 1-6, 10-11, 13, 14, 66-67, 298, 335-336;
see also Interdisciplinary research
see also Property rights
Interdisciplinary research, general, 3, 110, 305, 354-355, 521, 542-543, 552
decadal to centennial climate change, 150
integrated assessments, 227, 323-326, 355
large-scale ecosystem modeling, 19, 24, 28, 34-35, 37, 46-47, 53, 62, 64-67, 71
remote sensing, 53
seasonal to interannual climate change, 87
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 38-39, 73, 137, 150, 166, 266, 268, 298-299, 311, 336, 342, 343, 462, 476, 479, 483, 499
Intermediate Model for Global and Annual Evolution of Species, 491-492
International cooperation, general, 5-6, 7, 16, 347, 435, 526
atmospheric conditions, 50, 191, 193
carbon cycle as basis, 34, 523
DOD, xii
El Niño, 87
fisheries, 308
Global Change Research Act, 555-556, 559-561
global economies, 329-330
human factors research, 317-318, 320, 329-330, 336, 348, 355
see also specific international organizations and programs
International Council of Scientific Unions/International Council for Science, 3, 336
International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, 3, 22, 23-24, 28, 30, 39, 44, 46, 54-55, 62, 66, 70, 268, 307, 350, 382, 411, 522
International Global Atmospheric Chemistry program, 23
International Human Dimensions Programme, 30, 306, 316-317, 335-336, 350, 355, 411
International Research Institute for Climate Prediction, 342, 355
International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project, 26
International Social Science Council, 336
International Union of Biological Sciences, 46 (footnote)
Internet, 10, 90 (footnote), 436, 437, 540
IUBS-SCOPE-UNESCO Programme on Biodiversity, 46, 55, 521
J
Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, 23, 480, 486, 487, 501
K
L
Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interaction Study, 27
LANDSAT, 28
Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment, 27, 54, 117, 471
Land cover, 164, 294-295, 381, 386, 411, 497, 518
defined, 304
human impacts, 294-297, 304-307, 348-351
large-scale ecosystems, 20, 26-28, 42, 43, 44, 49, 51-52, 53, 68, 69, 294-295, 306
regional factors, 96-98, 294-295, 304, 350
see also Agriculture;
Forests;
Vegetation
decadal to centennial climate change, 162-164, 183, 398-399
global observation systems, 379
large-scale ecosystem models, 20, 26-28, 42, 43, 44, 49, 51-52, 53, 68, 69, 294-295, 306
satellite observations, 26, 27-28, 29, 69, 305-306, 381, 390, 391
seasonal to interannual climate change, 384, 388, 519
topographic factors, 38, 106, 117, 404, 464, 469, 471, 472
see also Cryosphere;
Drought;
Floods;
Ice;
River systems;
Runoff;
Snow;
Soils;
Terrestrial-atmosphere interactions;
Terrestrial-ocean interactions;
Vegetation
Land use, xi, 294-295, 304-307, 348-351, 381, 464, 496, 528
carbon cycle, 5, 34, 162-163, 496
decadal to centennial climate change, 163, 164
defined, 304
institutional factors, 305, 306, 307, 308
large-scale ecosystem modeling, 28, 30-31, 34, 43-44, 45, 46, 49, 68, 69
regional factors, 96-98, 294-295, 304, 350
satellite observations, 30-31, 69, 305-306, 350, 351, 381
see also Agriculture
Legislation, 551-561
Little Ice Age, 132-133, 177, 252, 254-255, 257, 269, 270, 314
Local factors, 414
carbon storage, 172
institutional factors 318-320, 347, 348
land surface factors and climate, 96
property rights, 294, 297, 306, 319, 320, 345, 347, 348, 354, 443
seasonal to interannual climate change, downscaling, 88, 96-98, 106-107, 112, 117-118, 344, 519
vulnerability, 344
see also Land use
Long-Term Ecological Research Program, 23, 67
Long-term observations, 47-48, 56-61, 61-63, 67, 336, 426-430
decadal to centennial climate change, 128-129, 149-150, 178, 393, 519
