NOTICE
MATERIALS AND MAN’S NEEDS
SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE SURVEY OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (COSMAT)
The content of this Supplementary Report is part of the basis for the Summary Report of the NAS Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering. In contrast to the Summary Report, however, the views expressed here are those of the various contributors and do not necessarily represent a consensus of COSMAT.
Frontispiece: A schematic representation of the materials cycle, portraying its global nature and principal stages.
PREFACE
The Summary Report of the Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering (COSMAT) was published in the Spring of 1974. It was based on informational inputs generated by numerous committees, panels, and individuals. The background information has now been organized into this Supplementary Report, Volumes I to IV.
In assembling this extensive resource, a complete editorial function was not attempted. Thus, occasional redundancies and overlaps as well as some unevenness in style and coverage will be noted. There will also be found views, and perhaps contradictions, that did not make their way into the Summary Report, inasmuch as the latter reflects a consensus of COSMAT. Nevertheless, we believe that it will prove useful to the science and engineering communities, as well as to others concerned with the broader implications of technology, to have available the rich store of information that was collected by COSMAT.
We have organized the present Supplementary Report as follows:
Volume I—The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering, containing Chapters 1, 2, and 3, is concerned mainly with tracing the history and evolution of materials technology, and of materials science and engineering in particular; also with describing the dimensions of the present role of materials in society; and with a study of the way in which materials science and engineering operates as a multidisciplinary field.
Volume II—The Needs, Priorities, and Opportunities for Materials Research begins, in Chapter 4, with a discussion of how materials research is related to various national goals or “areas of impact.” In Chapter 5, the results of a comprehensive survey of materials research priorities are presented, both for applied research related to these areas of impact and for basic research. Chapter 6 provides a description of several of the more prominent materials research opportunities, again both basic and applied.
Volume III—The Institutional Framework for Materials Science and Engineering (Chapter 7) describes the industrial, governmental, academic, and professional activities in materials science and engineering in the U.S. In the industrial section, emphasis is given to illustrative descriptions of materials technologies and to the roles of materials scientists and engineers in various types of industry. The governmental section describes the ways in which the federal government is involved with the performance and support of materials science and engineering. The academic section contains detailed qualitative and quantitative information on the status and trends in university education and research both in “materials-designated” and “materials-related” departments and in materials research centers. In the professional section,
consideration is given to the characteristics and numbers of materials scientists and engineers, as well as to their professional activities and opportunities.
Volume IV—Materials Technology Abroad (Chapter 8) deals with many facets of materials technology, as practiced in other countries. In collecting this information, it was often difficult, or even impossible, to delineate policies and practices specific to the materials field from those pertinent to science and technology in general. In such cases, the broader situation has been reviewed on the assumption that its applicability to the materials sphere is implicit. Volume IV surveys national policies and administrative structures for science and technology, education, R & D, institutions, technology-enhancement programs, technical achievements, and international cooperation. Much of the content revolves around the general theme of technological innovation.
It is surely obvious from the magnitude of this Supplementary Report that COSMAT is enormously indebted to a wide diversity of committees and individual contributors, whose inputs and insights have proved so valuable. The COSMAT Panels, Committees, and Consultants are listed in the Summary Report. They and other individual contributors are also referred to in this Supplementary Report.
COSMAT is deeply grateful to Marguerite Meyer, Beverly Masaitis, and Judy Trimble for their indefatigable efforts in the typing and assembling of these four volumes; theirs was a prodigious task, indeed. We are also most indebted to Amahl Shakhashiri for her careful editing of these volumes.
And once again, COSMAT wishes to acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation and the Advanced Research Projects Agency in this undertaking, carried out under the aegis of the Committee on Science and Public Policy of the National Academy of Sciences.
Morris Cohen, Chairman
William O.Baker, Vice Chairman
Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering
September 1975
COMMITTEE ON THE SURVEY OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (COSMAT)
*Morris Cohen (Chairman)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
*William O.Baker (Vice Chairman)
Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.
