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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This project was supported by Contract No. DAMD17-99-C-9049 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Army. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
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SUBCOMMITTEE ON IODOTRIFLUOROMETHANE
Members
SAMUEL KACEW (Chair),
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON
H. TIM BORGES,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
KELLY J. DIX,
Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
MARCIE FRANCIS,
Battelle, Kensington, MD
SIDNEY GREEN, JR.,
Howard University, Washington, DC
ROBERT HAMLIN,
Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
DAVID KOTELCHUCK,
Hunter College of the City University of New York
GEORGE M. RUSCH,
Honeywell Corporation, Morristown, NJ
Staff
ROBERTA M. WEDGE, Project Director
NORMAN GROSSBLATT, Senior Editor
JENNIFER E. SAUNDERS, Research Associate
JENNIFER D. ROBERTS, Research Associate
MIRSADA KARALIC-LONCAREVIC, Research Associate
LUCY V. FUSCO, Senior Project Assistant
JORDAN CRAGO, Senior Project Assistant
SAMMY BARDLEY, Library Assistant
Sponsor
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY
BAILUS WALKER, JR. (Chair),
Howard University Medical Center and American Public Health Association, Washington, DC
MELVIN E. ANDERSEN,
CIIT-Centers for Health Research, Research Triangle Park, NC
EDWARD C. BISHOP,
Parsons Corporation, Fairfax, VA
GARY P. CARLSON,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
JANICE E. CHAMBERS,
Mississippi State University, Mississippi State
LEONARD CHIAZZE, JR.,
Georgetown University, Washington, DC
JUDITH A. GRAHAM,
American Chemistry Council, Arlington, VA
SIDNEY GREEN,
Howard University, Washington, DC
MERYL KAROL,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
STEPHEN U. LESTER,
Center for Health Environment and Justice, Falls Church, VA
DAVID H. MOORE,
Battelle Memorial Institute, Bel Air, MD
CALVIN C. WILLHITE,
Department of Toxic Substances, State of California, Berkeley
GERALD WOGAN,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
Staff
KULBIR S. BAKSHI, Program Director
ROBERTA M. WEDGE, Senior Program Officer for Risk Analysis
SUSAN N. J. MARTEL, Senior Program Officer
ELLEN K. MANTUS, Senior Program Officer
AIDA NEEL, Senior Program Assistant
TAMARA DAWSON, Program Assistant
BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY1
Members
JONATHAN M. SAMET (Chair),
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
RAMON ALVAREZ,
Environmental Defense, Austin, TX
THOMAS BURKE,
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
JUDITH C. CHOW,
Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV
RORY B. CONOLLY,
CIIT Center for Health Research, Research Triangle Park, NC
COSTEL D. DENSON,
University of Delaware, Newark
E. DONALD ELLIOTT,
Willkie, Farr & Gallagher, LLP, Washington, DC
CHRISTOPHER B. FIELD,
Carnegie Institute of Washington, Stanford, CA
WILLIAM H. GLAZE,
Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton
SHERRI W. GOODMAN,
Center for Naval Analyses, Alexandria, VA
JUDITH A. GRAHAM,
American Chemistry Council, Arlington, VA
DANIEL S. GREENBAUM,
Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, MA
ROBERT HUGGETT,
Michigan State University, East Lansing
BARRY L. JOHNSON,
Emory University, Atlanta, GA
JAMES H. JOHNSON,
Howard University, Washington, DC
JUDITH L. MEYER,
University of Georgia, Athens
PATRICK Y. O’BRIEN,
ChevronTexaco Energy Technology Company, Richmond, CA
DOROTHY E. PATTON,
International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC
STEWARD T.A. PICKETT,
Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY
JOSEPH V. RODRICKS,
Environ Corp., Arlington, VA
ARMISTEAD G. RUSSELL,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
MITCHELL J. SMALL,
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
LISA SPEER,
Natural Resources Defense Council, New York, NY
KIMBERLY M. THOMPSON,
Harvard School of Public Health, Boston MA
G. DAVID TILMAN,
University of Minnesota, St. Paul
CHRIS G. WHIPPLE,
Environ Incorporated, Emeryville, CA
LAUREN A. ZEISE,
California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland
Senior Staff
JAMES J. REISA, Director
DAVID J. POLICANSKY, Scholar
RAYMOND A. WASSEL, Senior Program Officer for Environmental Sciences and Engineering
KULBIR BAKSHI, Senior Program Officer for Toxicology
ROBERTA M. WEDGE, Senior Program Officer for Risk Analysis
K. JOHN HOLMES, Senior Program Officer
SUSAN N.J. MARTEL, Senior Program Officer
SUZANNE VAN DRUNICK, Senior Program Officer
EILEEN N. ABT, Senior Program Officer