human factors, 336
ozone layer depletion, 210-211
see also Time series observations
M
Mackenzie River basin, 313
Marine boundary layer, see Terrestrial-ocean interactions
Marine ecosystems, 23, 24-25, 33, 43, 55, 71, 381
fisheries, 19, 49, 55, 89, 141, 302, 307-308, 320, 429
human impacts, 307-308
models, 448
phytoplankton, 33, 51, 55, 68, 173, 265, 386
see also Coastal ecosystems
Medieval Warm Period, 132-133, 254, 255, 269
Methane, 192, 199, 201, 202, 203, 211, 217, 243, 244, 251, 296, 303, 400, 402, 403, 412, 449, 452, 464, 487, 491, 522
decadal to centennial climate change, 132, 162-163, 164, 170, 171, 173-174, 175, 181, 396
large-scale ecosystems, 21, 43, 44, 47, 49, 50, 52, 73
paleoclimatology, 241, 243, 245, 251, 254, 270
see also Greenhouse gases
Migration, humans, 38, 95, 294, 297, 301, 305, 315, 316, 317, 330, 331, 332, 334, 338, 349-351
Mission to Planet Earth, 6, 67, 435
Missouri-Illinois-Nebraska-Kansas study, 313
Meteorological Operational Satellite, 15
Models and modeling, 9-10, 424, 445-516, 520, 531-533
atmosphere, 96, 204, 221, 230, 448, 450-452, 462
terrestrial-atmosphere, 97, 105, 106, 116, 448, 456, 457-465, 469, 498-500
atmosphere-ocean, 14, 89, 99, 100, 101, 112, 114, 115, 148, 154, 156, 266-267, 268, 383, 387, 399, 453, 454, 456, 457, 473-487, 490-493, 500-502
atmospheric chemistry, 191, 194, 201, 204, 207, 208, 209, 213, 214, 218, 219, 220-221, 225, 226, 227, 230, 231-232, 487-495, 502-503, 520
coupled models, various, 14, 20, 52, 70, 71, 72, 89, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 112, 113, 114, 115, 129, 148-152(passim),154, 156, 170, 264, 267, 268, 314, 439, 446, 453, 456
data management, 438-444
decadal to centennial climate change, 129, 148-152 (passim), 154, 155-156, 159, 163, 166, 169, 170, 177-178, 180, 183, 184, 393, 396, 398, 446, 449
economic linked to climatic, 299, 311, 325, 334, 344
greenhouse gas effects, 5, 24, 219, 220-221, 256, 267, 299, 311, 312-313, 454, 455, 458, 463-464, 476, 477-483, 487, 489
human factors, 299, 304, 305, 313, 314, 329, 332, 333, 336, 340, 344, 355, 446, 448, 453-455, 495-497, 499, 503
integrated assessments, 227, 323-326, 355
land surface factors, 20, 26-28, 42, 43, 51-52, 68, 96-98, 104-105, 114, 304, 305
large-scale ecosystems, 37-42, 263-264, 334, 448, 450-451
mitigation, 311
nesting, 106, 114, 304, 408, 459-460
ozone layer depletion, 6, 191-192, 488
paleoclimatology, 238, 263-264, 266-267, 268, 276
seasonal to interannual climate change, 88, 96-97, 99, 100, 104-107, 109, 114, 115, 117-118, 344, 383, 387
soil moisture factors, 52, 88, 96-97, 122-123, 457, 460, 462-463, 467, 470, 498
technological change, environmental impacts, 332, 342
terrestrial-atmosphere, 97, 105, 106, 116, 448, 456, 457-465, 469, 498-500
terrestrial-ocean, 24-26, 465-473, 500
vegetation, 263-264, 268, 448, 452, 454, 457-464, 469, 498-499
large-scale ecosystems, 19, 20, 21, 26-27, 31, 32-33, 36, 37-42, 49, 51-52, 57, 61-63, 72
see also Ecosystems;
General circulation models
Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, 28, 477
Monsoons, 88, 90-95, 98, 100-103, 112, 115, 147, 251, 253, 254, 387, 518
Montreal Protocol, 7, 11, 12, 191
Multi-Angle Imaging Spectroradiometer, 28
N
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 3, 67, 183, 306, 336, 382, 411, 428, 530
Earth System Science Pathfinders, xii, 13
EOS, xii, 4, 6, 13, 20, 28, 391, 430, 435-444, 477, 526, 527-528, 537-547
ESSC, 4
Mission to Planet Earth, 6, 67, 435
ozone layer depletion, 7, 191, 194, 195-198
National Center for Atmospheric Research, 491-493
National Center for Environmental Decision-Making Research, 323
National Center for Environmental Prediction, 120, 467