Donald J.Blickwede
Bethlehem Steel Corporation
Raymond F.Boyer
Dow Chemical Company
*Paul F.Chenea
General Motors Corporation
Preston E.Cloud
University of California, Santa Barbara
*Daniel C.Drucker
University of Illinois
Julius J.Harwood
Ford Motor Company
I.Grant Hedrick
Grumann Aerospace Corporation
Walter R.Hibbard, Jr.
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation
*John D.Hoffman
National Bureau of Standards
Melvin Kranzberg
Georgia Institute of Technology
*Hans H.Landsberg
Resources for the Future, Inc.
Humboldt W.Leverenz
RCA Laboratories, Inc.
Donald J.Lyman
University of Utah
Roger S.Porter
University of Massachusetts
Rustum Roy
Pennsylvania State University
*Roland W.Schmitt
General Electric Company
Abe Silverstein
Republic Steel Corporation
Lawrence H.Van Vlack
The University of Michigan
Ex Officio Members
*Harvey Brooks (as former Chairman, Committee on Science and Public Policy, NAS)
Harvard University
*N.Bruce Hannay (as Chairman, National Materials Advisory Board, National Research Council, NAS-NAE)
Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.
*Ernst Weber (as Chairman, Division of Engineering, National Research Council, NAS-NAE)
National Academy of Sciences
Survey Directors
Alan G.Chynoweth
Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.
S.Victor Radcliffe
Case Western Reserve University
MATERIALS AND MAN’S NEEDS
Supplementary Report of the Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering
Volume I |
The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering |
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Chapter 1: |
Materials and Society |
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Chapter 2: |
The Contemporary Materials Scene |
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Chapter 3: |
Materials Science and Engineering as a Multidiscipline |
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Volume II |
The Needs, Priorities, and Opportunities for Materials Research |
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Chapter 4: |
National Objectives and the Role of Materials Science and Engineering |
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Chapter 5: |
Priorities in Materials Research |
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Chapter 6: |
Opportunities in Materials Research |
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Volume III |
The Institutional Framework for Materials Science and Engineering |
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Chapter 7: |
Industrial, Governmental, Academic, and Professional Activities in Materials Science and Engineering |
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Volume IV |
Materials Technology Abroad |
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Chapter 8: |
Aspects of Materials Technology Abroad |
TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR VOLUME III
Chapter Number
Page Number
INDUSTRIAL, GOVERNMENTAL, ACADEMIC, AND PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING |
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Industry Structure |
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Recycling of Metals |
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Environmental Considerations |
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Ceramic Materials |
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Construction Materials |
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Fertilizer Materials |
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Other Nonmetallic Minerals |
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Illustration of the Role of Materials Science and Engineering |
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Some Characteristics of the Electronics Industry |
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Processing of Semiconductor Materials |
LIST OF FIGURES FOR VOLUME III
Figure Number
Page Number
7.1 |
Changes in U.S. Supply and Use of Major Industrial Materials |
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(a) |
U.S. Supplies and Uses of Iron |
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(b) |
U.S. Supplies and Uses of Aluminum, Copper, Zinc, and Lead |
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(c) |
U.S. Supplies and Uses of Plastics |
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7.2 |
Diagrammatic Flow of Industrial and Post-Consumer Scrap Metal |
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7.3 |
Consumption of Porcelain Enamels in the U.S. |
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7.4 |
Consumption of Whitewares in the U.S. |
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7.5 |
Consumption of Glass and Glass Products in the U.S. |
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7.6 |
Consumption of Electronic Ceramics in the U.S. |
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7.7 |
U.S. Supplies and Uses of Major Nonmetallic Construction Materials |
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7.8 |
U.S. Supplies and Uses of Major Fertilizer Ingredients |
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7.9 |
Price/Volume Relationship for Plastics in 1969 |
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7.10 |
Value of Shipments of Selected Electronic Components |
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7.11 |
Per Unit Value of Selected Electronic Components |
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7.12 |
Flow of Packaging from Consumer to Disposal Site or Recycle |
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7.13 |
Glass-Container Industry Shipments, 1900–1975 |
