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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This is a report of work supported by Contract DAAD19-01-C-008 between the U.S. Army and the National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
National Academy of Sciences
National Academy of Engineering
Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
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COMMITTEE ON REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF THE ARMY NON-STOCKPILE CHEMICAL MATERIEL DISPOSAL PROGRAM
JOHN B. CARBERRY, Chair,
E.I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware
JOHN C. ALLEN,
Battelle Memorial Institute, Washington, D.C.
RICHARD J. AYEN,
Waste Management, Inc. (retired), Wakefield, Rhode Island
ROBERT A. BEAUDET,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles
LISA M. BENDIXEN,
Arthur D. Little, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
JOAN B. BERKOWITZ,
Farkas Berkowitz and Company, Washington, D.C.
JUDITH A. BRADBURY,
Battelle Patuxent River, California, Maryland
MARTIN C. EDELSON,
Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa
SIDNEY J. GREEN,
TerraTek, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah
PAUL F. KAVANAUGH, Consultant,
Fairfax, Virginia
TODD A. KIMMELL,
Argonne National Laboratory, Washington, D.C.
DOUGLAS M. MEDVILLE,
MITRE Corporation (retired), Reston, Virginia
WINIFRED G. PALMER, Consultant,
Frederick, Maryland
GEORGE W. PARSHALL,
E.I. duPont de Nemours and Company (retired), Wilmington, Delaware
JAMES P. PASTORICK,
Geophex UXO, Alexandria, Virginia
R. PETER STICKLES, Consultant,
Concord, Massachusetts
WILLIAM J. WALSH,
Pepper Hamilton LLP, Washington, D.C.
RONALD L. WOODFIN,
Sandia National Laboratories (retired), Albuquerque, New Mexico
Board on Army Science and Technology Liaison
HENRY J. HATCH,
U.S. Army (retired), Oakton, Virginia
Staff
NANCY T. SCHULTE, Senior Program Officer
DELPHINE D. GLAZE, Administrative Assistant
GREG EYRING, Consultant
DANIEL E.J. TALMAGE, JR., Research Associate
BOARD ON ARMY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
JOHN E. MILLER, Chair,
Oracle Corporation, Reston, Virginia
GEORGE T. SINGLEY III, Vice Chair,
Hicks and Associates, Inc., McLean, Virginia
ROBERT L. CATTOI,
Rockwell International (retired), Dallas, Texas
RICHARD A. CONWAY,
Union Carbide Corporation (retired), Charleston, West Virginia
GILBERT F. DECKER,
Walt Disney Imagineering (retired), Glendale, California
ROBERT R. EVERETT,
MITRE Corporation (retired), New Seabury, Massachusetts
PATRICK F. FLYNN,
Cummins Engine Company, Inc. (retired), Columbus, Indiana
HENRY J. HATCH,
U.S. Army (retired), Oakton, Virginia
EDWARD J. HAUG,
University of Iowa, Iowa City
GERALD J. IAFRATE,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh
MIRIAM E. JOHN,
California Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California
DONALD R. KEITH,
Cypress International (retired), Alexandria, Virginia
CLARENCE W. KITCHENS,
IIT Research Institute, Alexandria, Virginia
SHIRLEY A. LIEBMAN,
CECON Group (retired), Holtwood, Pennsylvania
KATHRYN V. LOGAN,
Georgia Institute of Technology
(professor emerita),
Roswell, Georgia
STEPHEN C. LUBARD,
S-L Technology, Woodland Hills, California
JOHN W. LYONS,
U.S. Army Research Laboratory (retired), Ellicott City, Maryland
JOHN H. MOXLEY,
Korn/Ferry International, Los Angeles, California
STEWART D. PERSONICK,
Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
MILLARD F. ROSE,
Radiance Technologies, Huntsville, Alabama
JOSEPH J. VERVIER,
ENSCO, Inc., Melbourne, Florida
Staff
BRUCE A. BRAUN, Director
MICHAEL A. CLARKE, Associate Director
WILLIAM E. CAMPBELL, Administrative Coordinator
CHRIS JONES, Financial Associate
GWEN ROBY, Administrative Assistant
DEANNA P. SPARGER, Senior Project Assistant
DANIEL E.J. TALMAGE, JR., Research Associate
Preface
The Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program (see Appendix A for biographies of committee members) was appointed by the National Research Council (NRC) to conduct studies on technical aspects of the U.S. Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. During its first year, the committee evaluated the Army’s plans to dispose of chemical agent identification sets (CAIS)—test kits used for soldier training (NRC, 1999b). During the second year, the committee recommended nonincineration technologies that might be used for the posttreatment of neutralization wastes from Army non-stockpile materiel disposal systems (NRC, 2001a). During the third year, the Army asked the committee to supplement its report on neutralent wastes to include wastes produced by the Army’s newest mobile system, the explosive destruction system (EDS) (NRC, 2001e). During this fourth year the committee has assessed the operational concepts for the mobile and semi-permanent facilities being developed by the product manager.