National Climate Program, 2, 558
National Climatic Data Center, 120, 390, 391
National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, 120-121
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 306, 335
National Institutes of Health, 335, 413
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 4, 94, 120-121, 335, 380, 424, 430, 527-528, 530
carbon cycle, 12
NPOESS, 15, 428, 430, 525, 526
National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center, 120-121
National Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System , 15, 428, 430, 525, 526
National Science Foundation, 4, 27, 67, 298, 306, 323, 355, 530
National Weather Service, 390, 391, 422
Net ecosystem exchange, 15, 60
Net primary productivity, 37-38, 39, 51, 56, 69, 381, 461-462
Nitrogen and nitrogen cycle, 6, 380, 385, 460, 461, 464, 488-489, 491, 496, 518
decadal to centennial trends, 133, 164, 170, 171, 174, 181, 396
fertilizers, agricultural, 33, 34, 174, 296, 412
large-scale ecosystems, 20, 25, 26, 33-34, 37, 39, 43, 44, 49, 59, 62, 68, 71, 457
ozone layer depletion, 197-199, 211-213
photochemical oxidants, 203, 204, 225-226
Nitrous oxide, 43, 44, 51, 52, 73, 164, 192, 201, 202, 203, 213-218 (passim), 310, 400, 449, 464
North Atlantic Oscillation, 133, 138-139, 141, 142, 150, 151, 157, 161, 165, 168, 257, 302
North Pacific Oscillation, 145, 147, 157
Nutrients and nutrient cycling,20, 23, 32, 33, 43, 44, 52, 163, 192, 205, 209, 231-232, 385, 457-458, 462, 465, 481-482
coastal ecosystems, 23, 32, 45, 466
see also specific nutrients
O
Observation systems, general, 3, 9, 11, 14-15, 22-25, 377-433, 523, 524-528
aerosols, 209, 223, 228, 229-231, 406-409
atmospheric processes, 207-223 (passim), 230-233, 233, 179-181, 399-410, 493;
see also “ozone layer depletion” and “photochemical oxidants” infra
case studies, general, 377, 414, 421-424
decadal centennial climate change, 128-130,133, 137-138, 149-150, 154, 155, 159, 162, 167, 168, 172, 174, 175-176, 177-183, 392-399, 525-526;
see also “paleoclimatology” infra
El Niño, 14, 109-114, 383, 387, 426
funding, 12, 317, 318, 335, 336, 413
human factors, 295, 303, 305, 346-347, 355, 357, 411-416
land surface, 26, 27-28, 29, 69, 105, 118, 119-123, 305-306, 379, 381, 390, 391
large-scale ecosystems, 20, 23-26 (passim), 47-52 (passim), 56-61, 64, 68-69, 71, 380-381
ocean processes, 20, 88, 94, 98, 99, 159, 173, 378, 380, 388, 394, 397, 410, 429
GOALS, 110, 114, 115, 117, 379, 387, 388
ozone layer depletion, 6-7, 191-192, 193, 195, 197, 399-402
paleoclimatology, 238, 254, 263, 264, 267, 269, 273, 275, 276, 410-411;
see also Ice cores;
Tree rings
photochemical oxidants, 204-205, 224-227, 403-406
photometry, 27
seasonal to interannual climate change, 88, 94, 98, 99, 105, 118, 119-123, 383-392
spectroscopy, 28, 240, 241, 382, 407, 477
see also Confidentiality of data;
Data management;
Ground- and sea-based observation;
Long-term observations;
Remote sensing;
Satellite technology;
Time series observations;
specific observational systems (e.g., Earth Observing System)
Ocean Carbon Model Intercomparison Project, 479
Ocean circulation, 11, 43, 113, 148, 149, 156-159, 171, 384, 386, 388, 449, 450, 452, 474-475, 479-480
thermohaline, 140, 141, 147, 149, 158, 160-161, 167, 169, 182, 183, 240, 244, 248, 250, 254, 255, 266-267, 268, 271, 272, 398, 399, 452, 453, 454, 479
decadal to centennial climate change, 139, 159, 182, 397
large-scale ecosystem studies, 33, 47, 51, 68
see also Phytoplankton
Ocean processes, general, 28, 66, 68, 177
carbon storage, 20, 21, 36, 173, 181, 384, 478, 479, 480-486, 491, 501-502
global observation systems, 378, 380, 388, 394, 397, 410, 429
GOALS, 110, 114, 115, 117, 379, 387, 388