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7.14 |
Glass-Packaging Industry Structure and Flow Chart |
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7.15 |
Materials Requirements for Glass Containers |
7.16 |
Plastic-Packaging Industry Structure and Flow |
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7.17 |
Packaging Plastics Commonly Derived from Ethylene |
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7.18 |
Metal-Packing Industry Structure and Flow Chart |
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7.19 |
Consumption of Metal in Packaging |
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7.20 |
The Paper, Pulp, and Paperboard Industry, 1967 |
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7.21 |
Recycling of Ferrous Materials in Automotive Industry, 1970’s |
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7.22 |
Undergraduate Enrollments in Materials-Designated Departments |
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7.23 |
Total Student Enrollment in Materials-Designated Departments |
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7.24(a) |
Size Distribution of Graduate Materials-Designated Departments |
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7.24(b) |
Full-Time Graduate Enrollments in Materials-Designated Departments as Percentage of Corresponding Engineering Graduate Enrollments |
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7.25 |
Proportion of Foreign Full-Time Graduate Students in Materials-Designated Departments |
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7.26 |
Size of Metallurgy and Materials Departments Based on Doctorates Awarded in 1970–71 |
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7.27 |
Departmental Size Distribution Based on Doctorates Awarded |
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7.28 |
Departmental Size Distribution Based on Master’s Degrees Awarded |
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7.29 |
Departmental Size Distribution Based on Bachelor’s Degrees Awarded |
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7.30 |
Number of Degrees at Various Levels Awarded by Materials-Designated Departments |
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7.31 |
Engineering Degrees in All Fields (U.S. ECPD Schools) |
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7.32 |
Materials-Designated Degrees as Percentage of Corresponding Engineering Degrees at ECPD Schools |
7.33 |
Alternative Subfields of Materials-Science Curricula |
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7.34 |
“Strength” of Graduate Programs of Materials-Designated Departments as Indicated by Modified Elton and Rogers Approach (Ph.D.’s, 1967–1971) |
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7.35 |
“Strength” of Graduate Programs of Materials-Designated Departments as Indicated by Modified Elton and Rogers Approach (Graduate Students, 1971) |
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7.36 |
Degree of “Relevance” to MSE of Various Disciplines |
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7.37 |
Data on Support for Materials Research at U.S. Universities in FY 1971 |
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7.38 |
Annual Support Versus Faculty Effort Associated with University Research in Materials |
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7.39 |
Annual Support Versus Number of Publications at Materials Centers |
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7.40 |
Annual Materials-Research Support/Graduate Degrees Versus Number of Graduate Degrees |
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7.41 |
Relationship Between Number of FTE Faculty in Materials-Designated Departments and Departmental Research Support |
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7.42 |
Relationship Between Research Support Per FTE Faculty Member in Materials-Designated Departments and Departmental Research Support |
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7.43 |
Annual Number of Doctorates from Materials-Designated Departments in Relation to Departmental Research Support |
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7.44 |
Relationship Between Publication Rate and Graduate-Degree Output of Materials-Designated Departments |
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7.45 |
Annual Total Employment for Plastics Materials and Synthetics |
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7.46 |
Membership of Society of Plastics Engineers |
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7.47 |
BS, MS, and Doctor’s Degrees in Materials Conferred Annually, 1949–1970 |
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7.48 |
Comparison of BS Degrees in Engineering by Selected Disciplines |
LIST OF TABLES FOR VOLUME III
Table Number
Page Number
7.1 |
Annual Requirements for Principal Primary Materials Used in the United States |
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7.2 |
U.S. Demand for Selected Primary Metals, 1970 and 1985 |
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7.3 |
U.S. Imports by Source and as Percent of Apparent Consumption, 1970 |
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7.4 |
Byproduct Relationships for Selected Metals, 1970 |
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7.5 |
Recovery of Metals from Scrap as Related to Total Consumption, 1970 |
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7.6 |
Nonmetallic Minerals, 1971 |
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7.7 |
Ceramic Industry—Total Value of Shipments |
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7.8 |