At its meetings, the committee was given a number of briefings (see Appendix B), and between meetings it held deliberations. The committee is grateful to the many individuals who provided technical information and insights during these briefings, particularly Lt. Col. Christopher Ross, Product Manager for Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel, and his staff. This information provided a sound foundation for the committee’s deliberations.
This study was conducted under the auspices of the NRC’s Board on Army Science and Technology. The committee acknowledges the continued superb support of the director, Bruce A. Braun, as well as of NRC staff and committee members, who all worked diligently on a demanding schedule to produce this report.
John B. Carberry, Chair
Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program
Acknowledgment of Reviewers
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
Elisabeth M. Drake, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (retired)
Gene Dyer, consultant
F. Wayne Jennings, consultant
Herbert J. Kouts, Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board (retired)
Richard Magee, Carmagan Engineering
James Michael, Environmental Protection Agency
Alvin Mushkatel, Arizona State University, and
William Tumas, Los Alamos National Laboratory
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by John C. Bailar III, Professor Emeritus, University of Chicago. Appointed by the National Research Council, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
Tables and Figures
TABLES
1-1 |
Inventory of Non-Stockpile Items at Pine Bluff Arsenal, Pine Bluff, Arkansas, |
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1-2 |
Inventory of Non-Stockpile Items at Dugway Proving Ground (DPG) and Deseret Chemical Depot (DCD), Utah, |
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1-3 |
Inventory of Non-Stockpile Items at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, |
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1-4 |
Inventory of Non-Stockpile Items at Anniston Chemical Activity, Alabama, |
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2-1 |
Overview of Non-Stockpile Treatment Options, |
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2-2 |
Composition of Liquid Waste Streams from the EDS Treatment of Sarin (GB) Bomblets at RMA, |
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2-3 |
Numbers of Explosively Configured NSCWM and Total Recovered NSCWM, by Location, |
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2-4 |
NSCMP Technology Test Program, |
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2-5 |
Multiple-Round Containers and Their Contents, |
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3-1 |
Match of Primary Technologies and Systems to Items in the Non-Stockpile Inventory, |
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3-2 |
Focus of Secondary Technologies, |
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E-1 |
Approximate EDS Processing Time, by Agent, |
FIGURES
1-1 |
Main chemical warfare agents in the U.S. inventory, |
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2-1 |
Floor plan of MAPS, |
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2-2 |
Glove-box system in the operations trailer of the RRS, |
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2-3 |
Schematic of one SCANS concept, |
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2-4 |
PLASMOX system layout, |
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2-5 |
Hydrolysis of the nerve agent GB (sarin), |
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2-6 |
Hydrolysis of DF with warm water, |
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D-1 |
Typical process flow for explosively configured munitions at PBNSF, |
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D-2 |
Typical process flow for non-explosively configured munitions at PBNSF, |
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D-3 |
Typical process flow for chemical agent identification sets at PBNSF, |
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E-1 |
Diagram of the EDS-1 vessel on its trailer, |
Acronyms and Abbreviations
ABCDF
Aberdeen Chemical Agent Disposal Facility