sea ice, 102, 147, 157, 158, 161, 162, 166, 169, 182-183, 244, 250, 257, 388
topographic factors, 11, 430, 480, 487, 501
see also Atmosphere-ocean interactions;
Deep ocean processes;
Marine ecosystems;
Salinity;
Sea level change;
Sea surface temperature;
Terrestrial-ocean interactions
Ocean Topography Experiment, 11, 430, 480, 487, 501
Office of Management and Budget, xii, 4, 12
Office of Science and Technology Policy, xii
Ozone layer depletion, xi, 2, 44, 67, 192, 193, 194-201, 205, 206-207, 209, 210-215, 217, 221-222, 316, 399-402, 487-488, 502, 519, 552, 561
Antarctic ozone hole, 6-7, 191, 194-195, 201, 206, 227, 488
decadal to centennial trends, 171, 174-175, 176, 177
historical perspectives, 6-7, 15, 194, 197, 206
jet aircraft, role in, 6, 175, 195, 196, 199
Montreal Protocol, 7, 11, 12, 191
NASA programs, 7, 191, 194, 195-198
social factors, 310
Ozone, tropospheric, 192, 193, 197, 201-202, 203, 205, 217, 221-222, 400, 403, 404-405, 487-489, 519, 520
decadal to centennial trends, 171, 174, 177
large-scale ecosystems, 33, 34, 49, 68
P
Pacific-North American teleconnection, 136, 138, 141, 143-145, 148, 151, 157, 165, 168
Pacific Ocean, 33, 113, 135-136, 145, 158
North Pacific Index,138, 143, 145
North Pacific Oscillation, 145, 147, 157
see also El Niño;
La Niña
Paleoclimate Model Intercomparison Project, 451
Paleoclimatology, 8, 127, 128, 129, 131-133, 149, 163, 176, 178, 237-291, 393, 410-411, 519, 520, 556
Antarctica, 241, 242, 246, 248, 270
atmosphere-ocean interactions, 240, 251, 266
atmospheric circulation, 251, 271, 276, 277
atmospheric temperature, 131, 132, 241, 243, 244, 248, 250, 251, 254-255, 257, 264-268
carbon dioxide, 241, 254, 256, 257, 260, 264
deep ocean, 243-244, 265, 266-267
El Niño, 254, 255, 257, 269, 271
energy balances and exchanges, 263, 266
general circulation models, 257, 263, 266, 267
greenhouse gases, 241, 243, 245, 251, 254-257 (passim), 260, 264-265, 270, 271, 275, 277
Holocene, 132, 133, 238, 240, 250-255, 268-270
human factors, 133, 250, 270, 271, 273, 275, 276, 277, 410, 520
methane, 241, 243, 245, 251, 254, 270
models, 238, 263-264, 266-267, 268, 276
observation systems, 238, 254, 263, 264, 267, 269, 273, 275, 276, 410-411
time series, 238, 240-264, 276, 411;
see also Ice cores;
Tree rings
salinity, 243
sea surface temperature, 133, 250
solar radiation, 240, 254, 256, 257, 271
thermohaline circulation, 240, 244, 248, 250, 254, 255, 266-267, 268, 271, 272
volcanic eruptions, 239, 240, 248, 251, 254, 257, 269, 271, 272, 277, 278
see also Glaciers and glacial/interglacial cycles;
Ice cores;
Tree rings
Particulate matter, 33, 44, 227, 254, 271, 404
Photochemical oxidants, 44, 174, 192, 193, 203-205, 208, 209, 216, 222-223, 224-227, 399, 403-406, 409, 489, 502, 520
regional factors, 203, 204, 224, 227, 403, 405-406
Photometry, 27
Photosynthesis, 25, 32, 35-36, 62-63, 386, 458, 459, 460, 461
Phytoplankton, 33, 51, 55, 68, 173, 265, 386
see also Ocean color A Plan for a Research Program on Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate Change, 228
Polar Circulation Index, 249-250, 252
Polar platforms, 14-15, 29, 428, 430
Polar regions,
see Arctic systems
Pollen, 250
Population dynamics, 293, 294-297 (passim), 303, 306, 307, 330-332, 333, 349-351, 521
consumption vs population growth, 338
decadal to centennial climate change, 130
fertility and mortality, 38, 330-331, 414
migration, 38, 95, 294, 297, 301, 305, 315, 316, 317, 330, 331, 332, 334, 338, 349-351
rainfall and, 95
see also Urban areas
decadal to centennial climate change, 145, 157, 166, 167-168, 183
greenhouse gases, 5
large-scale ecosystem models,21
seasonal to interannual trends, 60, 88, 96, 107, 108, 113, 116, 118-119, 120, 121, 387, 389