ELLEN K. MANTUS, Senior Program Officer
RUTH E. CROSSGROVE, Senior Editor
OTHER REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY
Air Quality Management in the United States (2004)
Endangered and Threatened Species of the Platte River (2004)
Atlantic Salmon in Maine (2004)
Endangered and Threatened Fishes in the Klamath River Basin (2004)
Cumulative Environmental Effects of Alaska North Slope Oil and Gas Development (2003)
Estimating the Public Health Benefits of Proposed Air Pollution Regulations (2002)
Biosolids Applied to Land: Advancing Standards and Practices (2002)
The Airliner Cabin Environment and Health of Passengers and Crew (2002)
Arsenic in Drinking Water: 2001 Update (2001)
Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Programs (2001)
Compensating for Wetland Losses Under the Clean Water Act (2001)
A Risk-Management Strategy for PCB-Contaminated Sediments (2001)
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals (4 volumes, 2000-2004)
Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury (2000)
Strengthening Science at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2000)
Scientific Frontiers in Developmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (2000)
Ecological Indicators for the Nation (2000)
Waste Incineration and Public Health (1999)
Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment (1999)
Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter (4 volumes, 1998-2004)
The National Research Council’s Committee on Toxicology: The First 50 Years (1997)
Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet (1996)
Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest (1996)
Science and the Endangered Species Act (1995)
Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries (1995)
Biologic Markers (5 volumes, 1989-1995)
Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (3 volumes, 1994-1995)
Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment (1994)
Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993)
Dolphins and the Tuna Industry (1992)
Science and the National Parks (1992)
Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants (1991)
Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution (1991)
Decline of the Sea Turtles (1990)
Copies of these reports may be ordered from the National Academies Press
(800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313
OTHER REPORTS OF THE COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY
Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants, Volume 1 (2004)
Toxicologic Assessment of Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8 (2003)
Review of Submarine Escape Action Levels for Selected Chemicals (2002)
Standing Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline
Levels for Hazardous Chemicals (2001)
Evaluating Chemical and Other Agent Exposures for Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity (2001)
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Volume 1 (2000), Volume 2 (2002), Volume 3 (2003), Volume 4 (2004)
Review of the US Navy’s Human Health Risk Assessment of the Naval Air Facility at Atsugi, Japan (2000)
Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines (2000)
Review of the U.S. Navy Environmental Health Center’s Health-Hazard Assessment Process (2000)
Review of the U.S. Navy's Exposure Standard for Manufactured Vitreous Fibers (2000)
Re-Evaluation of Drinking-Water Guidelines for Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate (2000)
Submarine Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Hydrofluorocarbons: HFC-236fa, HFC-23, and HFC-404a (2000)
Review of the U.S. Army’s Health Risk Assessments for Oral Exposure to Six Chemical-Warfare Agents (1999)
Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants, Volume 1(1997), Volume 2 (1999), Volume 3 (1999)
Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants (1998)
Toxicity of Alternatives to Chlorofluorocarbons: HFC-134a and HCFC-123 (1996)
Permissible Exposure Levels for Selected Military Fuel Vapors (1996)
Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Volume 1 (1994), Volume 2 (1996), Volume 3 (1996), Volume 4 (2000)
Preface
Chlorofluorobromines (halons) have been used in a variety of applications, including fire suppression. The U.S. Army uses halons as fire suppressants in several aircraft and ground vehicles. However, these substances have been associated with stratospheric ozone-layer depletion and, as required by international agreements, are being replaced. Iodotrifluoromethane (CF3I) is one compound under consideration by the U.S. Army (and others) as a halon replacement.