ACW
assembled chemical weapons
ACWA
Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment (Program)
ANAD
Anniston Army Depot
ANCDF
Anniston Chemical Disposal Facility
APG
Aberdeen Proving Ground
ATAP
Alternative Technology Approach Program
BGAD
Bluegrass Army Depot
BGCDF
Bluegrass Chemical Disposal Facility
CAC
Citizens’ Advisory Commission
CAIS
chemical agent identification set(s)
CAMDS
Chemical Agent Munitions Disposal System
CDF
chemical disposal facility
CERCLA
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
CG
phosgene
CHATS
Chemical Agent Transfer System
CK
cyanogen chloride
CN
chloroacetophenone
CSDP
Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program
CTF
Chemical Transfer Facility
CWC
Chemical Weapons Convention
CWM
chemical warfare materiel
CWWG
Chemical Weapons Working Group
D&D
drill and drain
DBC
Donovan blast chamber
DCD
Deseret Chemical Depot
DCDMH
dichlorodimethylhydantoin
DF
a binary precursor (methylphosphonic difluoride)
DM
adamsite
DOD
U.S. Department of Defense
DOE
U.S. Department of Energy
DOT
U.S. Department of Transportation
DPG
Dugway Proving Ground
DRE
destruction and removal efficiency
DSHW
Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste (Utah)
DTV
drill-through valve
ECC
explosive containment chamber
EDS
explosive destruction system
EIS
environmental impact statement
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
FOTW
federally owned treatment works
FUDS
formerly used defense site
GA
tabun (nerve agent)
GB
sarin (a nerve agent)
GD
soman
H
sulfur mustard
H-CHCl3
sulfur mustard in chloroform solution
HD
sulfur mustard (distilled)
HHS
Department of Health and Human Services
HL
mustard-lewisite mixture
HN-1
nitrogen mustard 1
HN-3
nitrogen mustard 3
HS
sulfur mustard
HT
mustard agent T mixture
HWIR
hazardous waste identification rule
IMPA
isopropyl methylphosphonic acid
IRP
Installation Restoration Program
JACADS
Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal
SystemL
lewisite
L-CHCl3
lewisite in chloroform solution
LDR
Land Disposal Restriction
MAPS
Munitions Assessment and Processing System
MDM
multipurpose demilitarization machine
MEA
monoethanolamine
MPA
methylphosphonic acid
MPF
metal parts furnace
MRC
multiple-round container
NPL
National Priorities List
NRC
National Research Council
NS
non-stockpile
NSCM
Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel
NSCMP
Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Product
NSCWCC
Non-Stockpile Chemical Weapons Citizens’ Coalition
NSCWM
Non-Stockpile Chemical Warfare Materiel
OB/OD
open burning/open detonation
OPA
binary component (isopropyl alcohol with amine)
OPCW
Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
PBA
Pine Bluff Arsenal
PBCDF
Pine Bluff Chemical Disposal Facility
PBNSF
Pine Bluff Non-Stockpile Facility
PCD
Pueblo Chemical Depot
PIG
package in-transit gas shipment
PMCD
Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization
PMNSCM
Product Manager for Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel
POTW
publicly owned treatment works
PPM
parts per million
PS
chloropicrin
PS-CHCl3
chloropicrin in chloroform solution
PUCDF
Pueblo Chemical Disposal Facility
QL
binary agent precursor (ethyl-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonite)
RAB
Restoration Advisory Board
RAP
regulatory approval and permitting
RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RCWM
recovered chemical warfare materiel
R&D
research and development
RDX
cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine
RMA
Rocky Mountain Arsenal
RRS
Rapid Response System
SBCCOM
Soldier and Biological Chemical Command
SCANS
Single CAIS Accessing and Neutralization System
SCWO
supercritical water oxidation
SRC
single-round container
TNT
trinitrotoluene
TOCDF
Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility
TSDF
treatment, storage, and disposal facility
USACE
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
UCAR
Utah Chemical Agent Rule
UV
ultraviolet
VX
a nerve agent
WAO
wet-air oxidation
WHEAT
water hydrolysis of explosives and agent technologies
WIPT
working integrated process team
3X
level of decontamination (suitable for transport or further processing)
5X
level of decontamination (suitable for commercial release)