see also Acid deposition;
Drought, Monsoons;
Rain;
Snow
Program for Climate Variability and Predictability, 114, 115, 268
Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land Surface program, 110, 114
Project for Intercomparison of Land Surface Parameterization Schemes
Property rights, 294, 297, 306, 319, 320, 345, 347, 348, 354
common-pool resources, 305, 308, 317, 319-320
EOS data, 443
R
Rain, 95-96, 113, 118, 144, 145, 165, 166-167, 168, 183, 259
see also Drought;
Monsoons
Real time measurements, El Niño, 88, 89, 90
Regional factors, 472-473, 533
atmospheric chemistry, 33, 49, 203, 204, 224, 227, 229, 403, 405-406
climate change consequences, general, 45, 301, 312-313, 314
decadal to centennial climate change, 132, 140, 141, 147, 155, 158, 165, 166, 168, 180-181
ecosystems, 20, 21, 33, 45, 49, 52-54, 56
human dimension, 294, 297, 315-316, 342-344, 496
land cover/use factors, 96-98, 294-295, 304, 350
North Atlantic Oscillation, 133, 138-139, 141, 142, 150, 151, 157, 161, 165, 168, 257, 302
ocean carbon studies, 20
paleoclimatology, 255, 270-271, 411
photochemical oxidants, 203, 204, 224, 227, 403, 405-406
rainfall data, regional series, 166, 168
research infrastructure, 336, 427
seasonal to interannual climate change, 96-98, 106-107, 114, 302, 315-316
see also Arctic systems;
Local factors;
Tropical zones
Remote sensing, 168, 276, 451, 499-500
aerosols, 229
algorithms, 27, 28, 51, 64, 68, 121, 390, 391, 427, 436
land use, 350
large-scale ecosystems, 19, 20, 27, 46-47, 49, 51, 52-53, 63, 69
seasonal to interannual climate change, 105, 113, 120
see also Satellite technology
River systems, 134-137, 465-471, 472, 500
Amazon basin, 20, 27, 54, 299, 301, 304, 306, 314
Mackenzie River basin, 313
Missouri-Illinois-Nebraska-Kansas study, 313
modeling, 453
Runoff, 301, 463, 465, 466, 467, 469, 471, 472, 494, 500, 522
decadal to centennial climate change, 135, 157, 164, 166, 169
seasonal to interannual climate change, 104, 105, 107, 108, 116-119 (passim), 388, 389
S
decadal to centennial climate change, 148, 149, 156, 157, 158, 161, 162, 166-169 (passim), 179, 181, 182, 183, 397, 398, 399
paleoclimatology, 243
seasonal to interannual climate change, 113, 116, 383, 388
see also Thermohaline circulation
Satellite technology, 9-10, 467, 492, 526-528
algorithms, 27, 28, 51, 64, 68, 121-122, 390, 391, 427, 436
atmospheric chemistry, 207, 220, 223, 227, 407
clouds, 477
data management issues, 30, 121, 390, 427, 435-444
archiving, 30, 121, 390, 427, 436, 437
decadal to centennial climate change, 127, 168, 179, 182, 273, 525-526
land-surface observations, 26, 27-28, 29, 69, 305-306, 381, 390, 391
land use, 30-31, 69, 305-306, 350, 351, 381
large-scale ecosystems, 19, 20, 26-31, 51, 52, 69
seasonal to interannual climate change, 110, 113, 121-122
social factors, 305, 306, 411-412
see also Earth Observing System;
National Aeronautics and Space Administration;
Ocean color
Scales and Global Change, 62
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, 268
Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, 23
Sea ice, 102, 147, 157, 158, 161, 162, 166, 169, 182-183, 244, 250, 257, 388
Sea level change, 11, 256, 271, 298-299
decadal to centennial climate change, 153, 159, 161, 162, 166, 182, 397
seasonal to interannual climate change, 99, 113, 387, 388
Sea level pressure, 136, 137, 141, 143, 388
Seasonal to interannual climate change, 8, 47-52, 59-60, 68, 87-126, 275, 518-519
atmospheric moisture, 97, 104, 108, 113, 115, 387, 388
carbon cycling, 26, 158-159, 458
case studies, 89-98
drought, 88, 89, 95, 98, 101, 108
economic factors, 108-109
energy balances and exchanges, 88, 97, 98, 103-107 (passim), 112, 114, 115, 117, 122, 387, 392