The U. S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, prepared a toxicity review of CF3I in 1999 and updated it in 2002. The Office of the Surgeon General of the Army asked the Committee on Toxicology (COT) of the National Research Council to conduct an independent evaluation of the Army’s toxicity review for CF3I. In response to the Army’s request, the Research Council formed the Subcommittee on Iodotrifluoromethane, which prepared this report.
This report has been reviewed in draft form by persons chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise in accordance with procedures approved by the Research Council's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards of objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following for their review of this report: Kerry Dearfield, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC; Paul Foster, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC; Donald E. Gardner, Inhalation Toxicology Associates, Raleigh, NC; Michael Gargas, The Sapphire Group, Beavercreek, OH; Murray Mittleman, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; James F. O’Bryon, The O’Bryon Group, Bel Air, MD; Carol Rice, University of Cincinnati, OH; and Henry J. Trochimowicz, Delaware Toxicology Associates, Inc., Newark, DE. Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and
suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Roger O. McClellan, consultant, Albuquerque, NM. Appointed by the Research Council, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the author committee and the institution.
The subcommittee also gratefully acknowledges the following for making presentations or providing information: Glenn Leach, U.S. Army; Leslie Chaney, Therimmune Research Corporation; Gary Jepson, Dupont Company; Charles Reinhardt, consultant; Samuel Dudley, Emory University; Reva Rubenstein, consultant; and Juan Vitali, Georgia Tech Research Institute.
The subcommittee is grateful for the assistance of the Research Council staff in preparing this report: Roberta Wedge, project director and program director for risk assessment; James Reisa, director of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology; Kulbir Bakshi, program director for toxicology; Jennifer Saunders, research associate; Jennifer Roberts, research associate; Mirsada Karalic-Loncarevic, research associate; Norman Grossblatt, senior editor, Ruth E. Crossgrove, senior editor; Lucy Fusco, senior project assistant; and Jordan Crago, senior project assistant.
Finally, I thank the members of the subcommittee for their dedicated efforts throughout the development of this report.
Samuel Kacew, PhD
Chair, Subcommittee on Iodotrifluoromethane
Abbreviations
ACGIH
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
AIHA
American Industrial Hygiene Association
CAA
Clean Air Act
CF3I
iodotrifluoromethane, trifluoroiodomethane,
trifluoromethyl iodide, trifluoroiodide, FIC-1311
CFC
chlorofluorocarbon
COF2
carbonyl fluoride
COT
Committee on Toxicology
ECG
electrocardiograph
EPA
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
FVF
fatal ventricular fibrillation
HCFC
hydrochlorofluorocarbon
HF
hydrogen fluoride
HFC
hydrofluorocarbon
HI
hydrogen iodide
LC50
lethal concentration, 50% of exposed population
LOAEL
lowest-observed-adverse-effect level
NFPA
National Fire Protection Association
NOAEL
no-observed-adverse-effect level
OSHA
U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PBPK
physiologically based pharmacokinetic model
ppm
parts per million
SNAP
EPA Significant New Alternatives Policy
RBC
red blood cell
rT3
reverse triiodothyronine
STEL
short-term exposure limit
T3
triiodothyronine
T4
thyroxine
TLV
Threshold Limit Value
TSH
thyroid-stimulating hormone
TWA
time-weighted average
USACHPPM
U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine
WBC
white blood cell