Production of Principal Polymers and Metals in the U.S. |
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7.9 |
Production of Plastic Materials by Type, 1969–1974 |
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7.10 |
Percentage Raw Materials Make-up of Key Plastics |
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7.11 |
Common Fabrication Methods for Plastics |
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7.12 |
Materials Cycle for Plastics Industry |
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7.13 |
Lamp Production for U.S. Market, 1969 |
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7.14 |
Materials Consumption Estimate for U.S. Lamp Industry, 1969 |
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7.15 |
Distribution of Glass-Container Shipments by End-Use: 1958–1976 |
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7.16 |
Consumption of Plastics in Packaging by End-Use: 1958 to 1976 |
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7.17 |
Number of Cans Consumed by End-Use: 1958 to 1976 |
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7.18 |
U.S. Production of Paperboard by Grade: 1960, 1966–1970 |
7.19 |
Commercial Forests of the United States—509 Million Acres. Historical and Projected Timber Harvest, Growth, and Inventory |
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7.20 |
$13 Billion Automotive Parts Produced in Other Industries |
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7.21 |
Materials in Typical 1971 Four-Door Sedan |
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7.22 |
Selected Automotive Metals Consumption, 1969 |
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7.23 |
Foreign Ores in a U.S. Automobile |
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7.24 |
Comparison of Material Cost |
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7.25 |
Automotive Products That Can Be Made of Either Plastic or Metal |
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7.26 |
New Construction |
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7.27 |
Direct Federal Funding of Materials Research and Development by Agency, 1971 |
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7.28 |
Types of Education and Institutions from which Manpower in the Materials Field Is Derived |
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7.29 |
Materials-Designated Degree Programs |
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7.30 |
Materials-Designated Departmental Title Changes from 1964 to 1970 |
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7.31 |
Data on Materials-Designated Degree Programs |
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7.32 |
Full-time Faculty and Postdoctorals, 1970 |
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7.33 |
Full-Time Graduate Students by Type of Support, 1970 |
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7.34 |
Sources of Federal Support for Full-Time Graduate Students, 1970 |
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7.35 |
Curricula Data from 39th ECPD Annual Report, 1971 |
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7.36 |
Distribution by Field of Science of Federal R&D Support to Universities for FY 1970 |
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7.37 |
Universities with Materials Centers in the U.S. |
7.38 |
Materials Activities at Universities with Materials Centers, 1971 |
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7.39 |
Research Capabilities of Materials Research Centers at Universities, 1971 |
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7.40 |
Support for Materials Research at Universities, 1971 |
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7.41 |
Research Support in Materials-Designated Departments at Universities Having Materials Centers, 1971 |
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7.42 |
Research Output of Materials Centers (Ranked in Order of Papers/Paid Faculty) |
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7.43 |
Expectation and Performance of Materials Centers |
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7.44 |
Distribution of Areas of Faculty Research Activities in Materials-Designated Departments |
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7.45 |
Source of Research Support for Materials-Designated Departments, 1971 |
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7.46 |
Estimated Number of Engineers Working in Materials Science and Engineering in 1969 (By Fields of Specialization) |
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7.47 |
Estimated Number of Scientists in Materials Science and Engineering in 1968 (By Fields of Specialization) |
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7.48 |
Total Employment (Both Blue Collar and White Collar) in U.S. Materials and Related Industries Served by the Professionals Working in the Field of Materials Science and Engineering, 1970 |
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7.49 |
Profile of Materials Scientists and Engineers Appearing in the National Engineers Register in 1969 |
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7.50 |
Distribution of Materials Scientists by Employment Function |
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7.51 |
Distribution of Materials Scientists by Type of Employer |
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7.52 |
Distribution of Materials Scientists By Age Grouping |
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7.53 |
Disciplinary Mix in R&D Laboratories |
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