evaporation, 95, 104, 108, 115-116, 388
transpiration/evapotranspiration, 104-105, 108, 116, 118, 119, 121, 388, 390, 391
floods, 91, 96-98, 101, 107-108, 134-137
general circulation models, 100, 106-107, 114, 117-118
human factors, 89, 111, 313, 315-316, 342-344, 354
hydrological cycles, 88, 90-98, 104, 107-109, 112, 115-119, 384, 387-392, 519
land surface, 384, 388-390, 519
local downscaling, 88, 96-98, 106-107, 112, 117-118, 344, 519
models, 88, 96-97, 99, 100, 104-107, 109, 114, 115, 117-118, 344, 383, 387
observation systems, 88, 94, 98, 99, 105, 118, 119-123, 383-392
satellite remote sensing, 110, 113, 121-122
precipitation, 60, 88, 96, 107, 108, 113, 116, 118-119, 120, 121, 387, 389
regional, 96-98, 106-107, 114, 302, 315-316
runoff, 104, 105, 107, 108, 116-119 (passim), 388, 389
sea level change, 99, 113, 387, 388
sea level pressure, 136, 137, 141, 143, 388
sea surface temperature, 98, 101-103, 110, 114
snow, 88, 94-95, 101, 105, 108, 118, 120-121, 388, 390
soils, 88, 96-98, 104, 116-117, 122-123, 388, 391-392
solar radiation, 91, 94-95, 101, 105, 113, 116, 384, 387, 389-390
terrestrial-atmosphere interactions, 88, 89, 96-98, 100, 103-105, 106-107, 112, 114, 117-119
trace gases, 105
tropical zones, 101, 102, 115;
see also El Niño;
La Niña;
Monsoons
vegetation, 104-105, 116, 123, 381, 386, 388, 392
transpiration/evapotranspiration, 104-105, 108, 116, 118, 119, 121, 388, 390, 391
see also Drought
Sea surface temperature, 43, 110, 114, 302, 379, 417, 474
Atlantic, other than NAO, 98, 133, 145, 149, 151, 156, 165, 168
cryosphere, 159-162
decadal to centennial climate change, 133, 141, 144-148 (passim), 151, 155-159 (passim), 162, 165, 168, 181, 182, 183, 397
seasonal to interannual climate change, 98, 101-103, 110, 114
see also El Niño;
La Niña;
North Atlantic Oscillation;
Thermohaline circulation
Simulated Topographical Network, 467, 468
Snow
decadal to centennial climate change, 132, 135, 145, 147, 161, 162, 163, 183
seasonal to interannual climate change, 88, 94-95, 101, 105, 108, 118, 120-121, 388, 390
Social and Economic Data and Applications Center, 336
Social factors, 10, 130, 293, 294, 297, 298, 302, 303, 304, 326-337, 412-416, 454, 520
attitudes, 327-328
carbon system, 85
climate change, 296, 297, 309-310, 312-313, 314, 342-344, 520
consumption patterns, 294, 296, 297, 309-310, 313, 327, 328, 329, 333-334, 338-341, 347
developing countries, 312, 327, 329, 338, 340, 341
data links, 295
El Niño, 14
energy resources consumption, 296, 297, 309-310, 328, 336, 338-339, 340, 342
household behavior, 306, 328-329, 331, 332, 333, 336
individual behavior, 328-329, 333, 336, 352, 497, 521
integrated assessments, 323, 324, 355
land use management, 305, 306, 307, 308
satellite observations, 305, 306, 411-412
surprises, 294, 315, 345-346, 352;
see also Disasters
see also Institutional factors
decadal to centennial climate change, 163, 164, 169, 183
large-scale ecosystems, 19, 21, 24, 26, 30, 32, 37, 47, 52, 62
moisture, 52, 88, 96-98, 101, 104, 116-117, 122-123, 164, 169, 183, 388, 391-392, 457, 460, 462-463, 467, 470, 498
models, 52, 88, 96-97, 122-123, 457, 460, 462-463, 467, 470, 498
seasonal to interannual climate change, 88, 96-98, 104, 116-117, 122-123, 388, 391-392
albedo, 94-95, 159, 162, 163, 164, 166, 172, 183, 256, 462
case studies, 421-422
decadal to centennial climate change, 94-95, 127, 128, 159, 162, 164, 166, 170-176, 179, 180, 394
Earth orbital cycles, 240, 241, 248, 262, 270, 277
paleoclimatology, 240, 254, 256, 257, 271
photosynthesis, 25, 32, 35-36, 62-63, 386, 458, 459, 460, 461
seasonal to interannual climate change, 91, 94-95, 101, 105, 113, 116, 384, 387, 389-390
tropospheric ozone, 193
UV, 171
see also Greenhouse gases;
Ozone layer depletion;
Photochemical oxidants
Southern Oscillation Index, 259
Spectral Mapping Project, 240, 241
Spectroscopy, 28, 240, 241, 382, 407, 477
Standards, data, 437, 438-439, 442-443, 538, 543
START,
see Global Change System for Analysis, Research, and Training
Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment, 222
Streamflow, 118-119, 134-135, 145, 379, 388-389
Sulfates, 44, 49, 52, 133, 214, 215, 254, 257, 261, 404, 407, 408, 409, 488, 489
Surface air temperature, 95, 121-122, 141, 166, 388, 391, 455, 460
Surface radiation, 21, 94-95, 120, 227, 159, 162, 163, 164, 166, 172, 183, 256, 462
see also Albedo
T
Taxes and subsidies, 299, 301, 306, 310, 320, 346
Technological change, environment impacts, 10, 16, 194, 293, 294, 298, 307-312 (passim), 315, 317, 325, 332, 333, 341-342, 521, 561
Telecommunications networks, 435, 436
Internet, 10, 90 (footnote), 436, 437, 540
Television and Infrared Observation Satellite, 430
Temperature factors,
see Atmospheric temperature;
Greenhouse gases;
Sea surface temperature;
Surface air temperature
Terrestrial-atmosphere interactions, 520
climate change, 43, 49, 51, 67
albedo, 94-95, 159, 162, 163, 164, 166, 172, 183, 256, 462
decadal to centennial change, 155, 162-164, 167-168, 180, 183, 395-396, 398-399
seasonal to interannual change, 88, 89, 96-98, 100, 103-105, 106-107, 112, 114, 117-119
ecosystem modeling, 20, 24-25, 26-28, 29, 43, 49, 51-52, 67, 457-464
GOALS, 110, 114, 115, 117, 379, 387, 388
models, 97, 105, 106, 116, 448, 456, 457-465, 469, 498-500
observation systems, 379, 380, 387
see also Evaporation;
Land cover;
Land surface;
Land use;
Vegetation
Terrestrial-ocean interactions, 51-52, 68, 100, 114, 162, 182, 270, 452-453, 465-473, 500
GOALS, 110, 114, 115, 117, 379, 387, 388
greenhouse effect, COWL, 137, 139, 147, 151-152, 160, 170-171
see also Coastal ecosystems;
River systems
Terrestrial ecosystems, 20, 23, 24-25, 35, 45, 53, 55, 62, 66, 450-451, 470
types of models, 70-71
see also Biodiversity;
Soils;
Vegetation;
terms beginning “Land”
Thermohaline circulation, 398, 399, 452, 453, 454, 479
Atlantic Ocean, 141, 147, 169, 267
decadal to centennial climate change, 140, 141, 147, 149, 158, 160-162, 167, 169, 182, 183
paleoclimatology, 240, 244, 248, 250, 254, 255, 266-267, 268, 271, 272
Time series observations, 144, 380, 446-447
large-scale ecosystems, 20, 47-48, 49, 56-61, 64, 68-69, 380-381
paleoclimatology, 238, 240-264, 276, 411;
see also Ice cores;
Tree rings
see also Long-term observations
TOPEX,
see Ocean Topography Experiment
Topographic factors, ocean, 11, 430, 480, 487, 501
Topographic factors, land surface, 38, 106, 117, 404, 464, 469, 471, 472
Total ozone mapping spectrometer, 222
Toxics
acid deposition, 33, 49, 53, 193, 232, 502
atmospheric, 53, 192, 205-206, 209, 231-232
large-scale ecosystems, 43, 45, 47, 53
marine ecosystems, 43
multiple ecosystem stress, 45
Trace gases, 181, 239, 269, 271, 396, 400-405, 407, 408, 452, 458, 460, 463-464, 470, 491, 493, 498
biodiversity, 56
land use, 30
large-scale ecosystems, 20, 21, 23, 30, 43, 44, 51, 52, 53, 56, 70
seasonal to interannual climate change, 105
see also specific trace species
Training,
see Education and training
Transpiration/evapotranspiration, 39, 61-62, 215, 221, 452, 457, 458, 460, 461, 465, 467, 470, 471, 472, 474, 494, 522
decadal to centennial climate change, 164, 166, 169
seasonal to interannual climate change, 104-105, 108, 116, 118, 119, 121, 388, 390, 391
Transport processes and models, general, 65, 69, 107, 381, 458, 464, 465, 472
atmospheric, 7, 8, 23, 37, 164, 174, 175, 194, 203, 205, 208, 218, 219, 221, 225, 226, 265, 266, 399, 448, 454, 489-493, 502
oceanic, general, 62, 156, 157-158, 162, 166, 168-169, 182, 266, 267, 287, 298, 490-493
see also Biogeochemical cycles
Tree rings, 167, 169, 170, 250, 254, 257, 275, 276, 410
Tropical Atmospheric-Ocean array, 90, 99, 110, 113, 114, 148, 387
Tropical Oceans and Global Atmosphere program, 10, 66, 67, 87, 90, 101, 109-110, 115, 425
Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission, 183, 430
atmospheric moisture, 102
decadal to centennial climate changes, 148, 161, 183
ozone layer, 199, 201, 213-214, 215, 222
paleoclimatology, 248, 251, 256, 266
sea level change, 113
seasonal to interannual climate change, 101, 102, 115
sea surface temperature, 100, 103, 145, 149, 155, 159, 165, 168, 183
see also El Niño;
La Niña;
Monsoons
U
Ultraviolet radiation, 171, 176, 192, 193, 205, 209, 210-215, 217-231, 316, 399-402, 519
see also Ozone layer depletion
Uncertainty, x-xi, 1, 8, 219, 295, 302, 323, 324, 352, 353, 445, 449, 476, 499, 557
carbon cycle, 34
decadal to centennial climate change, 127, 128, 129, 150, 175
socioeconomic vs biophysical, 293, 333, 454
technological change, environment impacts, 10, 16, 194, 293, 294, 298, 307-312 (passim), 315, 317, 325, 332, 341-342
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization , 55, 389
United Nations Environment Programme, 191
Urban areas, 33, 44, 49, 135, 193, 203, 224, 227, 301, 313, 330, 331, 340, 350
sea level changes, 298
U.S. Agency for International Development, 413, 414
U.S. Global Change Research Program, ix-xiii(passim)
atmospheric chemistry component, 191, 337
decadal to centennial climate change, 129
ecosystems, 2, 3, 24, 28, 30, 44, 64, 65, 67-68
EOS data management model, 442
human dimension research, 298, 337-338, 342, 350, 353-356, 357, 413
modeling efforts, general, 446, 456, 497, 499-500, 531-533
observation systems, 377-430
program review, 10-16
recommendations for, 517-546
research infrastructure, 335-336, 442
seasonal to interannual climate change, 87, 117
U.S. government,
see Federal government;
terms beginning “Department”, “National” and “Office”
V
canopy measures, 26, 39, 51, 61, 62-63
decadal to centennial climate change, 152, 162-164, 166, 169, 170, 183, 398-399
Holocene, 250
large-scale ecosystem modeling, 19, 20, 21, 26-27, 31, 32-33, 36, 37-42, 49, 51-52, 57, 61-63, 72
modeling, other, 263-264, 268, 448, 452, 454, 457-464, 469, 498-499
paleoclimatology, 250, 256-264, 265
photosynthesis, 25, 32, 35-36, 62-63, 386, 458, 459, 460, 461
pollen, 250
precipitation, 88
satellite observations, 51, 221;
see also “canopy measures” supra
seasonal to interannual climate change, 104-105, 116, 123, 381, 386, 388, 392
successional dynamics, 25, 41, 57, 232, 305, 448, 452, 458, 460, 463, 499
tree rings, 167, 169, 170, 250, 254, 257, 275, 276, 410
see also Drought;
Forests;
Transpiration/evapotranspiration
Vegetation and Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project, 38-42
Volatile organic compounds, 164, 204, 403, 405
Volcanic eruptions, 206, 210, 211, 213, 222, 228, 314, 492
decadal to centennial climate change, 127-128, 172
paleoclimatology, 239, 240, 248, 251, 254, 257, 269, 271, 272, 277, 278
Vulnerability, human, 95, 170, 293, 294, 297, 298, 299, 301-302, 312-316 (passim), 329, 330, 331, 334, 340-345 (passim), 354, 357, 496
W
Water cycles,
see Hydrological cycles
Water vapor,
see Atmospheric moisture
Wind, 99, 113, 121, 136, 159, 182, 259, 166, 388, 390-391, 395, 397, 460, 467
World Climate Conferences, 2, 5
World Climate Research Programme, 2, 3, 117, 263, 268, 394, 425
World Fertility Survey, 331, 414
World Meteorological Organization, 5, 6, 191, 389
World Ocean Circulation Experiment, 457, 480, 484, 486, 487, 501
World Wide Web,
see Internet